330:
20:
110:
394:
handling in windy conditions. In the UK the front wheel must have a minimum of 45% open area when viewed from the side, for safety reasons. UCI events still permit the use of disc wheels for the front, but it is very unusual. Many components are modified for aerodynamic efficiency, and manufacturers are now developing more integrated systems, such as brakes built into the fork or frame so as not to disturb the airflow.
762:
131:, some carrying video equipment or race officials, and riders may be followed by a team car carrying coaches and spare parts, but the cyclists are not permitted to draft behind the vehicles. Race regulations typically dictate a minimum distance behind the cyclist which the car must maintain and a minimum gap that must exist between two cyclists before the car may enter that gap.
361:
to allow the rider to position their arms inline with the wind and allow their back to sit as low and flat as possible, reducing frontal area and improving air flow around the body. TT bikes often have lower handlebars than normal road racing bikes to facilitate this. Also, the saddle is sometimes moved forwards relative to the handlebars and
389:
attempting to improve the idea. His arms-under-the-torso tuck was revolutionary, helping him and others to break world records and win World
Championships. The UCI banned it in 1994, but he came back with the 'Superman' position, an evolution of the traditional tri position, but with the arms fully
320:
profile effort, meaning that they often go out too hard in the beginning, compensate by reducing their efforts in the middle, and then realize towards the end that they have not put out enough effort during the race. As a result, the time trial is often considered the most difficult part of any major
96:
Starting times are at equal intervals, usually one or two minutes apart. The starting sequence is usually based on the finishing times in preceding races (or preceding stages in the case of a multi-stage race) with the highest ranked cyclist starting last. Starting later gives the racer the advantage
360:
and other equipment are often used in ITT events. Generally, components are designed to be as aerodynamic as possible, as most of the rider's effort goes into overcoming aerodynamic drag. The rider's position makes the greatest difference, and most use the now-standard tuck position, using tribars
397:
Clothing is also different for time trialing. One-piece skinsuits that do not flap in the wind are common; tight lycra shoe covers help improve airflow over buckles and straps; long pointed helmets channel air down the riders back (the position of the helmet above the rider's back is crucial, it
393:
Equipment used is very specialized, and component manufacturers can spend vast sums of time and money on wind tunnel testing to ensure their product is faster than the competition's. Deep section or solid disc wheels are often used to reduce turbulence around the spokes, but these can affect
372:
Up until the late 1980s, low-profile 'bullhorn' handlebars were used, and normal drop handlebars before them. Then in the late 1980s triathletes developed so-called tri-bars that allowed for a much better aerodynamic position. They were first brought into the time trialling public eye in the
138:; these vary from short prologue time trials over no more than eight kilometres (designed to create an attacking racing style earlier in the race) to longer distance events over flat or rolling courses, to timed ascents of mountain roads (mountain time trial). In the 1989 edition of the
390:
stretched out in front. This was also banned, and there are now strict rules governing the dimensions of handlebars, which can make life difficult for taller riders who fall outside the defined parameters and must adapt their positions to fit the rules.
398:
must be as close to the body as possible; too high and the air will just flow underneath the helmet. This is often hard to achieve as the rider moves his head due to the suffering endured during a hard race).
612:
77:(TTT). ITTs are also referred to as "the race of truth", as winning depends only on each rider's strength and endurance, and not on help provided by teammates and others riding ahead and creating a
635:
Cossins, Peter; Best, Isabel; Sidwells, Chris; Griffith, Clare (2013). Le Tour 100: The definitive history of the world's greatest race. London: Octopus
Publishing Group Limited.
154:
often features a final individual time trial in Madrid in which the winner is often decided, providing much drama and excitement at the end of the stage race. In recent years,
592:
587:
732:
793:
385:. Fignon was using conventional handlebars, Lemond the new triathlon style. The concept has changed little since then, with only Scotsman
101:(ride in the slipstream) behind each other. Any help between riders is forbidden. The rider with the fastest time is declared the winner.
81:. Individual time trial are usually held on flat or rolling terrain, although sometimes they are held up a mountain road (in Italian:
1129:
97:
of knowing what time they need to beat (and also makes the event more interesting to spectators). Competitors are not permitted to
369:-sanctioned events, the saddle must be a certain distance behind a vertical line drawn through the center of the bottom bracket).
150:
over 24.5 km during the individual time trial on the final stage to win the race by 8 seconds, the smallest margin ever. The
766:
1011:
821:
742:
715:
679:
662:
640:
980:
1046:
965:
816:
1034:
1067:
990:
975:
955:
950:
786:
329:
1134:
1039:
985:
945:
618:
366:
1006:
779:
337:
19:
1029:
1024:
1019:
960:
381:
overcame a 50-second deficit in the final day's time trial to win the Tour by 8 seconds from
Frenchman
622:
123:
Bicycle construction is limited by regulations covering dimensions and other features such as weight.
924:
919:
109:
124:
186:
Many of the top stage racers have also been top performers in the individual time trial, such as
176:
31:
167:
705:
929:
414:
1072:
844:
135:
8:
1077:
872:
802:
374:
271:
172:
117:
46:
353:
341:
306:
27:
23:
864:
499:
459:
444:
151:
909:
899:
892:
738:
711:
658:
636:
505:
309:
239:
116:
holding low-profile 'bullhorn' handlebars, with tri-bars in between his arms, at the
98:
546:
885:
878:
857:
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554:
429:
231:
199:
66:
155:
1108:
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839:
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211:
147:
139:
440:
1123:
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to allow the hips a more natural angle of motion, improving performance (for
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263:
259:
195:
180:
159:
970:
535:
473:
386:
267:
251:
243:
207:
134:
Individual time trials are often used as stages in stage races such as the
127:
At the professional level, time trials (TTs) are frequently accompanied by
520:
378:
345:
300:
235:
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215:
191:
143:
113:
1093:
290:
227:
128:
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78:
771:
1098:
70:
62:
421:
Fastest Non-Prologue Stage (including Stages of up to 20 km)
477:
50:
761:
653:
Kennedy, Martha J.; Kloser, Michael; Samer, Paul Yuri (1993).
704:
Grasso, John; Mallon, Bill; Heijmans, Jeroen (14 May 2015).
162:
have seen their lead evaporate in the time trial in Madrid.
93:(8 km or less for men, 4 km or less for women and juniors).
542:
Fastest Vuelta a España Time Trial longer than 20 km
451:
Fastest Stage (including only Stages of up to 40 km)
436:
Fastest Stage (including only Stages of up to 20 km)
183:
event in which professionals are allowed to participate.
680:"THE CLOSEST WINNING MARGINS IN TOUR DE FRANCE HISTORY"
523:
443:, 56.218 km/h, 38.9 km Stage 20 time trial,
563:, 58.831 km/h, 15.1 km Stage 1 time trial,
494:
55.152 km/h Lille - Euralille (7.2 km) 1994
476:, 55.446 km/h, 13.8 km Stage 1 time trial,
458:, 52.003 km/h, 46.4 km Stage 6 time trial,
428:, 58.831 km/h, 15.1 km Stage 1 time trial,
85:"chrono climbing"). Sometimes the opening stage of a
703:
413:, 58.874 km/h, 7.6 km prologue time trial
175:
event; professionals may also compete in the annual
655:
Fat Tire Rider: Everyone's Guide to
Mountain Biking
549:
54.095 km/h
Collado Villalba (20 km) 2007
731:Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill (16 October 2011).
652:
538:54.361 km/h Pornic - Nantes (49 km) 2003
401:
258:have been good time-trialists; exceptions include
593:UCI Road World Championships – Women's time trial
1121:
316:Beginners are often criticized for putting in a
305:discipline themselves to operate just below the
588:UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial
286:maintain a steady power output for long periods
89:is a very short individual time trial called a
730:
16:Road bicycle race time trial for an individual
787:
707:Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement
621:, 1 February 2012, p. 40, archived from
57:– literally "against the watch", in Italian:
614:UCI Cycling Regulations, Part II: Road Races
794:
780:
296:have a smooth, regular pedalling technique
277:
710:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 581.
508:54.000 km/h Assen (4.8 km) 2009
146:made up a 50-second deficit to runner-up
53:race alone against the clock (in French:
328:
179:. The individual time trial is also an
108:
18:
801:
324:
1122:
531:Time Trial longer of up to 40 km
516:Time Trial longer of up to 20 km
1012:World University Cycling Championship
775:
981:Central American and Caribbean Games
406:Fastest Stage (including Prologues)
299:position themselves to be extremely
282:To do well in an ITT, cyclists must
1047:National road cycling championships
966:Games of the Small States of Europe
13:
14:
1146:
755:
677:
760:
737:. Scarecrow Press. p. 195.
734:Historical Dictionary of Cycling
321:competition for young cyclists.
312:until near the end of the course
1130:Road bicycle racing terminology
402:Fastest Grand Tours time trials
104:
724:
697:
671:
657:. Vitesse Press. p. 203.
646:
629:
605:
553:Fastest Non-Prologue Stage of
254:. Most recent winners of the
1:
598:
344:with aerodynamic wheels with
177:World time trial championship
1007:UCI Road World Championships
7:
813:List of road bicycle races
571:
10:
1151:
498:Fastest Prologue Stage of
484:Fastest Prologue Stage of
1086:
1055:
999:
938:
832:
809:
1068:Professional Continental
920:UCI Continental Circuits
69:where riders compete in
65:stage"). There are also
338:2022 Étoile de Bessèges
278:Performance and tactics
67:track-based time trials
1135:Events in road cycling
925:UCI Women's World Tour
349:
289:maintain a controlled
168:Grand Prix des Nations
120:
34:
1104:Individual time trial
930:UCI Women's ProSeries
769:at Wikimedia Commons
767:Individual time trial
356:, clothing, helmets,
332:
112:
39:individual time trial
22:
462:, 10 September 1999.
447:, 17 September 2005.
352:Special aerodynamic
325:Time trial equipment
272:climbing specialists
32:2022 Vuelta a España
939:International Games
803:Road bicycle racing
375:1989 Tour de France
354:time trial bicycles
118:1989 Tour de France
976:Pan American Games
956:Commonwealth Games
415:2001 Giro d'Italia
350:
342:time trial bicycle
142:, eventual winner
121:
59:tappa a cronometro
35:
28:time trial bicycle
1117:
1116:
1056:UCI cycling teams
910:UCI World Ranking
900:Flanders Classics
893:Ardennes classics
765:Media related to
744:978-0-8108-7175-5
717:978-1-4422-4860-1
664:978-0-941950-29-9
641:978-1-84403-723-0
567:, 3 October 2020.
506:Fabian Cancellara
466:Fastest Stage of
432:, 3 October 2020.
240:Fabian Cancellara
47:road bicycle race
1142:
986:Friendship Games
951:Paralympic Games
902:
895:
888:
886:Cobbled classics
881:
867:
860:
853:
796:
789:
782:
773:
772:
764:
749:
748:
728:
722:
721:
701:
695:
694:
692:
690:
675:
669:
668:
650:
644:
633:
627:
626:
609:
293:for long periods
232:Alberto Contador
200:Jacques Anquetil
75:team time trials
55:contre la montre
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1109:Team time trial
1082:
1051:
995:
934:
898:
891:
884:
877:
865:Vuelta a España
863:
856:
849:
828:
805:
800:
758:
753:
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745:
729:
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702:
698:
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686:
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651:
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634:
630:
625:on 23 June 2011
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583:Team time trial
574:
500:Vuelta a España
460:Vuelta a España
445:Vuelta a España
404:
327:
280:
248:Bradley Wiggins
220:Miguel Indurain
204:Bernard Hinault
188:Lance Armstrong
152:Vuelta a España
125:UCI Regulations
107:
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840:UCI World Tour
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756:External links
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547:Samuel Sánchez
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529:Tour de France
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514:Tour de France
510:
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492:Chris Boardman
486:Tour de France
482:
481:
480:, 4 July 2015.
468:Tour de France
464:
463:
449:
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434:
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419:
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411:Rik Verbrugghe
403:
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383:Laurent Fignon
363:bottom bracket
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256:Tour de France
212:Laurent Fignon
148:Laurent Fignon
140:Tour de France
106:
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9:
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3:
2:
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1078:Women's Teams
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1000:Championships
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946:Olympic Games
944:
943:
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931:
928:
926:
923:
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918:
916:
915:UCI ProSeries
913:
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890:
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883:
880:
876:
875:
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873:Classic races
871:
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858:Giro d'Italia
855:
852:
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581:
579:
578:Time trialist
576:
575:
566:
565:Giro D'Italia
562:
561:Filippo Ganna
559:
558:
557:
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555:Giro d'Italia
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461:
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456:Abraham Olano
454:
453:
452:
446:
442:
439:
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437:
431:
430:Giro D'Italia
427:
426:Filippo Ganna
424:
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422:
416:
412:
409:
408:
407:
399:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
370:
368:
364:
359:
355:
348:and aero bars
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:Thibaut Pinot
331:
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308:
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302:
298:
295:
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288:
285:
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283:
275:
273:
269:
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264:Carlos Sastre
261:
260:Marco Pantani
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
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217:
213:
209:
205:
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197:
196:Alfredo Binda
193:
189:
184:
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174:
170:
169:
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160:Roberto Heras
157:
156:Óscar Sevilla
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48:
44:
40:
33:
29:
25:
24:Primož Roglič
21:
1103:
1040:Pan American
1016:Continental
971:Island Games
833:UCI Circuits
759:
733:
726:
706:
699:
687:. Retrieved
683:
678:Timms, Joe.
673:
654:
648:
631:
623:the original
613:
607:
552:
541:
536:David Millar
526:
511:
497:
483:
474:Rohan Dennis
465:
450:
435:
420:
405:
396:
392:
387:Graeme Obree
371:
351:
317:
315:
281:
268:Andy Schleck
252:Chris Froome
244:Tom Dumoulin
208:Fausto Coppi
185:
166:
164:
133:
122:
105:Professional
95:
90:
83:cronoscalata
82:
58:
54:
42:
38:
36:
1073:Continental
991:Universiade
961:Asian Games
521:Greg LeMond
441:Rubén Plaza
379:Greg LeMond
346:disc brakes
340:, riding a
301:aerodynamic
270:, who were
236:Cadel Evans
224:Jan Ullrich
216:Greg LeMond
192:Eddy Merckx
171:was a semi-
144:Greg LeMond
136:Grand Tours
129:motorcycles
114:Greg LeMond
1124:Categories
1094:Race stage
1063:WorldTeams
845:Grand Tour
599:References
291:heart rate
228:Ivan Basso
87:stage race
79:slipstream
71:velodromes
1099:Criterium
879:Monuments
310:threshold
307:anaerobic
63:stopwatch
49:in which
26:riding a
1030:European
689:14 March
572:See also
527:Fastest
512:Fastest
358:aerobars
91:prologue
51:cyclists
1035:Oceania
1020:African
478:Utrecht
336:at the
181:Olympic
173:Classic
45:) is a
30:in the
1087:Events
741:
714:
684:Rouler
661:
639:
266:, and
73:, and
1025:Asian
822:women
377:when
99:draft
739:ISBN
712:ISBN
691:2024
659:ISBN
637:ISBN
250:and
165:The
158:and
817:men
619:UCI
367:UCI
43:ITT
37:An
1126::
682:.
617:,
274:.
262:,
246:,
242:,
238:,
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
795:e
788:t
781:v
747:.
720:.
693:.
667:.
643:.
417:.
318:J
61:"
41:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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