1582:
1332:
2184:
1271:
2237:
1975:
1290:
1075:
1227:
2314:
2106:
1146:
1302:
2262:
199:
177:
650:
1249:
1471:
1600:
1674:
2030:
1560:
1899:
2063:
1513:
1917:
1742:
159:
1659:
1799:
1817:
1688:
1612:
2079:
1644:
2015:
1831:
2277:
1527:
1946:
2165:
2091:
1499:
2045:
1542:
2341:
1457:
1997:
2222:
2146:
1411:
904:
727:
2292:
1863:
1771:
1630:
630:
1429:
2203:
1443:
2124:
1720:
1393:
1344:
1785:
1756:
986:
1317:
1849:
138:
1485:
1960:
1931:
36:
419:
1706:
718:
are often locally referred to as "mini-palaces". Usually, their form-factors are these: townhouse, wings and/or porticoes. Additionally, more often seen are the diminutive renditions of the Indo-Saracenic style, built originally for lesser budgets, finding their nonetheless romantic expression in the occasional and serenely beautiful garden pavilion outbuildings, throughout the world, especially, in India and
England.
405:
1208:, Bidwell, and the newly arrived Hubback (from 1895). The building's construction inspired additional civic buildings in the vicinity to be built in a similar style, while the style's elements would see more limited adoption among private buildings in Malaya. However artificial a creation the Malayan British Islamic style is, it is noticeable that most major public buildings survive long after
709:
materials, hence the style was executed only on buildings of a grand scale. However the occasional residential structure of this sort, (its being built in part or whole with Indo-Saracenic design elements/motifs) did appear quite often, and such buildings have grown ever more valuable and highly prized by local and foreign populations for their exuberant beauty and elegance today.
1375:
304:(as they then were), as the main centres of the Raj administration, saw many buildings constructed in the style, although Calcutta was also a bastion of European Neo-Classical architecture fused with Indic architectural elements. Most major buildings are now classified under the Heritage buildings category as laid down by the
1881:
717:
has not yet overcome them; often they are to be found in exclusive neighborhoods' (or surrounded, as cherished survivors, by enormous sky-scarpers, in more recently claimed urbanized areas throughout this "techno" driven, socio-economic revolutionary era marking India's recent decade's history), and
448:
At the same time they were built for modern functions such as railway stations, government offices for an increasingly wide-reaching bureaucracy, and law courts. They often incorporated modern construction methods and facilities. While stone was typically used, at least as a facing, these included
689:
sideshow", and dismissed by threatened nationalists as "an architectural folly of inferior design", no less) and elsewhere, these rare and often diminutive (though sometimes, as mentioned, of grand-scale), residential structures that exhibit this colonial style are highly valuable and prized by the
708:
The cost involved in the construction of buildings of this style was high, including all their inherent customization, ornament and minutia decoration, the artisans' ingenious skills (stone and wood carving, as well as the exquisite lapidary/inlaid work) and usual accessibility to requisite raw
1160:
Contrary to what is sometimes claimed, the leading figures were
English professional architects (whereas in India former soldiers or military engineers were often used) who had never worked in India. Usually they could design in both Indo-Saracenic and European styles. For example, the major
440:
government of India, in place between 1858 and 1947, with the peak period beginning around 1880. They partly reflected the
British aspiration for an "Imperial style" of their own, rendered on an intentionally grand scale, reflecting and promoting a notion of an unassailable and invincible
1062:(Viceroy's, then President's Palace) uses elements from Buddhist-era Indian architecture as well as those from later periods. This can be seen in the capitals of the columns and the screen around the drum below the main dome, drawing on the railings placed around ancient
1128:, the leading architect in the style between his arrival in 1895 and retirement in 1917, during which it experienced its peak in popularity. The lack of local precedents allowed the English architects to create "an architecture defined purely by
926:, who had little interest in art and architecture. As a result, Mughal commissioned architecture suffered, with most engineers, architects and artisans migrating to work under the patronage of local rulers. By the early 19th century, the British
813:, rulers of individual states established their own rule and hence their own architectural styles which were imitations of local/regional Indian architectural schools. Examples of these are the 'Bengal' and the 'Gujarat' schools. Motifs such as
1270:
712:
Either evidenced in a property's primary unit or any of its outbuildings, such estate-caliber residential properties lucky enough to boost the presence of an Indo-Saracenic structure, are still to be seen, generally, where in instances
362:
before the
British takeover in 1856, where Indian architects rather "randomly grafted European stylistic elements, as details and motifs, on to a skeleton derived from the Indo-Islamic school." This is known as the "Nawabi style."
1204:, who told those assembled for the opening ceremony "I then decided on the Mahametan style". He did not design buildings himself, but was a key figure in approving designs. The commission brought together Spooner,
1088:
According to Thomas R. Metcalf, a leading scholar of the style, "the Indo-Saracenic, with its imagined past turned to the purposes of
British colonialism, took shape outside India most fully only in Malaya".
1581:
2313:
1105:; it needed a number of large public buildings. The British decided to use the Islamic style they were used to from India, despite its having little relationship to existing local architectural styles.
2183:
261:, which the British regarded as the classic Indian style. The basic layout and structure of the buildings tended to be close to that used in contemporary buildings in other revivalist styles, such as
833:, and minars (tall towers) were characteristic of the imitation-Mughal architecture style, which was to become a lasting legacy of the nearly four hundred years of the Mughal presence in these areas.
311:
The style enjoyed a degree of popularity outside
British India, where architects often mixed Islamic and European elements from various areas and periods with boldness, in the prevailing climate of
1093:
was a predominantly Muslim society, where there was hardly any recent tradition of building in brick or stone, with even mosques and the palaces of the local rulers built in the abundant local
693:
Typically, in India, villages, towns and cities of some means would lavish significant sums on construction of such architectural works when plans were drawn up for construction of the local
464:
The style has been said, by a native of
Kolkata, to be most common in "Southern and Western India", and of the three main cities of the 19th-century Raj, it was and is much more evident in
1331:
1169:(originally the "Government Offices", 1894), in a free Islamic style, perhaps more Egyptian than Mughal, and with many horseshoe arches. After moving to private practice in
383:
of the
Mughals and their predecessors, and often continued to be used in that sense. "Saracenic architecture" (without the "Indo-") was first used for the architecture of
2236:
2841:
787:, with less emphasis on arches and domes used during earlier Buddhist periods. The Turkic invaders brought in the arcuate style of construction, with more emphasis on
995:
To usher in a new era, the
British "Raj", a new architectural tradition was sought, marrying the existing styles of India with imported styles from the West, such as
1226:
1220:
in 1963, remaining well-cared for on their prime city sites, many re-purposed as their original functions are now carried out in more modern buildings elsewhere.
1289:
775:
periods. Turkic and Mughal incursions in the Indian subcontinent, introduced new concepts in the architecture of India. The prevailing style of architecture was
1185:
in the population, and the role of the city as a military and trade base. Metcalf notes that despite a large
Chinese population, neither in Singapore nor in
3041:
1020:
3331:
3001:
480:. Madras (now Chennai) was a particular centre of the style, but still tended to use details from Mughal architecture, which had barely ever reached
2463:
1301:
3213:
2062:
1974:
607:
2014:
1248:
1109:
677:
counted this style among its top-ranked and most-prized structures to this day; ironically, in Britain itself, for example, King George IV's
1658:
3362:
2261:
1196:
The Government Offices were the first major British commission in Malaya, and Bidwell had proposed a European style, but was over-ruled by
53:
100:
2105:
72:
1559:
1504:
1643:
1023:
to stay in power under various agreements, made their presence more "palatable" for the Indians. The British attempted to encapsulate
2221:
2020:
445:, The style has been described as "part of a 19th-century movement to project themselves as the natural successors of the Mughals".
966:, which was formally dissolved by the British. After the rebellion, the EIC's territories in India were formally transferred by the
661:
Structures built in Indo-Saracenic style in India and in certain nearby countries were predominantly grand public edifices, such as
146:
buildings are a prime example of Indo-Saracenic architecture, designed by J. W. Brassington under the guidance of British architect
1898:
79:
1816:
168:, Kolkata, has very discreet Indo-Saracenic touches, such as the corner chatris, in the Raj metropolis least touched by the style.
2029:
245:
style mostly used by British architects in India in the later 19th century, especially in public and government buildings in the
1687:
2123:
1830:
1776:
2848:
2375:
86:
1916:
1611:
1599:
354:, which tends to use specific South Asian features less, and instead those characteristic of the Arabic-speaking countries;
3244:
3108:
3055:
2836:
2078:
1498:
1177:(1899). In Singapore European styles had been the norm since the first British public building there in 1827, both copying
183:
1165:, who left his career in London at the age of 34 in 1893 to take a public appointment in Malaysia, include Kuala Lumpur's
3291:
2129:
1822:
1673:
1043:
615:
2340:
1798:
1512:
68:
3311:
3092:
2689:
2320:
989:
950:
under their protection, and ruling in conjunction with him. However, their power was yet again challenged when in 1857
2164:
2145:
1770:
119:
2044:
3341:
2796:
1922:
1343:
967:
2202:
1741:
1526:
1316:
2823:
2667:
2276:
1470:
1280:
1047:
476:, where both public government buildings, and the mansions of wealthy Indians tended to use versions of European
208:
1755:
436:
With a number of exceptions from earlier, most Indo-Saracenic public buildings were constructed by parts of the
3071:
3046:
2757:
2661:
2636:
2618:
2600:
2582:
2069:
1665:
1650:
975:
305:
57:
17:
2332:
315:. Among other British colonies and protectorates in the region, it was adopted by architects and engineers in
3286:
3197:
3031:
2752:
1541:
1074:
2090:
3316:
3223:
3218:
2781:
2732:
2556:
2514:
2291:
1945:
1836:
1205:
1149:
806:
Local influences also led to different 'orders' of the Indo-Islamic style. After the disintegration of the
351:
2473:
1629:
3321:
2762:
1166:
1078:
996:
485:
312:
272:
The style drew from western exposure to depictions of Indian buildings from about 1795, such as those by
262:
93:
1200:, then State Engineer of the Public Works Department, a military engineer with many years experience in
3051:
2811:
2791:
2776:
2767:
2742:
2242:
1761:
1162:
1145:
1000:
634:
1996:
1959:
1930:
1410:
198:
3306:
2786:
2702:
2328:
2212:
1904:
1719:
1518:
1456:
1374:
1004:
852:
800:
754:
649:
623:
477:
380:
266:
254:
242:
1862:
1392:
1058:, brought the last flowering of the style, using a deeper understanding of Indian architecture. The
1027:
within their new Indic buildings and so represent Britain's Raj as legitimate to the Indian public.
3336:
2727:
2035:
1854:
1848:
1617:
1442:
959:
626:, along with numerous other skilled professionals and artisans throughout Europe and the Americas.
599:
176:
685:, (which twice in its lifetime has been threatened with being torn-down, denigrated by some as a "
3129:
2904:
2858:
2806:
2737:
1880:
1307:
1276:
1101:
was only a small settlement when in 1895 the British decided to make it the capital of their new
974:; the EIC dissolved soon after. In 1861, the new British colonial administration established the
508:
187:
46:
1428:
3326:
3228:
2996:
2682:
2050:
1951:
1705:
1587:
1153:
1125:
1102:
915:
534:
round an arch, especially red and white; another feature more typical of North Africa and Spain
489:
358:
is the equivalent style in Spain. In India there had been an earlier inversion of the style in
324:
2586:
2365:
1784:
492:, which would also have been harder and more expensive to adapt to modern building functions.
3165:
2640:
2622:
2604:
2324:
2282:
1679:
1213:
1197:
1182:
1024:
1012:
943:
2611:
Civilizing Missions in Colonial and Postcolonial South Asia: From Improvement to Development
1034:, completed in 1885, was built in the Indo-Saracenic style. Examples in Chennai include the
3296:
3276:
3036:
2919:
2267:
2111:
1804:
1190:
1035:
758:
603:
388:
8:
2965:
2924:
2831:
1936:
1697:
1591:
1484:
1420:
1258:
1254:
931:
846:
842:
763:
Confluence of different architectural styles had been attempted before during the mainly
454:
258:
158:
2853:
2297:
2208:
1693:
1448:
1349:
1059:
939:
927:
379:, and the term "Indo-Saracenic" was first used by the British to describe the earlier
3281:
3139:
2991:
2960:
2698:
2675:
2657:
2632:
2614:
2596:
2578:
2371:
2227:
1711:
1462:
1039:
1011:. This produced a number of buildings with mixed influences. By doing this they kept
951:
872:
730:
458:
165:
143:
1108:
Unlike in India, the British also built some palaces for the sultans of the several
3006:
2909:
2884:
2747:
2468:
2193:
2189:
1747:
1635:
1476:
1054:
as the new imperial capital, which mostly took place between 1918 and 1931, led by
780:
2697:
1136:, 1913) "conjures up nothing less than a Victorian illustrator's fantasy from the
3134:
3087:
2899:
2889:
2155:
2151:
1565:
892:
860:
856:
810:
768:
694:
450:
344:
340:
277:
2929:
2801:
962:. However, this uprising was suppressed within a year and marked the end of the
3181:
2894:
2879:
2874:
2818:
2170:
1965:
1886:
1490:
1434:
1232:
1138:
1121:
1090:
955:
935:
907:
888:
868:
807:
764:
678:
654:
520:
442:
336:
332:
316:
293:
285:
281:
273:
250:
3260:
3160:
2950:
726:
355:
3356:
3155:
3026:
2970:
2002:
1980:
1790:
1416:
1236:
1174:
1133:
1055:
963:
792:
772:
749:
below the balcony, and other features, reflective of Rajasthani architecture.
629:
619:
524:
212:
903:
2914:
2096:
1868:
1547:
1380:
1322:
1209:
1117:
1098:
1082:
1031:
1016:
947:
714:
384:
376:
985:
690:
communities in which they exist as being somehow "magical" in appearance.
657:
in Jaipur reflecting Imperial Rajasthani architecture. Early 20th-century.
2945:
2722:
1398:
1129:
971:
884:
863:
and Persian elements. The height of the style was perhaps reached under
702:
662:
611:
437:
372:
368:
246:
204:
147:
2593:
Imperial Conversations: Indo-Britons and the Architecture of South India
3301:
3021:
2986:
2955:
2054:
1840:
1621:
1569:
1551:
1533:
1353:
826:
821:
laid on cantilever brackets fixed into and projecting from the walls),
666:
581:
538:
499:
481:
2512:
Mizan Hashim, David (1998). "Indian and Mogul influences on Mosques",
978:, gradually restoring several important Indian monuments (such as the
934:. In 1803, their control was further strengthened after defeating the
3124:
2246:
1908:
1573:
1186:
1170:
1051:
979:
923:
911:
880:
876:
776:
674:
320:
137:
35:
2771:
2717:
2174:
1726:
1217:
1178:
1132:
fantasy", according to Metcalf, who says Hubback's Ubudiah Mosque (
1094:
1008:
796:
686:
682:
642:
638:
594:, in the form of entrances set back from the facade, under an arch.
585:
575:
565:
550:
531:
328:
301:
871:. Some of the significant architectural works of the Mughals are
418:
2613:, Editors: Carey Anthony Watt, Michael Mann, 2011, Anthem Press,
1890:
1808:
1279:
in Kuala Lumpur, by Hubback, 1905. Originally as offices for the
830:
814:
746:
738:
670:
559:
544:
504:
473:
469:
364:
359:
331:). The style was sometimes used, mostly for large houses, in the
289:
2629:
Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860–1920
1112:, and in some places where the population was greatly expanded,
186:(previously Victoria Terminus) in Mumbai, 1878–88. A mixture of
2115:
2006:
1872:
1262:
1201:
1113:
822:
784:
734:
698:
465:
404:
297:
2609:
Mann, Michael, "Art, Artefacts and Architecture" Chapter 2 in
799:
by building and incorporating Indian architecture, especially
637:
was built in an Indo-Saracenic Revival architectural style in
2506:
1402:
1384:
1240:
1063:
864:
555:
350:
The wider European version, also popular in the Americas, is
284:). The first Indo-Saracenic building is often said to be the
803:
and Imperial Indian palace/fort/urban architecture as well.
484:
before. This was partly because English authorities such as
2548:
818:
788:
742:
591:
571:
511:
2554:
Gullick, John Michael (1998). "The British 'Raj' style ",
2654:
An Imperial Vision: Indian Architecture and Britain's Raj
2575:
Henry Irwin and the Indo Saracenic Movement Reconsidered
669:. Likewise, civic as well as municipal and governmental
598:
Chief proponents of this style of architecture included
253:. It drew stylistic and decorative elements from native
2367:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
371:
in Europe for the Arabic-speaking Muslim people of the
269:, with specific Indian features and decoration added.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
517:pointed arches, cusped arches, or scalloped arches
1110:states into which modern Malaysia remains divided
3354:
391:to most early 19th-century writers in English.
1181:and reflecting a smaller proportion of Muslim
1015:while adding elements of British and European
2683:
1337:Railway Administration Building, Kuala Lumpur
954:, together with rebellious princes including
914:incorporates elements of Indo-Saracenic and
424:Indian architecture commissioned by Mughals.
1295:The Old High Court Building in Kuala Lumpur
1189:were public buildings with influences from
1173:, Bidwell designed the thoroughly European
430:Examples of architecture of the Mughal era.
2690:
2676:
2456:
1505:Bangladesh Folk Arts and Crafts Foundation
1019:; this, coupled with the British allowing
449:substructures composed of iron, steel and
2021:Karachi Metropolitan Corporation Building
825:brackets with richly carved "stalactite"
514:, often supported by conspicuous brackets
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2656:, 1989, University of California Press,
2631:, 2007, University of California Press,
1144:
1073:
984:
902:
725:
648:
628:
2346:Palais du Bardo, parc Montsouris, Paris
2230:, now a chic Brighton supper club, 1892
930:(EIC) controlled large portions of the
537:curved roofs in Bengali styles such as
14:
3355:
1777:Southern Railway Headquarters, Chennai
898:
2671:
1046:of the University of Madras, and the
922:Shah Jahan was succeeded by his son,
2084:Karachi Chamber of Commerce Building
1069:
288:, completed in 1768, in present-day
184:Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
3363:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture
2705:in architecture and decorative arts
2130:National Academy of Performing Arts
1823:Senate House (University of Madras)
249:, and the palaces of rulers of the
24:
2646:
2464:"Soudha: A tale of sweat and toil"
990:The National Art Gallery (Chennai)
851:Mughal architecture developed the
829:decorations, balconies, kiosks or
394:
25:
3374:
2472:. 31 October 2010. Archived from
2137:
791:and beams, which flourished with
721:
335:itself, for example at the royal
2339:
2312:
2290:
2275:
2260:
2235:
2220:
2201:
2182:
2163:
2144:
2122:
2104:
2089:
2077:
2061:
2043:
2028:
2013:
1995:
1973:
1958:
1944:
1929:
1923:Lucknow Charbagh Railway Station
1915:
1897:
1879:
1861:
1847:
1829:
1815:
1797:
1783:
1769:
1754:
1740:
1718:
1704:
1686:
1672:
1657:
1642:
1628:
1610:
1598:
1580:
1558:
1540:
1525:
1511:
1497:
1483:
1469:
1455:
1441:
1427:
1409:
1391:
1373:
1342:
1330:
1315:
1300:
1288:
1269:
1247:
1225:
495:Typical elements found include:
417:
403:
197:
175:
157:
136:
34:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2497:
2488:
2192:in Brighton, 1828, designed by
1281:Federated Malay States Railways
1048:Chennai Central railway station
1007:and, later, new styles such as
952:Indian soldiers in their employ
836:
568:or pavilions with Bangala roofs
527:or North Africa, but often used
209:Secretariat Building, New Delhi
45:needs additional citations for
2447:
2438:
2429:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2384:
2358:
2070:King Edward Medical University
1666:Sir Salimullah Medical College
1651:Sir Salimullah Medical College
1124:. These were both designed by
982:) over the following decades.
976:Archaeological Survey of India
918:styles. Constructed 1951–1956.
801:Rajasthani temple architecture
306:Archaeological Survey of India
27:Revivalist architectural style
13:
1:
2567:
1366:
190:, Gothic and Indian elements.
69:"Indo-Saracenic architecture"
2591:Jayewardene-Pillai, Shanti,
2557:The Encyclopedia of Malaysia
2515:The Encyclopedia of Malaysia
2305:
2253:
1150:Kuala Lumpur Railway Station
523:, in fact characteristic of
352:Moorish Revival architecture
237:, in the 19th century often
7:
1988:
1361:
1325:in Kuala Lumpur, by Hubback
1167:Sultan Abdul Samad Building
1079:Sultan Abdul Samad Building
859:with a further addition of
313:eclecticism in architecture
223:Indo-Saracenic architecture
10:
3379:
2243:Guru Nanak Darbar Gurdwara
1762:The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel
1308:Old Kuala Lumpur Town Hall
1163:Regent Alfred John Bidwell
840:
752:
3269:
3253:
3237:
3206:
3190:
3174:
3148:
3117:
3101:
3080:
3064:
2979:
2938:
2867:
2710:
2560:(Architecture), p. 82–83.
2518:(Architecture), p. 84–85.
2426:Jayewardene-Pillai, 6, 14
1905:Kachiguda Railway Station
1519:Chittagong Court Building
946:by taking Mughal emperor
853:Indo-Islamic architecture
755:Indo-Islamic architecture
478:Neoclassical architecture
381:Indo-Islamic architecture
255:Indo-Islamic architecture
3337:Richardsonian Romanesque
2939:Germany, Austria-Hungary
2849:Spanish Colonial Revival
2351:
2036:University of the Punjab
1855:Khalsa College, Amritsar
1733:
1618:Central Railway Building
1605:Old high Court, Building
999:(with its sub styles of
960:Indian Rebellion of 1857
600:Robert Fellowes Chisholm
243:revivalist architectural
3245:Serbo-Byzantine Revival
3207:Russian Empire and USSR
3130:National Romantic style
3056:Black-and-white Revival
2331:, largely destroyed by
1277:National Textile Museum
1021:regional Indian princes
588:-style screened windows
530:contrasting colours of
367:was a term used in the
3327:Polish cathedral style
3292:Dutch Colonial Revival
3012:Indo-Saracenic Revival
2417:Jayewardene-Pillai, 14
2408:Jayewardene-Pillai, 10
2051:Sadiq Dane High School
1952:Howrah Railway Station
1664:King Edward Building,
1588:Fazlul Huq Muslim Hall
1193:built in this period.
1157:
1154:Arthur Benison Hubback
1126:Arthur Benison Hubback
1103:Federated Malay States
1085:
992:
942:. The EIC legitimized
919:
750:
658:
646:
547:kiosks on the roofline
490:Dravidian architecture
488:especially deprecated
410:Features of the style.
325:Federated Malay States
308:(ASI), and protected.
3312:Mediterranean Revival
3166:Soft Portuguese style
3109:Traditionalist School
2444:Das, xi, xiv, 98, 101
2333:an earthquake in 1923
2325:Tokyo National Museum
2283:Jaffna Public Library
1839:, reminiscent of the
1680:Dhaka Medical College
1148:
1077:
1030:The main building of
1003:, Venetian-Moorish),
988:
906:
779:, employing pillars,
729:
652:
632:
500:onion (bulbous) domes
276:and the Daniell duo (
3277:American Renaissance
3219:Neoclassical Revival
2920:Louis Philippe style
2652:Metcalf, Thomas R.,
2627:Metcalf, Thomas R.,
2268:Jami Ul-Alfar Mosque
1805:Victoria Public Hall
1748:The Gateway of India
1590:- Southern Facade -
1532:Masjid-e-Dewania in
1310:, Hubback, 1896-1904
1210:Malayan independence
1191:Chinese architecture
1036:Victoria Public Hall
759:British architecture
604:Samuel Swinton Jacob
389:Islamic architecture
387:, the most familiar
54:improve this article
3342:Territorial Revival
2925:Second Empire style
2797:Renaissance Revival
2573:Das, Pradip Kumar,
1939:(backview), Kolkata
1698:Rangpur, Bangladesh
1649:Academic Building,
1592:University of Dhaka
1255:Jubilee Clock Tower
1013:Indian architecture
932:Indian subcontinent
899:Decline and revival
847:Akbari architecture
843:Mughal architecture
455:reinforced concrete
259:Mughal architecture
3042:Romanesque Revival
3032:Queen Anne Revival
2854:Swiss chalet style
2824:Romanesque Revival
2476:on 5 November 2010
2298:Jaffna Clock Tower
2209:Elephant Tea Rooms
2112:Multan Clock Tower
2023:, Karachi, 1927–30
1694:Carmichael College
1449:Rose Garden Palace
1158:
1086:
1060:Rashtrapati Bhavan
1050:. The building of
993:
968:British government
940:Daulat Rao Sindhia
928:East India Company
920:
751:
659:
647:
292:(Madras), for the
239:Indo-Islamic style
3350:
3349:
3282:Collegiate Gothic
3140:Nordic Classicism
3072:Mycenaean Revival
3047:Scottish Baronial
2997:Edwardian Baroque
2992:Bristol Byzantine
2961:Nazi architecture
2758:French Provincial
2639:, 9780520933330,
2621:, 9781843318644,
2603:, 9788190363426,
2585:, 9781482822694,
2377:978-0-19-860678-9
2228:Sassoon Mausoleum
2068:Patiala Block of
1712:Rangpur Town Hall
1463:Uttara Gonobhaban
1235:(Hubback, 1913),
1070:In British Malaya
1056:Sir Edwin Lutyens
1040:Madras High Court
1025:South Asia's past
938:which was led by
731:Aitchison College
624:Frederick Stevens
459:pre-cast concrete
337:Brighton Pavilion
166:Victoria Memorial
144:Madras High Court
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
3370:
3332:Queen Anne style
3287:Colonial Revival
3198:Romanian Revival
3118:Nordic countries
3007:Georgian Revival
3002:Egyptian Revival
2910:Directoire style
2885:Louis XIII style
2753:Egyptian Revival
2748:Carpenter Gothic
2692:
2685:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2561:
2552:
2546:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2495:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2469:Deccan Chronicle
2460:
2454:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2362:
2343:
2316:
2294:
2279:
2264:
2239:
2224:
2205:
2194:Amon Henry Wilds
2190:Western Pavilion
2186:
2167:
2148:
2126:
2108:
2093:
2081:
2065:
2047:
2032:
2017:
1999:
1977:
1962:
1948:
1933:
1919:
1901:
1883:
1865:
1851:
1833:
1819:
1801:
1787:
1773:
1758:
1744:
1722:
1708:
1690:
1676:
1661:
1646:
1636:Rajshahi College
1632:
1614:
1602:
1584:
1562:
1544:
1529:
1515:
1501:
1487:
1477:Murapara Rajbari
1473:
1459:
1445:
1431:
1413:
1395:
1377:
1346:
1334:
1319:
1304:
1292:
1273:
1251:
1229:
1212:in 1957 and the
695:railway stations
633:The British-era
521:horseshoe arches
421:
407:
339:(1787–1823) and
201:
179:
161:
140:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3317:Mission Revival
3265:
3249:
3233:
3224:Russian Revival
3202:
3186:
3170:
3144:
3135:Gustavian style
3113:
3097:
3088:Stile Umbertino
3076:
3060:
2975:
2934:
2900:Louis XVI style
2890:Louis XIV style
2863:
2782:Moorish Revival
2733:Baroque Revival
2728:Arts and Crafts
2706:
2696:
2664:, 9780520062351
2649:
2647:Further reading
2570:
2565:
2564:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2511:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2479:
2477:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2335:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2265:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2216:
2206:
2197:
2196:as his own home
2187:
2178:
2168:
2159:
2156:Gloucestershire
2152:Sezincote House
2149:
2140:
2133:
2127:
2118:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2085:
2082:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1852:
1843:
1834:
1825:
1820:
1811:
1802:
1793:
1788:
1779:
1774:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1723:
1714:
1709:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1677:
1668:
1662:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1633:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1566:Northbrook Hall
1563:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1530:
1521:
1516:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1488:
1479:
1474:
1465:
1460:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1369:
1364:
1357:
1350:Kellie's Castle
1347:
1338:
1335:
1326:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1296:
1293:
1284:
1274:
1265:
1252:
1243:
1230:
1072:
958:, launched the
901:
879:, the Forts of
857:Delhi Sultanate
849:
841:Main articles:
839:
817:(a sunshade or
811:Delhi Sultanate
769:Delhi Sultanate
761:
753:Main articles:
724:
635:Islamia College
616:William Emerson
486:James Fergusson
451:poured concrete
434:
433:
432:
431:
427:
426:
425:
422:
413:
412:
411:
408:
397:
395:Characteristics
345:Gloucestershire
341:Sezincote House
278:William Daniell
251:princely states
225:(also known as
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
202:
193:
192:
191:
180:
171:
170:
169:
162:
153:
152:
151:
141:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3376:
3366:
3365:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3322:Pueblo Revival
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3182:Zakopane Style
3178:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Louis XV style
2892:
2887:
2882:
2880:Henry IV style
2877:
2875:Henry II style
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2842:North American
2839:
2834:
2828:Second Empire
2826:
2821:
2819:Rococo Revival
2816:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2763:Gothic Revival
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2625:
2607:
2589:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2547:
2538:
2529:
2520:
2505:
2496:
2487:
2455:
2446:
2437:
2428:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2376:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2207:
2200:
2198:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2171:Royal Pavilion
2169:
2162:
2160:
2150:
2143:
2139:
2138:United Kingdom
2136:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2121:
2119:
2110:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2076:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2058:
2049:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1966:Kowdiar Palace
1964:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1943:
1941:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1903:
1896:
1894:
1887:Chepauk Palace
1885:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1597:
1595:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1491:Puthia Rajbari
1489:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1435:Natore Rajbari
1433:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1285:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1233:Ubudiah Mosque
1231:
1224:
1139:Arabian Nights
1122:Ubudiah Mosque
1116:, such as the
1091:British Malaya
1071:
1068:
956:Rani of Jhansi
936:Maratha Empire
908:Vidhana Soudha
900:
897:
889:Fatehpur Sikri
887:, the city of
873:Humayun's Tomb
869:Mughal emperor
838:
835:
723:
722:Indian context
720:
679:Royal Pavilion
655:Rambagh Palace
596:
595:
589:
579:
569:
562:
553:
548:
541:
535:
528:
518:
515:
502:
443:British Empire
429:
428:
423:
416:
415:
414:
409:
402:
401:
400:
399:
398:
396:
393:
333:United Kingdom
317:British Ceylon
294:Nawab of Arcot
286:Chepauk Palace
282:Thomas Daniell
280:and his uncle
274:William Hodges
263:Gothic revival
211:, designed by
203:
196:
195:
194:
181:
174:
173:
172:
163:
156:
155:
154:
142:
135:
134:
133:
132:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
18:Indo-Saracenic
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3375:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Federal style
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:United States
3268:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Neo-Byzantine
3212:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Neo-Manueline
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3052:Tudor Revival
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3027:Neo-Palladian
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:British India
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:Great Britain
2978:
2972:
2971:Rundbogenstil
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2905:Neoclassicism
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:Palazzo style
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2792:New Classical
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Mayan Revival
2775:
2773:
2769:
2768:Greek Revival
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Neo-Byzantine
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2711:International
2709:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2681:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2559:
2558:
2551:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2509:
2500:
2491:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2361:
2357:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:Josiah Conder
2326:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2299:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2003:Lahore Museum
1998:
1993:
1992:
1982:
1981:Napier Museum
1976:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1927:
1924:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1791:Mysore Palace
1786:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1725:Judge Court,
1721:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1444:
1439:
1436:
1430:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1417:Tajhat Palace
1412:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:Kuala Kangsar
1234:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1198:C. E. Spooner
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:Raffles Hotel
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:buildings by
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1134:Kuala Kangsar
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:French gothic
998:
991:
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:Mughal Empire
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
917:
913:
909:
905:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
848:
844:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
760:
756:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
719:
716:
710:
706:
704:
703:art galleries
700:
696:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
651:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
625:
621:
620:George Wittet
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
593:
590:
587:
583:
580:
577:
573:
570:
567:
563:
561:
557:
554:
552:
549:
546:
542:
540:
536:
533:
529:
526:
525:Islamic Spain
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
446:
444:
439:
420:
406:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:(present-day
326:
322:
319:(present-day
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
270:
268:
267:Neo-Classical
264:
260:
257:, especially
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:Mughal-Gothic
228:
224:
214:
213:Herbert Baker
210:
206:
200:
189:
185:
178:
167:
160:
149:
145:
139:
124:
121:
113:
110:November 2018
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3307:Jeffersonian
3125:Dragon style
3011:
2966:Resort style
2930:Belle Époque
2915:Empire style
2802:Châteauesque
2787:Neoclassical
2653:
2641:google books
2628:
2623:google books
2610:
2605:google books
2592:
2587:google books
2574:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2532:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2499:
2490:
2478:. Retrieved
2474:the original
2467:
2458:
2453:Das, 101–104
2449:
2440:
2431:
2422:
2413:
2404:
2399:Das, 95, 102
2395:
2386:
2366:
2360:
2099:, Bahawalpur
2097:Darbar Mahal
1869:Daly College
1548:Shashi Lodge
1381:Ahsan Manzil
1323:Jamek Mosque
1195:
1159:
1137:
1118:Jamek Mosque
1107:
1099:Kuala Lumpur
1087:
1083:Kuala Lumpur
1044:Senate House
1032:Mayo College
1029:
1017:architecture
1005:Neoclassical
994:
948:Shah Alam II
921:
893:Akbar's Tomb
867:, the third
850:
837:Mughal style
805:
762:
715:urban sprawl
711:
707:
692:
663:clock towers
660:
608:Charles Mant
597:
494:
472:rather than
463:
453:, and later
447:
435:
385:Muslim Spain
377:North Africa
349:
310:
271:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
3261:Neo-Mudéjar
3161:Neo-Mudéjar
3102:Netherlands
2951:Gründerzeit
2946:Biedermeier
2723:Art Nouveau
2699:Historicism
2480:11 November
1399:Curzon Hall
1259:George Town
1206:A.C. Norman
1130:Orientalist
737:with domed
673:along with
667:courthouses
612:Henry Irwin
509:overhanging
438:British Raj
373:Middle East
369:Middle Ages
356:Neo-Mudéjar
247:British Raj
227:Indo-Gothic
205:North Block
148:Henry Irwin
3302:Greco Deco
3022:Jacobethan
2956:Jugendstil
2859:Vernacular
2807:Italianate
2738:Beaux-Arts
2703:Revivalism
2662:0520062353
2637:0520933338
2619:1843318644
2601:8190363425
2583:1482822695
2568:References
2270:in Colombo
2213:Sunderland
2055:Bahawalpur
1937:Raj Bhavan
1841:Gol Gumbaz
1837:Mumbai GPO
1622:Chittagong
1570:Farashganj
1552:Mymensingh
1534:Chittagong
1367:Bangladesh
1354:Batu Gajah
972:Crown rule
944:their rule
827:pendentive
675:town halls
582:Mashrabiya
539:char-chala
482:Tamil Nadu
461:elements.
343:(1805) in
323:) and the
235:Neo-Mughal
188:Romanesque
80:newspapers
3229:Stalinist
2987:Adamesque
2319:Original
2306:Elsewhere
2300:in Jaffna
2285:in Jaffna
2254:Sri Lanka
2247:Gravesend
2177:, 1815–23
2132:, Karachi
1909:Hyderabad
1764:in Mumbai
1574:Old Dhaka
1214:formation
1187:Hong Kong
1171:Singapore
1095:hardwoods
1052:New Delhi
980:Taj Mahal
924:Aurangzeb
916:Dravidian
912:Bangalore
877:Taj Mahal
797:Taluqdars
566:pavilions
551:pinnacles
532:voussoirs
321:Sri Lanka
3357:Category
3149:Portugal
2837:European
2772:Neo-Grec
2718:Art Deco
2595:, 2007,
2577:, 2014,
2175:Brighton
2072:, Lahore
2038:, Lahore
1989:Pakistan
1983:, Kerala
1968:, Kerala
1727:Faridpur
1362:Examples
1218:Malaysia
1179:Calcutta
1009:Art Deco
831:chhatris
777:trabeate
739:chhatris
687:carnival
683:Brighton
671:colleges
643:Pakistan
639:Peshawar
586:jharokha
576:openwork
560:minarets
329:Malaysia
302:Calcutta
241:) was a
3191:Romania
3037:Regency
2545:Metcalf
2536:Metcalf
2527:Metcalf
2503:Metcalf
2494:Metcalf
2435:Das, xi
2390:Das, 98
1891:Chennai
1809:Chennai
1421:Rangpur
1356:, Perak
1156:, 1910.
1114:mosques
861:Timurid
855:of the
815:chhajja
785:lintels
747:chhajja
699:museums
578:screens
545:chhatri
505:Chhajja
474:Kolkata
470:Chennai
365:Saracen
360:Lucknow
290:Chennai
207:of the
150:, 1892.
94:scholar
3238:Serbia
3175:Poland
3065:Greece
2868:France
2832:French
2660:
2635:
2617:
2599:
2581:
2374:
2321:Honkan
2215:, 1877
2158:, 1805
2116:Multan
2007:Lahore
1873:Indore
1263:Penang
1202:Ceylon
1183:Malays
1064:stupas
997:Gothic
885:Lahore
875:, the
823:corbel
808:Turkic
793:Mughal
789:arches
773:Mughal
765:Turkic
735:Lahore
602:, Sir
556:towers
543:domed
466:Mumbai
298:Bombay
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
3254:Spain
3093:Milan
3081:Italy
2352:Notes
2327:, by
1734:India
1696:, in
1403:Dhaka
1385:Dhaka
1241:Perak
1152:, by
865:Akbar
781:beams
743:jalis
592:Iwans
572:jalis
564:open
512:eaves
101:JSTOR
87:books
2701:and
2658:ISBN
2633:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2597:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2482:2010
2372:ISBN
1120:and
883:and
881:Agra
845:and
819:eave
795:and
783:and
771:and
757:and
701:and
665:and
653:The
622:and
468:and
457:and
375:and
300:and
265:and
182:The
164:The
73:news
2173:in
1807:in
1568:in
1550:in
1419:in
1401:in
1383:in
1257:in
1216:of
1142:".
1081:in
970:to
733:in
681:at
584:or
574:or
558:or
56:by
3359::
3054:/
2770:/
2466:.
2370:.
2323:,
2245:,
2211:,
2154:,
2114:,
2053:,
2005:,
1907:,
1889:,
1871:,
1620:,
1572:,
1352:,
1261:,
1239:,
1097:.
1066:.
1042:,
1038:,
910:,
895:.
891:,
767:,
745:,
741:,
705:.
697:,
641:,
618:,
614:,
610:,
606:,
507:,
347:.
296:.
233:,
229:,
2691:e
2684:t
2677:v
2484:.
2380:.
1283:.
645:.
215:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
