Indonesian invasion of East Timor

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Timor sea border North of Australia. In line with these resource interests at the time, department officials saw it as beneficial for Australia to back an Indonesian take over, as opposed to an independent East Timor, stating: "In support of (i), Indonesian absorption of Timor makes geopolitical sense. Any other long-term solution would be potentially disruptive of both Indonesia and the region. It would help confirm our seabed agreement with Indonesia."; they however also stressed the importance of self determination of Portuguese Timor to Australian public pressure. The records available also show that department officials were aware of planned clandestine operations for Indonesia to perform in Portuguese Timor, with the intent being "to ensure that the territory would opt for incorporation into Indonesia."; for which the Indonesians sought support from the Australian government.

185: 1483:, the US ambassador to the UN at the time, wrote in his autobiography that "China altogether backed Fretilin in Timor, and lost. In Spanish Sahara, Russia just as completely backed Algeria, and its front, known as Polisario, and lost. In both instances the United States wished things to turn out as they did, and worked to bring this about. The Department of State desired that the United Nations prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook. This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with not inconsiderable success." Later, Moynihan admitted that, as US ambassador to the UN, he had defended a "shameless" Cold War policy toward East Timor. 368: 350: 1389:

intentions you have." Kissinger agreed, although he had fears that the use of US-made arms in the invasion would be exposed to public scrutiny, and Kissinger urged Suharto to wait until Ford had returned from his far eastern trip, because "we would be able to influence the reaction in America if whatever happens happens after we return. This way there would be less chance of people talking in an unauthorised way." The US hoped the invasion would be relatively swift and not involve protracted resistance. "It is important that whatever you do succeeds quickly," Kissinger said to Suharto.

240: 1492: 547: 1369: 255: 808:. UDT members killed a dozen Fretilin members in four locations. The victims included a founding member of Fretilin, and a brother of its vice-president, Nicolau Lobato. Fretilin responded by appealing successfully to the Portuguese-trained East Timorese military units. UDT's violent takeover thus provoked the three-week long civil war, in pitting its 1,500 troops against the 2,000 regular forces now led by Fretilin commanders. When the Portuguese-trained East Timorese military switched allegiance to Fretilin, it came to be known as 445: 50: 64: 920: 1134: 784:(the Revolutionary Front of Independent East Timor) was composed of administrators, teachers, and other "newly recruited members of the urban elites." Fretilin quickly became more popular than UDT due to a variety of social programs it introduced to the populace. UDT and Fretilin entered into a coalition by January 1975 with the unified goal of self-determination. This coalition came to represent almost all of the educated sector and the vast majority of the population. The 212: 332: 320: 308: 296: 284: 197: 172: 360: 224: 932:

six-hours combat with FALINTIL forces. According to author Joseph Nevins, Indonesian warships shelled their own advancing troops and Indonesian transport aircraft dropped some of their paratroopers on top of the retreating FALINTIL forces and suffered accordingly. By noon, Indonesian forces had taken the city at the cost of 35 Indonesian soldiers killed, while 122 FALINTIL soldiers died in the combat.

1070: 1429:, the Deputy Legal Advisor of the US State Department, George Aldrich said the Indonesians "were armed roughly 90 percent with our equipment. ... we really did not know very much. Maybe we did not want to know very much but I gather that for a time we did not know." Indonesia was never informed of the supposed US "aid suspension". David T. Kenney, Country Officer for Indonesia in the 947:. By April 1976 Indonesia had some 35,000 soldiers in East Timor, with another 10,000 standing by in Indonesian West Timor. A large proportion of these troops were from Indonesia's elite commands. By the end of the year, 10,000 troops occupied Dili and another 20,000 had been deployed throughout East Timor. Massively outnumbered, FALINTIL troops fled to the mountains and continued 1048:

would simply shoot them. Other survivors were placed in resettlement camps where they were prevented from travelling or cultivating farmland. In early 1978, the entire civilian population of Arsaibai village, near the Indonesian border, was killed for supporting Fretilin after being bombarded and starved. During this period, allegations of Indonesian use of

1086:. By the 1990s, there were fewer than approximately 200 guerilla fighters remaining in the mountains (this lacks citation, it aligns with the common Indonesian view at the time, though Timorese would state a vast amount of the population was actually discreetly involved in the clandestine movement, as ratified in the protest vote for independence), and the 1198:. The island's original division into east and west, Indonesia argued after the invasion, was "the result of colonial oppression" enforced by the Portuguese and Dutch imperial powers. Thus, according to the Indonesian government, its annexation of the 27th province was merely another step in the unification of the archipelago which had begun in the 1940s. 780:, UDT) was the first political association to be announced after the Carnation Revolution. UDT was originally composed of senior administrative leaders and plantation owners, as well as native tribal leaders. These leaders had conservative origins and showed allegiance to Portugal, but never advocated integration with Indonesia. Meanwhile, 1477:. The Council's resolution called upon the UN Secretary General "to send urgently a special representative to East Timor for the purpose of making on-the-spot assessment of the existing situation and of establishing contact with all parties in the Territory and all States concerned to ensure the implementation of the current resolution. 1119:(CAVR) estimated the number of deaths during the occupation from famine and violence to be between 90,800 and 202,600 including between 17,600 and 19,600 violent deaths or disappearances, out of a 1999 population of approximately 823,386. The truth commission held Indonesian forces responsible for about 70% of the violent killings. 645:

two decades of the century saw continuous clashes between Indonesian and East Timorese groups over the status of East Timor, until 1999, when a majority of East Timorese voted overwhelmingly for independence (the alternative option being "special autonomy" while remaining part of Indonesia). After a further two and a half years of

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searching for Fretilin members. When Fretilin members were found, the members would be forced to surrender or to fire on their own people. The Indonesian 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign of 1977–1978 broke the back of the main Fretilin militia and the capable Timorese President and military commander,

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James Dunn cites a study by the Catholic Church suggesting that as many as 60,000 Timorese had been killed by the end of 1976. This figure does not appear to include those killed in the period between the start of the civil war in August 1975 and the invasion on 7 December. See James Dunn, "The Timor

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in 1998 helped precipitate a proposal for a referendum on the question of independence for East Timor. In late 1998, the Australian government drafted a letter to Indonesia setting out a change in Australian policy, suggesting that East Timor be given a chance to vote on independence within a decade.

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had been a vocal anti-imperialist and anti-colonialist but saw imperialism and colonialism almost entirely as European phenomena and had supported China, despite its imperialism and was supportive of Indonesian imperialism to undo Dutch, Portuguese and British colonialism. Despite the unpopularity of

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The 1975–1978 period, from the beginning of the invasion to the largely successful conclusion of the encirclement and annihilation campaign, proved to be the toughest period of the entire conflict, costing the Indonesians more than 1,000 fatalities out of the total of 2,000 who died during the entire

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By the beginning of February 1977, at least six of the 13 Broncos were operating in East Timor, and helped the Indonesian military pinpoint Fretilin positions. Along with the new weaponry, an additional 10,000 troops were sent in to begin new campaigns that would become known as the 'final solution'.

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The UDT coup was a "neat operation", in which a show of force on the streets was followed by the takeover of vital infrastructure, such as radio stations, international communications systems, the airport and police stations. During the resulting civil war, leaders on each side "lost control over the

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The 'final solution' campaigns involved two primary tactics: The 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign involved bombing villages and mountain areas from aeroplanes, causing famine and defoliation of ground cover. When surviving villagers came down to lower-lying regions to surrender, the military

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John Taylor writes that Indonesia invaded for three main reasons: (1) to avoid the “negative example” of an independent province, (2) to have access to the high initial estimates of oil and natural gas under the Timor Sea (initial estimates which turned out to be largely mistaken), and (3) following

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By the end of August, the UDT remnants were retreating toward the Indonesian border. A UDT group of nine hundred crossed into West Timor on 24 September 1975, followed by more than a thousand others, leaving Fretilin in control of East Timor for the next three months. The death toll in the civil war

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These files from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade also outlined Australian National Security motivations for a Portuguese independent Timor. Repeatedly mentioned in these files are Australian oil interests in Timorese waters; as well as the potential for a renegotiation of the Portuguese

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Though given equal provincial status, in practice East Timor was effectively governed by the Indonesian military. The new administration built new infrastructure and raised productivity levels in commercial farming ventures. Productivity in coffee and cloves doubled, although East Timorese farmers

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Though the Indonesian military advanced into East Timor, most of the populations left the invaded towns and villages in coastal areas for the mountainous interior. FALINTIL forces, comprising 2,500 full-time regular troops from the former Portuguese colonial army, were well equipped by Portugal and

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Clinton Administration officials told the New York Times that US support for Suharto was "driven by a potent mix of power politics and emerging markets." Suharto was Washington's favoured ruler of the "ultimate emerging market" who deregulated the economy and opened Indonesia to foreign investors.

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were obstructed by the Indonesian military, which blockaded East Timor. On 31 May 1976, a 'People's Assembly' in Dili, selected by Indonesian intelligence, unanimously endorsed an 'Act of Integration', and on 17 July, East Timor officially became the 27th province of the Republic of Indonesia. The

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said the number of dead was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000". A figure of 100,000 is cited by McDonald (1980) and by Taylor. Amnesty International estimated that one third of East Timor's population, or 200,000 in total, died from military action, starvation and disease from 1975 to 1999. In 1979

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By April 1975, internal conflicts split the UDT leadership, with Lopes da Cruz leading a faction that wanted to abandon Fretilin. Lopes da Cruz was concerned that the radical wing of Fretilin would turn East Timor into a communist front. Fretilin called this accusation an Indonesian conspiracy, as

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During the first months of the occupation, the Indonesian military faced heavy insurgency resistance in the mountainous interior of the island, but from 1977 to 1978, the military procured new advanced weaponry from the United States, and other countries, to destroy Fretilin's framework. The last

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documented a minimum estimate of 102,000 conflict-related deaths in East Timor throughout the entire period from 1974 to 1999, including 18,600 violent killings and 84,200 deaths from disease and starvation; Indonesian forces and their auxiliaries combined were responsible for 70% of the killings.

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claimed to have suspended new arms sales to Indonesia from December 1975 to June 1976, military equipment already in the pipeline continued to flow, and the US made four new offers of arms during that six-month period, including supplies and parts for 16 OV-10 Broncos, which, according to Cornell

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in mid-1975 had been a devastating setback for the United States, leaving Indonesia as the most important ally in the region. Ford consequently reasoned that the US national interest had to be on the side of Indonesia. As Ford later stated: "in the scope of things, Indonesia wasn't too much on my

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In parallel to the military action, Indonesia also ran a civil administration. East Timor was given equal status to the other provinces, with an identical government structure. The province was divided into districts, sub districts, and villages along the structure of Javanese villages. By giving

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In the cities, Indonesian troops began killing East Timorese. At the start of the occupation, FRETILIN radio sent the following broadcast: "The Indonesian forces are killing indiscriminately. Women and children are being shot in the streets. We are all going to be killed.... This is an appeal for

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The CAVR stated in the "Responsibility" chapter of its final report that US "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation" of East Timor between 1975 and 1999. The report (p. 92) also stated that "U.S. supplied weaponry was crucial to Indonesia's

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arose, as villagers reported maggots appearing on crops after bombing attacks. The success of the 'encirclement and annihilation' campaign led to the 'final cleansing campaign', in which children and men from resettlement camps would be forced to hold hands and march in front of Indonesian units

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Throughout 1976, the Indonesian military used a strategy in which troops attempted to move inland from the coastal areas to join up with troops parachuted further inland. This strategy was unsuccessful and the troops received stiff resistance from Falintil. For instance, it took 3,000 Indonesian

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Operasi Seroja (Operation Lotus) was the largest military operation ever carried out by Indonesia. Following a naval bombardment of Dili, Indonesian seaborne troops landed in the city while simultaneously paratroopers descended. 641 Indonesian paratroopers jumped into Dili, where they engaged in

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Such considerations became overshadowed by Indonesian and Western fears that victory for the left-wing Fretilin would lead to the creation of a communist state on Indonesia's border that could be used as a base for incursions by unfriendly powers into Indonesia, and a potential threat to Western

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in 2001 revealed that they gave a green light for the invasion. In response to Suharto saying, "We want your understanding if we deem it necessary to take rapid or drastic action ," Ford replied, "We will understand and will not press you on the issue. We understand the problem you have and the

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The US played a crucial role in supplying weapons to Indonesia. A week after the invasion of East Timor the National Security Council prepared a detailed analysis of the Indonesian military units involved and the US equipment they used. The analysis revealed that virtually all of the military

975:, said later: "The soldiers who landed started killing everyone they could find. There were many dead bodies in the streets – all we could see were the soldiers killing, killing, killing." In one incident, a group of fifty men, women, and children – including Australian freelance reporter 1499:

The memorial ″7 December 1975″ was unveiled 2020 on the 45th anniversary of the invasion by Indonesia near the port of Dili and commemorates the numerous victims of massacres by the invaders. Numerous East Timorese were executed by Indonesian soldiers in the harbour after the invasion.

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Philip Liechty, a senior CIA officer in Indonesia during that time stated that Suharto was given the green light by the United States to do what he did. The covert military assistance provided, which most of it went straight into East Timor and was used against non-combatants, by the

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governments allegedly co-operated with the Indonesian military and President Suharto to obscure details about conditions in East Timor and to preserve Indonesian control of the region. There was some disquiet towards policy with the Australian public, because of the deaths of the

955: 1190:, paid tribute to the "sacred right of self-determination" and recognised APODETI as the true representatives of the East Timorese majority. It claimed that FRETILIN's popularity was the result of a "policy of threats, blackmail and terror". Later, Indonesian Foreign Minister 1277:

Australian governments saw good relations and stability in Indonesia (Australia's largest neighbour) as providing an important security buffer to Australia's north. Nevertheless, Australia provided important sanctuary to East Timorese independence advocates like

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headed military intelligence operations and spearheaded the Indonesia pro-annexation push. Indonesian domestic political factors in the mid-1970s were not conducive to such expansionist intentions; the 1974–75 financial scandal surrounding petroleum producer

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The Fretilin militia who survived the Indonesian offensive of the late 1970s chose Xanana Gusmão as their leader. He was caught by Indonesian intelligence near Dili in 1992 and was succeeded by Mau Honi, who was captured in 1993 and in turn, succeeded by

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behavior of their supporters", and while leaders of both UDT and Fretilin behaved with restraint, the uncontrollable supporters orchestrated various bloody purges and murders. UDT leaders arrested more than 80 Fretilin members, including future leader

1009:, a southern city only three kilometres from the coast. The military continued to restrict all foreigners and West Timorese from entering East Timor, and Suharto admitted in August 1976 that Fretilin "still possessed some strength here and there." 983:

took place in Dili, where onlookers were ordered to observe and count aloud as each person was executed. In addition to FRETILIN supporters, Chinese migrants were also singled out for execution; five hundred were killed in the first day alone.

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sentiments within Indonesian provinces. These concerns were successfully used to garner support from Western countries keen to maintain good relations with Indonesia, particularly the United States, which at the time was completing

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idea had largely shifted to the clandestine front in the cities. The clandestine movement was largely paralysed by continuous arrests and infiltration by Indonesian agents. The prospect of independence was very dark until the

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In March 1976, UDT leader Lopes da Cruz reported that 60,000 Timorese had been killed during the invasion. A delegation of Indonesian relief workers agreed with this statistic. In an interview on 5 April 1977 with the

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told meeting participants that "It looks like the Indonesians have begun the attack on Timor." Kissinger's response to Habib was, "I'm assuming you're really going to keep your mouth shut on this subject."

993:"severely restricted the Indonesian army's ability to make headway." Thus, during the early months of the invasion, Indonesian control was mainly confined to major towns and villages such as Dili, Baucau, 1461:

adopted a resolution that "strongly deplored" Indonesia's invasion of East Timor, demanded that Jakarta withdraw troops "without delay" and allow the inhabitants of the island to exercise their right to

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held in 1999 showed overwhelming approval for independence, but was followed by violent clashes and a security crisis, instigated by anti-independence militia. Australia then led a United Nations backed

1357:. The administration worried about the potential impact on US–Indonesian relations in the event that a forced incorporation of East Timor was met with a major Congressional reaction. On 8 October 1975, 2661: 1393:

equipment used in the invasion was US supplied: US-supplied destroyer escorts shelled East Timor as the attack unfolded; Indonesian marines disembarked from US-supplied landing craft; US-supplied

1515:. The monument, which contains a soldier statue and reliefs depicting the operation, was built in June 1990 and inaugurated by the regent of Belu Col. (Inf). Ignasius Sumantri on 17 August 1990. 1174:

occupation of East Timor remained a public issue in many nations, Portugal in particular, and the UN never recognised either the regime installed by the Indonesians or the subsequent annexation.

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By April 1977, the Indonesian military faced a stalemate: Troops had not made ground advances for more than six months, and the invasion had attracted increasing adverse international publicity.

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aircraft dropped Indonesian paratroops and strafed Dili with .50 calibre machine guns; while the 17th and 18th Airborne brigades which led the assault on the Timorese capital were "totally U.S.

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administration in June 2002 as a memorial to the Indonesian soldiers and civilians who were killed in Operation Seroja. It is located within the TNI central headquarters complex in Cilangkap,

2398: 2484: 2899:"Policy Regarding Possible Indonesian Military Action against Portuguese Timor, Memorandum From W.R. Smyser of the National Security Council Staff to Secretary of State Kissinger" 1693: 1116: 673:

during World War II, whose occupation spawned a resistance movement that resulted in the deaths of 60,000 people, 13 percent of the population at the time. Following the war, the

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capacity to intensify military operations from 1977 in its massive campaigns to destroy the Resistance in which aircraft supplied by the United States played a crucial role."

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to end the violence and order was restored. While the intervention was ultimately successful, Australian-Indonesian relations would take several years to recover.

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planned for the invasion of East Timor. There was no free expression in "New Order" Indonesia and thus no need was seen for consulting the East Timorese either.

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meant that Indonesia had to be cautious not to alarm critical foreign donors and bankers. Thus, Suharto was originally not in support of an East Timor invasion.

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international help. Please do something to stop this invasion." One Timorese refugee told later of "rape cold-blooded assassinations of women and children and

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the US Agency for International Development estimated that 300,000 East Timorese had been moved into camps controlled by Indonesian armed forces. The UN's

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troops launched incursions, which were noted by US intelligence, and in October, conventional military assaults followed. Five journalists, known as the

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Unlike the African colonies, East Timor did not experience a war of national liberation. Indigenous political parties rapidly sprang up in Timor: The

1219: 2715: 2870:"Another Meeting with your Indonesian Contacts, Memorandum From W.R. Smyser of the National Security Council Staff to Secretary of State Kissinger" 3161: 1266:

in World War II were well-remembered. Protests took place in Australia against the occupation, and some Australian nationals participated in the

575: 1474: 3225: 3027: 1040:. The Bronco was ideal for the East Timor invasion, as it was specifically designed for counter-insurgency operations in difficult terrain. 3723: 874:

organisations initially sought a non-military annexation strategy, intending to use APODETI as its integration vehicle. Indonesia's ruling

469: 3636: 1632: 3803: 2746: 3783: 2816: 1422:, peaking in 1978. In total, the United States furnished over $ 250,000,000 of military assistance to Indonesia between 1975 and 1979. 1295: 525: 2159: 1206:

There was little resistance from the international community to Indonesia's invasion. Although Portugal was undergoing an energetic

796:; APODETI), a third, minor party, also sprang up, and its goal was integration with Indonesia. The party had little popular appeal. 3798: 3131:"East Timor truth commission finds U.S. "political and military support were fundamental to the Indonesian invasion and occupation" 629: 474: 367: 349: 245: 108: 3647: 724: 3763: 962:

suggested that the number of East Timorese killed in the first two years of the occupation was "50,000 people or perhaps 80,000".

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the radical wing did not have a power base. On 11 August, Fretilin received a letter from UDT leaders terminating the coalition.

785: 228: 3768: 1765: 646: 489: 2468:(Suharto's Indonesia, Blackburn, Australia: Fontana, 1980, p. 215); "East Timor: Contemporary History", in Carey and Bentley, 1154:

traditional tribal leaders positions in this new structure, Indonesia attempted to assimilate the Timorese through patronage.

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In the early months of 1977, the Indonesian navy ordered missile-firing patrol-boats from the United States, Australia, the

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in which approximately 100,000–180,000 soldiers and civilians are estimated to have been killed or starved to death. The

633: 568: 479: 124: 3641: 3250: 3773: 3627: 2853: 1300: 749:(Armed Forces Movement, MFA) within the Portuguese military mounted a coup d'état against the right-wing authoritarian 3778: 3704: 3545: 3513: 3492: 3471: 3429: 3406: 3387: 3365: 3058: 2794: 2381: 2107: 2042: 535: 1548:, a group of Australian journalists who were captured and killed just prior to the Indonesian invasion of East Timor 1418:

and wholly useless for defending Indonesia against a foreign enemy." Military assistance was accelerated during the

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sounded out US views about an Indonesian takeover of East Timor. The Americans were tight-lipped, and in March 1975

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Strating, Rebecca (20 November 2018). "The Politics of Recognition: East Timor and the International Community".

1467: 1458: 746: 669:; an agreement dividing the island between the two powers was signed in 1915. Colonial rule was replaced by the 649:

under the auspices of three different United Nations missions, East Timor achieved independence on 20 May 2002.

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A not-so-distant horror: mass violence in East Timor, By Joseph Nevins, Page 28, Cornell University Press, 2005

1312: 561: 424: 3276: 1849: 1402: 1294:, who saw it as implying Indonesia was a "colonial power" and he decided to announce a snap referendum. A 1207: 3743: 2719: 324: 3150: 2777:"Questions and Answers on East Timor ( Violence in East Timor - Background Briefing, September 8, 1999)" 3748: 3738: 2776: 1170: 354: 3619: 2986:"Embassy Jakarta Telegram 1579 to Secretary State [Text of Ford-Kissinger-Suharto Discussion]" 2548: 1224:

Indonesia invaded East Timor during the political crisis and social unrest in Australia following the

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the fall of South Vietnam, to become Southeast Asia's major military partner of the United States.

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submarines. It was also feared that an independent East Timor within the archipelago could inspire

766: 1433:, also testified before Congress that one purpose for the arms was "to keep that area peaceful." 979:– were lined up on a cliff outside of Dili and shot, their bodies falling into the sea. Many such 3035: 3007:"Indonesian Use of MAP Equipment in Timor, Memorandum from Clinton E. Granger to Brent Scowcroft" 2362:, ed. Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 166–67 1480: 1142: 976: 972: 696: 690: 372: 3096: 2099:

Self-determination in East Timor: the United Nations, the ballot, and international intervention

889:, working for Australian news networks were executed by Indonesian troops in the border town of 828:

Indonesian nationalist and military hardliners, particularly leaders of the intelligence agency

1640: 1441:"He's our kind of guy," said a senior Administration official who dealt often on Asian policy. 1414:, are "specially designed for counter-insurgency actions against adversaries without effective 1037: 1033: 832:

and special operations unit, Opsus, saw the Portuguese coup as an opportunity for East Timor's

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Indonesian soldiers pose in Batugade, East Timor with a captured Portuguese flag, November 1975

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administration to Suharto's regime in Indonesia was kept hidden from Congress and the public.

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approved a "policy of silence" vis-à-vis Indonesia, a policy that had been recommended by the

1028:, as well as submarines from West Germany. In February 1977, Indonesia also received thirteen 3375: 1570: 1523: 1419: 1415: 1106: 1095:

in 1998 and President Habibie's sudden decision to allow a referendum in East Timor in 1999.

875: 871: 720: 712: 678: 433: 176: 151: 2472:, p. 239. McDonald's figure includes the pre-invasion period while Taylor's does not. From 2163: 1773:

Final Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR)

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Final Report of the Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor (CAVR)

1169:'s Special Representative, Vittorio Winspeare Guicciardi to visit Fretilin-held areas from 1165:

was installed in mid-December 1975, consisting of APODETI and UDT leaders. Attempts by the

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War, Genocide, and Resistance in East Timor, 1975–99: Comparative Reflections on Cambodia

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Eckhardt, William, in World Military and Social Expenditures 1987–88 (12th ed., 1987) by

1430: 1267: 789: 597: 520: 129: 1491: 1335: 1279: 3681: 3089: 3006: 2307:"ALRI Navy of the Republic of Indonesia - Indonesia Intelligence and Security Agencies" 2034: 1832: 1512: 1463: 1233: 1079: 743: 459: 300: 3662:"A Diplomatic Counter-revolution: Indonesian diplomacy and the invasion of East Timor" 2662:"Volume 20: Australia and the Indonesian Incorporation of Portuguese Timor, 1974–1976" 935:

On 10 December, a second invasion resulted in the capture of the second biggest town,

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On the day before the invasion, Ford and Kissinger met with the Indonesian president

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USING ATROCITIES: U.S. Responsibility for the SLAUGHTERS IN INDONESIA and EAST TIMOR

1689: 1661: 3673: 3603: 3598: 3584: 1850:"New country, East Timor, is born; UN, which aided transition, vows continued help" 1816: 1734:"Conflict-Related Deaths in Timor-Leste 1974–1999: The Findings of the CAVR Report 1552: 1339: 1049: 1006: 968: 732: 728: 700: 613: 464: 376: 32: 3524:

Chapter 8 “Encirclement and Annihilation”: The Indonesian Occupation of East Timor

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unity. A 1977 booklet from the Indonesian Department of Foreign Affairs, entitled

805: 359: 3694: 3631: 2473: 2433: 1856: 1354: 1346: 1263: 1183: 1092: 1083: 1057:, was shot and killed by helicopter-borne Indonesian troops on 31 December 1978. 924: 670: 546: 336: 312: 2614: 2082:, edited by Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 1804: 1182:

The Indonesian government presented its annexation of East Timor as a matter of

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The Post-Colonial Security Dilemma: Timor-Leste and the International Community

2306: 1327: 1242: 1054: 914: 882: 617: 3677: 2501: 2399:"Indonesian casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an official list" 2084:

Ch. 8 “Encirclement and Annihilation”: The Indonesian Occupation of East Timor

2027: 1560:), a 2013 drama film produced by East Timor set during the Indonesian invasion 1015: 49: 3717: 2958: 2287:"Indonesia admits Fretilin still active," The Times (London), 26 August 1976. 1828: 1540: 1406: 1291: 1259: 1237: 919: 845: 63: 3624: 3620:

Indonesian Casualties in East Timor, 1975–1999: Analysis of an Official List

2959:"East Timor Revisited: Ford, Kissinger and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76" 2058: 1133: 980: 1527: 1508: 1361: 1258:

and arguably also because the actions of the Timorese people in supporting

1250: 1246: 1029: 940: 858: 666: 3066: 1082:. Upon Santana's death in an Indonesian ambush in 1998, his successor was 836:

by Indonesia. The head of Opsus and close adviser to Indonesian President

3530:. Edited by Robert Gellately and Ben Kiernan. Cambridge University Press. 1545: 1446: 1426: 1315: 1255: 1146: 1021: 886: 841: 551: 483: 3576: 1158:

were forced to sell their coffee at low prices to village cooperatives.

765:'s colonial possessions (including Angola, Mozambique and Guinea, where 1241:

the events in East Timor within segments of the Australian public, the

1191: 1111: 1087: 959: 833: 681:

and the Portuguese, meanwhile, re-established control over East Timor.

661:, and the Indonesian archipelago as a whole, to being colonised by the 609: 499: 2753:. Australian Broadcasting Commission. 24 November 2008. Archived from 767:

pro-independence guerrilla movements had been fighting since the 1960s

3151:

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB176/CAVR_responsibility.pdf

1504: 948: 867: 850: 829: 703:, was an "overseas province", just like any of the provinces outside 331: 319: 307: 295: 283: 1334:

As early as December 1974—a year before the invasion—the Indonesian

3571:. Jakarta: Department of Information, Republic of Indonesia, 1977. 3338: 2635:

Salla, Michael (1995), "Australian foreign policy and East Timor",

2328:"Big Build-up by Indonesian navy," Canberra Times, 4 February 1977. 809: 781: 762: 621: 263: 259: 3420:

The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in the Historical Perspective

3310:

Pusat Sejarah TNI (History Center of Indonesian National Military)

2845:

Gerald R. Ford: The American Presidents Series: The 38th President

2446:

Affair in International Perspective", in Carey and Bentley, eds.,

1470:

take urgent action to protect East Timor's territorial integrity.

1473:

On 22 December 1975, the UN Security Council met and unanimously

1381: 1373: 1322:, East Timor was a place of little significance, overshadowed by 944: 939:, and on Christmas Day, around 10,000 to 15,000 troops landed at 837: 657:

East Timor owes its territorial distinctiveness from the rest of

288: 2427:

East Timor and Indonesia: The Roots of Violence and Intervention

1694:

Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor

1117:

Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor

638:

Commission for Reception, Truth and Reconciliation in East Timor

1025: 936: 890: 754: 493: 3528:

The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective

2360:

The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective

2080:

The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective

1196:

The Pebble in the Shoe: The Diplomatic Struggle for East Timor

1398: 1236:

may have encouraged the Suharto regime to invade East Timor.

994: 954: 658: 2615:"Fed: Cables show Australia knew of Indon invasion of Timor" 1285:

The fall of Suharto and a shift in Australian policy by the

1069: 1064: 3557:

Indonesia's Forgotten War: The Hidden History of East Timor

1709:

Societies Emerging from Conflict: The Aftermath of Atrocity

1394: 1138: 1016:

Encirclement, annihilation, and final cleansing (1977–1978)

817: 1620:

The control of the East Timor operation is in his hands.

1232:, released in September 2000, showed that comments by the 905:

On 7 December 1975, Indonesian forces invaded East Timor.

3382:. ABC Books for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 2956: 2708: 1405:

supported," and their jump masters US trained. While the

761:"), and announced its intention rapidly to withdraw from 3167: 2474:

National Security Archive – George Washington University

2642: 2033:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 1993: 1991: 1989: 1073:

Map of military situation in East Timor in January 1986

86:

7 December 1975 – 17 July 1976

2650:

Reluctant Saviour: Australia, Indonesia and East Timor

1503:

There is a monument commemorating Operation Seroja in

684: 2957:

William Burr; Michael Evans, eds. (6 December 2001).

1946: 1944: 1898: 1896: 3441:

A Not-So-Distant Horror: Mass Violence in East Timor

3162:"Real Politics: Why Suharto Is In and Castro Is Out" 3028:"Report: U.S. Arms Transfers to Indonesia 1975–1997" 2376:. Lawrenceville NJ: The Red Sea Press. p. 207. 2176:

Ramos-Horta, pp. 107–08; Budiardjo and Liong, p. 23.

1986: 2925:"Minutes of the Secretary of State's Staff Meeting" 2702:

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)

2684:

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)

2666:

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)

2629: 1522:) was built by the Indonesian government under the 1282:(who based himself in Australia during his exile). 3625:Gendercide Watch. Case Study: East Timor (1975–99) 3459: 3417: 3226:"Monumen Seroja di Salore, Desa Natimu, Belu, NTT" 3088: 2747:"The Howard Years: Episode 2: "Whatever It Takes"" 2059:"Eyewitness account of 1975 murder of journalists" 2026: 1941: 1893: 1805:"Indonesia's war against East Timor: how it ended" 3091:The Washington connection and Third World fascism 2893: 2891: 2617:. AAP General News (Australia). 13 September 2000 2515:Conflict-Related Deaths In Timor-Leste: 1974–1999 2358:John Taylor, "Encirclement and Annihilation," in 1220:Australian Involvement in the East Timor Invasion 1210:, Portugal failed to involve the United Nations. 3715: 3198: 3196: 2718:. National Archives of Australia. Archived from 2345: 2343: 1712:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 156–. 1376:on 6 December 1975, one day before the invasion. 411:185,000+ killed, wounded or captured (1974–1999) 2639:, 49:2, 207–222, DOI: 10.1080/10357719508445157 2541: 1766:"Unlawful Killings and Enforced Disappearances" 1705: 1226:dismissal of the Whitlam Labor party government 1038:US government foreign military aid sales credit 628:. The overthrow of the popular and short-lived 3585:"The East Timor Conflict and Western response" 3416:Gellately, Robert; Kiernan, Ben, eds. (2003). 3251:"Monumen Seroja Menghabiskan Dana Rp 5 Miliar" 2888: 2828: 2826: 2525: 2523: 1331:radar", and "We needed allies after Vietnam". 731:in China; and had included the territories of 3193: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2340: 2272: 1863:. 19 May 2002. Retrieved on 17 February 2008. 1475:passed a resolution similar to the Assembly's 908: 569: 55:East Timor map during the Indonesian invasion 3358:Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Indonesia 2193: 2191: 1605:"Pukulan Jenderal Komando ke Perut Wartawan" 1228:. Previously secret files of the Australian 1194:reiterated this position in his 2006 memoir 236: 3484:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s 2823: 2637:Australian Journal of International Affairs 2520: 2396: 2371: 1098: 881:In early September, as many as two hundred 820:and possibly sixteen hundred in the hills. 816:reportedly included four hundred people in 3567:Indonesia. Department of Foreign Affairs. 3063:The architecture of modern political power 2783: 2734: 2260:Taylor (1991), p. 69; Dunn (1996), p. 253. 1005:troops four months to capture the town of 576: 562: 99:7 months, 1 week and 3 days 3637:History of East Timor – Indonesia Invades 3602: 2188: 1802: 1625: 1466:. The resolution also requested that the 1213: 1065:FRETILIN clandestine movement (1980–1999) 971:shop owners". Dili's bishop at the time, 823: 3692: 3223: 2841: 2263: 2116: 2102:. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 16. 1699: 1685: 1683: 1533: 1490: 1367: 1132: 1068: 953: 927:, Indonesian commander of Operasi Seroja 918: 794:Associação Popular Democratica Timorense 3659: 3582: 3462:Funu: The Unfinished Saga of East Timor 2374:Funu: The unfinished saga of East Timor 1970: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1602: 1230:Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 786:Timorese Popular Democratic Association 737:India invaded and annexed the territory 3716: 3205: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2815:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2095: 2024: 1290:The letter upset Indonesian President 1201: 1122: 3561:updated and released in late 1999 as 3056: 2313: 2215:Quoted in Budiardjo and Liong, p. 15. 1680: 707:. "Overseas provinces" also included 604:), began on 7 December 1975 when the 3590:Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars 3277:"Presiden Meresmikan Monumen Seroja" 2835: 2490: 2086:, John G. Taylor, esp. pages 174–75. 1965: 1953: 1163:Provisional Government of East Timor 3724:Indonesian occupation of East Timor 3654:Historical Dictionary of East Timor 3164:The New York Times, 31 October 1995 3059:"East Timor: Acceptable Slaughters" 2943: 2439: 2397:van Klinken, Gerry (October 2005). 1544:, a 2009 Australian film about the 1495:Memorial at the old harbour of Dili 1129:Indonesian occupation of East Timor 685:Portuguese withdrawal and civil war 125:Indonesian occupation of East Timor 13: 3613: 3303:"Monumen Seroja – Seroja Monument" 1603:Ginting, Selamat (17 April 2021). 1507:, Tasifeto Barat (West Tasifeto), 1301:International Force for East Timor 1034:Rockwell International Corporation 699:, East Timor, known until then as 14: 3820: 3784:Ford administration controversies 3660:Fibiger, Mattias (11 June 2020). 3095:. South End Press. 1979. p. 2698:"Letter from Furlonger to Feakes" 1706:Dennis B. Klein (18 April 2018). 1639:. SOLIDAMOR. 2005. Archived from 1306: 590:Indonesian invasion of East Timor 408:1,000 killed, wounded or captured 24:Indonesian invasion of East Timor 3563:East Timor: The Price of Freedom 3537:East Timor: The Price of Freedom 3331: 3295: 3269: 3243: 3217: 2680:"Letter from McCredie to Feakes" 2549:"East Timor UNTAET – Background" 2061:. Converge.org.nz. 28 April 2000 2029:Indonesia: Peoples and Histories 1177: 1167:United Nations Secretary General 677:secured its independence as the 545: 443: 366: 358: 348: 330: 318: 306: 294: 282: 253: 238: 222: 210: 195: 183: 170: 62: 48: 3699:. ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute. 3348: 3155: 3144: 3123: 3118:david t. kenney timor peaceful. 3081: 3050: 3020: 2999: 2978: 2917: 2862: 2769: 2690: 2672: 2654: 2607: 2598: 2589: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2532: 2508: 2478: 2462: 2453: 2420: 2390: 2365: 2352: 2331: 2322: 2299: 2290: 2281: 2254: 2245: 2236: 2233:Quoted in Taylor (1991), p. 68. 2227: 2218: 2209: 2200: 2179: 2170: 2152: 2143: 2134: 2125: 2089: 2073: 2051: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1977: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1843: 1796: 1787: 1468:United Nations Security Council 1459:United Nations General Assembly 1145:to represent emancipation from 846:Brigadier General Benny Murdani 3804:East Timor–Indonesia relations 3764:Military history of East Timor 3604:10.1080/14672715.1987.10409867 3505:Indonesia: The Long Oppression 3424:. Cambridge University Press. 3397:Emmerson, Donald, ed. (1999). 3360:. Cambridge University Press. 2224:Quoted in Ramos-Horta, p. 108. 1758: 1726: 1667: 1655: 1596: 1587: 1452: 1234:Whitlam Labor party government 1110:, Indonesian Foreign Minister 154:became a province of Indonesia 145:East Timor occupied until 1999 1: 3769:Military history of Indonesia 1821:10.1080/09592318.2021.1911103 1809:Small Wars & Insurgencies 652: 3569:Decolonization in East Timor 3443:. Cornell University Press. 3214:, Little Brown, 1980, p. 247 3034:. March 1997. Archived from 2470:East Timor at the Crossroads 2448:East Timor at the Crossroads 2025:Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). 1486: 1384:. Documents released by the 1359:Assistant Secretary of State 1188:Decolonization in East Timor 1137:The integration monument in 1036:with the aid of an official 987: 958:Indonesian Foreign Minister 747:Movimento das Forças Armadas 7: 3799:East Timor–Indonesia border 2372:Ramos-Horta, Jose (1996) . 2131:Budiardjo and Liong, p. 22. 1803:Fernandes, Clinton (2021). 1564: 900: 778:União Democrática Timorense 10: 3825: 3809:Controversies in Indonesia 3458:Ramos-Horta, Jose (1987). 3356:Bertrand, Jacques (2004). 3224:Mengkaka, Blasius (2014). 2848:. Macmillan. p. 132. 2842:Brinkley, Douglas (2007). 2648:Fernandes, Clinton (2004) 1217: 1126: 912: 909:Operasi Seroja (1975–1977) 695:According to the pre-1974 688: 634:quarter-century occupation 355:Francisco Xavier do Amaral 16:1975–79 military operation 3774:Wars involving East Timor 3678:10.1017/S0026749X20000025 3630:24 September 2015 at the 3014:National Security Council 2993:National Security Archive 2964:National Security Archive 2197:Quoted in Turner, p. 207. 1457:On 12 December 1975, the 1386:National Security Archive 842:Major General Ali Murtopo 774:Timorese Democratic Union 402: 389: 272: 162: 78: 42: 30: 23: 3779:Wars involving Indonesia 3644:by Peter Dale Scott, PhD 3583:Retboll, Torben (1987). 3555:Taylor, John G. (1991). 3534:Taylor, John G. (1999). 3522:Taylor, John G. (2003). 3399:Indonesia Beyond Suharto 3380:Timor: A People Betrayed 2595:Indonesia (1977), p. 19. 2577:Indonesia (1977), p. 21. 2568:Indonesia (1977), p. 16. 2498:"Chega! The CAVR Report" 2242:Ramos-Horta, pp. 101–02. 2185:Dunn (1996), pp. 257–60. 2122:Indonesia (1977), p. 39. 1593:Indonesia (1977), p. 31. 1581: 1099:East Timorese casualties 697:Constitution of Portugal 626:that had emerged in 1974 592:, known in Indonesia as 3754:Massacres in East Timor 3729:Invasions of East Timor 3439:Nevins, Joseph (2005). 2015:Schwarz (1994), p. 207. 2006:Schwarz (1994), p. 208. 1997:Schwarz (1994), p. 201. 1481:Daniel Patrick Moynihan 1351:Ambassador to Indonesia 1324:US–Indonesian relations 1296:UN-sponsored referendum 973:Martinho da Costa Lopes 691:East Timorese civil war 630:Fretilin-led government 500:Contemporary East Timor 373:Nicolau dos Reis Lobato 3734:Invasions by Indonesia 3508:. St. Martin's Press. 3502:Simons, Geoff (2000). 3312:. 2006. Archived from 3032:World Policy Institute 2432:5 October 2011 at the 2140:Schwarz (2003), p. 204 1496: 1425:Testifying before the 1377: 1256:Australian journalists 1214:Australian involvement 1208:decolonization process 1150: 1074: 963: 928: 824:Indonesian motivations 793: 601: 273:Commanders and leaders 37:Decolonisation of Asia 3794:Protests in Indonesia 3789:New Order (Indonesia) 3759:Indonesian war crimes 3339:"A Guerra da Beatriz" 2604:Ramos-Horta, p. 57–58 2485:East Timor population 2459:Taylor (1991), p. 71. 2251:Taylor (1991), p. 68. 1637:HISTORY OF EAST TIMOR 1571:East Timor (province) 1534:Depictions in fiction 1524:Megawati Sukarnoputri 1518:The Seroja Monument ( 1494: 1420:Carter administration 1416:anti-aircraft weapons 1410:University Professor 1371: 1143:Indonesian government 1136: 1107:Sydney Morning Herald 1072: 957: 922: 872:military intelligence 725:São Tomé and Príncipe 679:Republic of Indonesia 612:under the pretext of 531:2006 political crisis 526:Vote for independence 480:Indonesian occupation 413:(including civilians) 403:Casualties and losses 3666:Modern Asian Studies 3559:. London: Zed Books. 3481:Schwarz, A. (1994). 3175:"Blood on our hands" 2757:on 23 September 2010 2166:on 20 February 2008. 2096:Martin, Ian (2001). 1902:Taylor (1999), p. 27 1855:10 July 2011 at the 759:Carnation Revolution 705:continental Portugal 3656:by Geoffrey C. Gunn 3401:. East Gate Books. 3057:Nunes, Joe (1996). 3038:on 26 February 2017 3016:. 12 December 1975. 1633:"INDONESIA INVADES" 1558:A Guerra da Beatriz 1431:US State Department 1268:resistance movement 1202:Foreign involvement 1141:was donated by the 1123:Integration efforts 1024:, South Korea, and 951:combat operations. 742:In April 1974, the 608:(ABRI/TNI) invaded 606:Indonesian military 521:Santa Cruz massacre 516:Indonesian invasion 475:Democratic Republic 470:Japanese occupation 130:East Timor genocide 120:Indonesian victory 3744:1975 in East Timor 3487:. Westview Press. 3319:on 19 January 2021 2995:. 6 December 1975. 2876:. 30 December 1974 2797:on 7 November 2015 2751:Program Transcript 2722:on 2 December 2010 2586:Alatas, pp. 18–19. 1983:Conboy, pp. 209–10 1974:Ramos-Horta, p. 55 1962:Ramos-Horta, p. 54 1950:Ramos-Horta, p. 53 1929:Ramos-Horta, p. 52 1920:Ramos-Horta, p. 56 1911:Ramos-Horta, p. 30 1890:Ramos-Horta, p. 26 1881:Ramos-Horta, p. 25 1872:Ramos-Horta, p. 18 1513:East Nusa Tenggara 1497: 1464:self-determination 1378: 1344:Secretary of State 1320:his administration 1151: 1080:Nino Konis Santana 1075: 1032:aircraft from the 964: 929: 844:, and his protege 665:, rather than the 632:sparked a violent 3749:1975 in Indonesia 3739:Conflicts in 1975 3466:. 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Indonesian invasion of East Timor

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