2715:
33:
605:. Sunoto also embraced a culturalist notion of Indonesian philosophy, calling it "the cultural richness of our own nation…contained in our own culture." Similarly, Parmono defined it as "thought or reflections…which are bound in adat as well as ethnic culture". Sumardjo wrote that Indonesian philosophy are "primordial thoughts" or "basic mindsets that structurise the whole culture of
47:
1362:, an Indian philosopher who visited Borobudur for the first time, described the temple as un-Indian, since the relics engraved on it represented workers dressed in native Javanese style. He also observed that the native Javanese dances inspired by Indian epics were not similar to Indian dances, although those dances of the two countries had a common source in the same Indian well.
1688:(unlike what Sukarno always boasted or what Suharto later established) was inspired by Western ideals of humanism, social-democracy, and the national socialism of the Nazi party, as clearly shown in the oration of BPUPK members, a preparatory council of Indonesian independence in August 1945. This leads to a conclusion that ‘Modern Indonesia’ is founded on a Western blueprint.
729:. Consequently, they are ‘alienated’; estranged from ‘their mother cultures’. The failure of Indonesian educational policy, to Jakob, is brought by this ‘blindness’ to Indonesian original culture. Therefore, the necessary task of this school of philosophy is to seek after, recall and revitalize the ethnic original values, since the values are ‘mothers’ (
837:, far before humankind had been created, they were two families who inhabited the sky. Of the raw materials used by the ‘sky families’ to create the earth and the sky, finally the first human came into being. He was married to a woman, who was his own daughter, and had many children, some of whom later became
679:
as "the poverty of the scope." If
Indonesian philosophy only comprised those original ethnic philosophies, it would be very limited. Like other scholars, Hidayat widens the scope of Indonesian philosophy so as to include the adapted and "indigenized" philosophy as influenced by foreign philosophical
786:
nowadays; and it goes much further than law in determining the needs and the actions of individuals and the community. It ordains the ceremonies of marriage, birth and death, the times and the methods for sowing rice, building a house, praying for rain, and many other things. Economics, politics,
697:
This school takes
Indonesian ethnic philosophies as its source of inspiration. Its assumption is mythologies, legends, folklores, the way an ethnic group builds its house and holds its ceremonies, literature it keeps, the epics the ethnic group writes, all bases foundation of its philosophy. This
688:
There are seven schools of thought developing in
Indonesia. The categorization of schools is first based on the originality that a certain school contains (like "ethnic school"), secondly based on the influence of great world philosophies that a particular school absorbs and adapts to Indonesian
1835:
universities in which
Christian philosophy is taught in Indonesia nowadays. Missionaries and preachers of the West who got master's degrees in philosophy from European universities came to lecture at Indonesian Christian universities. From those universities graduated many who later mastered
1084:
handed down from generation to generation, and to settle any disputes that might arise. However, the actual scope of administration within this indigenous
Indonesian society was very broad if one compared it to the scope of governmental activity today. it included the regulation of marriage
1891:
was effectively banned. With regard to philosophy, Soeharto's era can be called an era of "philosophical opium," in which all kinds of philosophy from every branch and school could live but could not be practiced in reality. Philosophy was pacified: reduced to a mere academic exercise and
689:
philosophy (such as "Chinese school," "Indian school," "Islamic school," "Christian school," and "Western school"), and lastly based on a historical chronology (such as "the post-Soeharto school"). The following is a sketch of the
Indonesian schools of thought and their main philosophers.
1811:
into Malay between 1546 and 1547, through which
Catholicism was propagated among the native people. Catholic churches were established and Indonesian Catholics crowded, but soon they were expelled or forced to convert to Calvinism by Dutch Calvinists who came to Indonesia around 1596.
1668:
was taught to
Indonesian natives, much later than its 5th century emergence in Europe. The alumni of these schools mostly continued their studies in European universities. They soon gathered as a newly emerging elite in Indonesia who comprised the first generation of European-style
849:
can inflict punishments (curses) on the ‘incestuous’. Their children were not only the human race and spirits, but also animals like wildcats of the forest, bears, ancestor of deer, the pigs of the forest, forefathers of monkey, ancestor of bees, snakes, and many others.
796:
which regulates the entire life of the community is dominated by spirits and supernatural powers, that communal life is inevitably static and deeply conservative. Its roots lay in the obscurity of the past, when the ancestors laid down the adat once and for all, or as
1233:
to them. These two foreign philosophies and the local ones then diffused and penetrated; so mixing that they could not be separated again. One of the remnants of this diffused philosophy, which is still practiced by all
Indonesians to date, is the Confucian notion of
1069:. Their headmen were elected from the descendants of the oldest branch of the tribe, and they saw to the needs and interests of the community, assisted by a council of elders. Really important decisions were taken by collective deliberations, called as
1026:(we can assume the depth of the sea, but we cannot assume what is in people's hearts) teaches very clearly about the danger of assuming what is in people's hearts, for this knowledge can only be obtained by asking the people concerned, not by assuming;
571:, in which he traced philosophical elements found in Indonesian culture. Since then, the term has been popular and inspired many later writers like Sunoto, Parmono, and Jakob Sumardjo. Sunoto established the nation's first philosophy department at
1349:
Brahmans and
Buddhists of Indian origin in 322 BC-700 AD. They introduced Hinduist and Buddhist cultures to the native culture, and the native Indonesian culture reciprocated by synthesizing the two into a combined version, known as
791:
is simply a social expression of the community religion, in as much as it is not a human creation, and in its exercise men are still constantly watched over by the spirits and supernatural powers ruling community. Because the
1660:) in the early 20th century, Dutch-style educational institutions mushroomed and were opened for native children of noble, feudal classes who wanted to work in colonial institutions. The Dutch-speaking schools taught
698:'philosophy' cannot change; it remains the same, from the beginning to the end of the world, and it is also 'the Good'. It guides every member of the group to the origin of group creation on earth (in Javanese,
713:
This school preserves Indonesian ethnic philosophies which are original, since the philosophies had been hold tight by ethnic members before they were encountered with later foreign philosophical traditions.
717:
Most of the school’s proponents assume that today’s Indonesian people are in the position of being blind to their original values. Jakob Sumardjo, for instance, argued that most of today’s Indonesians
2477:
Minutes of the Session of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Efforts for Indonesian Independence (BPUPKI), Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI), 28 May 1945-22 August 1945
1433:, and Sufism had begun to take root in the native philosophical discourse since the early 15th century onwards. The widespread practice of Sufism was encouraged by the massive founding of Islamic
1245:
The Chinese school seems to have been primarily developed by a few Indonesians of Chinese ethnicity. Nevertheless, its contribution to the Indonesian philosophical tradition is very significant.
1887:. Since then, philosophy could only be practiced in absentia or in secret; under the New Order, philosophy was repressed and reduced to ideas which officially supported the state. Philosophical
817:
inherited to Indonesians is a set of myths of origin of creation. The myths are sung (and only recently written) in important ceremonies held on special occasions of birth, death, marriage,
586:
differently. Without clearly defining the word, M. Nasroen argued that Indonesian philosophy was neither Western nor Eastern. He pointed to core Indonesian concepts and practices such as
1478:
1691:
Even though the elite embraced Western philosophy wholeheartedly, they still felt the need to adapt the philosophy to concrete, contemporary Indonesian situations. For example,
1509:
1077:
was extremely important. This was the building in which meetings and discussions were held. We can think them as the centers of social life within these small communities.
1816:
were erected instead. Jan Pieterszoon Coen, one of the Governor-Generals of VOC in 1618, was a good example of devout Calvinist. He put all Calvinist preachers (in Dutch,
1579:
1257:
are important philosophies that were widespread all over Indonesia in the early 20th century, together with the great growth of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).
1872:
after his silencing all philosophers by violence. Before this, there had been some who opposed Soeharto in 1970's, but they were brutally assaulted in the incidents
833:
tells myths of origin of universe, world and sky, human and animal creation, plants, water, fire, rain, death, ancestor origin, and some social taboos. According to
1845:
914:
1505:
1513:
1377:
1031:
1575:
999:
in the sense that they give guidance and instruction to every member of a particular ethnic group to treat others well in the community. It is believed that
1837:
1008:
1849:
1684:
and distribution of power, its political parties and its long-term national economic planning were carried out on a Western model. Even its ideology of
1242:). The notion teaches that people must respect their parents above other things. They should prioritize their parents before giving priority to others.
1065:
was typified by small-scale communities of people in villages or of nomads wandering over a specific area. These communities were rather like miniature
668:. Accordingly, to them, the scope of Indonesian philosophy only comprised those original notions of Indonesian cultural richness. This is understood by
1841:
1525:
1085:
ceremonies, crop cultivation, distribution of the harvest, division of legacies, etc., quite apart from attending to the daily needs of the community.
1853:
1246:
1823:
Portuguese-style Catholic schools and Dutch-style Calvinist educational institutions were opened for Indonesian natives. Not only did they teach
669:
1521:
1038:(if you are shy of asking questions, you will get lost in your way) teaches the importance of asking questions in the process of seeking after
95:
1634:
Zoetmulder, P.J. (1995). "Pantheism and monism in Javanese Suluk literature : Islamic and Indian mysticism in an Indonesian setting".
1407:
Zoetmulder, P.J. (1995). "Pantheism and monism in Javanese Suluk literature : Islamic and Indian mysticism in an Indonesian setting".
1254:
533:
1864:
This school is mainly on the scene to criticize Soeharto's socio-political policy during his presidency from 1966 to 1998. Its concern is
2473:
Risalah Sidang Badan Penyelidik Usaha-Usaha Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (BPUPKI) & Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI)
1458:
556:. Indonesian philosophy is expressed in the living languages found in Indonesia (approximately 587 languages) and its national language
57:
865:
is original kind of poem created by Indonesians. It is a four-line poem that consists of two parts; the first two lines are called as
841:—group of spirits who live in the heavens, responsible for the policing of the most important moral affairs and they are in charge of
1603:
805:
In such an environment the word 'old' has a special significance, denoting something venerable, sacred, powerful and full of wisdom.
560:, comprising many diverse schools of thought with influences from Eastern and Western origins, and indigenous philosophical themes.
758:
is the main inspiration for ethnic philosophers, as it is the intellectual legacy which belongs to a particular ethnic group.
167:
552:
is a generic designation for the tradition of abstract speculation held by the people who inhabit the region now known as
2581:[Explorations of M. Nasroen's, Soenoto's, and R. Parmono's Thoughts in the Development of Nusantara Philosophy].
1791:
came to Indonesian merchants in the middle of the 15th century. First Portuguese merchants then Dutch capitalists spread
782:
today. Its meaning is not simply wider, but more particularly goes far deeper. It includes everything Englishmen call
2675:
2638:
1764:
1330:
1311:
1206:
1187:
1168:
1149:
1130:
1111:
2698:. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia. Victoria: Monash University, Centre of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 43–121.
2514:]. Kliping Perpustakaan Nasional dalam Berita Vol.II No.1 . Jakarta: Sub Bagian Humas Perpustakaan Nasional RI.
526:
500:
967:
says about the suffering one can feel when he does not meet in a day the lover he really longs or yearns for. The
963:
says about the suffering one can feel when he is in a deep forest in seven days without drink and food, while the
1073:. Naturally in a democracy of this type, in which a premium is put on unanimity of opinions, the position of the
362:
2746:
2736:
2417:
235:
1676:
Western philosophical traditions inspired most of modern Indonesian socio-political institutions. Indonesia's
1015:
told, humans were parts of nature; they were made of it, so they had to live in total submission to its laws.
644:, which describes the totality of the manifestations of the life of a society. Philosophy, science, theology,
2741:
1225:
held their original philosophies until the coming of Chinese migrants between 1122 and 222 BC who introduced
762:
is inherited from an ethnic's forefathers to later generations of the ethnic group. Indonesians believe that
105:
495:
2633:. South East Asian Monograph Series. Vol. 12. Townsville: James Cook University of North Queensland.
2578:
519:
181:
119:
2694:
Rae, Lindsay (1993). "Sutan Syahrir and the Failure of Indonesian Socialism". In McIntyre, Angus (ed.).
893:
went, humankind was made of materials from which 'the sky families' created the sky and the world, and
606:
433:
1492:
can be divided into two schools: Ghazalism and Ibn Arabism. Ghazalism takes its main inspiration from
1551:
247:
1057:
include tradition, custom, convention and law, but it also included a kind of social structure. The
1665:
1595:
633:
124:
1563:
886:
475:
398:
146:
2579:"Eksplorasi Pemikiran M. Nasroen, Soenoto, dan R. Parmono Dalam Perkembangan Filsafat Nusantara"
1288:
These books cover the Chinese contribution to the Indonesian politico-philosophical tradition:
490:
443:
408:
156:
136:
72:
1868:
whose main task is to seek alternatives to the corrupt regime. This school dared to challenge
656:
are at once manifestations of a society's life, which are included in the meaning of the word
1813:
1673:, and they later advocated Western philosophy instead of their original ethnic philosophies.
572:
470:
462:
448:
403:
228:
77:
62:
1896:
as an official state ideology, one selectively tailored to meet the needs of the New Order.
766:
is not a human creation, but the spirits and supernatural powers ruling the community. This
624:. The Indonesian language initially had no word for philosophy as an entity separated from
1893:
1865:
1828:
1583:
1555:
1474:
1007:
is taken from nature, which means that all guidance for people's life must be derived from
589:
438:
319:
300:
186:
1831:. One school later became thousands. There have been (and still are) private Catholic and
1429:
The 10-century process of Indianization of Indonesia was rivaled by the coming of Persian
917:, as they both are symbols of harmony of the nature and humankind. Below is an example of
8:
2180:
1359:
1066:
557:
505:
309:
264:
218:
151:
131:
82:
67:
1003:
were created by ancestors inspired by supernatural powers and spirits. The wording of a
1735:
1661:
1540:
1501:
1100:
798:
423:
329:
289:
284:
269:
259:
252:
203:
198:
176:
114:
2429:
Menggali Unsur-Unsur Filsafat Indonesia (Digging up Elements of Indonesian Philosophy)
2699:
2671:
2634:
2413:
1760:
1695:, who adapted Western democracy to still-feudalistic people, came up with his famous
1639:
1517:
1412:
1326:
1307:
1202:
1199:
Phenomenology of a puppet theatre. Contemplations on the art of Javanese wayang kulit
1183:
1164:
1145:
1126:
1107:
485:
480:
413:
344:
339:
279:
274:
223:
208:
191:
141:
51:
1656:
When the Dutch colonial government in Indonesia implemented ‘The Ethical Politics’ (
1376:—as well as Javanese local philosophy were reconciled in Indonesia by the genius of
2720:
2590:
1888:
1882:
1720:
1450:
1058:
818:
674:
617:
324:
240:
2622:
The Indonesian Revolution and The Immediate Tasks of Communist Party of Indonesia
1591:
1470:
1265:
334:
1011:. Nature has its own laws and it is people's obligation to submit to it. As the
2615:. translated into English by Benedict R. Anderson. New Delhi: Prabhakar Padhye.
1800:
1670:
1559:
1269:
1012:
787:
philosophy and art all come within its sphere. Indeed, from one point of view,
418:
957:
no meeting you Sir in a day || feels like the body becomes thinner and thinner
2730:
2703:
1716:
1643:
1566:
in Egypt in the end of the 19th century, prevailed in all the Islamic world,
1536:
1466:
1462:
1416:
1277:
1273:
723:…forgetting the past, forgetting the origin, they are like amnesiac people...
597:
2595:
2406:
Perkembangan Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia Ditinjau dari Jurusan Nilai-Nilai
1788:
1681:
1587:
1385:
1381:
1261:
1230:
1222:
665:
621:
370:
314:
1927:
740:
The following are some philosophical notions which this school advocates:
2696:
Indonesian Political Biography: In Search of Cross-Cultural Understanding
2561:
1792:
1454:
385:
2505:
2186:
1123:
Manners and Meaning in West Sumatra: The Social Context of Consciousness
1832:
1780:
1704:
1700:
1599:
1493:
1446:
1434:
1351:
822:
653:
576:
568:
393:
24:
1803:, the first Spanish Catholic preacher to go to Indonesia, translated
1796:
1571:
1544:
1532:
1497:
1489:
1438:
1355:
1142:
Bali Sekala &Niskala: Vol. 1. Essays on Religion, Ritual, and Art
1039:
890:
882:
553:
2048:
32:
2460:
Mencari Identitas Nasional: Dari Tjoe Bou San sampai Yap Thiam Hien
2410:
Historical Development of Indonesian Culture Viewed From Its Values
2036:
1910:
1908:
1869:
1824:
1712:
1677:
1369:
1080:
The principal duty of the village government was to administer the
645:
625:
428:
1805:
Credo, Confession Generalis, Pater Noster, Ave Maria, Salve Regina
1875:
1708:
1692:
1567:
988:
629:
613:
1905:
1554:, whose program was to synthesize Islamic teachings and Western
612:
The writers above understand Indonesian philosophy as a part of
1442:
1430:
1250:
1226:
992:
861:
375:
2464:
Seeking National Identity: from Tjoe Bou San to Yap Thiam Hien
949:
seven days in deep forest || no drinking water, no eating rice
1892:
constrained in its content. In its stead, Soeharto elevated
1373:
1365:
1346:
380:
2192:
2096:
2024:
1180:
Authority and Enterprise among the Peoples of North Sulawesi
2564:[Popularising Indonesian Philosophy to the World].
2240:
2060:
1784:
1745:
1345:
The diffusion of philosophies continued with the coming of
750:
593:
2375:
Di Bawah Bendera Revolusi (Under the Banner of Revolution)
1323:
The Political Thinking of The Indonesian Chinese 1900-1995
1034:, in which an effect can be inferred if there is a cause;
2577:
Alfariz, Fitri; Permatasari, Yudiswara Ayu (2022-06-30).
2512:
The Influence of Islam on Javanese Culture and Vice Versa
2228:
2156:
2144:
2108:
1976:
1952:
1260:
The main philosophers of this school, among others, are:
1120:
649:
2348:
2132:
1615:
1161:
Managing Turbulent Hearts: a Balinese Formula for Living
680:
traditions. This article employs the latter definition.
2276:
2252:
1292:
2204:
1940:
1620:. Kuala Lumpur: University of Malaya University Press.
2479:]. Jakarta: Sekretaris Negara Republik Indonesia.
2264:
2084:
2072:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1500:’s doctrines. Sufis from the Al-Ghazali line include
2710:
2652:. Jakarta: PUSPA SWARA and the Rio Tinto Foundation.
2490:
The Moslem Modernist Movement in Indonesia 1900-1942
1737:
The Decline of Constitutional Democracy in Indonesia
1139:
582:
Sunoto, Parmona, and Sumardjo each defined the word
2647:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2168:
2120:
2054:
2042:
1754:
1306:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
1093:Those books are on Indonesian ethnic philosophies:
2576:
2508:Pengaruh Islam terhadap Budaya Jawa dan Sebaliknya
2216:
1964:
1914:
1734:
1485:; they learned Sufism from eminent Sufi teachers.
1099:
803:It doesn't crack with the heat or rot in the rain.
616:and do not make a contrast between philosophy and
2506:Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia (2001).
2288:
546:Abstract speculation from the people of Indonesia
2728:
1633:
1406:
1372:—two philosophies that contradict each other in
1320:
1301:
1297:. New York and Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1097:
2650:Temputn: Myths of the Benuaq and Tunjung Dayaks
2412:] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu.
2187:Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia (2001)
706:of the life the group reaches to (in Javanese,
567:originates from the title of a book written by
1732:
1624:
1024:dalam laut dapat diduga, dalam hati siapa tahu
901:represents 'the sky and the world', while the
1397:
1144:. Berkeley and Singapore: PeriPlus Editions.
1030:(where there is sugar, there is ant) teaches
527:
2552:An Introduction to the Indonesian Philosophy
2538:A Historical Sketch of Indonesian Philosophy
1746:Feith, Herbert; Lance Castles, eds. (1970).
1358:Temple by Sailendra Dynasty in 800-850 A.D.
821:, and so on. The Dayak-Benuaq tribe of East
770:is very different from what Englishmen call
2610:
2562:"Mempopulerkan Filsafat Indonesia ke Dunia"
2486:Gerakan Modern Islam di Indonesia 1900-1942
2457:
2403:
2397:The Development of Esotericism in Indonesia
2363:
2150:
2114:
2102:
2030:
1958:
1859:
1402:. Madras: The Christian Literature Society.
1354:. This is clearly shown in the building of
1196:
1158:
1053:It has been stated above that not only did
825:, for example, has a set of myths known as
2470:
2384:Falsafah Indonesia (Indonesian Philosophy)
2246:
1177:
951:must have logical correspondence with the
534:
520:
2648:Hopes, Michael; Madrah; Karaakng (1997).
2594:
1325:. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
733:) and people are ‘fathers’ of existence (
719:…forget to preserve their original values
2656:
2604:
2559:
2518:
2372:
2258:
2162:
2138:
2066:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1946:
1748:Indonesian Political Thinking, 1945-1955
1574:. This is clearly shown in the works of
1163:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1045:
905:signifies 'the humankind'. Both between
2687:Islamic Spirituality II: Manifestations
2545:
2531:
2426:
2381:
2354:
2090:
2078:
1970:
1543:, who eradicated Sufism and encouraged
1496:’s teachings, whereas Ibn Arabism from
1295:Peranakan Chinese Politics in Indonesia
897:reflects this belief very clearly. The
2729:
2670:. Singapore: Oxford University Press.
2628:
2496:
2444:
2435:
2342:
2282:
2234:
2126:
1570:in Indonesia also adopted and adapted
2665:
2619:
2572:(2): 180–191 – via PhilArchive.
2390:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2270:
2210:
683:
2684:
2501:. Jakarta: CEDI & Aliansi Press.
2483:
2453:]. Yogyakarta: Hanindita Offset.
2222:
2198:
2174:
1726:
1609:
1516:, while the Ibn Arabi line includes
1391:
1283:
1125:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
813:Among intellectual legacy which the
2693:
2548:Pengantar Menuju Filsafat Indonesia
2393:Perkembangan Kebatinan di Indonesia
2294:
2055:Hopes, Madrah & Karaakng (1997)
2043:Hopes, Madrah & Karaakng (1997)
1774:
1750:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
1741:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
877:always provides an analogy for the
727:…ignore their own national history…
710:), so the member cannot go astray.
660:. Indonesians usually use the word
13:
2659:Southeast Asia: Past & Present
2624:. Peking: Foreign Languages Press.
2386:. Jakarta: Penerbit Bulan Bintang.
1928:"OVERVIEW – Faculty of Philosophy"
1304:Peranakan Chinese Politics in Java
1121:Errington, Frederick Karl (1984).
1088:
808:
636:, Indonesians have a generic word
14:
2758:
2668:Indonesia: Land under The Rainbow
2534:Sketsa Sejarah Filsafat Indonesia
1759:. Westport: Greenwood Pub Group.
1651:
1616:Al-Attas, Syed M. Naquib (1970).
1424:
1216:
995:. These sayings are part of the
975:in the suffering of the longing.
501:Social and political philosophers
2713:
2661:. San Francisco: Westview Press.
2438:IPS Sejarah (Historical Studies)
1915:Alfariz & Permatasari (2022)
1340:
1293:Heidhues, Mary F. Somer (1964).
1238:(Pinyin: 'Xiao', 孝; Indonesian:
1178:Tol, Roger; et al. (2000).
1106:. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
692:
45:
31:
2611:Alisjahbana, S. Takdir (1961).
2560:Hidayat, Ferry (August 2005a).
2404:Alisjahbana, S. Takdir (1977).
1783:search for new colonies in the
1757:Indonesian Communism: A History
1618:The Mysticism of Hamzah Fansuri
2399:]. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.
2377:. Jakarta: Panitya Penerbitan.
1920:
1836:Christian philosophy, such as
1479:Engku Hajji Muda Raja Abdallah
1:
2613:Indonesia in The Modern World
2451:Towards Indonesian Philosophy
1899:
1140:Eiseman, Fred B. Jr. (1989).
1036:malu bertanya, sesat di jalan
930:Air tak minum, nasi tak makan
2527:]. Yogyakarta: AK Group.
2440:. Surabaya: Penerbit Palapa.
1755:Brackman, Arnold C. (1976).
971:, therefore, analogizes the
938:Rasanya susut tubuh di badan
869:and the second two lines as
748:For this school of thought,
7:
2685:Nasr, Syed Hossein (1991).
2525:Seeking The Indonesian Soul
1723:to the Indonesian context.
1629:. Dordrecht-Holland: Foris.
1627:The Poems of Hamzah Fansuri
1510:Abd al-Shamad Al-Palimbangi
1481:to Raja Muhammad Yusuf are
754:plays very important role.
731:lokalitas ialah ibu manusia
10:
2763:
2431:. Yogyakarta: Andi Offset.
1779:Together with the Western
1715:to Indonesian situations.
1018:Here are some examples of
978:
735:balita ialah bapak manusia
2631:Philosophers in Indonesia
2629:Hiorth, Finngeir (1983).
2583:Jurnal Filsafat Indonesia
2458:Suryadinata, Leo (1990).
2447:Menuju Filsafat Indonesia
1827:to the natives, but also
1580:Syaikh Thaher Djalaluddin
1535:was also adopted by King
1321:Suryadinata, Leo (1997).
1302:Suryadinata, Leo (1976).
1098:Lansing, Stephen (1983).
934:Sehari tiada pandang Tuan
853:
248:Middle Eastern philosophy
2519:Sumardjo, Jakob (2003).
2499:Aksi Massa (Mass Action)
2364:References in Indonesian
2247:BPUPKI & PPKI (1995)
2201:, pp. 262, 282–287.
1860:Post-Soeharto philosophy
1666:Enlightenment philosophy
1596:Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto
1441:in Indonesia. Kings and
947:which says (in English)
634:Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana
632:. Instead, as argued by
588:mupakat, pantun-pantun,
2666:Lubis, Mochtar (1990).
2657:SarDesai, D.R. (1989).
2596:10.23887/jfi.v5i2.40458
2546:Hidayat, Ferry (2005).
2532:Hidayat, Ferry (2004).
2521:Mencari Sukma Indonesia
2368:In chronological order
1814:Dutch Reformed Churches
1733:Feith, Herbert (1962).
1638:. Leiden: KITLV Press.
1625:Drewes, G.W.J. (1986).
1564:Jamal al-din Al-Afghani
1411:. Leiden: KITLV Press.
1201:. Leiden: KITLV Press.
1182:. Leiden: KITLV Press.
743:
2689:. New York: Crossroad.
2492:]. Jakarta: LP3ES.
2466:]. Jakarta: LP3ES.
1846:Robert J. Hardawiryana
1398:Parkin, Harry (1978).
1221:The native Indonesian
926:Tujuh hari dalam hutan
915:logical correspondence
881:, and it symbolizes a
573:Gadjah Mada University
471:Aesthetic philosophers
2747:Indonesian literature
2737:Indonesian philosophy
2605:References in English
2484:Noor, Deliar (1996).
2471:BPUPKI; PPKI (1995).
1820:) under his control.
1558:philosophy, begun by
1506:Abdurrauf Al-Singkeli
584:Indonesian philosophy
565:Indonesian philosophy
550:Indonesian philosophy
52:Philosophy portal
2742:Culture of Indonesia
2620:Aidit, D.N. (1964).
2497:Malaka, Tan (2000).
2427:Parmono, R. (1985).
2382:Nasroen, M. (1967).
1866:political philosophy
1829:Christian philosophy
1809:The Ten Commandments
1584:Abdul Karim Amrullah
1514:Syekh Yusuf Makassar
1475:Alauddin Riayat Syah
1400:Batak Fruit of Hindu
1378:Sambhara Suryawarana
1240:menghormati orangtua
1197:Mrázek, Jan (2005).
1159:Wikan, Unni (1990).
1102:Three Worlds of Bali
1067:democratic republics
1032:the law of causality
496:Philosophers of mind
2556:(unpublished paper)
2542:(unpublished paper)
2436:Larope, J. (1986).
2237:, pp. 236–238.
2069:, pp. 296–324.
1576:Syaikh Ahmad Khatib
1547:teachings instead.
1360:Rabindranath Tagore
1028:ada gula, ada semut
506:Women in philosophy
236:Indigenous American
19:Part of a series on
2151:Suryadinata (1990)
2115:Alisjahbana (1961)
2103:Alisjahbana (1961)
2031:Alisjahbana (1961)
1985:, pp. 23, 25.
1959:Alisjahbana (1977)
1838:Nico Syukur Dister
1662:Western philosophy
1636:Translation Series
1541:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
1502:Nuruddin Al-Raniri
1473:of Banten, Sultan
1409:Translation Series
1061:bound by a common
1009:the laws of nature
799:Minangkabau people
684:Schools of thought
199:Eastern philosophy
2585:(in Indonesian).
2568:(in Indonesian).
2373:Soekarno (1963).
2357:, pp. 49–55.
2285:, pp. 45–56.
2249:, pp. 10–79.
2213:, pp. 62–64.
2189:, pp. 12–39.
2165:, pp. 44–47.
2105:, pp. 14–15.
2057:, pp. 29–41.
2033:, pp. 13–14.
1850:JB.. Mangunwijaya
1552:Islamic modernism
1518:Hamzah Al-Fansuri
579:in August, 1967.
544:
543:
352:
351:
2754:
2723:
2721:Indonesia portal
2718:
2717:
2716:
2707:
2690:
2681:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2625:
2616:
2600:
2598:
2573:
2555:
2541:
2528:
2515:
2502:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2432:
2423:
2400:
2387:
2378:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2273:, pp. i–iv.
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2141:, pp. 9–13.
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2045:, pp. 1–19.
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1883:Peristiwa Malari
1856:, and so forth.
1842:J.B. Banawiratma
1775:Christian school
1770:
1751:
1742:
1740:
1721:Social Democracy
1697:Guided Democracy
1680:government, its
1647:
1630:
1621:
1606:, and so forth.
1526:Syekh Siti Jenar
1451:Sunan Gunungjati
1420:
1403:
1336:
1317:
1298:
1212:
1193:
1174:
1155:
1136:
1117:
1105:
1059:social structure
1049:Social Structure
1042:, and the like.
819:harvest festival
678:
618:cultural studies
536:
529:
522:
241:Aztec philosophy
120:Ancient Egyptian
102:
101:
54:
50:
49:
48:
35:
16:
15:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2751:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2678:
2641:
2607:
2445:Sunoto (1987).
2420:
2366:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2259:Soekarno (1963)
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2163:SarDesai (1989)
2161:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2139:SarDesai (1989)
2137:
2133:
2125:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2067:Sumardjo (2003)
2065:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2019:Sumardjo (2003)
2017:
2013:
2007:Sumardjo (2003)
2005:
2001:
1995:Sumardjo (2003)
1993:
1989:
1983:Sumardjo (2003)
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:, pp. 6–7.
1957:
1953:
1947:Hidayat (2005a)
1945:
1941:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1862:
1818:Ziekentroosters
1777:
1767:
1729:
1727:Further reading
1654:
1612:
1610:Further reading
1592:Mohammad Natsir
1471:Ageng Tirtayasa
1427:
1394:
1392:Further reading
1343:
1333:
1314:
1286:
1284:Further reading
1266:Kwee Hing Tjiat
1219:
1209:
1190:
1171:
1152:
1133:
1114:
1091:
1089:Further reading
1051:
981:
858:
845:guardians. The
811:
809:Myths of Origin
746:
695:
686:
672:
607:an ethnic group
547:
540:
511:
510:
476:Epistemologists
466:
465:
454:
453:
390:
366:
365:
354:
353:
99:
98:
87:
46:
44:
43:
12:
11:
5:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2725:
2724:
2709:
2708:
2691:
2682:
2676:
2663:
2654:
2645:
2639:
2626:
2617:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2589:(2): 103–111.
2574:
2566:Bina Widya UPN
2557:
2543:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2494:
2481:
2468:
2455:
2442:
2433:
2424:
2418:
2401:
2391:Hamka (1971).
2388:
2379:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:Hidayat (2004)
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2261:, p. 376.
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2177:, p. 262.
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2091:Nasroen (1967)
2083:
2079:Nasroen (1967)
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1971:Hidayat (2005)
1963:
1951:
1949:, p. 188.
1939:
1919:
1917:, p. 105.
1903:
1901:
1898:
1874:Peristiwa ITB
1861:
1858:
1854:T.H. Sumartana
1801:Francis Xavier
1799:respectively.
1776:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1752:
1743:
1728:
1725:
1671:intelligentsia
1664:, among which
1653:
1652:Western school
1650:
1649:
1648:
1631:
1622:
1611:
1608:
1560:Muhammad Abduh
1426:
1425:Islamic school
1423:
1422:
1421:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1318:
1312:
1299:
1285:
1282:
1270:Liem Koen Hian
1247:Sun Yat-senism
1218:
1217:Chinese school
1215:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1194:
1188:
1175:
1169:
1156:
1150:
1137:
1131:
1118:
1112:
1090:
1087:
1050:
1044:
1013:myth of origin
980:
977:
941:
940:
913:there must be
857:
852:
810:
807:
745:
742:
694:
691:
685:
682:
545:
542:
541:
539:
538:
531:
524:
516:
513:
512:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
491:Metaphysicians
488:
483:
478:
473:
467:
461:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
419:Metaphilosophy
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
361:
360:
359:
356:
355:
350:
349:
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342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
304:
303:
297:
296:
295:
294:
293:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
257:
256:
255:
245:
244:
243:
233:
232:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
171:
170:
164:
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162:
161:
160:
159:
154:
144:
139:
134:
129:
128:
127:
122:
109:
108:
100:
94:
93:
92:
89:
88:
86:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
40:
37:
36:
28:
27:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2759:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2677:0-19-588977-0
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2640:0-86443-083-3
2636:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2356:
2351:
2344:
2343:Hiorth (1983)
2339:
2333:, p. 99.
2332:
2327:
2321:, p. 85.
2320:
2315:
2309:, p. 78.
2308:
2303:
2297:, p. 46.
2296:
2291:
2284:
2283:Malaka (2000)
2279:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2235:Larope (1986)
2231:
2225:, p. 37.
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2188:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2153:, p. 15.
2152:
2147:
2140:
2135:
2128:
2127:Larope (1986)
2123:
2117:, p. 15.
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2093:, p. 30.
2092:
2087:
2081:, p. 27.
2080:
2075:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2027:
2021:, p. 22.
2020:
2015:
2009:, p. 58.
2008:
2003:
1997:, p. 53.
1996:
1991:
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1929:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1768:
1766:0-8371-8419-3
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:Sutan Syahrir
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1556:Enlightenment
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Pakubuwono IV
1534:
1529:
1528:, and so on.
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:Pakubuwono IV
1464:
1463:Pakubuwono II
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1341:Indian school
1334:
1332:9971-69-201-5
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1313:981-210-360-0
1309:
1305:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1278:Tan Ling Djie
1275:
1274:Kwee Kek Beng
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1210:
1208:90-6718-252-4
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1189:90-6718-145-5
1185:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1170:0-226-89678-1
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1151:0-945971-05-2
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1132:0-300-03159-9
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1113:0-275-91720-7
1109:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1048:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
955:, which says
954:
950:
946:
939:
935:
931:
927:
924:
923:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:
856:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
806:
804:
800:
795:
790:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
752:
741:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
711:
709:
705:
701:
693:Ethnic school
690:
681:
676:
671:
670:Ferry Hidayat
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:
598:gotong-royong
595:
591:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
517:
515:
514:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
468:
464:
458:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:Phenomenology
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
364:
358:
357:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
306:
305:
302:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
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147:Contemporary
96:Philosophies
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2199:Nasr (1991)
2175:Nasr (1991)
1793:Catholicism
1455:Sunan Kudus
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628:, art, and
386:Metaphysics
301:By religion
157:Continental
137:Renaissance
2731:Categories
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1900:References
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1701:D.N. Aidit
1678:republican
1600:Agus Salim
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106:By period
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68:Lists
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