253:
1140:
1128:
756:
607:
89:
875:
2165:
2975:
230:
2729:
702:
5800:
516:
5783:
264:
1262:
747:, an ancient Pre-Iranian civilisation that was contemporaneous with the Indus Valley civilisation. Their respective scripts were contemporary to each other, and both were largely pictographic. About 35 Proto-Elamite signs may possibly be comparable to Indus signs. Writing in 1932, G. R. Hunter argued, against the view of Stephen Langdon, that the number of resemblances "seem to be too close to be explained by coincidence".
994:
1022:, the epigraphist Iravatham Mahadevan identified a recurring sequence of four signs which he interpreted as an early Dravidian phrase translated as "Merchant of the City". Commenting on his 2014 publication, he stressed that he had not fully deciphered the Indus script, although he felt his effort had "attained the level of proof" with regards to demonstrating that the Indus script was a Dravidian written language.
5766:
238:
531:, depicting objects found in the ancient world generally, found locally in Harappan culture, or derived from the natural world. However, many abstract signs have also been identified. Some signs are compounds of simpler pictorial signs, while others are not known to occur in isolation, being known only to occur as components of more complex signs. Some signs resemble
1119:. This language family is spoken largely in central and eastern India, and is related to some Southeast Asian languages. However, much like the Indo-Aryan language, the reconstructed vocabulary of early Munda does not reflect the Harappan culture, therefore, its candidacy for being the language of the Indus Civilisation is dim.
32:
1360:
The Indus Valley
Civilization started to decline around 1800 BCE. This phase included the disappearance of writing. The script created by the Indus Valley Civilization perished along with it. The Vedic civilization, which ruled over North India for several centuries, did not use the Indus Script or
1055:
basis in the script has been that of Rao". S. R. Rao perceived a number of similarities in shape and form between the late
Harappan characters and the Phoenician letters, and argued that the Phoenician script evolved from the Harappan script, and not, as the classical theory suggests from the
299:
consists of seals, impressions of such seals, and graffiti markings inscribed on pottery. Seals and their impressions were typically small in size and portable, with most being just 2–3 centimetres in length on each side. No extant examples of the Indus script have been found on perishable organic
866:
homogeneity of certain terminal signs, and some generally adopted techniques of segmenting the inscriptions into initial, medial, and terminal clusters. Over 100 (mutually exclusive) attempts at decipherment have been published since the 1920s, and the topic is popular among amateur researchers.
1181:
thesis in 2005, stated that their arguments "can be easily controverted". He cited the presence of a large number of rare signs in
Chinese and emphasised there was "little reason for sign repetition in short seal texts written in an early logo-syllabic script". Revisiting the question in a 2008
1207:
of Indus inscriptions closely matched those of linguistic systems like the
Sumerian logo-syllabic system, Rig Vedic Sanskrit etc., but they are careful to stress that by itself does not imply the script is linguistic. A follow-up study presented further evidence in terms of entropies of longer
1170:
presented a number of arguments stating that the Indus script is nonlinguistic. The main ones are the extreme brevity of the inscriptions, the existence of too many rare signs (which increase over the 700-year period of the Mature
Harappan civilisation), and the lack of the random-looking sign
865:
Over the years, numerous decipherments have been proposed, but there is no established scholarly consensus. The few points on which there exists scholarly consensus are the right-to-left direction of the majority of the inscriptions, numerical nature of certain stroke-like signs, functional
593:
mode are also known. Although the script is undeciphered, the writing direction has been deduced from external evidence, such as instances of the symbols being compressed on the left side as if the writer is running out of space at the end of the row. In the case of seals, which create a
883:
506:
has argued that sequences of
Megalithic graffiti symbols have been found in the same order as those on comparable Harappan inscriptions and that this is evidence that language used by the Iron Age people of south India was related to or identical with that of the late Harappans.
1352:. Amar Fayaz Buriro, a language engineer, and Shabir Kumbhar, a developer of fonts, were tasked by the National Fund for Mohenjo-daro to develop this font, and they presented it at an international conference on Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Valley Civilisation on 8 February 2017.
935:
team, worked towards investigating the inscriptions using computer analysis. Parpola similarly concluded that the Indus script and
Harappan language "most likely belonged to the Dravidian family". A comprehensive description of Parpola's work up to 1994 is given in his book
365:
as well as written or inscribed on a multitude of other objects including pottery, tools, tablets, and ornaments. Signs were written using a variety of methods including carving, chiselling, embossing, and painting applied to diverse materials such as
498:
found that a majority of the megalithic symbols he had surveyed were identifiably shared with the Indus script, concluding that there was a commonness of culture between the Indus Valley
Civilisation and the later Megalithic period. Similarly,
1569:
Mahadevan's 1977 sign list originally included 417 signs but in a late addendum to the list, he added 2 additional signs, identified in then recently discovered inscriptions, which he had not been able to include in the sign list before
1099:, such as the role of horses in the latter; as Parpola put it, "there is no escape from the fact that the horse played a central role in the Vedic and Iranian cultures". Additionally, the Indus script appears to lack evidence of
577:, 47 occur only twice, and 59 occur fewer than five times. Just 67 signs account for 80 percent of usage across the corpus of Indus symbols. The most frequently used sign is the "jar" sign, identified by Parpola as 'sign 311'.
1051:, wrote that he had deciphered the script. While dismissing most such attempts at decipherment, John E. Mitchiner commented that "a more soundly-based but still greatly subjective and unconvincing attempt to discern an
1212:, including a lack of discriminative power in their model, and argued that applying their model to known non-linguistic systems such as Mesopotamian deity symbols produced similar results to the Indus script. Rao
489:
which co-existed contemporaneously with the Tamil-Brahmi script. As with the Indus script, there is no scholarly consensus on the meaning of these non-Brahmi symbols. Some scholars, such as the anthropologist
989:
and Asko
Parpola "have been making some headway on this particular problem", namely deciphering the Indus script, but concluded that their proposed readings, although they make sense, are not yet proof.
3894:
1653:
Mahadevan has compared this seal to sign 7, which resembles a human figure with horns, arguing the comparison supports, among other evidence, a suggested
Dravidian phonetic reading of the sign,
857:
No names, such as those of Indus rulers or personages, are known to be attested in surviving historical records or myths, as was the case with rulers like Rameses and Ptolemy, who were known to
652:
scripts. However, researchers now generally agree that the Indus script is not closely related to any other writing systems of the second and third millennia BCE, although some convergence or
3962:
Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2018a). "Interrogating Indus Inscriptions Through Their Context, Structure and Compositional Semantics, to Understand Their Inner Logic of Message Conveyance".
960:, along with a team of colleagues, performed an independent computational analysis and concluded that the Indus script has the structure of a written language, supporting prior evidence for
1064:, and assigned sound values based on this comparison. Reading the script from left to right, as is the case with Brahmi, he concluded that Indus inscriptions included numerals and were "
5298:
425:. Inscriptions have been found at sites associated with the localised phases of this period. At Harappa, the use of the script largely ceased as the use of inscribed seals ended around
3872:
Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927
378:, bone, shell, copper, silver, and gold. As of 1977, Iravatham Mahadevan noted that about 90% of the Indus script seals and inscribed objects discovered so far were found at sites in
2619:
570:
of Indus inscriptions listing 419 distinct signs in specific patterns. However, in 2015, the archaeologist and epigrapher Bryan Wells estimated that were around 694 distinct signs.
197:
has somewhat cautiously supported the possibility of the Brahmi script being influenced by the Indus script. Another possibility for the continuity of the Indus tradition is in the
5001:"Ancient Tax Tokens, Trade Licenses and Metrological Records?: Making Sense of Indus Inscribed Objects Through Script-Internal, Contextual, Linguistic, and Ethnohistorical Lenses"
823:
has not been identified, so, assuming the script is a written language, the language the script is most likely to express is unknown. However, an estimated 300 loanwords in the
633:
or ancestor to later writing systems used in the region of the Indian subcontinent. Others have compared the Indus script to roughly contemporary pictographic scripts from
555:. The precise total number of signs is uncertain, as there is disagreement concerning whether particular signs are distinct or variants of the same sign. In the 1970s, the
598:
impression on the clay or ceramic on which the seal is affixed, the impression of the seal is read from right to left, as is this case with inscriptions in other cases.
3941:. Vol. 3, New material, untraced objects, and collections outside India and Pakistan, Part 1: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia. Archived from
3265:
477:
Numerous artefacts, particularly potsherds and tools, bearing markings inscribed into them have been found in Central India, South India, and Sri Lanka dating to the
3629:
1154:
An opposing hypothesis is that these symbols are nonlinguistic signs which symbolise families, clans, gods, and religious concepts, and are similar to components of
494:, have argued that the non-Brahmi graffiti symbols are a survival and development of the Indus script into and during the 1st millennium BCE. In 1960, archaeologist
1095:
originated in India. However, there are many problems with this hypothesis, particularly the cultural differences evident between the Indus River Civilisation and
331:
phase of this period. However, excavations at Harappa have demonstrated the development of some symbols from potter's marks and graffiti belonging to the earlier
5084:. Vol. 3, New material, untraced objects, and collections outside India and Pakistan, Part 1: Mohenjo-daro and Harappa. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
4590:
3915:
678:
scripts, suggesting that there may be similarities between them. These similarities were first suggested by early European scholars, such as the archaeologist
814:
of Mesopotamia. Due to the brevity of inscriptions, some researchers have questioned whether Indus symbols are even capable of expressing a spoken language.
5835:
5028:
Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2021). "Metal-smithy, Bead-making, Jeweler's weight, Trade-permit, Tax-stamp: Indus Script's Semasiography Partly Decoded".
1552:'Sign 4' is a compound of 'sign 1', depicting a person carrying two burdens, and 'sign 311', the "jar" sign. Numbering convention for the Indus script by
5180:
3242:
2262:
3220:
1751:
5129:
2578:
808:
5208:
275:
4978:
782:
Inscriptions are very short. The average length of the inscriptions is around five signs, and the longest only 34 characters long, found on a
312:
Early examples of the Indus script have been found on pottery inscriptions and clay impressions of inscribed Harappan seals dating to around
1987:
1139:
252:
2627:
5288:
1424:
4946:
2500:
4829:
3931:
5113:
3820:
5213:
4222:
656:
with Proto-Elamite conceivably may be found. A definite relationship between the Indus script and any other script remains unproven.
3902:
South Asian Archaeology 2001: Proceedings of the sixteenth international conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists
944:
argued that Indus script text on seals could be read as names, titles, or occupations, and suggested that the animals depicted were
205:, which probably do not constitute a linguistic script but may have some overlap with the Indus symbol inventory. Linguists such as
985:, were hinted at through drawings of both the things together on Harappan seals. In a 2011 speech, Rajesh P. N. Rao said that
4324:
3757:
421:, followed the more urbanised Mature Harappan period, and was a period of fragmentation and localisation which preceded the early
5173:
1627:, a place associated with the Indus Civilisation, is briefly attested in an Akkadian inscription, but no full names are attested.
786:
belonging to the mature Harappan period. Inscriptions vary between just one and seven lines, with single lines being most common.
147:. Most inscriptions containing these symbols are extremely short, making it difficult to judge whether or not they constituted a
4930:
927:
suggested that a Dravidian language is the most likely candidate for the underlying language of the script. The Finnish scholar
904:
Although no clear consensus has been established, there are those who argue that the Indus script recorded an early form of the
245:
and their impressions bearing Indus script characters alongside animals: "unicorn" (left), bull (centre), and elephant (right);
3784:
4837:
4754:
4540:
4179:
4157:
4101:
3909:
3879:
3388:
3349:
1107:
endings, which Possehl has argued rules out an Indo-European language such as Sanskrit as the language of the Indus script.
155:, any of which are yet to be identified. Despite many attempts, the "script" has not yet been deciphered. There is no known
3577:
3269:
2516:
1203:
also challenged the argument that the Indus script might have been a nonlinguistic symbol system. The paper concluded the
5754:
3668:
1221:
997:
Indus script on a stamp seal depicting a buffalo-horned figure surrounded by animals, dubbed the 'Lord of the Beasts' or
5825:
5166:
3521:
3042:
1404:
791:
There are doubts whether the Indus script records a written language or is instead a system of non-linguistic signs or
2900:
4868:
4773:
4733:
4638:
4430:
4369:
4076:
4032:
3682:
1607:
underlines the prefixing nature of these words and calls them Para-Munda, a language related to but not belonging to
5139:
1361:
have a writing system. India would actually have to wait almost a millennium to witness the resurgence of writing.
1329:
still lists the proposal among the list of scripts that are not yet officially encoded in the Unicode Standard (and
4149:
1318:
783:
760:
292:
1127:
5248:
2270:
730:
722:
175:
5727:
4652:
3554:
3312:
2634:
2562:
1534:
The commonly depicted "unicorn" is most likely a bull drawn in profile as to obscure one horn behind the other.
324:
280:
By 1977 at least 2,906 inscribed objects with legible inscriptions had been discovered, and by 1992 a total of
4858:
2741:
2650:
2380:
2046:
1481:, p. 178: "proto‐Indus writing on shards of pottery from the Ravi phase that are as early as 3500 B.C.E."
5642:
4992:
3250:
2822:
1208:
sequences of symbols beyond pairs. However, Sproat argued there existed a number of misunderstandings in Rao
1092:
679:
547:
The number of principal signs is over 400, which is considered too large a number for each character to be a
2125:
1721:
5732:
1456:
402:" accompanied the text on seals, possibly to help the illiterate identify the origin of a particular seal.
3228:
690:
619:
432:; however, the use of the Indus script may have endured for a longer duration in other regions such as at
1322:
975:
These scholars have proposed readings of many signs; one such reading was legitimised when the Dravidian
486:
472:
198:
186:
4285:; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, Ronojoy; Mahadevan, Iravatham (2010).
2457:
481:
Iron Age which followed the Late Harappan period. These markings include inscriptions in the Brahmi and
448:
inscriptions from this phase have been noted. Both seals and potsherds bearing Indus script text, dated
5840:
5772:
4202:
4121:
4068:
1326:
1040:
523:
variants difficult, and scholars have proposed different ways to classify elements of the Indus script.
182:
3855:
5737:
5189:
4894:
3700:
1450:
734:
495:
144:
4947:"Aryan or Dravidian or Neither? A Study of Recent Attempts to Decipher the Indus Script (1995–2000)"
4133:
3808:
3428:
1242:
rebuttal of Sproat's 2014 article and Sproat's response are published in the December 2015 issue of
5293:
5264:
5091:
4986:
4787:
4023:
Paranavitana, Senarat; Prematilleka, Leelananda; Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw, Johanna Engelberta (1978).
2510:
1389:
909:
828:
796:
630:
567:
394:, while other sites located elsewhere account for the remaining 10%. Often, animals such as bulls,
88:
3809:"A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery"
5276:
3341:
1991:
1052:
686:
548:
3379:. Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
3184:
1035:
Perhaps the most influential proponent of the hypothesis that the Indus script records an early
778:
The following factors are usually regarded as the biggest obstacles to successful decipherment:
159:
to help decipher the script, which shows no significant changes over time. However, some of the
5830:
3397:
1637:
1374:
1344:
representing the Indus script. The font was developed based on a corpus compiled by Indologist
556:
500:
351:
4621:
2832:
2751:
2660:
2644:
2588:
2572:
2526:
2395:
2135:
2059:
1734:
5592:
5283:
4966:
3927:
3890:
3333:
2467:
1096:
845:
320:
156:
4991:
Adapted from an address given at the inaugural function of the Indus Research Centre at the
3942:
755:
665:
606:
5647:
5582:
4492:
4461:
4239:
3835:
3513:
The Harappan Civilization and Its Writing: A Model for the Decipherment of the Indus Script
3471:
3359:
1036:
740:
615:
536:
411:
170:. By 1992, an estimated 4,000 inscribed objects had been discovered, some as far afield as
167:
78:
4271:
2601:
964:
structure in the Indus script, and noting that the Indus script appears to have a similar
287:
4,000 inscribed objects had been found. Indus script symbols have primarily been found on
8:
5597:
5089:
Vidale, Massimo (2007). "The collapse melts down: a reply to Farmer, Sproat and Witzel".
4974:
4942:
4926:
4218:
3816:
3804:
3767:
3753:
3703:(1960). "From the Megalithic to the Harappan: Tracing Back the Graffiti on the Pottery".
3374:
1414:
1204:
1194:
1148:
1088:
1076:
1061:
986:
965:
905:
559:
503:
218:
206:
4465:
4243:
3475:
3302:
5393:
5243:
5100:
5041:
5016:
4958:
4914:
4710:
4677:
4660:
4609:
4519:
4407:
4357:
4349:
4308:
4263:
3786:
Megalithic pottery inscription and a Harappa tablet:A case of extraordinary resemblance
3741:
3605:
3495:
3429:"The Collapse of the Indus-Script Thesis: The Myth of a Literate Harappan Civilization"
3363:
1419:
1226:
1084:
832:
653:
49:
3544:
3483:
625:
Some researchers have sought to establish a relationship between the Indus script and
5667:
5314:
5045:
5020:
4934:
4906:
4874:
4864:
4833:
4807:
4769:
4750:
4729:
4714:
4681:
4634:
4536:
4479:
4436:
4426:
4411:
4255:
4230:
4175:
4153:
4072:
4028:
4002:
3905:
3875:
3745:
3733:
3688:
3678:
3630:"The Origin, Context and Function of the Indus Script: Recent Insights from Harappa."
3609:
3597:
3550:
3517:
3507:
3487:
3459:
3447:
3345:
3308:
1337:
1231:
carries a paper by Sproat that provides further evidence that the methodology of Rao
1199:
941:
820:
768:
642:
422:
166:
The first publication of a seal with Harappan symbols dates to 1875, in a drawing by
152:
101:
4582:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
4353:
4267:
3981:"Interrogating Indus inscriptions to unravel their mechanisms of meaning conveyance"
3895:"Excavations at Harappa 2000–2001: New insights on Chronology and City Organization"
3793:
1269:
5482:
5368:
5033:
5008:
4799:
4702:
4669:
4563:
4511:
4469:
4399:
4383:
4375:
4341:
4320:
4298:
4282:
4247:
4214:
4190:
4051:
3992:
3967:
3725:
3589:
3531:
3479:
1439:
1409:
1190:
957:
874:
804:
433:
5806:
4312:
4110:
4055:
3729:
3401:
1773:
After a century of failing to crack an ancient script, linguists turn to machines.
229:
5672:
5133:
4823:
4744:
4723:
4420:
4167:
4141:
3821:"How did the 'great god' get a 'blue neck'? a bilingual clue to the Indus Script"
3672:
3511:
3384:
1434:
1314:
1116:
917:
897:
645:
638:
574:
491:
194:
5789:
4552:"A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation"
4087:
3304:
The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States
3123:
5522:
5438:
5413:
5271:
4854:
4819:
4783:
4653:"A Statistical Comparison of Written Language and Nonlinguistic Symbol Systems"
4648:
3424:
3420:
1752:"Science: Machine learning could finally crack the 4,000-year-old Indus script"
1167:
1163:
1065:
1057:
998:
763:
inscribed with 34 characters, the longest known single Indus script inscription
296:
268:
210:
148:
4502:
Salomon, Richard (1995). "Review: On the Origin of the Early Indian Scripts".
3997:
3980:
3593:
5819:
5632:
5228:
5149:
4910:
4811:
4803:
4577:
4332:
4022:
4006:
3652:
3601:
3491:
3283:
2584:
1641:
1592:
1379:
1330:
1155:
1080:
924:
849:
792:
706:
701:
611:
590:
589:, though some exceptions wherein the script is written left to right or in a
586:
395:
246:
190:
82:
53:
5158:
5072:. Vol. 2, Collections in Pakistan. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
4878:
4440:
4251:
3692:
2016:
436:, particularly in the form of graffiti inscribed on pottery. Seals from the
5637:
5562:
5502:
5408:
5398:
5388:
5343:
5238:
5233:
5077:
5065:
5053:
4483:
4386:; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Jonathan, Philip; Ziman, Pauline (2015).
4259:
3737:
3620:
The Script of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and Its Connection with Other Scripts
3338:
The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate
3050:
2908:
2620:"Cylinder seal carved with an elongated buffalo and a Harappan inscription"
1660:
1580:
1553:
1444:
1345:
1275:
1174:
932:
928:
718:
675:
595:
482:
437:
387:
214:
4706:
4673:
4403:
3637:
Proceedings of the Pre-symposium and the 7th ESCA Harvard-Kyoto Roundtable
3202:
1654:
1000:
980:
887:
5693:
5552:
5203:
5060:. Vol. 1, Collections in India. Helsinki: Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia.
5037:
5012:
4788:"Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle, and Late Vedic)"
4303:
4286:
4025:
Studies in South Asian Culture: Senarat Paranavitana Commemoration Volume
3971:
3564:
1608:
1219:
argument against Sproat's arguments and Sproat's reply were published in
1159:
913:
811:
683:
634:
563:
532:
460:
383:
171:
5104:
4962:
4918:
4345:
3499:
3452:
The Roots Of Ancient India: The Archaeology of Early Indian Civilisation
2401:
1115:
A less popular hypothesis suggests that the Indus script belongs to the
31:
5557:
5527:
5507:
5497:
5487:
5467:
5428:
5403:
5358:
5353:
4189:
Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2006). "Inscribed pots, emerging identities". In
3770:(2001a). "The Indus-like symbols on megalithic pottery: New evidence".
1523:
1507:
1491:
1394:
1104:
858:
800:
519:
Variations of 'sign 4'; such variation makes distinguishing signs from
367:
362:
332:
288:
257:
242:
4690:
4523:
4387:
4217:; Yadav, Nisha; Vahia, Mayank N.; Joglekar, Hrishikesh; Adhikari, R.;
1579:
Numbered according to the convention for the Indus script proposed by
515:
178:, with over 400 distinct signs represented across known inscriptions.
5706:
5627:
5577:
5492:
5477:
5462:
5433:
5418:
5144:
4568:
4551:
3365:
Archaeological Survey of India, Report for the Year 1872–1873, Vol. 5
1761:
1756:
1519:
1310:
1144:
1132:
976:
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893:
841:
528:
520:
375:
371:
202:
114:
4474:
4449:
3937:. In Parpola, Asko; Pande, B. M.; Koskikallio, Petteri (eds.).
3856:"Dravidian Proof of the Indus Script via The Rig Veda: A Case Study"
3663:] (in Russian), Moscow: Institut Etnografii, Akademiya Nauk SSSR
2882:
2880:
2867:
2865:
1317:
submitted a completed proposal for encoding the script in Unicode's
886:
The Indus script 'fish sign', associated with the Dravidian reading
440:
of the Late Harappan period, centred on the present-day province of
5701:
5682:
5677:
5657:
5652:
5617:
5532:
5512:
5443:
5383:
5363:
5348:
5330:
5223:
5218:
5153:
4691:"On misunderstandings and misrepresentations: A reply to Rao et al"
4515:
3582:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland
3323:
2757:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
1620:
1511:
1261:
1072:
552:
478:
456:
445:
379:
328:
263:
163:(if that is what it may be termed) varies depending upon location.
4897:(1979). "On the Most Frequently Used Symbol in the Indus Script".
4497:. Archaeological Survey of India – via indianculture.gov.in.
3618:
3141:
1020:
Dravidian Proof of the Indus Script via The Rig Veda: A Case Study
993:
585:
Most scholars agree that the Indus script was generally read from
323:, and emerging alongside administrative objects such as seals and
5722:
5622:
5612:
5607:
5587:
5572:
5423:
5373:
5338:
5145:
Articles by Steve Farmer, including essays about the Indus script
4863:. Pondicherry: Pondicherry Institute of Linguistics and Culture.
4535:. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT).
2877:
2862:
1687:
aeka, dwi, tra, chatus, panta, happta/sapta, dasa, dvadasa, shata
1624:
1384:
1298:
1182:
lecture, Parpola took on each of the 10 main arguments of Farmer
949:
824:
649:
399:
391:
361:, strings of Indus signs are commonly found on flat, rectangular
301:
4223:"Entropic Evidence for Linguistic Structure in the Indus Script"
4042:
Parpola, Asko (1986). "The Indus script: A challenging puzzle".
3657:Предварительное сообщение об исследовании протоиндийских текстов
2537:
2535:
2351:
882:
739:
Researchers have also compared the Indus valley script with the
256:"Unicorn" seal with Indus inscription, and a modern impression;
36:
Seal impression showing a typical inscription of five characters
5602:
5567:
5547:
5517:
5472:
3623:. Studies in the history of culture. London: Oxford University.
3057:
2101:
1503:
961:
671:
626:
237:
160:
4422:
Lost Languages: The Enigma of the World's Undeciphered Scripts
4287:"Entropy, the Indus Script, and Language:A Reply to R. Sproat"
2987:
2153:
1928:
5748:
5662:
5542:
5537:
5454:
5378:
2585:
Paranavitana, Prematilleka & Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw (1978)
2532:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2294:
2292:
2004:
most scholars have taken the 'Dravidian hypothesis' seriously
1100:
945:
441:
3716:
Lawler, Andrew (2004). "The Indus script: Write or wrong?".
3390:
Proposal for encoding the Indus script in Plane 1 of the UCS
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2089:
2077:
1916:
1838:
831:
language(s) which may have been spoken in the region of the
2683:
2681:
1341:
953:
744:
714:
710:
4325:"Probabilistic Analysis of an Ancient Undeciphered Script"
2769:
2440:
2289:
2277:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
931:
led a Finnish team in the 1960s–80s that, like Knorozov's
3023:
2552:
2550:
2478:
2476:
2430:
2428:
2316:
1892:
1855:
1853:
1143:
A sequence of Indus characters from the northern gate of
670:
Researchers have compared the Indus valley script to the
5000:
3266:"All Signs of Indus Script Has Been Converted Into Font"
2678:
2488:
2113:
2034:
1957:
1955:
1904:
1321:
in 1999, but this proposal has not been approved by the
750:
5076:
4195:
Between the Empires: Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE
3462:(1983). "The Script of the Indus Valley Civilization".
3011:
2999:
2194:
2192:
2177:
1816:
1702:
1515:
3932:"Inscribed Objects from Harappa Excavations 1986–2007"
3081:
2963:
2850:
2838:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2705:
2693:
2547:
2473:
2425:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2339:
2304:
2228:
2065:
2051:
2049:
1967:
1850:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
5130:
Text based Indus Script Signs with the table of codes
4388:"On statistical measures and ancient writing systems"
4382:
4281:
4213:
3661:
Preliminary Report on the Study of Proto-Indian Texts
3147:
2951:
2939:
2927:
2886:
2871:
2666:
2240:
1952:
1882:
1880:
1783:
1781:
916:, who suggested several readings of signs based on a
689:, with some, such as G. R. Hunter, proposing an
3165:
3093:
2810:
2257:
2255:
2216:
2189:
1726:
1724:
459:
culture of the Late Harappan period, in present-day
3153:
3129:
3069:
2793:
2413:
1988:"Peoples and languages in pre-Islamic Indus valley"
1940:
1793:
5118:(Thesis). Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary.
5080:; Pande, Brij Mohan; Koskikallio, Petteri (2010).
4743:Stiebing, William H. Jr.; Helft, Susan N. (2018).
4172:The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective
3418:
3063:
2763:
2717:
2141:
1877:
1826:
1778:
1071:S. R. Rao's interpretation helped to bolster
444:in Pakistan, lack the Indus script, however, some
4825:The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society
4450:"Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script"
2781:
2252:
1865:
1490:1540 from Mohenjodaro, 985 from Harappa, 66 from
696:
5817:
4979:"Towards a Scientific Study of the Indus Script"
4530:
4103:Is the Indus script indeed not a writing system?
3105:
2159:
1556:. For an alternative numbering scheme, refer to
923:Based on computer analysis, the Russian scholar
601:
551:, and so the script is generally believed to be
217:have argued that the script had a relation to a
3571:. Bombay: Indian Historical Research Institute.
2915:
2204:
1659:. Numbering convention for the Indus script by
1087:are the original Bronze Age inhabitants of the
912:). Early proponents included the archaeologist
614:and Indus scripts, made in the 19th century by
455:, have been found at sites associated with the
4766:The Archaeology and Epigraphy of Indus Writing
3759:The Indus Script: Text, Concordance And Tables
3546:The Interface Between the Written and the Oral
3221:"A Free Complete Indus Font Package Available"
721:dated to 2600–1700 BCE; an example of ancient
618:, an early proponent for the hypothesis of an
573:Of the signs identified by Mahadevan, 113 are
276:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
5188:
5174:
4998:
4742:
3961:
3925:
3888:
3368:. Calcutta: The Superintendent Of Government.
3325:The Indus Valley script: a new interpretation
3300:
2374:
2107:
2095:
2083:
1922:
5140:How come we can't decipher the Indus script?
5052:
5027:
4549:
4197:. Oxford University Press. pp. 113–139.
3978:
3762:. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India.
3301:Allchin, F. Raymond; Erdosy, George (1995).
2687:
2333:
5836:Inventions of the Indus Valley civilisation
5299:Inventions of the Indus Valley Civilisation
5289:Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation
5064:
4725:A Manual of Historical Research Methodology
3569:Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture
1425:List of languages by first written accounts
861:decipherers from records attested in Greek.
398:, elephants, rhinoceros, and the mythical "
267:Collection of seals and their impressions;
193:has some connection with the Indus system.
5181:
5167:
4951:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
4941:
4721:
4589:Special Correspondent (14 November 2014).
3766:
3506:
3458:
3446:
3436:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies (EJVS)
3372:
3358:
3029:
2993:
2856:
2844:
2506:
2298:
2234:
2071:
1859:
1844:
1745:
1743:
1025:
940:. Supporting this work, the archaeologist
666:Brahmi § Indigenous origin hypothesis
659:
304:, paper, textiles, leaves, wood, or bark.
295:, tools, and weapons. The majority of the
181:Some scholars, such as G. R. Hunter,
87:
30:
4973:
4925:
4588:
4567:
4473:
4302:
3996:
3952:
3853:
3815:
3803:
3782:
3752:
3328:. Altoona: Pennsylvania State University.
2969:
2957:
2945:
2933:
2699:
2451:
2407:
2283:
2246:
2119:
2040:
1961:
1557:
1309:The Indus symbols have been assigned the
1225:in December 2010. The June 2014 issue of
900:in the context of some Indus inscriptions
705:Indus characters from an impression of a
693:with a derivation from the Indus script.
143:, is a corpus of symbols produced by the
4853:
4746:Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture
4550:Shinde, Vasant; Willis, Rick J. (2014).
4504:Journal of the American Oriental Society
4447:
4418:
4013:
3955:Studies in the Indus Valley Inscriptions
3869:
3651:
2981:
2816:
2640:
2568:
2541:
1898:
1820:
1749:
1186:, presenting counterarguments for each.
1171:repetition that is typical of language.
1138:
1126:
992:
881:
873:
754:
700:
605:
514:
262:
251:
236:
228:
16:Symbols of the Indus Valley Civilisation
4999:Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2018b).
4631:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
4531:Sankaranarayanan, Vijayam, ed. (2007).
4501:
4166:
4140:
4099:
4085:
4062:
4041:
3627:
3383:
3171:
3099:
3087:
3017:
3005:
2804:
2747:
2711:
2656:
2556:
2522:
2494:
2482:
2434:
2391:
2055:
1946:
1787:
1740:
1715:
1122:
542:
5818:
5088:
5082:Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions
5070:Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions
5058:Corpus of Indus seals and inscriptions
4860:Dravidian Linguistics: an introduction
4818:
4782:
4688:
4647:
4591:"Indus script early form of Dravidian"
3979:Mukhopadhyay, Bahata Ansumali (2019).
3939:Corpus of Indus Seals and Inscriptions
3900:. In Jarrige, C.; Lefèvre, V. (eds.).
3715:
3667:
3616:
3575:
3536:An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology
3332:
3263:
3159:
3135:
3075:
2828:
2735:
2723:
2672:
1886:
1832:
1730:
1604:
1478:
1030:
5162:
5111:
5068:; Shah, Sayid Ghulam Mustafa (1991).
4763:
4576:
3863:Bulletin of the Indus Research Centre
3563:
3542:
3530:
3321:
3185:"SEI List of Scripts Not Yet Encoded"
2787:
2602:"Sceau cylindre — Louvre Collections"
2419:
2345:
2310:
2171:
2147:
2131:
1934:
1910:
1871:
1750:Locklear, Mallory (25 January 2017).
1079:views propagated by writers, such as
869:
751:Theories and attempts at decipherment
485:scripts, but also include non-Brahmi
281:
5755:
4490:
4109:. Chennai: Varalaaru. Archived from
4016:Indus script monographs, volumes 1-7
3669:Kuiper, Franciscus Bernardus Jacobus
3126:, Volume 36, Issue 4, December 2010.
2183:
1049:The Decipherment of the Indus Script
580:
4893:
4792:Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies
4628:
4371:A Rosetta Stone for a lost language
4367:
4319:
4201:
4188:
3699:
3639:. Kyoto, Japan: RIHN. pp. 9–27
3264:Nadeem, Faryal (27 February 2017).
3111:
2921:
2775:
2463:
2222:
2210:
2198:
1973:
1673:
1162:. In a 2004 article, Steve Farmer,
1131:Indus script tablet recovered from
423:Iron Age in the Indian subcontinent
13:
4887:
3064:Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004)
2764:Farmer, Sproat & Witzel (2004)
1985:
1405:History of ancient numeral systems
773:
610:A proposed connection between the
510:
345:
201:of southern and central India and
14:
5852:
5123:
4207:Lothal and the Indus Civilisation
3484:10.1038/scientificamerican0383-58
3454:. London: George Allen and Unwin.
2017:"The Indus Script | Harappa"
1110:
1045:Lothal and the Indus Civilization
307:
5798:
5781:
5764:
5115:An Introduction to Indus Writing
4209:. Bombay: Asia Publishing House.
4150:University of Pennsylvania Press
3276:
3257:
3235:
3213:
3195:
3177:
3117:
3035:
1679:
1319:Supplementary Multilingual Plane
1260:
466:
405:
2892:
2612:
2594:
2410:, pp. 14–15, 24–25, 32–35.
2009:
1979:
1689:(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10, 12, 100)
1666:
1647:
1630:
1614:
1598:
1586:
1573:
1563:
1546:
1537:
1528:
1496:
1484:
1083:, who hold the conviction that
125:, Indus (Harappan)
5728:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
4995:, Chennai, on 25 January 2007.
3957:. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH.
3874:. Asian Educational Services.
3578:"Mohenjo-daro—Indus Epigraphy"
3549:. Cambridge University Press.
3534:, ed. (1990). "20.4 Scripts".
3373:Cunningham, Alexander (1877).
3307:. Cambridge University Press.
3293:
2898:
1623:, a partial name of a king of
1472:
1060:script. He compared it to the
892:, has been interpreted as its
697:Comparisons with Proto-Elamite
233:Indus script on Copper plates.
1:
5136: (archived 25 April 2020)
4993:Roja Muthiah Research Library
4931:"Murukan In the Indus Script"
4146:Indus Age: The Writing System
4056:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979979
3854:Mahadevan, Iravatham (2014).
3783:Mahadevan, Iravatham (2004),
3772:Studia Orientalia Electronica
3730:10.1126/science.306.5704.2026
3189:linguistics.berkeley.edu/sei/
1696:
1093:Indo-European language family
1008:
979:words for 'fish' and 'star',
956:. The computational linguist
602:Relationship to other scripts
535:and are often interpreted as
449:
426:
415:
386:and its tributaries, such as
355:
336:
313:
65:
5733:Northern Black Polished Ware
5056:; Joshi, Jagat Pati (1987).
4768:. Oxford, UK: Archaeopress.
4629:Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999).
4065:Deciphering the Indus script
3904:. Paris: Collège de France.
1543:47 out of 61 signs surveyed.
1457:Undeciphered writing systems
1350:Deciphering the Indus Script
1039:is the Indian archaeologist
938:Deciphering the Indus Script
7:
5249:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
4933:. Varalaaru. Archived from
4749:(3rd ed.). Routledge.
3953:Mitchiner, John E. (1978).
3617:Hunter, G. R. (1934).
3576:Hunter, G. R. (1932).
2375:Stiebing & Helft (2018)
2108:Meadow & Kenoyer (2010)
2096:Meadow & Kenoyer (2001)
1937:, pp. 301–302, note 4.
1923:Allchin & Erdosy (1995)
1760:. Manhattan, New York, NY:
1655:
1364:
1336:The Indus Script Font is a
1325:. As of February 2022, the
1323:Unicode Technical Committee
1001:
981:
888:
731:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
723:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
691:indigenous origin of Brahmi
620:indigenous origin of Brahmi
527:The characters are largely
473:Megalithic graffiti symbols
199:megalithic graffiti symbols
176:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
10:
5857:
4830:Cambridge University Press
4764:Wells, B. K. (2015).
4095:. 50th ICES Tokyo Session.
4069:Cambridge University Press
2688:Shinde & Willis (2014)
1355:
1327:Script Encoding Initiative
1249:
1197:and others in the journal
1189:A 2009 paper published by
1041:Shikaripura Ranganatha Rao
896:, meaning "star", per the
803:, and to the contemporary
766:
728:
663:
470:
273:
5826:Indus Valley civilisation
5738:Painted Grey Ware culture
5715:
5691:
5452:
5328:
5307:
5257:
5196:
5190:Indus Valley Civilisation
4533:Themes in History, Part-I
4491:Sali, S. A. (1986).
4448:Robinson, Andrew (2015).
4425:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4419:Robinson, Andrew (2002).
4291:Computational Linguistics
4203:Rao, Shikaripur Ranganath
4089:Study of the Indus Script
3998:10.1057/s41599-019-0274-1
3792:, Harappa, archived from
3594:10.1017/S0035869X00112444
3508:Fairservis, Walter Ashlin
3460:Fairservis, Walter Ashlin
3448:Fairservis, Walter Ashlin
3322:Bonta, Steven C. (2010).
3124:Computational Linguistics
1451:South Indian Inscriptions
1297:
1289:
1281:
1268:
1259:
1222:Computational Linguistics
1117:Munda family of languages
735:Elamo-Dravidian languages
224:
145:Indus Valley Civilisation
113:
108:
96:
74:
59:
41:
29:
23:
5294:Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro
5092:Philosophy East and West
4804:10.11588/ejvs.1999.1.828
4728:. South Indian Studies.
4689:Sproat, Richard (2015).
3828:Journal of Tamil Studies
3656:
3243:"Corpus by Asko Parpola"
2263:"Corpus by Asko Parpola"
1465:
1390:Outline of ancient India
1018:In his 2014 publication
878:Indus script single sign
827:may provide evidence of
5030:SSRN Electronic Journal
5005:SSRN Electronic Journal
4722:Sreedharan, E. (2007).
4252:10.1126/science.1170391
4067:. Cambridge, New York:
4014:Newberry, John (1980).
3985:Palgrave Communications
3964:SSRN Electronic Journal
3870:Marshall, John (1931).
3342:Oxford University Press
2160:Sankaranarayanan (2007)
1177:, reviewing the Farmer
1026:Non-Dravidian languages
660:Comparisons with Brahmi
629:, arguing that it is a
46:Undeciphered
5692:Indus Valley sites in
5453:Indus Valley sites in
5329:Indus Valley sites in
4384:Rao, Rajesh P. N.
4321:Rao, Rajesh P. N.
4283:Rao, Rajesh P. N.
4215:Rao, Rajesh P. N.
4100:Parpola, Asko (2008).
4086:Parpola, Asko (2005).
4063:Parpola, Asko (1994).
3928:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark
3891:Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark
3398:Danish UNIX User Group
3203:"Proposed New Scripts"
1375:Early Indian epigraphy
1151:
1136:
1097:Indo-European cultures
1015:
901:
879:
764:
726:
622:
524:
352:Mature Harappan period
291:, pottery, bronze and
271:
260:
249:
234:
5284:Harappan architecture
5112:Wells, Bryan (1998).
4707:10.1353/lan.2015.0058
4674:10.1353/lan.2014.0031
4404:10.1353/lan.2015.0055
3677:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
3674:Aryans in the Rigveda
3628:Kenoyer, J M (2006).
3376:Inscriptions of Asoka
3360:Cunningham, Alexander
3334:Bryant, Edwin Francis
2606:collections.louvre.fr
2544:, pp. 85–86, 96.
1431:Other similar topics
1191:Rajesh P. N. Rao
1142:
1130:
996:
958:Rajesh P. N. Rao
885:
877:
767:Further information:
758:
704:
609:
518:
321:Early Harappan period
266:
255:
240:
232:
189:have argued that the
185:, John Newberry, and
157:bilingual inscription
5258:Art and architecture
5038:10.2139/ssrn.3778943
5013:10.2139/ssrn.3189473
4975:Mahadevan, Iravatham
4943:Mahadevan, Iravatham
4927:Mahadevan, Iravatham
4368:Rao, Rajesh (2011).
4304:10.1162/coli_c_00030
4219:Mahadevan, Iravatham
3972:10.2139/ssrn.3184583
3926:Meadow, Richard H.;
3889:Meadow, Richard H.;
3817:Mahadevan, Iravatham
3805:Mahadevan, Iravatham
3768:Mahadevan, Iravatham
3754:Mahadevan, Iravatham
3543:Goody, Jack (1987).
3053:on 19 December 2016.
2911:on 19 December 2019.
2084:Mukhopadhyay (2018a)
1595:, reference SB 2425.
1123:Non-linguistic signs
1043:, who in his books,
1012: 2350–2000 BCE
741:Proto-Elamite script
616:Alexander Cunningham
543:Number and frequency
453: 2200–1600 BCE
419: 1900–1300 BCE
412:Late Harappan period
359: 2600–1900 BCE
340: 3500–2800 BCE
325:standardised weights
317: 2800–2600 BCE
168:Alexander Cunningham
135:, also known as the
79:Right-to-left script
69: 3500–1900 BCE
5308:Language and script
5197:History and culture
4977:(4 February 2007).
4466:2015Natur.526..499R
4363:on 1 February 2012.
4346:10.1109/mc.2010.112
4244:2009Sci...324.1165R
4174:. Rowman Altamira.
4168:Possehl, Gregory L.
4142:Possehl, Gregory L.
3841:on 12 February 2023
3724:(5704): 2026–2029.
3476:1983SciAm.248c..58F
3464:Scientific American
3387:(29 January 1999),
3253:on 1 November 2020.
2905:ancient scripts.com
2377:, pp. 104–105.
2334:Mukhopadhyay (2019)
2273:on 1 November 2020.
2186:, pp. 504–505.
1976:, pp. 121–122.
1847:, pp. 105–108.
1415:History of Pakistan
1256:
1205:conditional entropy
1195:Iravatham Mahadevan
1149:Dholavira Signboard
1089:Indian subcontinent
1062:Phoenician alphabet
1037:Indo-Aryan language
1031:Indo-Aryan language
987:Iravatham Mahadevan
966:conditional entropy
906:Dravidian languages
560:Iravatham Mahadevan
504:Iravatham Mahadevan
207:Iravatham Mahadevan
141:Indus Valley Script
5244:Cemetery H culture
4937:on 13 August 2006.
4620:has generic name (
3799:on 1 November 2012
3407:on 19 January 2022
3272:on 26 August 2019.
3047:ancientscripts.com
2996:, p. 268–269.
1913:, p. 361–364.
1672:With reference to
1642:N. S. Rajaram
1420:History of writing
1274:National Fund for
1254:
1152:
1137:
1085:Indo-Aryan peoples
1016:
902:
880:
870:Dravidian language
852:, have been found.
833:Indus civilisation
765:
727:
623:
525:
501:Indian epigraphist
272:
261:
250:
235:
219:Dravidian language
50:Bronze Age writing
5841:Indian inventions
5746:
5745:
5668:Kotla Nihang Khan
5315:Harappan language
4839:978-0-521-57219-4
4756:978-1-134-88083-6
4542:978-81-7450-651-1
4494:Daimabad: 1976–79
4460:(7574): 499–501.
4181:978-0-7591-1642-9
4159:978-0-8122-3345-2
4122:cite encyclopedia
4116:on 27 March 2009.
4044:World Archaeology
3911:978-2-8653830-1-6
3881:978-81-206-1179-5
3653:Knorozov, Yuri V.
3532:Ghosh, Amalananda
3351:978-0-19-513777-4
3148:Rao et al. (2015)
3030:Fairservis (1992)
2994:Sreedharan (2007)
2887:Rao et al. (2010)
2872:Rao et al. (2009)
2857:Fairservis (1992)
2845:Fairservis (1971)
2766:, pp. 19–20.
2630:on 25 April 2020.
2507:Cunningham (1877)
2454:, pp. 10–14.
2348:, pp. 66–76.
2313:, pp. 10–11.
2299:Fairservis (1992)
2286:, pp. 14–15.
2235:Mahadevan (2001a)
2225:, pp. 21–22.
2110:, p. xlviii.
2072:Fairservis (1983)
1901:, pp. 10–20.
1860:Fairservis (1992)
1845:Cunningham (1875)
1718:, pp. 10–11.
1636:For example, see
1518:in Iraq, 5 from
1338:Private Use Areas
1307:
1306:
1255:Indus Script Font
1073:Hindu nationalist
942:Walter Fairservis
821:Harappan language
805:accounting tokens
769:Harappan language
581:Writing direction
557:Indian epigrapher
153:Harappan language
151:used to record a
129:
128:
102:Harappan language
5848:
5811:
5810:from Wikiversity
5803:
5802:
5801:
5794:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5757:
5369:Lakhueen-jo-daro
5224:Mehrgarh culture
5219:Bhirrana culture
5183:
5176:
5169:
5160:
5159:
5119:
5108:
5099:(1–4): 333–366.
5085:
5073:
5061:
5049:
5024:
4990:
4989:on 10 June 2014.
4985:. Archived from
4970:
4969:on 23 July 2007.
4965:. Archived from
4938:
4922:
4882:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4815:
4779:
4760:
4739:
4718:
4701:(4): e206–e208.
4685:
4657:
4644:
4625:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4585:
4573:
4571:
4569:10.5334/aa.12317
4546:
4527:
4498:
4487:
4477:
4444:
4415:
4398:(4): e198–e205.
4379:
4364:
4362:
4356:. Archived from
4329:
4316:
4306:
4278:
4277:on 2 March 2012.
4276:
4270:. Archived from
4227:
4210:
4198:
4191:Patrick Olivelle
4185:
4163:
4137:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4117:
4115:
4108:
4096:
4094:
4082:
4059:
4038:
4019:
4010:
4000:
3975:
3958:
3949:
3948:on 30 June 2011.
3947:
3936:
3922:
3921:on 23 July 2022.
3920:
3914:. Archived from
3899:
3885:
3866:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3834:. Archived from
3825:
3812:
3800:
3798:
3791:
3779:
3763:
3749:
3712:
3696:
3664:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3613:
3572:
3560:
3539:
3527:
3503:
3455:
3443:
3433:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3400:, archived from
3395:
3385:Everson, Michael
3380:
3369:
3355:
3329:
3318:
3288:
3287:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3268:. Archived from
3261:
3255:
3254:
3249:. Archived from
3239:
3233:
3232:
3227:. Archived from
3217:
3211:
3210:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3067:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3049:. Archived from
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2970:Mitchiner (1978)
2967:
2961:
2958:The Hindu (2014)
2955:
2949:
2946:Mahadevan (2014)
2943:
2937:
2934:Mahadevan (2008)
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2907:. Archived from
2896:
2890:
2884:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2791:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2700:Mahadevan (1977)
2697:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2654:
2648:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2626:. Archived from
2616:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2545:
2539:
2530:
2529:, 133, fig. 7.5.
2520:
2514:
2511:Plate No. XXVIII
2504:
2498:
2497:, p. 59–62.
2492:
2486:
2480:
2471:
2461:
2455:
2452:Mahadevan (1977)
2449:
2438:
2432:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2408:Mahadevan (1977)
2405:
2399:
2389:
2378:
2372:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2301:, pp. 9–10.
2296:
2287:
2284:Mahadevan (1977)
2281:
2275:
2274:
2269:. Archived from
2259:
2250:
2247:Mahadevan (2006)
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2201:, p. 21-22.
2196:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2120:Mahadevan (1977)
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2053:
2044:
2041:Mahadevan (1977)
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1990:. Archived from
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1962:Mahadevan (2004)
1959:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1791:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1747:
1738:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1618:
1612:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:Mahadevan (1977)
1550:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1526:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1440:Edicts of Ashoka
1410:History of India
1264:
1257:
1253:
1241:
1218:
1077:Aryan indigenist
1013:
1010:
1004:
984:
891:
797:merchant's marks
759:An Indus Valley
487:graffiti symbols
454:
451:
434:Rangpur, Gujarat
431:
428:
420:
417:
360:
357:
341:
338:
318:
315:
286:
283:
174:due to existing
124:
121:
92:
91:
70:
67:
34:
21:
20:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5797:
5787:
5782:
5780:
5770:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5756:sister projects
5753:at Knowledge's
5747:
5742:
5711:
5687:
5673:Kerala-no-dhoro
5448:
5324:
5303:
5253:
5192:
5187:
5134:Wayback Machine
5126:
4890:
4888:Further reading
4885:
4871:
4855:Zvelebil, Kamil
4844:
4842:
4840:
4820:Wright, Rita P.
4776:
4757:
4736:
4655:
4649:Sproat, Richard
4641:
4617:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4597:
4543:
4475:10.1038/526499a
4433:
4360:
4327:
4274:
4225:
4182:
4160:
4129:
4128:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4106:
4092:
4079:
4035:
3945:
3934:
3918:
3912:
3897:
3893:(2 July 2001).
3882:
3858:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3823:
3796:
3789:
3685:
3658:
3642:
3640:
3632:
3557:
3524:
3431:
3425:Witzel, Michael
3421:Sproat, Richard
3419:Farmer, Steve;
3410:
3408:
3404:
3393:
3352:
3315:
3296:
3291:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3262:
3258:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3225:www.harappa.com
3219:
3218:
3214:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3004:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2982:Robinson (2002)
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2897:
2893:
2885:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2827:
2823:
2817:Knorozov (1965)
2815:
2811:
2803:
2794:
2786:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2655:
2651:
2641:Marshall (1931)
2639:
2635:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2583:
2579:
2569:Marshall (1931)
2567:
2563:
2555:
2548:
2542:Zvelebil (1990)
2540:
2533:
2521:
2517:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2441:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2390:
2381:
2373:
2352:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2317:
2309:
2305:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2122:, pp. 6–7.
2118:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2094:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2054:
2047:
2043:, pp. 5–7.
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2021:www.harappa.com
2015:
2014:
2010:
1997:
1995:
1986:Rahman, Tariq.
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1899:Newberry (1980)
1897:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1821:Robinson (2015)
1819:
1794:
1786:
1779:
1766:
1764:
1748:
1741:
1729:
1722:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1652:
1648:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1564:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1435:Anaikoddai seal
1371:Related topics
1367:
1358:
1315:Michael Everson
1252:
1239:
1235:is flawed. Rao
1216:
1125:
1113:
1033:
1028:
1011:
918:proto-Dravidian
910:Proto-Dravidian
898:rebus principle
872:
846:bilingual texts
776:
774:Decipherability
771:
753:
737:
699:
687:Stephen Langdon
668:
662:
646:proto-cuneiform
641:, particularly
639:Iranian plateau
604:
583:
545:
513:
511:Characteristics
492:Gregory Possehl
475:
469:
452:
430: 1900 BCE
429:
418:
408:
396:water buffaloes
358:
348:
346:Mature Harappan
339:
316:
310:
300:materials like
284:
278:
227:
195:Raymond Allchin
137:Harappan script
122:
119:
86:
68:
62:
47:
37:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5854:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5813:
5812:
5795:
5793:from Wikiquote
5778:
5749:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5716:Related topics
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5689:
5688:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5459:
5457:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5439:Judeir-jo-daro
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5414:Pir Shah Jurio
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5304:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5274:
5272:Pashupati seal
5269:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5125:
5124:External links
5122:
5121:
5120:
5109:
5086:
5074:
5062:
5050:
5025:
4996:
4971:
4939:
4923:
4905:(1/4): 27–35.
4895:Lal, Braj Basi
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4869:
4851:
4838:
4816:
4780:
4774:
4761:
4755:
4740:
4734:
4719:
4686:
4668:(2): 457–481.
4645:
4639:
4626:
4586:
4578:Singh, Upinder
4574:
4547:
4541:
4528:
4516:10.2307/604670
4510:(2): 271–279.
4499:
4488:
4445:
4431:
4416:
4380:
4365:
4317:
4297:(4): 795–805.
4279:
4238:(5931): 1165.
4211:
4199:
4186:
4180:
4164:
4158:
4138:
4097:
4083:
4077:
4060:
4050:(3): 399–419.
4039:
4033:
4020:
4011:
3976:
3959:
3950:
3923:
3910:
3886:
3880:
3867:
3851:
3813:
3801:
3780:
3764:
3750:
3713:
3701:Lal, Braj Basi
3697:
3683:
3665:
3649:
3625:
3614:
3588:(2): 466–503.
3573:
3561:
3555:
3540:
3528:
3523:978-8120404915
3522:
3504:
3456:
3444:
3416:
3381:
3370:
3356:
3350:
3330:
3319:
3313:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3284:"Indus script"
3275:
3256:
3234:
3231:on 5 May 2017.
3212:
3194:
3176:
3172:Everson (1999)
3164:
3152:
3140:
3128:
3116:
3104:
3100:Parpola (2008)
3092:
3088:Parpola (2005)
3080:
3068:
3056:
3043:"Indus Script"
3034:
3022:
3020:, p. 137.
3018:Possehl (2002)
3010:
3008:, p. 411.
3006:Parpola (1986)
2998:
2986:
2974:
2962:
2950:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2901:"Indus Script"
2899:Lo, Lawrence.
2891:
2876:
2861:
2849:
2837:
2821:
2809:
2805:Parpola (1994)
2792:
2780:
2778:, 14:06―15:43.
2768:
2756:
2748:Possehl (2002)
2740:
2728:
2716:
2714:, p. 132.
2712:Possehl (2002)
2704:
2692:
2677:
2675:, p. 483.
2665:
2657:Possehl (2002)
2649:
2633:
2611:
2593:
2577:
2561:
2559:, p. 136.
2557:Possehl (2002)
2546:
2531:
2523:Possehl (2002)
2515:
2499:
2495:Possehl (1996)
2487:
2485:, p. 134.
2483:Possehl (2002)
2472:
2456:
2439:
2437:, p. 133.
2435:Possehl (2002)
2424:
2412:
2400:
2392:Possehl (2002)
2379:
2350:
2338:
2315:
2303:
2288:
2276:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2098:, p. 224.
2088:
2086:, p. 5–6.
2076:
2064:
2056:Possehl (2002)
2045:
2033:
2008:
1978:
1966:
1951:
1947:Salomon (1995)
1939:
1927:
1925:, p. 336.
1915:
1903:
1891:
1876:
1864:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1792:
1788:Possehl (1996)
1777:
1739:
1720:
1716:Kenoyer (2006)
1700:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1646:
1638:Egbert Richter
1629:
1613:
1597:
1585:
1572:
1562:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1495:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1251:
1248:
1168:Michael Witzel
1164:Richard Sproat
1135:, Indus Valley
1124:
1121:
1112:
1111:Munda language
1109:
1058:Proto-Sinaitic
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
871:
868:
863:
862:
854:
853:
837:
836:
816:
815:
788:
787:
775:
772:
752:
749:
709:discovered in
698:
695:
664:Main article:
661:
658:
603:
600:
582:
579:
575:hapax legomena
544:
541:
537:early numerals
512:
509:
471:Main article:
468:
465:
407:
404:
347:
344:
309:
308:Early Harappan
306:
297:textual corpus
269:British Museum
226:
223:
211:Kamil Zvelebil
183:S. R. Rao
149:writing system
127:
126:
117:
111:
110:
106:
105:
98:
94:
93:
76:
72:
71:
63:
60:
57:
56:
45:
43:
39:
38:
35:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5853:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5831:Proto-writing
5829:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5809:
5808:
5796:
5792:
5791:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5762:
5761:
5758:
5752:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5690:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5229:Kulli culture
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5209:Periodisation
5207:
5205:
5202:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5179:
5177:
5172:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5128:
5127:
5117:
5116:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5078:Parpola, Asko
5075:
5071:
5067:
5066:Parpola, Asko
5063:
5059:
5055:
5054:Parpola, Asko
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4997:
4994:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4899:East and West
4896:
4892:
4891:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4870:81-85452-01-6
4866:
4862:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4841:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4775:9781784910464
4771:
4767:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4735:9788190592802
4731:
4727:
4726:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4654:
4651:(June 2014).
4650:
4646:
4642:
4640:9788122411980
4636:
4633:. Routledge.
4632:
4627:
4623:
4611:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4548:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4432:0-07-135743-2
4428:
4424:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4372:
4366:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4333:IEEE Computer
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4123:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4098:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4080:
4078:9780521430791
4074:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4034:90-04-05455-3
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3940:
3933:
3929:
3924:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3852:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3705:Ancient India
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3684:90-5183-307-5
3680:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3285:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3161:
3160:Sproat (2015)
3156:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3136:Sproat (2014)
3132:
3125:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3101:
3096:
3090:, p. 37.
3089:
3084:
3077:
3076:Lawler (2004)
3072:
3065:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3032:, p. 14.
3031:
3026:
3019:
3014:
3007:
3002:
2995:
2990:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2942:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2918:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2830:
2829:Bryant (2001)
2825:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2777:
2772:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2736:Kuiper (1991)
2732:
2725:
2724:Witzel (1999)
2720:
2713:
2708:
2701:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2673:Hunter (1932)
2669:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2624:Louvre Museum
2621:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2431:
2429:
2422:, p. 13.
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2285:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2162:, p. 15.
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2042:
2037:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2005:
1994:on 9 May 2008
1993:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1895:
1888:
1887:Hunter (1934)
1883:
1881:
1873:
1868:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1834:
1833:Wright (2009)
1829:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1731:Bryant (2001)
1727:
1725:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1688:
1682:
1676:, chapter 10.
1675:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1605:Witzel (1999)
1601:
1594:
1593:Louvre Museum
1589:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1480:
1479:Bryant (2001)
1475:
1471:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:Lipi (script)
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1331:ISO/IEC 10646
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:code "Inds".
1312:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1290:Date released
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1247:
1245:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1156:coats of arms
1150:
1147:, dubbed the
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1120:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:and that the
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:David Frawley
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1053:Indo-European
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1023:
1021:
1006:
1003:
995:
991:
988:
983:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
930:
926:
925:Yuri Knorozov
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
899:
895:
890:
884:
876:
867:
860:
856:
855:
851:
850:Rosetta Stone
847:
843:
839:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:proto-writing
790:
789:
785:
781:
780:
779:
770:
762:
757:
748:
746:
742:
736:
732:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
707:cylinder seal
703:
694:
692:
688:
685:
684:Assyriologist
681:
680:John Marshall
677:
673:
667:
657:
655:
651:
647:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
621:
617:
613:
608:
599:
597:
592:
591:boustrophedon
588:
587:right to left
578:
576:
571:
569:
565:
561:
558:
554:
553:logo-syllabic
550:
540:
538:
534:
530:
522:
521:allographical
517:
508:
505:
502:
497:
493:
488:
484:
480:
474:
467:Post-Harappan
464:
462:
458:
447:
443:
439:
435:
424:
413:
406:Late Harappan
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
354:, from about
353:
343:
334:
330:
326:
322:
305:
303:
298:
294:
293:copper plates
290:
277:
270:
265:
259:
254:
248:
247:Guimet Museum
244:
239:
231:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
191:Brahmi script
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
118:
116:
112:
107:
103:
100:Unknown (see
99:
95:
90:
84:
83:boustrophedon
80:
77:
73:
64:
58:
55:
54:proto-writing
51:
44:
40:
33:
28:
22:
19:
5805:
5788:
5776:from Commons
5771:
5751:Indus script
5750:
5563:Lohari Ragho
5409:Tharro Hills
5399:Sutkagan Dor
5389:Rehman Dheri
5344:Mohenjo-daro
5320:Indus script
5319:
5277:
5266:Dancing Girl
5265:
5239:Bara culture
5234:Amri culture
5154:Omniglot.com
5150:Indus script
5114:
5096:
5090:
5081:
5069:
5057:
5029:
5004:
4987:the original
4982:
4967:the original
4954:
4950:
4935:the original
4902:
4898:
4859:
4845:29 September
4843:. Retrieved
4824:
4795:
4791:
4765:
4745:
4724:
4698:
4694:
4665:
4659:
4630:
4598:. Retrieved
4594:
4581:
4559:
4556:Ancient Asia
4555:
4532:
4507:
4503:
4493:
4457:
4453:
4421:
4395:
4391:
4370:
4358:the original
4340:(4): 76–80.
4337:
4331:
4294:
4290:
4272:the original
4235:
4229:
4206:
4194:
4171:
4145:
4111:the original
4102:
4088:
4064:
4047:
4043:
4024:
4015:
3988:
3984:
3963:
3954:
3943:the original
3938:
3916:the original
3901:
3871:
3862:
3843:. Retrieved
3836:the original
3831:
3827:
3794:the original
3785:
3775:
3771:
3758:
3721:
3717:
3708:
3704:
3673:
3660:
3641:. Retrieved
3636:
3619:
3585:
3581:
3568:
3565:Heras, Henry
3545:
3535:
3512:
3470:(3): 58–67.
3467:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3435:
3409:, retrieved
3402:the original
3389:
3375:
3364:
3337:
3324:
3303:
3278:
3270:the original
3259:
3251:the original
3246:
3237:
3229:the original
3224:
3215:
3206:
3197:
3188:
3179:
3167:
3155:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3059:
3051:the original
3046:
3037:
3025:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2972:, p. 5.
2965:
2953:
2941:
2929:
2917:
2909:the original
2904:
2894:
2852:
2840:
2824:
2812:
2788:Heras (1953)
2783:
2771:
2759:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2702:, p. 9.
2695:
2668:
2652:
2636:
2628:the original
2623:
2614:
2608:(in French).
2605:
2596:
2580:
2564:
2518:
2502:
2490:
2459:
2420:Wells (2015)
2415:
2403:
2346:Wells (2015)
2341:
2336:, p. 2.
2311:Bonta (2010)
2306:
2279:
2271:the original
2266:
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2179:
2172:Singh (2008)
2167:
2155:
2150:, p. 6.
2148:Bonta (2010)
2143:
2132:Singh (2008)
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:
2011:
2003:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1981:
1969:
1942:
1935:Goody (1987)
1930:
1918:
1911:Ghosh (1990)
1906:
1894:
1872:Ghosh (1990)
1867:
1862:, p. 5.
1840:
1835:, p. 7.
1828:
1772:
1765:. Retrieved
1755:
1686:
1681:
1668:
1661:Asko Parpola
1649:
1632:
1616:
1600:
1588:
1581:Asko Parpola
1575:
1565:
1554:Asko Parpola
1548:
1539:
1530:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1449:
1445:Protohistory
1359:
1349:
1348:in his book
1346:Asko Parpola
1335:
1308:
1282:Date created
1276:Mohenjo-daro
1243:
1236:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1209:
1198:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1175:Asko Parpola
1173:
1153:
1114:
1105:inflectional
1070:
1048:
1044:
1034:
1019:
1017:
974:
952:or possibly
937:
929:Asko Parpola
922:
920:assumption.
903:
864:
859:hieroglyphic
812:clay tablets
784:copper plate
777:
761:copper plate
738:
676:Tamil-Brahmi
669:
624:
596:mirror image
584:
572:
562:published a
546:
526:
483:Tamil-Brahmi
476:
438:Jhukar phase
409:
388:Mohenjo-daro
349:
311:
279:
215:Asko Parpola
180:
165:
140:
136:
133:Indus script
132:
130:
24:Indus script
18:
5694:Afghanistan
5648:Bhagwanpura
5553:Oriyo timbo
5278:Priest-king
5204:Indus River
4798:(1): 1–67.
4618:|last=
4454:Nature News
4130:|work=
3991:(1): 1–37.
3845:27 February
3294:Works cited
3247:Mohenjodaro
3207:unicode.org
2984:, p. .
2738:, p. .
2267:Mohenjodaro
2184:Sali (1986)
2174:, p. .
1998:20 November
1609:Proto-Munda
1570:publishing.
1303:Proprietary
1270:Designer(s)
1160:totem poles
1047:(1973) and
977:homophonous
948:indicating
914:Henry Heras
848:, like the
819:The spoken
801:house marks
795:similar to
635:Mesopotamia
568:concordance
533:tally marks
461:Maharashtra
384:Indus River
363:stamp seals
335:phase from
327:during the
319:during the
289:stamp seals
243:stamp seals
187:Krishna Rao
172:Mesopotamia
61:Time period
42:Script type
5820:Categories
5790:Quotations
5558:Dher Majra
5528:Rakhigarhi
5508:Alamgirpur
5498:Kalibangan
5488:Jognakhera
5468:Gola Dhoro
5429:Ganeriwala
5404:Sokhta Koh
5359:Ganweriwal
5354:Chanhudaro
4784:Witzel, M.
4600:21 October
4374:(Speech).
3778:: 379–386.
3556:0521332680
3314:0521375479
3112:Rao (2010)
2922:Rao (2011)
2831:, p.
2776:Rao (2011)
2750:, p.
2659:, p.
2643:, p.
2587:, p.
2571:, p.
2525:, p.
2466:, p.
2464:Sen (1999)
2394:, p.
2223:Ray (2006)
2211:Lal (1960)
2199:Ray (2006)
2134:, p.
2058:, p.
1974:Ray (2006)
1767:25 January
1733:, p.
1697:References
1674:Rao (1973)
1524:Chandigarh
1508:Kalibangan
1506:, 99 from
1492:Chanhudaro
1395:Sindhology
1066:Sanskritic
729:See also:
631:substratum
479:Megalithic
382:along the
368:terracotta
274:See also:
258:Met Museum
5807:Resources
5707:Shortugai
5628:Babar Kot
5593:Ganeshwar
5578:Loteshwar
5493:Surkotada
5478:Bhagatrav
5463:Dholavira
5434:Nindowari
5419:Allahdino
5046:233754033
5021:235275002
4983:The Hindu
4945:(2001b).
4911:0012-8376
4812:1084-7561
4715:146513140
4682:146376955
4610:cite news
4595:The Hindu
4412:146385983
4132:ignored (
4027:. Brill.
4007:2055-1045
3746:152563280
3655:(1965),
3610:163294522
3602:0035-869X
3516:. BRILL.
3492:0036-8733
3411:31 August
1762:Vox Media
1757:The Verge
1685:Given as
1522:, 4 from
1520:Surkotada
1514:, 6 from
1510:, 7 from
1502:165 from
1311:ISO 15924
1145:Dholavira
1133:Khirasara
970:Old Tamil
962:syntactic
894:homophone
842:digraphic
829:substrate
809:numerical
654:diffusion
549:phonogram
529:pictorial
496:B. B. Lal
376:soapstone
372:sandstone
203:Sri Lanka
115:ISO 15924
109:ISO 15924
97:Languages
75:Direction
48:possibly
5702:Mundigak
5683:Desalpur
5678:Mitathal
5658:Banawali
5653:Bhirrana
5618:Pabumath
5533:Rupnagar
5513:Daimabad
5444:Dabarkot
5384:Kot Diji
5364:Mehrgarh
5349:Nausharo
5331:Pakistan
5214:Religion
5105:29757733
4963:44155743
4957:: 1–23.
4929:(1999).
4919:29756504
4879:24332848
4857:(1990).
4822:(2009).
4786:(1999).
4695:Language
4661:Language
4580:(2008).
4484:26490603
4441:48032556
4392:Language
4354:15353538
4323:(2010).
4268:15565405
4260:19389998
4221:(2009).
4205:(1973).
4170:(2002).
4144:(1996).
3930:(2010).
3819:(2008).
3807:(2006).
3756:(1977).
3738:15604381
3693:26608387
3671:(1991).
3567:(1953).
3510:(1992).
3500:24968852
3450:(1971).
3427:(2004).
3362:(1875).
3336:(2001).
1656:kaṇṭh(a)
1621:(..)ibra
1512:Banawali
1401:History
1365:See also
1244:Language
1228:Language
1002:Paśupati
743:used in
717:), in a
713:(modern
682:and the
643:Sumerian
637:and the
457:Daimabad
446:potsherd
380:Pakistan
329:Kot Diji
139:and the
5723:Meluhha
5643:Bargaon
5623:Nagwada
5613:Sanghol
5608:Sanauli
5588:Farmana
5573:Kuntasi
5483:Rangpur
5424:Balakot
5374:Larkana
5339:Harappa
5132:at the
4462:Bibcode
4240:Bibcode
4231:Science
4193:(ed.).
3718:Science
3711:: 4–24.
3643:25 June
3472:Bibcode
1625:Meluhha
1385:Meluhha
1356:Decline
1299:License
1250:Unicode
1200:Science
1101:affixes
950:kinship
825:Rigveda
719:stratum
650:Elamite
414:, from
400:unicorn
392:Harappa
350:In the
302:papyrus
282:approx.
5603:Siswal
5568:Dwarka
5548:Kanmer
5518:Malwan
5473:Lothal
5103:
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4961:
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2026:22 May
1504:Lothal
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1240:'s
1237:et al.
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1210:et al.
1184:et al.
1179:et al.
1166:, and
1005:' seal
946:totems
933:Soviet
672:Brahmi
627:Brahmi
612:Brahmi
564:corpus
285:
241:Three
225:Corpus
213:, and
161:syntax
85:
5773:Media
5663:Rojdi
5598:Sothi
5583:Mandi
5543:Hulas
5538:Rupar
5523:Kunal
5503:Manda
5455:India
5379:Pirak
5101:JSTOR
5042:S2CID
5017:S2CID
4959:JSTOR
4915:JSTOR
4711:S2CID
4678:S2CID
4656:(PDF)
4520:JSTOR
4408:S2CID
4361:(PDF)
4350:S2CID
4328:(PDF)
4309:S2CID
4275:(PDF)
4264:S2CID
4226:(PDF)
4114:(PDF)
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4093:(PDF)
3946:(PDF)
3935:(PDF)
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3633:(PDF)
3606:S2CID
3496:JSTOR
3432:(PDF)
3405:(PDF)
3394:(PDF)
1466:Notes
954:clans
442:Sindh
123:(610)
5638:Bara
5633:Balu
5394:Amri
4907:ISSN
4875:OCLC
4865:ISBN
4847:2013
4834:ISBN
4808:ISSN
4770:ISBN
4751:ISBN
4730:ISBN
4635:ISBN
4622:help
4602:2018
4537:ISBN
4480:PMID
4437:OCLC
4427:ISBN
4256:PMID
4176:ISBN
4154:ISBN
4134:help
4073:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4003:ISSN
3906:ISBN
3876:ISBN
3865:(4).
3847:2022
3734:PMID
3689:OCLC
3679:ISBN
3645:2022
3598:ISSN
3551:ISBN
3518:ISBN
3488:ISSN
3442:(2).
3413:2010
3346:ISBN
3309:ISBN
2028:2020
2000:2008
1769:2017
1640:and
1342:font
1293:2017
1285:2016
1075:and
807:and
799:and
745:Elam
733:and
715:Iran
711:Susa
674:and
648:and
566:and
410:The
390:and
333:Ravi
131:The
120:Inds
5152:at
5034:doi
5009:doi
4800:doi
4703:doi
4670:doi
4564:doi
4512:doi
4508:115
4470:doi
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4400:doi
4376:TED
4342:doi
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3993:doi
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3722:306
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