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978:, dissipated spontaneously. Buridan's position was that a moving object would be arrested by the resistance of the air and the weight of the body which would oppose its impetus. Buridan also maintained that impetus increased with speed; thus, his initial idea of impetus was similar in many ways to the modern concept of momentum. Despite the obvious similarities to more modern ideas of inertia, Buridan saw his theory as only a modification to Aristotle's basic philosophy, maintaining many other
746:
1102:" if it does not carry the moving body towards or away from the center of the Earth, and for him, "a ship, for instance, having once received some impetus through the tranquil sea, would move continually around our globe without ever stopping." It is also worth noting that Galileo later (in 1632) concluded that based on this initial premise of inertia, it is impossible to tell the difference between a moving object and a stationary one without some outside
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the term "inertia" has come to mean simply the phenomenon itself, rather than any inherent mechanism. Thus, ultimately, "inertia" in modern classical physics has come to be a name for the same phenomenon as described by Newton's first law of motion, and the two concepts are now considered to be equivalent.
1147:
However, Newton's original ideas of "innate resistive force" were ultimately problematic for a variety of reasons, and thus most physicists no longer think in these terms. As no alternate mechanism has been readily accepted, and it is now generally accepted that there may not be one that we can know,
1097:
Galileo writes that "all external impediments removed, a heavy body on a spherical surface concentric with the earth will maintain itself in that state in which it has been; if placed in a movement towards the west (for example), it will maintain itself in that movement." This notion, which is termed
982:
views, including the belief that there was still a fundamental difference between an object in motion and an object at rest. Buridan also believed that impetus could be not only linear but also circular in nature, causing objects (such as celestial bodies) to move in a circle. Buridan's theory was
927:
criticized the inconsistency between
Aristotle's discussion of projectiles, where the medium keeps projectiles going, and his discussion of the void, where the medium would hinder a body's motion. Philoponus proposed that motion was not maintained by the action of a surrounding medium, but by some
907:
to believe that objects would move only as long as force was applied to them. Aristotle said that all moving objects (on Earth) eventually come to rest unless an external power (force) continued to move them. Aristotle explained the continued motion of projectiles, after being separated from their
1139:
Despite having defined the concept in his laws of motion, Newton did not actually use the term "inertia.” In fact, he originally viewed the respective phenomena as being caused by "innate forces" inherent in matter which resist any acceleration. Given this perspective, and borrowing from Kepler,
2095:
This usual statement of Newton's law from the Motte-Cajori translation, is however misleading giving the impression that 'state' refers only to rest and not motion whereas it refers to both. So the comma should come after 'state' not 'rest' (Koyre: Newtonian
Studies London 1965 Chap III, App
1210:
In general relativity, the concept of inertial motion got a broader meaning. Taking into account general relativity, inertial motion is any movement of a body that is not affected by forces of electrical, magnetic, or other origin, but that is only under the influence of gravitational masses.
1043:(published in three parts from 1617 to 1621). However, the meaning of Kepler's term, which he derived from the Latin word for "idleness" or "laziness", was not quite the same as its modern interpretation. Kepler defined inertia only in terms of resistance to movement, once again based on the
2045:
According to
Newtonian mechanics, if a projectile on a smooth spherical planet is given an initial horizontal velocity, it will not remain on the surface of the planet. Various curves are possible depending on the initial speed and the height of the launch. See Harris Benson
1058:
The principle of inertia, as formulated by
Aristotle for "motions in a void", includes that a mundane object tends to resist a change in motion. The Aristotelian division of motion into mundane and celestial became increasingly problematic in the face of the conclusions of
2054:. If constrained to remain on the surface, by being sandwiched, say, in between two concentric spheres, it will follow a great circle on the surface of the earth, i.e. will only maintain a westerly direction if fired along the equator. See "Using great circles"
928:
property imparted to the object when it was set in motion. Although this was not the modern concept of inertia, for there was still the need for a power to keep a body in motion, it proved a fundamental step in that direction. This view was strongly opposed by
853:, or innate force of matter, is a power of resisting by which every body, as much as in it lies, endeavours to persevere in its present state, whether it be of rest or of moving uniformly forward in a right line.
1089:, recognized these problems with the then-accepted nature of motion and, at least partially, as a result, included a restatement of Aristotle's description of motion in a void as a basic physical principle:
87:
3134:
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portion of corporeal matter which moves by itself when an impetus has been impressed on it by any external motive force has a natural tendency to move on a rectilinear, not a curved, path.
1098:"circular inertia" or "horizontal circular inertia" by historians of science, is a precursor to, but is distinct from, Newton's notion of rectilinear inertia. For Galileo, a motion is "
111:
829:
LAW I. Every object perseveres in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, except insofar as it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed thereon.
2549:
1195:, Einstein's concept of inertia remained at first unchanged from Newton's original meaning. However, this resulted in a limitation inherent in special relativity: the
1026:' geometrization of space-matter, combined with the immutability of God." The first physicist to completely break away from the Aristotelian model of motion was
2484:
2108:
2013:
1135:
Every body perseveres in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed thereon.
1796:
Espinoza, Fernando. "An
Analysis of the Historical Development of Ideas About Motion and its Implications for Teaching". Physics Education. Vol. 40(2).
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1493:
2068:
1259:
is applied; this is called conservation of angular momentum. Rotational inertia is often considered in relation to a rigid body. For example, a
1140:
Newton conceived of "inertia" as "the innate force possessed by an object which resists changes in motion", thus defining "inertia" to mean the
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2452:
1127:
841:
3176:
777:
1729:
2257:
McCloskey, M & Carmazza, A (1980), "Curvilinear motion in the absence of external forces: naĂŻve beliefs about the motion of objects",
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1949:
366:
911:
Despite its general acceptance, Aristotle's concept of motion was disputed on several occasions by notable philosophers over nearly two
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1809:
485:
1010:
Benedetti cites the motion of a rock in a sling as an example of the inherent linear motion of objects, forced into circular motion.
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that rest was a natural state which did not need explanation. It was not until the later work of
Galileo and Newton unified
2701:
1155:
The effect of inertial mass: if pulled slowly, the upper thread breaks (a). If pulled quickly, the lower thread breaks (b).
991:, who performed various experiments which further undermined the Aristotelian model. Their work in turn was elaborated by
903:, both of which tend to decrease the speed of moving objects (commonly to the point of rest). This misled the philosopher
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1996:. Chalmers does not, however, believe that Galileo's physics had a general principle of inertia, circular or otherwise.
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and Newton. While this revolutionary theory did significantly change the meaning of many
Newtonian concepts such as
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in the 16th century, who argued that the Earth is never at rest, but is actually in constant motion around the Sun.
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2117:
834:
Isaac Newton, Principia, The
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Translation by Cohen and Whitman, 1999
732:
3119:
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106:
3322:
1993:
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101:
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814:
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1965:
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A body moving on a level surface will continue in the same direction at a constant speed unless disturbed.
763:
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511:
434:
356:
199:
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1591:...it stops when the force which is pushing the travelling object has no longer power to push it along...
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projector, as an (itself unexplained) action of the surrounding medium continuing to move the projectile.
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3109:
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2765:
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2051:
1467:
1103:
923:) stated that the "default state" of the matter was motion, not stasis (stagnation). In the 6th century,
430:
231:
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891:(384–322 BCE). On the surface of the Earth, the inertia property of physical objects is often masked by
209:
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404:
1988:, eds. Steven French and Harmke Kamminga, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1991, pp. 199–200,
1117:
Concepts of inertia in
Galileo's writings would later come to be refined, modified, and codified by
3396:
2745:
2686:
2669:
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680:
524:
20:
1199:
could only apply to inertial reference frames. To address this limitation, Einstein developed his
2723:
2476:
1287:
1273:
1196:
1099:
630:
394:
1203:("The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity", 1916), which provided a theory including
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1603:
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1997:
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1701:
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in one principle that the term "inertia" could be applied to those concepts as it is today.
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2532:
2338:
705:
665:
573:
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1412:
Andrew Motte's 1729 (1846) translation translated Newton's "nisi quatenus" erroneously as
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8:
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34:
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philosophers who supported
Aristotle. However, this view did not go unchallenged in the
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351:
226:
194:
154:
1515:. Translated by Cohen, I.B.; Whitman, A. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
879:(475–221 BCE) – as having given the first description of inertia. Before the European
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2143:
1989:
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1854:
1751:
1705:
1694:
1638:
1615:
1516:
1297:
1244:
1066:
959:
817:(also known as The Principle of Inertia). It is one of the primary manifestations of
806:
620:
577:
534:
529:
470:
246:
236:
129:
1771:
3429:
3369:
3295:
2998:
2974:
2950:
2780:
2526:
2346:
2305:
2270:
1540:
Newton's Principia: the mathematical principles of natural philosophy (3rd edition)
1449:
1441:
1399:
Newton's Principia: the mathematical principles of natural philosophy (3rd edition)
1252:
1086:
950:(Avicenna) claimed that a projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless acted upon.
868:
715:
695:
640:
635:
581:
556:
411:
269:
214:
189:
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1034:
924:
822:
710:
655:
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600:
519:
1354:
3379:
3334:
3312:
3200:
3029:
2854:
2837:
2807:
2594:
2292:
Ragep, F. Jamil (2001a). "Tusi and Copernicus: The Earth's Motion in Context".
1606:, Chapter 1, "Things that Move", Louis Bloomfield, Professor of Physics at the
1494:"Mistranslation of Newton's First Law Discovered after Nearly Nearly 300 Years"
1303:
1027:
900:
737:
645:
546:
263:
2385:
2327:"Freeing Astronomy from Philosophy: An Aspect of Islamic Influence on Science"
2309:
2274:
3526:
3510:
3389:
3074:
2956:
2898:
1984:
See Alan Chalmers article "Galilean Relativity and Galileo's Relativity", in
1375:
1212:
992:
933:
625:
452:
3154:
2269:. Vol. The Lecture Notes in Physics. Volume 897. Heidelberg: Springer.
1211:
Physically speaking, this happens to be exactly what a properly functioning
1106:
to compare it against. This observation ultimately came to be the basis for
3414:
2962:
2832:
2641:
2616:
2579:
2421:
2267:
Inertia and Gravitation. The Fundamental Nature and Structure of Space-Time
2090:
Newton's Principia : the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
1118:
995:
who pioneered the practice of illustrating the laws of motion with graphs.
971:
940:, where Philoponus had several supporters who further developed his ideas.
810:
690:
615:
304:
184:
2192:
1750:(1st ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 227–228.
1696:
Gravity's arc: the story of gravity, from Aristotle to Einstein and beyond
1247:), the property that a rotating rigid body maintains its state of uniform
2980:
2589:
2468:
2337:(Science in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions): 49–64 & 66–71.
2234:
Clement, J (1982), "Students' preconceptions in introductory mechanics",
1986:
Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics: Essays in Honour of Heinz Post
880:
872:
1877:
Isaac Beeckman on Matter and Motion: Mechanical Philosophy in the Making
1554:
1453:
1445:
3434:
3424:
3104:
2992:
1002:
modified the growing theory of impetus to involve linear motion alone:
475:
149:
1747:
Matter, space and motion : theories in antiquity and their sequel
1263:
uses the property that it resists any change in the axis of rotation.
974:
rejected the notion that a motion-generating property, which he named
3285:
1260:
1074:
1023:
916:
912:
904:
888:
497:
1845:
The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas
1589:: Loeb Classical Library Cambridge (Mass.) and London, p. 407,
2626:
2567:
2390:
2350:
1436:
1248:
1192:
947:
944:
929:
920:
896:
805:
or direction to change. It is one of the fundamental principles in
416:
299:
274:
2193:"inertia | Etymology, origin and meaning of inertia by etymonline"
2572:
2460:
2374:
1082:
965:
892:
389:
159:
1513:
The Principia, The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
797:
to stay in motion and objects at rest to stay at rest, unless a
3138:
1422:
Hoek, D. (2023). "Forced Changes Only: A New Take on Inertia".
1256:
1188:
794:
448:
294:
204:
19:
This article is about inertia in physics. For other uses, see
1044:
802:
798:
284:
279:
221:
1966:"Galilei's presentation of his principle of inertia, p. 113"
1808:
Jean Buridan: Quaestiones on Aristotle's Physics (quoted at
2179:"Einstein's Theory of Relativity - inertial motion, p. 252"
1903:, Cambridge University Press, 2016, "Inertia.", p. 405
1184:
818:
289:
252:
2140:
862:
82:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
2116:, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, archived from
1612:
How Everything Works: Making Physics Out of the Ordinary
1022:, inertia "entered science as a physical consequence of
1144:
of the phenomenon, rather than the phenomenon itself.
1571:
46:
1880:, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 105–110,
2142:
2110:The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity
1842:
1693:
81:
3115:Statal Institute of Higher Education Isaac Newton
2181:. New York, E. P. Dutton and company, publishers.
2027:"Discoveries and Opinions of Galileo, p. 113-114"
3508:
2149:. New York: Courier Dover Publications. p.
1504:
2069:Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems
1300:of synchronous generators in an electrical grid
3184:
3170:
2406:
1939:7th paragraph of section 8, book 4 of Physica
821:, one of the core quantitative properties of
771:
1685:
998:Shortly before Galileo's theory of inertia,
2264:
1637:. University of Toronto Press. p. 21.
1614:, John Wiley & Sons (2007), hardcover,
1227:The term inertia comes from the Latin word
1128:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
1033:The term "inertia" was first introduced by
842:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
3177:
3163:
2413:
2399:
2250:McCloskey, M (1983), "Intuitive physics",
1873:
1215:is indicating when it does not detect any
1171:, as proposed in his 1905 paper entitled "
857:
778:
764:
16:Fundamental principle of classical physics
2012:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1961,
1837:
1670:, trans. by R. P. Hardie and R. K. Gaye,
1435:
2176:
2106:
1634:Aristotle's Science of Matter and Motion
1468:"What Newton really meant | Daniel Hoek"
1150:
1073:
1065:
845:, Newton defined inertia as a property:
2265:Pfister, Herbert; King, Markus (2015).
1951:The Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
1849:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1743:
1691:
1173:On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
3509:
3375:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
2324:
2291:
2086:
2010:The Mechanisation of the World Picture
1536:
1510:
1492:Pappas, Stephanie (5 September 2023).
1491:
1472:IAI TV - Changing how the world thinks
1395:
1373:
1352:
1276:devices which may also be known as an
863:Early understanding of inertial motion
793:is the natural tendency of objects in
3158:
2665:Newton's law of universal gravitation
2394:
1630:
1255:remains unchanged unless an external
1234:
1175:", was built on the understanding of
883:, the prevailing theory of motion in
460:Newton's law of universal gravitation
2823:Newton's theorem of revolving orbits
2420:
2141:Max Born; GĂĽnther Leibfried (1962).
2134:
1912:
1555:"No. 2080 The Survival of Invention"
1535:Andrew Motte's English translation:
1421:
1394:Andrew Motte's English translation:
1085:, in his further development of the
1013:
953:
2771:Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy
2512:standing on the shoulders of giants
2093:, New York: Daniel Adee, p. 83
2085:Andrew Motte's English translation:
1916:Restoring the Bioelectrical Machine
1776:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1543:, New York: Daniel Adee, p. 73
1402:, New York: Daniel Adee, p. 83
1125:(first published in Newton's work,
875:– based on a Chinese text from the
441:Mechanics of planar particle motion
49:
13:
2386:Why Does the Earth Spin? (YouTube)
2212:
14:
3543:
2367:
2245:Medieval and Early Modern Science
2105:Alfred Engel English Translation:
2024:
1963:
1239:A quantity related to inertia is
3100:Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes
2373:
1913:Biad, Abder-Rahim (2018-01-26).
1700:. John Wiley and Sons. pp.
1207:(accelerated) reference frames.
1040:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae
745:
744:
731:
64:
3496:Timeline of physics discoveries
3120:Newton International Fellowship
2801:generalized Gauss–Newton method
2714:Newton's method in optimization
2185:
2170:
2145:Einstein's Theory of Relativity
2099:
2079:
2060:
2039:
2018:
2002:
1978:
1957:
1942:
1933:
1906:
1901:The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon
1893:
1867:
1831:
1815:
1802:
1790:
1764:
1737:
1718:
1654:
1624:
1596:
1572:Aristotle: Minor works (1936),
1565:
1018:According to science historian
1547:
1529:
1485:
1460:
1406:
1388:
1367:
1346:
1:
2261:vol. 210, pp. 1139–1141.
2221:The Origins of Modern Science
1587:University of Chicago Library
1340:
1159:
943:In the 11th century, Persian
367:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
2741:Newton's theorem about ovals
1231:, meaning idle or sluggish.
1222:
1201:general theory of relativity
435:Non-inertial reference frame
7:
3460:Quantum information science
3110:Sir Isaac Newton Sixth Form
2766:Corpuscular theory of light
2692:Schrödinger–Newton equation
2237:American Journal of Physics
1839:Gillispie, Charles Coulston
1631:Byrne, Christopher (2018).
1602:Pages 2 to 4, Section 1.1,
1266:
362:Appell's equation of motion
232:Inertial frame of reference
10:
3548:
3291:Classical electromagnetism
2519:Notes on the Jewish Temple
2302:Cambridge University Press
2254:, April, pp. 114–123.
1874:van Berkel, Klaas (2013),
1309:List of moments of inertia
1293:Inertial navigation system
1020:Charles Coulston Gillispie
963:
957:
18:
3468:
3405:
3333:
3249:
3221:
3193:
3128:
3065:
3020:
2943:
2885:
2640:
2560:
2495:
2428:
2325:Ragep, F. Jamil (2001b).
2310:10.1017/S0269889701000060
2275:10.1007/978-3-319-15036-9
2107:Einstein, Albert (1997),
1744:Sorabji, Richard (1988).
1728:(London: Penguin, 1988),
1177:inertial reference frames
1110:to develop the theory of
983:followed up by his pupil
3397:Condensed matter physics
2670:post-Newtonian expansion
2550:Corruptions of Scripture
2542:Ancient Kingdoms Amended
1353:Britannica, Dictionary.
1213:three-axis accelerometer
919:(following, presumably,
525:Rotating reference frame
357:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
21:Inertia (disambiguation)
2860:Absolute space and time
2724:truncated Newton method
2697:Newton's laws of motion
2660:Newton's law of cooling
2219:Butterfield, H (1957),
1726:On the Nature of Things
1692:Darling, David (2006).
1355:"definition of INERTIA"
1319:Newton's laws of motion
1288:Vertical and horizontal
1274:Flywheel energy storage
1197:principle of relativity
858:History and development
466:Newton's laws of motion
326:Newton's laws of motion
3481:Nobel Prize in Physics
3343:Relativistic mechanics
3095:Isaac Newton Telescope
3085:Isaac Newton Institute
2855:Newton–Puiseux theorem
2850:Parallelogram of force
2838:kissing number problem
2828:Newton–Euler equations
2731:Gauss–Newton algorithm
2680:gravitational constant
2378:Quotations related to
2087:Newton, Isaac (1846),
1899:Lawrence Nolan (ed.),
1823:Essays on Galileo etc.
1608:University of Virginia
1537:Newton, Isaac (1846),
1396:Newton, Isaac (1846),
1179:developed by Galileo,
1156:
1137:
1095:
1079:
1071:
1008:
1000:Giambattista Benedetti
855:
837:
493:Simple harmonic motion
406:Euler's laws of motion
200:D'Alembert's principle
83:
3486:Philosophy of physics
3049:Isaac Newton Gargoyle
2959: (nephew-in-law)
2935:Copernican Revolution
2930:Scientific Revolution
2791:Newton–Cotes formulas
2655:Newton's inequalities
2632:Structural coloration
2243:Crombie, A C (1959),
1948:Nicholas Copernicus,
1424:Philosophy of Science
1374:Britannica, Science.
1334:Parallel axis theorem
1154:
1133:
1091:
1077:
1069:
1004:
970:In the 14th century,
877:Warring States period
847:
827:
347:Hamiltonian mechanics
165:Statistical mechanics
84:
3445:Mathematical physics
3056:Astronomers Monument
2746:Newton–Pepys problem
2719:Apollonius's problem
2687:Newton–Cartan theory
2600:Newton–Okounkov body
2533:hypotheses non fingo
2522: (c. 1680)
1121:as the first of his
1045:axiomatic assumption
987:(1316–1390) and the
849:DEFINITION III. The
570:Angular acceleration
562:Rotational frequency
342:Lagrangian mechanics
335:Analytical mechanics
91:Second law of motion
44:
3517:Classical mechanics
3420:Atmospheric physics
3259:Classical mechanics
3187:branches of physics
2865:Luminiferous aether
2813:Newton's identities
2786:Newton's cannonball
2761:Classical mechanics
2751:Newtonian potential
2612:Newtonian telescope
2343:2001Osir...16...49R
2252:Scientific American
2123:on 15 November 2015
2056:Using great circles
1919:. Lulu Press, Inc.
1664:, 8.10, 267a1–21;
1576:Mechanical Problems
1511:Newton, I. (1999).
1498:Scientific American
1446:10.1017/psa.2021.38
1324:Classical mechanics
1217:proper acceleration
1061:Nicolaus Copernicus
895:and the effects of
815:first law of motion
809:, and described by
422:Harmonic oscillator
400:Equations of motion
35:Classical mechanics
29:Part of a series on
3476:History of physics
3090:Isaac Newton Medal
2895: (birthplace)
2709:Newtonian dynamics
2607:Newton's reflector
2294:Science in Context
2197:www.etymonline.com
2048:University Physics
2008:Dijksterhuis E.J.
1678:2007-01-29 at the
1650:Extract of page 21
1329:Special relativity
1283:General relativity
1241:rotational inertia
1235:Rotational inertia
1169:special relativity
1157:
1112:special relativity
1080:
1072:
1070:Isaac Newton, 1689
989:Oxford Calculators
885:western philosophy
738:Physics portal
352:Routhian mechanics
227:Frame of reference
79:
3504:
3503:
3491:Physics education
3440:Materials science
3407:Interdisciplinary
3365:Quantum mechanics
3152:
3151:
3044: (sculpture)
3011:Abraham de Moivre
2965: (professor)
2893:Woolsthorpe Manor
2845:Newton's quotient
2818:Newton polynomial
2776:Newton's notation
2507: (1661–1665)
2284:978-3-319-15035-2
2177:Max Born (1922).
2050:, New York 1991,
2025:Drake, Stillman.
1964:Drake, Stillman.
1798:Medieval thought.
1772:"John Philoponus"
1733:
1711:978-0-471-71989-2
1673:
1644:978-1-4875-0396-3
1620:978-0-471-74817-5
1522:978-0-520-29087-7
1376:"inertia physics"
1298:Inertial response
1245:moment of inertia
1014:Classical inertia
960:Theory of impetus
954:Theory of impetus
839:In his 1687 work
825:. Newton writes:
807:classical physics
788:
787:
535:Centrifugal force
530:Centripetal force
486:Euler's equations
471:Relative velocity
247:Moment of inertia
77:
51:
3539:
3430:Chemical physics
3370:Particle physics
3296:Classical optics
3179:
3172:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3140:
3035: (monotype)
2999:William Stukeley
2995: (disciple)
2975:Benjamin Pulleyn
2951:Catherine Barton
2870:Newtonian series
2781:Rotating spheres
2527:General Scholium
2422:Sir Isaac Newton
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2377:
2362:
2321:
2288:
2240:vol 50, pp 66–71
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:inertial motion.
2148:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2122:
2115:
2103:
2097:
2094:
2083:
2077:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1910:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1848:
1835:
1829:
1821:Stillman Drake.
1819:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1741:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1699:
1689:
1683:
1671:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1628:
1622:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1439:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1314:Mach's principle
1253:angular momentum
1087:Copernican model
985:Albert of Saxony
869:John H. Lienhard
835:
823:physical systems
780:
773:
766:
753:
748:
747:
740:
736:
735:
641:Johann Bernoulli
636:Daniel Bernoulli
557:Tangential speed
461:
437:
412:Fictitious force
407:
259:Mechanical power
249:
190:Angular momentum
88:
86:
85:
80:
78:
76:
68:
67:
58:
53:
52:
26:
25:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3536:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3464:
3450:Medical physics
3401:
3360:Nuclear physics
3329:
3323:Non-equilibrium
3245:
3217:
3189:
3183:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3124:
3080:Newton's cradle
3061:
3016:
2989: (student)
2987:William Whiston
2983: (student)
2939:
2920:Religious views
2881:
2796:Newton's method
2756:Newtonian fluid
2650:Bucket argument
2636:
2556:
2491:
2424:
2419:
2370:
2365:
2285:
2215:
2213:Further reading
2210:
2201:
2199:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2175:
2171:
2161:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2065:
2061:
2044:
2040:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2003:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1836:
1832:
1820:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1732:'all must move'
1723:
1719:
1712:
1690:
1686:
1680:Wayback Machine
1659:
1655:
1645:
1629:
1625:
1601:
1597:
1570:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1509:
1505:
1490:
1486:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1411:
1407:
1393:
1389:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1278:Inertia battery
1269:
1237:
1225:
1165:Albert Einstein
1162:
1108:Albert Einstein
1078:Galileo Galilei
1035:Johannes Kepler
1016:
968:
962:
956:
925:John Philoponus
915:. For example,
871:points out the
865:
860:
836:
833:
784:
743:
730:
729:
722:
721:
720:
595:
587:
586:
566:
520:Circular motion
514:
504:
503:
502:
459:
429:
426:
405:
384:
376:
375:
372:
371:
329:
319:
311:
310:
309:
268:
264:Mechanical work
257:
241:
179:
171:
170:
169:
124:
116:
93:
69:
63:
59:
57:
48:
47:
45:
42:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3339:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3313:Thermodynamics
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013: (friend)
3008:
3007: (friend)
3002:
3001: (friend)
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2971: (mentor)
2969:William Clarke
2966:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Occult studies
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Newton fractal
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2736:Newton's rings
2733:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2622:Newton's metal
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2595:Newton polygon
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2529:" (1713;
2523:
2515:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2496:Other writings
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2481:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2417:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2369:
2368:External links
2366:
2364:
2363:
2351:10.1086/649338
2333:. 2nd Series.
2322:
2289:
2283:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2184:
2169:
2159:
2133:
2098:
2078:
2059:
2038:
2017:
2001:
1977:
1956:
1941:
1932:
1925:
1905:
1892:
1886:
1866:
1859:
1830:
1814:
1810:Impetus Theory
1801:
1789:
1763:
1757:978-0801421945
1756:
1736:
1717:
1710:
1684:
1653:
1643:
1623:
1595:
1564:
1546:
1528:
1521:
1503:
1484:
1459:
1418:except insofar
1405:
1387:
1366:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1304:Kinetic energy
1301:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1236:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1161:
1158:
1123:laws of motion
1028:Isaac Beeckman
1015:
1012:
958:Main article:
955:
952:
901:air resistance
864:
861:
859:
856:
831:
786:
785:
783:
782:
775:
768:
760:
757:
756:
755:
754:
741:
724:
723:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
565:
564:
559:
554:
549:
547:Coriolis force
544:
543:
542:
532:
527:
522:
516:
515:
510:
509:
506:
505:
501:
500:
495:
490:
489:
488:
483:
473:
468:
463:
456:
445:
444:
443:
438:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
402:
397:
392:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
338:
332:
330:
323:
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
266:
261:
255:
250:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
218:
217:
212:
202:
197:
192:
187:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
168:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
98:
95:
94:
89:
75:
72:
66:
62:
56:
38:
37:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3544:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Ocean physics
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3390:Modern optics
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3240:
3239:Computational
3237:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3143:
3139:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Newton (unit)
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3005:William Jones
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977: (tutor)
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2957:John Conduitt
2955:
2953: (niece)
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2900:
2899:Cranbury Park
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:Personal life
2884:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2833:Newton number
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:Kepler's laws
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:parameterized
2673:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:Contributions
2559:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2514:" (1675)
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2433:
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2160:0-486-60769-0
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3415:Astrophysics
3229:Experimental
3142:Isaac Newton
3054:
3047:
3039:
3030:
2963:Isaac Barrow
2901: (home)
2642:Newtonianism
2617:Newton scale
2584:
2580:Impact depth
2553: (1754)
2548:
2545: (1728)
2540:
2530:
2517:
2502:
2488: (1711)
2483:
2480: (1707)
2475:
2472: (1704)
2467:
2464: (1704)
2459:
2456: (1687)
2451:
2448: (1684)
2443:
2440: (1671)
2435:
2429:Publications
2382:at Wikiquote
2334:
2330:
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2293:
2266:
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2251:
2244:
2235:
2220:
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2196:
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2125:, retrieved
2118:the original
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2041:
2030:. Retrieved
2020:
2009:
2004:
1985:
1980:
1969:. Retrieved
1959:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1915:
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1869:
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1822:
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1775:
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1672:'projectile'
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1497:
1487:
1476:. Retrieved
1474:. 2023-08-17
1471:
1462:
1454:10919/113143
1430:(1): 60–73.
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
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1390:
1379:. Retrieved
1369:
1358:. Retrieved
1348:
1277:
1251:motion. Its
1240:
1238:
1228:
1226:
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1134:
1131:, in 1687):
1126:
1119:Isaac Newton
1116:
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1092:
1081:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1032:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
975:
972:Jean Buridan
969:
942:
932:and by many
910:
887:was that of
866:
850:
848:
840:
838:
828:
811:Isaac Newton
790:
789:
580: /
576: /
574:displacement
572: /
433: /
395:Displacement
333:
324:
318:Formulations
305:Virtual work
245: /
242:
185:Acceleration
178:Fundamentals
3318:Statistical
3234:Theoretical
3211:Engineering
3042:by Paolozzi
2981:Roger Cotes
2590:Newton disc
2504:Quaestiones
2477:Arithmetica
2304:: 145–163.
1730:pp. 80–85,
1724:Lucretius,
1666:Aristotle,
1660:Aristotle,
1416:instead of
1205:noninertial
980:peripatetic
881:Renaissance
801:causes its
716:von Neumann
383:Core topics
3522:Gyroscopes
3511:Categories
3435:Geophysics
3425:Biophysics
3269:Analytical
3222:Approaches
3129:Categories
3105:XMM-Newton
3022:Depictions
2993:John Keill
2915:Apple tree
2910:Later life
2905:Early life
2485:De Analysi
2202:2023-10-01
2032:2022-07-31
1994:0792320859
1971:2022-07-31
1559:www.uh.edu
1478:2023-09-29
1437:2112.02339
1381:2022-07-08
1360:2022-07-08
1341:References
1249:rotational
1160:Relativity
1100:horizontal
1030:in 1614.
964:See also:
934:scholastic
867:Professor
851:vis insita
651:d'Alembert
631:Maupertuis
594:Scientists
476:Rigid body
150:Kinematics
3385:Molecular
3286:Acoustics
3279:Continuum
3274:Celestial
3264:Newtonian
3251:Classical
3194:Divisions
2944:Relations
2453:Principia
2359:142586786
2318:145372613
2247:, vol. 2.
2074:full text
2066:Galileo,
1604:"Skating"
1580:Mechanica
1261:gyroscope
1223:Etymology
1104:reference
1024:Descartes
917:Lucretius
913:millennia
905:Aristotle
889:Aristotle
696:Liouville
578:frequency
498:Vibration
215:potential
140:Continuum
135:Celestial
112:Textbooks
3532:Velocity
3067:Namesake
3033:by Blake
2627:Spectrum
2568:Calculus
2537: )
2437:Fluxions
2072:, 1632 (
2052:page 268
1998:page 199
1841:(1960).
1676:Archived
1267:See also
1193:distance
948:Ibn Sina
945:polymath
930:Averroes
921:Epicurus
897:friction
832:—
751:Category
676:Hamilton
661:Lagrange
656:Clairaut
621:Horrocks
582:velocity
552:Pendulum
540:reactive
512:Rotation
481:dynamics
431:Inertial
417:Friction
300:Velocity
275:Momentum
155:Kinetics
145:Dynamics
123:Branches
107:Timeline
3469:Related
3353:General
3348:Special
3206:Applied
2585:Inertia
2573:fluxion
2469:Queries
2461:Opticks
2445:De Motu
2380:Inertia
2339:Bibcode
2300:(1–2).
2259:Science
1827:p. 285.
1825:Vol 3.
1782:26 July
1668:Physics
1662:Physics
1181:Huygens
1083:Galileo
1037:in his
976:impetus
966:Conatus
893:gravity
813:in his
791:Inertia
711:Koopman
671:Poisson
666:Laplace
611:Huygens
606:Galileo
451: (
390:Damping
243:Inertia
237:Impulse
210:kinetic
160:Statics
130:Applied
102:History
3380:Atomic
3335:Modern
3185:Major
3040:Newton
3031:Newton
2357:
2331:Osiris
2316:
2281:
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2127:30 May
2014:p. 352
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1851:367–68
1754:
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1704:, 50.
1641:
1618:
1519:
1414:unless
1257:torque
1191:, and
1189:energy
1053:motion
795:motion
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701:Appell
686:Cauchy
681:Jacobi
626:Halley
616:Newton
601:Kepler
453:linear
449:Motion
295:Torque
270:Moment
205:Energy
195:Couple
2875:table
2355:S2CID
2314:S2CID
2121:(PDF)
2114:(PDF)
1432:arXiv
1229:iners
1142:cause
803:speed
799:force
706:Gibbs
691:Routh
646:Euler
285:Speed
280:Space
222:Force
3527:Mass
3306:Wave
3201:Pure
2279:ISBN
2225:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2129:2014
1990:ISBN
1921:ISBN
1882:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1784:2012
1752:ISBN
1706:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1616:ISBN
1517:ISBN
1185:mass
1051:and
1049:rest
899:and
873:Mozi
819:mass
290:Time
253:Mass
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2347:doi
2306:doi
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