Infertility - Knowledge

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accuracy of self-report measures. It is possible that women "fake good" in order to appear mentally healthier than they are. It is also possible that women feel a sense of hopefulness/increased optimism prior to initiating infertility treatment, which is when most assessments of distress are collected. Some early studies concluded that infertile women did not report any significant differences in symptoms of anxiety and depression than fertile women. The further into treatment a patient goes, the more often they display symptoms of depression and anxiety. Patients with one treatment failure had significantly higher levels of anxiety, and patients with two failures experienced more depression when compared with those without a history of treatment. However, it has also been shown that the more depressed the infertile woman, the less likely she is to start infertility treatment and the more likely she is to drop out after only one cycle. Researchers have also shown that despite a good prognosis and having the finances available to pay for treatment, discontinuation is most often due to psychological reasons. Fertility does not seem to increase when the women takes antioxidants to reduce the oxidative stress brought by the situation.

328:. Marital discord often develops, especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions. Women trying to conceive often have depression rates similar to women who have heart disease or cancer. Emotional stress and marital difficulties are greater in couples where the infertility lies with the man. Male and female partner respond differently to infertility problems. In general, women show higher depression levels than their male partners when dealing with infertility. A possible explanation may be that women feel more responsible and guilty than men during the process of trying to conceive. On the other hand, infertile men experience a psychosomatic distress. 556:. The antibodies are classified into different groups: There are IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies. They also differ in the location of the spermatozoon they bind on (head, mid piece, tail). Factors contributing to the formation of antisperm antibodies in women are disturbance of normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, infection, violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, rape and unprotected oral or anal sex. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, 785:: Obesity can have a significant impact on male and female fertility. BMI (body mass index) may be a significant factor in fertility, as an increase in BMI in the male by as little as three units can be associated with infertility. Several studies have demonstrated that an increase in BMI is correlated with a decrease in sperm concentration, a decrease in motility and an increase in DNA damage in sperm. A relationship also exists between obesity and erectile dysfunction (ED). ED may be the consequence of the conversion of androgens to 191:"Demographers tend to define infertility as childlessness in a population of women of reproductive age," whereas the epidemiological definition refers to "trying for" or "time to" a pregnancy, generally in a population of women exposed to a probability of conception. Currently, female fertility normally peaks in young adulthood and diminishes after 35 with pregnancy occurring rarely after age 50. A female is most fertile within 24 hours of ovulation. Male fertility peaks usually in young adulthood and declines after age 40. 337:

to approach, avoid, or experience an infertility treatment. Moreover, the socioeconomic status influences the psychology of the infertile couples: low socioeconomic status is associated with increased chances of developing depression. In many cultures, inability to conceive bears a stigma. In closed social groups, a degree of rejection (or a sense of being rejected by the couple) may cause considerable anxiety and disappointment. Some respond by actively avoiding the issue altogether.

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go undiagnosed, leading to a risk of long-term complications. Among atypical symptoms of CD, disorders of fertility, such as delayed menarche, early menopause, amenorrhea or infertility, and pregnancy complications, such as recurrent abortions, intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), small for gestational age (SGA) babies, low birthweight (LBW) babies or preterm deliveries, must be factored. (...) However, the risk is significantly reduced by a

52: 6690: 793:, may also be affected by obesity. Inhibin B levels have been reported to decrease with increasing weight, which results in decreased Sertoli cells and sperm production. Leptin is a hormone associated with numerous effects including appetite control, inflammation, and decreased insulin secretion, according to many studies. Obese women have a higher rate of recurrent, early miscarriage compared to non-obese women. 6678: 1324:, films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing first in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades. Yet, the number of people that can relate to it by personal experience in one way or another is ever-growing, and the variety of trials and struggles is huge. 3358:

non-diagnosed untreated CD constitutes a risk factor significantly associated with infertility in women. When comparing studies that enrolled patients previously diagnosed with CD, this association is not as evident as in the former context. This could be related to the effect that adoption of a gluten-free diet (GFD) may have on this particular health issue.

1174: 838:. Ovulatory disorders make up 25% of the known causes of female infertility. Oligo-ovulation or anovulation results in infertility because no oocyte will be released monthly. In the absence of an oocyte, there is no opportunity for fertilization and pregnancy. World Health Organization subdivided ovulatory disorders into four classes: 859:(PCOS) is when the eggs only partially develop within the ovary and there is an excess of male hormones. Some women are infertile because their ovaries do not mature and release eggs. In this case, synthetic FSH by injection or Clomid (Clomiphene citrate) via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to mature in the ovaries. 989:

sperm may not be able to reach the egg, fertilization may fail to occur, transport of the zygote may be disturbed, or implantation fails. It is increasingly recognized that egg quality is of critical importance and women of advanced maternal age have eggs of reduced capacity for normal and successful fertilization. Also,

669:. In this assay, the sperm's DNA will be denaturated and renatured. If DNA fragmentation occurs (double and single-strand-breaks) a halo will not appear surrounding the spermatozoas, but if the spermatozoa does not have DNA damaged, a halo surrounding the spermatozoa could be visualized under the microscope. 1255:

Ovarian stem cells: it is thought that women have a finite number of follicles from the very beginning. Nevertheless, scientists have found these stem cells, which may generate new oocytes in postnatal conditions. Apparently there are only 0.014% of them (this could be an explanation of why they were

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ART techniques generally start with stimulating the ovaries to increase egg production. After stimulation, the physician surgically extracts one or more eggs from the ovary, and unites them with sperm in a laboratory setting, with the intent of producing one or more embryos. Fertilization takes place

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These time intervals would seem to be reversed; this is an area where public policy trumps science. The idea is that for women beyond age 35, every month counts and if made to wait another six months to prove the necessity of medical intervention, the problem could become worse. The corollary to this

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The time needed to pass (during which the couple tries to conceive) for that couple to be diagnosed with infertility differs between different jurisdictions. Existing definitions of infertility lack uniformity, rendering comparisons in prevalence between countries or over time problematic. Therefore,

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There is now substantial evidence that coeliac sprue is associated with infertility both in men and women. (...) In men it can cause hypogonadism, immature secondary sex characteristics and reduce semen quality. (...) Hyperprolactinaemia is seen in 25% of coeliac patients, which causes impotence and

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In the US, up to 20% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility. In these cases, abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods. Possible problems could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization, that it may not enter the fallopian tube,

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Having a child is considered to be important in most societies. Infertile couples may experience social and family pressure leading to a feeling of social isolation. Factors of gender, age, religion, and socioeconomic status are important influences. Societal pressures may affect a couple's decision

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has unwittingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatization, and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood. One of the main challenges in assessing the distress levels in women with infertility is the

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Physicians should investigate women with unexplained infertility, recurrent miscarriage or IUGR for undiagnosed CD. (...) CD can present with several non-gastrointestinal symptoms and it may escape timely recognition. Thus, given the heterogeneity of clinical presentation, many atypical cases of CD

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can treat. Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide about five percent of all heterosexual couples have an unresolved problem with infertility. Many more couples, however, experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year: estimates range from 12% to 28%. The main cause of infertility in

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The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. In men who have the necessary reproductive organs to procreate, infertility can be caused by low sperm count due to endocrine problems, drugs, radiation, or infection. There may be testicular malformations, hormone imbalance, or blockage of

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The following causes of infertility may only be found in females. For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: vaginal intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones

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DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage, smoking, other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy) or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature. The damaged DNA related to infertility

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defined infertility as failure to conceive after regular unprotected sexual intercourse for two years in the absence of known reproductive pathology. Updated NICE guidelines do not include a specific definition, but recommend that "A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of

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Data on income-limited individuals, male infertility, and fertility within non-traditional families may be limited due to traditional social norms. Historical data on fertility and infertility is limited as any form of study or tracking only began in the early 20th century. Per one account, "The

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Infertility may have psychological effects. Parenthood is one of the major transitions in adult life for both men and women. The stress of the non-fulfilment of a wish for a child has been associated with emotional consequences such as anger, depression, anxiety, marital problems and feelings of

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Low weight: Obesity is not the only way in which weight can impact fertility. Men who are underweight tend to have lower sperm concentrations than those who are at a normal BMI. For women, being underweight and having extremely low amounts of body fat are associated with ovarian dysfunction and

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A doctor or WHNP takes a medical history and gives a physical examination. They can also carry out some basic tests on both partners to see if there is an identifiable reason for not having achieved a pregnancy. If necessary, they refer patients to a fertility clinic or local hospital for more

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Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives. The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose

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In some cases, both the man and woman may be infertile or subfertile, and the couple's infertility arises from the combination of these conditions. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot

544:(ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples. In both men and women, ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and 1251:

Spermatogonial stem cells transplant: it takes places in the seminiferous tubule. With this treatment, the patient experience spermatogenesis, and therefore, it has the chance to have offspring if he wants to. It is specially oriented for cancer patients, whose sperm is destroyed due to the

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of 40% or higher per year are encouraged to continue aiming for a spontaneous pregnancy. Treatment methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or complementary and alternative treatments. Some methods may be used in concert with other methods. Drugs used for both women and men include

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Fertility problems affect one in seven couples in the UK. Most couples (about 84%) who have regular sexual intercourse (that is, every two to three days) and who do not use contraception get pregnant within a year. About 95 out of 100 couples who are trying to get pregnant do so within two

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Undiagnosed celiac disease is a risk factor for infertility. Women seeking medical advice for this particular condition should be screened for celiac disease. Adoption of a gluten-free diet could have a positive impact on fertility in this group of patients.(...)According to our results,

199:, meaning less fertile than a typical couple. Both infertility and subfertility are defined similarly and often used interchangeably, but subfertility is the delay in conceiving within six to twelve months, whereas infertility is the inability to conceive naturally within a full year. 368:, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both parts. In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found. The most common cause of female infertility are ovulation problems, usually manifested by scanty or absent menstrual periods. Male infertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the 789:. The enzyme aromatase is responsible for this conversion and is found primarily in adipose tissue. As the number of adipose tissue increases, there is more aromatase available to convert androgens, and serum estradiol levels increase. Other hormones including inhibin B and 144:, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both parts. In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found. The most common cause of female infertility is age, which generally manifests in sparse or absent menstrual periods. Male infertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the 1311:

invisibility of marginalised social groups in infertility tracking reflects broader social beliefs about who can and should reproduce. The offspring of privileged social groups are seen as a boon to society. The offspring of marginalised groups are perceived as a burden."

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Most commonly, puberty may be delayed for several years and still occur normally, in which case it is considered constitutional delay of growth and puberty, a common variation of healthy physical development. Delay of puberty may also occur due to various causes such as

505:, puberty absent past or occurring later than the average onset (between the ages of ten and fourteen), may be a cause of infertility. In the United States, girls are considered to have delayed puberty if they have not started menstruating by age 16 (alongside lacking 281:

Researchers commonly base demographic studies on infertility prevalence over a five-year period. Practical measurement problems, however, exist for any definition, because it is difficult to measure continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period of years.

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Coeliac men may have reversible infertility, and as in women, if gastrointestinal symptoms are mild or absent the diagnosis may be missed. It is important to make diagnosis because the giving of gluten free diet may result in conception and favourable outcome of

223:). Primary infertility is infertility in a couple who have never had a child. Secondary infertility is failure to conceive following a previous pregnancy. Infertility may be caused by infection in the man or woman, but often there is no obvious underlying cause" 1260:

Stem cell therapy is really new, and everything is still under investigation. Additionally, it could be the future for the treatment of multiple diseases, including infertility. It will take time before these studies can be available for clinics and patients.

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Björvang, Richelle D.; Hallberg, Ida; Pikki, Anne; Berglund, Lars; Pedrelli, Matteo; Kiviranta, Hannu; Rantakokko, Panu; Ruokojärvi, Päivi; Lindh, Christian H.; Olovsson, Matts; Persson, Sara; Holte, Jan; Sjunnesson, Ylva; Damdimopoulou, Pauliina (May 2022).

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Women become less fertile as they get older. For women aged 35, about 94% who have regular unprotected sexual intercourse get pregnant after three years of trying. For women aged 38, however, only about 77%. The effect of age upon men's fertility is less

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unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility, should be offered further clinical assessment and investigation along with her partner, with earlier referral to a specialist if the woman is over 36 years of age."

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In people going forward for IVF in the UK, roughly half of fertility problems with a diagnosed cause are due to problems with the man, and about half due to problems with the woman. However, about one in five cases of infertility have no clear diagnosed

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In Sweden, approximately 10% of couples wanting children are infertile. In approximately one-third of these cases the man is the factor, in one third the woman is the factor, and in the remaining third the infertility is a product of factors on both

3313:-free diet. These patients should therefore be made aware of the potential negative effects of active CD also in terms of reproductive performances, and of the importance of a strict diet to ameliorate their health condition and reproductive health. 3515: 195:

data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differ significantly. A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be

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is the most commonly used ART. It has been proven useful in overcoming infertility conditions, such as blocked or damaged tubes, endometriosis, repeated IUI failure, unexplained infertility, poor ovarian reserve, poor or even nil sperm count.

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can cause infertility with the growth of endometrial tissue in the fallopian tubes or around the ovaries. Endometriosis is usually more common in women in their mid-twenties and older, especially when postponed childbirth has taken place.

616:(SF-1) have been found in a small subset of men with non-obstructive male factor infertility where the cause is unknown. Results of one study investigating a cohort of 315 men revealed changes within the hinge region of SF-1 and no rare 1431:

A similar model to the HFEA has been adopted by the rest of the countries in the European Union. Each country has its own body or bodies responsible for the inspection and licensing of fertility treatment under the EU Tissues and Cells

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Gorczyca W, Traganos F, Jesionowska H, Darzynkiewicz Z (July 1993). "Presence of DNA strand breaks and increased sensitivity of DNA in situ to denaturation in abnormal human sperm cells: analogy to apoptosis of somatic cells".

1114:, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the following. If the sperm is of good quality and the mechanics of the woman's reproductive structures are good (patent fallopian tubes, no adhesions or scarring), a course of 294:

Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.

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therapy. It is a new opportunity, not only for partners with lack of gametes, but also for same-sex couples and single people who want to have offspring. Theoretically, with this therapy, we can get artificial gametes

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In humans, infertility is the inability to become pregnant after one year of unprotected and regular sexual intercourse involving a male and female partner. There are many causes of infertility, including some that

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Male infertility is defined as the inability of a male to make a fertile female pregnant, for a minimum of at least one year of unprotected intercourse. There are multiple causes for male infertility. These include

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genes could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications in sperm may be partially responsible.

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Couples that suffer from infertility have a higher risk than other couples to develop sexual dysfunctions. The most common sexual issue facing the couples is a decline of sexual desire and erectile dysfunction.

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on the cervix, or intrauterine insemination (IUI), in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. In these methods, fertilization occurs inside the body.

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the man's duct system. Although many of these can be treated through surgery or hormonal substitutions, some may be indefinite. Infertility associated with viable, but immotile sperm may be caused by

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Specific procedures, such as gestational surrogacy, have led to numerous ethical issues, particularly when people living in one country contract for surrogacy in another (transnational surrogacy).

1523:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015" 5459: 5003: 1130:

If conservative medical treatments fail to achieve a full-term pregnancy, the physician or WHNP may suggest the patient to undergo in vitro fertilization (IVF). IVF and related techniques (

1020:(WHNP) could help to highlight potential medical problems earlier rather than later. The doctor or WHNP may also be able to suggest lifestyle changes to increase the chances of conceiving. 7795: 2200:

Donor insemination Edited by C.L.R. Barratt and I.D. Cooke. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press, 1993. 231 pages., page 13, in turn citing Connolly, Edelmann & Cooke 1987

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during prior IVF cycles. A single healthy sperm is injected directly into a mature egg. The fertilized embryo is then transferred to the womb. This method was first developed in 1978 by

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Chowdhury SH, Cozma AI, Chowdhury JH. Infertility. Essentials for the Canadian Medical Licensing Exam: Review and Prep for MCCQE Part I. 2nd edition. Wolters Kluwer. Hong Kong. 2017.

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or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Infertility may be caused by blockage of the fallopian tube due to malformations, infections such as chlamydia or scar tissue. For example,

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are also associated with extremely low BMI. Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being.

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views infertility as a calling to adopt or to use natural treatments (medication, surgery, or cycle charting) and members must reject assisted reproductive technologies.

930: 7381: 7234: 957:, and activation factor for the embryo to develop. A defect in any of these sperm structures may result in infertility that will not be detected by semen analysis. 862:

Other factors that can affect a woman's chances of conceiving include being overweight or underweight, or her age as female fertility declines after the age of 30.

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The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as

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is the primary error correction mechanism that prevents random mutations on the Y chromosome, then fertility treatments for men with abnormal sperm (in particular

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manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the

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not discovered until now). There is still some controversy about their existence, but if the discoveries are true, this could be a new treatment for infertility.

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2906:"Eight-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine in granulosa cells is correlated with the quality of oocytes and embryos in an in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer program" 2784:

Liehr T, Weise A (May 2007). "Frequency of small supernumerary marker chromosomes in prenatal, newborn, developmentally retarded and infertility diagnostics".

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by age 13). Boys are considered to have delayed puberty if they lack enlargement of the testicles by age 14. Delayed puberty affects about 2% of adolescents.

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Donor insemination Edited by C.L.R. Barratt and I.D. Cooke. Cambridge (England): Cambridge University Press, 1993. 231 pages., page 13, citing Berger (1980)

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Infertility is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected

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Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).

635: 5470: 3676:"Follicular fluid and blood levels of persistent organic pollutants and reproductive outcomes among women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies" 639: 634:

are abnormal extra chromosomes; they are three times more likely to occur in infertile individuals and account for 0.125% of all infertility cases. See

2000: 1876: 1226:. The main reasons for fertility tourism are legal regulation of the sought procedure in the home country, or lower price. In-vitro fertilization and 7762: 1424:– The UK's regulator for fertility treatment and embryo research. This was set up on 1 August 1991 following a detailed commission of enquiry led by 1292:

In Britain, male factor infertility accounts for 25% of infertile couples, while 25% remain unexplained. 50% are female causes with 25% being due to

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Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization. According to

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Domar AD, Zuttermeister PC, Friedman R (1993). "The psychological impact of infertility: a comparison with patients with other medical conditions".

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Johnson J, Canning J, Kaneko T, Pru JK, Tilly JL (March 2004). "Germline stem cells and follicular renewal in the postnatal mammalian ovary".

4384: 1902: 3960: 3618:"Persistent environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals in ovarian follicular fluid and in vitro fertilization treatment outcome in women" 1667: 315:, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability. The 4974: 3483:"Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: a systematic review" 340:

In the United States some treatments for infertility, including diagnostic tests, surgery and therapy for depression, can qualify one for

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Smith EM, Hammonds-Ehlers M, Clark MK, Kirchner HL, Fuortes L (February 1997). "Occupational exposures and risk of female infertility".

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Sher KS, Jayanthi V, Probert CS, Stewart CR, Mayberry JF (1994). "Infertility, obstetric and gynaecological problems in coeliac sprue".

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loss of libido. Gluten withdrawal and correction of deficient dietary elements can lead to a return of fertility both in men and women.

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required to activate the gonads' gametes. Fertility in children before the ages of eight or nine is considered a disease known as

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Deka, P. K., & Sarma, S. (2010). Psychological aspects of infertility. British Journal of Medical Practitioners, 3(3), 336.

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is that, by definition, failure to conceive in women under 35 is not regarded with the same urgency as it is in those over 35.

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Klein DA, Emerick JE, Sylvester JE, Vogt KS (November 2017). "Disorders of Puberty: An Approach to Diagnosis and Management".

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Mathews DM, Johnson NP, Sim RG, O'Sullivan S, Peart JM, Hofman PL (January 2021). "Iodine and fertility: do we know enough?".

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Inhorn MC (May 2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt".

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Evenson DP, Darzynkiewicz Z, Melamed MR (December 1980). "Relation of mammalian sperm chromatin heterogeneity to fertility".

1915: 1304: 631: 3268:"Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms" 661:

DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy) or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine

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humans is age, and an advanced maternal age can raise the probability of suffering a spontaneous abortion during pregnancy.

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Prevalence of infertility varies depending on the definition, i.e. on the time span involved in the failure to conceive.

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ovulation problems (e.g. PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility)

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pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.

8226: 7264: 6714: 6682: 6652: 4575: 1374: 8396: 7915: 7564: 6991: 6547: 5695: 5300: 2617: 2466: 2234: 1834: 1162: 5270:"Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982-2010: data from the National Survey of Family Growth" 4640:"Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation into rhesus testes regenerates spermatogenesis producing functional sperm" 4430:

Baird D, Bhattacharya S, Devroey P, Diedrich K, Evers J, Fauser B, et al. (ESHRE Capri Workshop Group) (2013).

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However, there are instances where couples should seek reproductive counseling after only 6 months of trying for a

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If both partners are young and healthy and have been trying to conceive for one year without success, a visit to a

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Many countries have special frameworks for dealing with the ethical and social issues around fertility treatment.

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Debate over whether health insurance companies (e.g. in the US) should be required to cover infertility treatment.

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outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called

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Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy that led to a live birth.

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a woman under 35 has not conceived after 12 months of contraceptive-free intercourse. Twelve months is the lower

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Jangir RN, Jain GC (May 2014). "Diabetes mellitus induced impairment of male reproductive functions: a review".

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contains a depiction of infertility in an extended life montage that lasts the first few minutes of the film.

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This technique is used in case of poor semen quality, low sperm count, failed fertilization or occurrence of

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is the practice of traveling to another country for fertility treatments. It may be regarded as a form of

8612: 8523: 8052: 7229: 7171: 6104: 6047: 5611: 2947:"The role of sperm oxidative stress in male infertility and the significance of oral antioxidant therapy" 2342:"Sexual dysfunction and disorders as a consequence of infertility: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2340:

Leeners, Brigitte; Tschudin, Sibil; Wischmann, Tewes; Kalaitzopoulos, Dimitrios Rafail (5 January 2023).

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variants in fertile control men. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as

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Singh HD (2014). "The World's Back Womb?: Commercial Surrogacy and Infertility Inequalities in India".

4152:"Impact of a second semen analysis on a treatment decision making in the infertile man with varicocele" 3481:

van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH (2011).

1939:"Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems, section: Defining infertility" 946: 772: 101:

by natural means. It is usually not the natural state of a healthy adult, except notably among certain

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In many lower-income countries, estimating infertility is difficult due to incomplete information and

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Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, Moreno-Grau S, Bernabeu R (June 2008).

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Vassena R, Eguizabal C, Heindryckx B, Sermon K, Simon C, van Pelt AM, et al. (September 2015).

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Tersigni C, Castellani R, de Waure C, Fattorossi A, De Spirito M, Gasbarrini A, et al. (2014).

2988:"Impact of DNA damage on the frequency of sperm chromosomal aneuploidy in normal and subfertile men" 7903: 7214: 6903: 6758: 6640: 6164: 5980: 5947: 5839: 5385: 4638:

Hermann BP, Sukhwani M, Winkler F, Pascarella JN, Peters KA, Sheng Y, et al. (November 2012).

1943: 1826: 1450: 742: 3542:"Exposure to environmental toxins in males seeking infertility treatment: a case-controlled study" 2212:

Infertility around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies

1921: 763:

might have a role in male infertility, though it is otherwise not harmful. Other diseases such as

576:

Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility:

216: 8451: 8401: 8357: 8015: 7610: 7605: 7590: 7436: 7292: 7219: 7145: 6936: 6829: 6593: 6447: 6239: 5932: 4151: 1699: 1501: 983: 711: 607: 1677: 865:

Sometimes it can be a combination of factors, and sometimes a clear cause is never established.

8429: 8005: 7844: 7804: 7741: 7675: 7620: 7514: 7503: 6941: 6923: 6878: 6763: 6506: 6374: 6364: 6229: 5952: 5885: 5860: 5796: 5670: 3327:"Risk of infertility in patients with celiac disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies" 1619:

Himmel W, Ittner E, Kochen MM, Michelmann HW, Hinney B, Reuter M, et al. (February 1997).

1491: 990: 760: 613: 312: 180: 5425: 4383:

Committee on Gynecologic Practice, American Society for Reproductive Medicine (January 2019).

4234:

Altmäe S, Stavreus-Evers A, Ruiz JR, Laanpere M, Syvänen T, Yngve A, et al. (June 2010).

2607: 2422: 8434: 8288: 8231: 8156: 8094: 7955: 7773: 7120: 7107: 6783: 6486: 6288: 6092: 5767: 4472: 2571:

Restrepo B, Cardona-Maya W (October 2013). "Antisperm antibodies and fertility association".

1694: 1445: 1395: 904: 590: 584: 578: 4275:

Aston KI, Uren PJ, Jenkins TG, Horsager A, Cairns BR, Smith AD, Carrell DT (December 2015).

1818: 937:(which includes abnormal sperm parameters without any identifiable cause) at 65% to 80% and 8607: 8446: 7871: 7632: 7524: 7446: 7341: 7186: 7021: 6753: 6501: 6452: 5772: 5762: 5690: 5685: 5660: 5645: 5640: 4696: 3687: 3093: 1111: 1053:

specialized tests. The results of these tests help determine the best fertility treatment.

958: 822:

For women, problems with fertilization arise mainly from either structural problems in the

541: 316: 5211:

Lock, Margaret and Vinh-Kim Nguyen. 2011. An anthropology of biomedicine: Wiley-Blackwell.

2341: 1401:

Infertility caused by DNA defects on the Y chromosome is passed on from father to son. If

8: 8627: 8557: 8496: 8352: 7644: 7595: 7539: 7534: 7459: 7454: 7041: 6981: 6898: 6745: 6005: 5962: 5927: 5834: 5814: 5370: 5138: 1819: 1732:

Cooper TG, Noonan E, von Eckardstein S, Auger J, Baker HW, Behre HM, et al. (2010).

1115: 1095: 926: 764: 719: 522: 236:, doctors who specialize in infertility, to consider a couple eligible for treatment is: 172: 98: 5480: 4700: 3691: 3097: 2635:"Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis" 8424: 8381: 8347: 8283: 8246: 8151: 8042: 7943: 7898: 7854: 7849: 7670: 7637: 7406: 7287: 7176: 7082: 6883: 6806: 6603: 6332: 6186: 5957: 5942: 5233: 5216: 5042: 4766: 4739: 4720: 4664: 4639: 4567: 4342: 4317: 4236:"Variations in folate pathway genes are associated with unexplained female infertility" 4211: 4184: 4099: 4074: 3932: 3905: 3713: 3650: 3061: 3036: 3012: 2987: 2881: 2856: 2761: 2736: 2712: 2685: 2521: 2317: 2292: 2128: 2103: 2079: 2070: 2054: 1637: 1620: 1547: 1522: 1496: 1486: 1227: 1071: 845:

Normogonadotropic normoestrogenic anovulation: i.e., polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

813: 700: 506: 470: 365: 325: 252: 141: 5196: 4830: 4805: 4517: 4432:"Failures (with some successes) of assisted reproduction and gamete donation programs" 4075:"Should obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome receive treatment for infertility?" 3997: 3980: 3558: 3541: 3176: 2922: 2905: 1538: 423:

which activates the fertility of their egg cells (ovulation is confirmed by the first

8439: 8337: 8020: 7908: 7721: 7431: 7426: 7416: 7056: 6976: 6423: 6342: 6266: 6244: 5757: 5675: 5526: 5396: 5315: 5296: 5277: 5254: 5238: 5200: 4919: 4870: 4835: 4771: 4712: 4669: 4620: 4559: 4478: 4453: 4401: 4347: 4298: 4293: 4276: 4257: 4252: 4235: 4216: 4168: 4132: 4104: 4029: 4002: 3937: 3717: 3705: 3655: 3637: 3598: 3594: 3563: 3507: 3463: 3458: 3441: 3418: 3379: 3348: 3299: 3248: 3221: 3180: 3145: 3109: 3066: 3017: 2968: 2927: 2886: 2837: 2793: 2766: 2717: 2666: 2613: 2588: 2548: 2513: 2472: 2462: 2404: 2369: 2361: 2322: 2273: 2230: 2183: 2133: 2084: 2035: 1911: 1830: 1799: 1755: 1642: 1601: 1552: 1470: 1402: 1214: 1123: 1122:, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the 1007: 677: 565: 545: 457: 388: 344:

leave. It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability.

160: 59: 5379: 5375: 5046: 4571: 3753: 3617: 3343: 3326: 1435:

Regulatory bodies are also found in Canada and in the state of Victoria in Australia

797:

infertility and they have a higher risk for preterm birth. Eating disorders such as

568:, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men. 552:, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the 8562: 8491: 8293: 8121: 7888: 7827: 7695: 7600: 7549: 7421: 7411: 7359: 7318: 7313: 7209: 7193: 5985: 5752: 5747: 5436: 5228: 5192: 5092: 5084: 5034: 4862: 4825: 4817: 4761: 4751: 4724: 4704: 4659: 4651: 4610: 4551: 4513: 4443: 4396: 4337: 4329: 4288: 4247: 4206: 4196: 4163: 4094: 4086: 3992: 3927: 3917: 3695: 3645: 3629: 3590: 3553: 3497: 3453: 3410: 3338: 3289: 3279: 3211: 3172: 3137: 3101: 3056: 3048: 3007: 2999: 2958: 2917: 2876: 2868: 2827: 2756: 2748: 2707: 2697: 2656: 2646: 2580: 2525: 2503: 2396: 2353: 2312: 2304: 2263: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2074: 2066: 2027: 1789: 1745: 1632: 1593: 1542: 1534: 919: 798: 518: 361: 137: 5120: 4277:"Aberrant sperm DNA methylation predicts male fertility status and embryo quality" 3633: 2872: 2031: 1273:

Infertility rates have increased by 4% since the 1980s, mostly from problems with

8369: 8312: 8221: 8185: 8126: 8067: 7925: 7836: 7726: 7685: 7529: 7140: 7077: 7011: 6971: 6953: 6821: 6706: 6481: 6337: 6201: 6159: 6020: 5995: 5919: 5809: 5791: 5737: 5621: 5390: 3700: 3675: 1388: 1223: 1202: 1151: 1066: 962: 705: 685: 502: 491: 424: 241: 168: 5490: 4961:[About 10% of all couples have problems with involuntary childlessness.] 4316:

Dada R, Kumar M, Jesudasan R, Fernández JL, Gosálvez J, Agarwal A (March 2012).

4150:

Mishail, Alek; Marshall, Susan; Schulsinger, David; Sheynkin, Yefim (May 2009).

4124: 4021: 3783: 2584: 1597: 1352:

There are several ethical issues associated with infertility and its treatment.

8544: 8406: 8298: 8258: 8236: 8072: 7935: 7920: 7864: 7690: 6524: 6351: 6327: 6271: 6149: 6144: 6134: 6122: 6000: 5784: 5655: 5601: 5465: 5439: 5401: 4866: 4756: 4655: 1387:, provoking ethical analysis because of the link between multiple pregnancies, 1384: 1332: 994: 941:(where an infertile male has normal sperm and semen parameters) at 10% to 20%. 894: 823: 750: 269: 176: 31: 6533:

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

4333: 3052: 2752: 2476: 640:

Genetics of infertility#Small supernumerary marker chromosomes and infertility

232:

One definition of infertility that is frequently used in the United States by

8601: 8552: 8077: 8062: 8025: 7960: 7878: 7746: 7649: 7336: 7051: 6870: 6838: 6833: 6801: 6562: 6476: 6437: 6413: 6322: 6206: 6139: 6010: 5914: 5875: 5732: 5567: 4916:

Core clinical cases in obstetrics and gynaecology: a problem-solving approach

4821: 4201: 4090: 3906:"Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of your fertility" 3641: 2904:

Seino T, Saito H, Kaneko T, Takahashi T, Kawachiya S, Kurachi H (June 2002).

2832: 2815: 2400: 2365: 2357: 1480: 1465: 1460: 1238:

Nowadays, there are several treatments (still in experimentation) related to

1035: 899: 848:

Hypergonadotropic hypoestrogenic anovulation: i.e., premature ovarian failure

827: 657:

DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking, other

549: 437: 373: 149: 78:

Common in females: annouvulation, blocked fallopian tube, hormonal imbalance

5360: 5356: 5062:

Transnational Reproduction: Race, Kinship, and Commercial Surrogacy in India

4615: 4598: 4539: 4448: 4431: 3922: 3502: 3284: 3267: 3105: 2963: 2946: 2268: 2251: 2018:

Cousineau TM, Domar AD (April 2007). "Psychological impact of infertility".

1794: 1777: 1750: 1734:"World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics" 1733: 855:

Malformation of the eggs themselves may complicate conception. For example,

175:

methods are used to discern when these changes occur by tracking changes in

8471: 8324: 8203: 8111: 8089: 8030: 7965: 7893: 7808: 7680: 7481: 7348: 7331: 6391: 6386: 6127: 6027: 5972: 5700: 5579: 5574: 5281: 5242: 5204: 4874: 4839: 4775: 4716: 4673: 4624: 4563: 4457: 4351: 4302: 4261: 4220: 4136: 4108: 4033: 4006: 3941: 3709: 3659: 3567: 3511: 3467: 3383: 3352: 3303: 3252: 3225: 3184: 3141: 3070: 3021: 2972: 2931: 2890: 2841: 2797: 2770: 2721: 2670: 2592: 2552: 2517: 2408: 2373: 2326: 2277: 2137: 2088: 2039: 1803: 1759: 1605: 1556: 1455: 1425: 1119: 1118:

may be used. The physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap

1042: 882: 625: 526: 514: 497: 479: 461: 106: 5097: 3602: 3422: 3149: 3113: 2702: 2308: 2187: 1646: 8476: 8391: 8364: 8328: 8274: 8195: 8180: 8106: 7993: 7970: 7859: 7125: 7092: 6860: 6853: 6381: 6317: 6154: 6097: 6037: 6032: 5819: 5680: 5420: 4499: 3003: 2651: 2634: 1293: 714:

is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an

666: 621: 561: 530: 475: 431:, which signals the biological possibility of pregnancy). Infertility in 251:

a woman over 35 has not conceived after six months of contraceptive-free

220: 30:

This article is about the medical condition in humans. For the soil, see

5522: 4708: 4366:"Infertility Help: When & where to get help for fertility treatment" 3126: 364:

is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to

324:

worthlessness. Partners may become more anxious to conceive, increasing

140:

is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to

8577: 8461: 8411: 8333: 8241: 8172: 8057: 7883: 7700: 7486: 7326: 7026: 7016: 6948: 5779: 5719: 5650: 5088: 4504: 3813: 3294: 1194: 1158: 954: 938: 842:

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadal anovulation: i.e., hypothalamic amenorrhea

746: 715: 658: 557: 416: 68: 5460:

Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems

5339: 5251:

Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems

5038: 4892: 3480: 3414: 3216: 3199: 2661: 2609:

Principles & Practice of Assisted Reproductive Technology (3 Vols)

2508: 2491: 2339: 1904:

Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems

1394:

Religious leaders' opinions on fertility treatments; for example, the

8466: 8456: 8342: 7812: 7654: 7464: 7115: 7003: 6843: 6169: 6042: 5902: 5892: 5727: 5705: 5632: 5431: 5269: 4855:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

4738:

Hong W, Wang B, Zhu Y, Wu J, Qiu L, Ling S, et al. (July 2022).

4369: 3965: 1972:"Infecundity, Infertility, and Childlessness in Developing Countries" 1340:

Other individual examples are referred to individual sub-articles of

1274: 1239: 1099: 1024: 1013: 786: 768: 452:

The absence of fertility in children is considered a natural part of

420: 419:

required to impregnate a female; girls have not begun the process of

377: 164: 153: 122: 114: 51: 4975:"The invisible infertile: how cultural beliefs can shape statistics" 3539: 3265: 2816:"Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human gametes and embryos" 1938: 834:

Another major cause of infertility in women may be the inability to

8572: 8278: 7705: 7087: 7031: 6888: 6848: 6552: 6369: 6283: 6261: 6181: 6082: 5990: 5897: 5824: 5742: 5562: 4555: 2020:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology

1775: 1383:

IVF and other fertility treatments have resulted in an increase in

1366: 738: 734: 428: 412: 219:(and there is no other reason, such as breastfeeding or postpartum 102: 4149: 2293:"Infertility: Why can't we classify this inability as disability?" 2102:

Showell MG, Mackenzie-Proctor R, Jordan V, Hart RJ (August 2020).

2101: 636:

Infertility associated with small supernumerary marker chromosomes

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GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on CATSPER-Related Male Infertility

3580: 1778:"Defining infertility--a systematic review of prevalence studies" 1380:

Opposition to the destruction of embryos not transferred in vivo.

1370: 1356:

High-cost treatments are out of financial reach for some couples.

835: 782: 689: 681: 465: 408: 400: 118: 64: 5312:

Silent Sorority: A Barren Woman Gets Busy, Angry, Lost and Found

4637: 4596: 4429: 4233: 1731: 1584:

Makar RS, Toth TL (June 2002). "The evaluation of infertility".

1409:) only defer the underlying problem to the next male generation. 8213: 7984: 6893: 6309: 6191: 6015: 5937: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5351: 3616:

Björvang, Richelle D.; Damdimopoulou, Pauliina (2 April 2020).

3310: 2386: 1110:

Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of

790: 650:

Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are:

617: 553: 7803: 5292:

Infertility in a Crowded Country: Hiding Reproduction in India

4853:

Zitzmann M (August 2013). "Effects of age on male fertility".

2227:

Infertility in a Crowded Country: Hiding Reproduction in India

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in their brain is still underdeveloped and cannot release the

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Cirka 10% av alla par har problem med ofrivillig barnlöshet.

4417:"Endometriosis and Fertility - Brigham and Women's Hospital" 3903: 3440:

Reichman DE, White PC, New MI, Rosenwaks Z (February 2014).

1618: 1362:

Allocation of medical resources that could be used elsewhere

598:

infection is associated with increased risk of infertility.

6276: 4973:

Barnes, Liberty; Fledderjohann, Jasmine (7 December 2017).

4315: 3754:"Common virus linked to male infertility - 26 October 2001" 3442:"Fertility in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia" 3083: 2734: 1776:

Gurunath S, Pandian Z, Anderson RA, Bhattacharya S (2011).

1421: 1135: 80:

Common in males: low sperm count, abnormal sperm morphology

4182: 4122: 3904:

Sharma R, Biedenharn KR, Fedor JM, Agarwal A (July 2013).

3400: 2249: 2173: 1852:"Subfertility Or Infertility: Is It Time To Consider IVF?" 1188: 6087: 5152: 4477:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 82–83. 4183:

Avidor-Reiss T, Khire A, Fishman EL, Jo KH (April 2015).

4073:

Balen AH, Dresner M, Scott EM, Drife JO (February 2006).

3439: 2903: 2538: 1181: 950: 6538:

Declaration on the elimination of violence against women

4274: 2854: 2737:"Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1, NR5A1) and human disease" 2632: 929:(usually due to hypogonadism) at an estimated 2% to 5%, 4686: 2855:

Mark-Kappeler CJ, Hoyer PB, Devine PJ (November 2011).

2683: 1689: 1687: 851:

Hyperprolactinemic anovulation: i.e., pituitary adenoma

4072: 2985: 1247:. There are different studies for both women and men. 1177:

A depiction of the procedure of in-vitro fertilization

1173: 771:

can also cause infertility, due to internal scarring (

6228: 4123:

Leslie SW, Siref LE, Soon-Sutton TL, Khan MA (2022).

3981:"Medical management of endometriosis and infertility" 3615: 2735:

Ferraz-de-Souza B, Lin L, Achermann JC (April 2011).

2626: 1673:

European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology

753:

are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.

741:, physical agents, flame retardants, chemical dusts, 7389: 5481:

Facing Life Without Children When It Isn't by Choice

5329: 2570: 2252:"The social epidemiology of coping with infertility" 2250:

Schmidt L, Christensen U, Holstein BE (April 2005).

2001:"WHO | Infertility definitions and terminology" 1684: 759:

German scientists have reported that a virus called

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Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology

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Archived from 1766: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1577: 1065:recommendations, couples with an estimated 7796: 7782: 7382: 7368: 7136:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6729: 6715: 6589:International Center for Research on Women 5513: 5499: 4788: 3162: 3156: 2986:Nili HA, Mozdarani H, Pellestor F (2011). 2783: 1995: 1993: 1991: 977: 97:is the inability of an animal or plant to 50: 5309: 5232: 5096: 4829: 4765: 4755: 4663: 4614: 4447: 4400: 4341: 4292: 4251: 4210: 4200: 4167: 4098: 3996: 3931: 3921: 3699: 3649: 3557: 3501: 3457: 3342: 3293: 3283: 3215: 3200:"Fertility issues in women with diabetes" 3060: 3011: 2962: 2921: 2880: 2831: 2809: 2807: 2760: 2711: 2701: 2660: 2650: 2507: 2316: 2267: 2127: 2078: 1793: 1749: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1636: 1621:"Management of involuntary childlessness" 1583: 1546: 1514: 1168: 949:. The sperm must provide the zygote with 474:. 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London: Hodder Arnold. p. 152. 4803: 4054:from the original on 24 September 2020 3978: 3972: 3910:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 3842: 3724: 2945:Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ (July 2011). 2813: 2804: 2684:Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T (2014). 2566: 2564: 2562: 2492:"The Genetic Basis of Delayed Puberty" 2104:"Antioxidants for female subfertility" 1720: 1586:American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1570: 1568: 1566: 1315: 1041:The woman has infrequent or irregular 974:conceive together without assistance. 632:Small supernumerary marker chromosomes 394: 7826: 7777: 7363: 6710: 6308: 5494: 5471:Infertility not just a Female Problem 5314:. BookSurge Publishing. p. 218. 5288: 5074: 3885:from the original on 14 December 2014 3875:"5 Most Common Causes of Infertility" 3855:from the original on 24 November 2014 3521:from the original on 18 February 2019 2456: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2224: 2210:Inhorn MC, Van Balen F, eds. (2002). 1952:from the original on 23 February 2013 1707:from the original on 29 February 2016 1305:infertility and childlessness stigmas 1105: 684:disorders, undiagnosed and untreated 536: 6677: 6571:Office of Research on Women's Health 5135:"Assisted Human Reproduction Canada" 5025:O'Neill D (2009). "Up with ageing". 3794:from the original on 11 January 2009 2741:Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 2429:from the original on 23 January 2016 1895: 1849: 1233: 383: 276: 8583:Persistent genital arousal disorder 6689: 6609:Society for Women's Health Research 6543:International Day of the Girl Child 5159:from the original on 28 August 2021 4020:Walker MH, Tobler KJ (March 2020). 3824:from the original on 17 August 2017 2605: 2559: 2532: 1563: 24: 6653:Birth control in the United States 5274:National Health Statistics Reports 5221:Facts, Views & Vision in ObGyn 5175: 4914:Khan K, Gupta JK, Mires G (2005). 4471:Sabanegh Jr ES (20 October 2010). 3622:Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences 2599: 2441: 2059:Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience 2053:Rooney KL, Domar AD (March 2018). 1375:beginning of pregnancy controversy 1157:Other medical techniques are e.g. 529:) or the body's responsiveness to 485: 117:, because they have not undergone 25: 8639: 8397:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder 7916:Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome 7565:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 6992:self-report sexual risk behaviors 6548:Commission on the Status of Women 5558:External female genitalia (vulva) 5153:"Independent Theatre Association" 4578:from the original on 27 July 2021 3845:"STDs That Can Cause Infertility" 3177:10.2174/1573399810666140606111745 1810: 1163:preimplantation genetic diagnosis 1018:women's health nurse practitioner 612:Mutations to NR5A1 gene encoding 286:Primary vs. secondary infertility 263: 7545:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection 7520:Autologous endometrial coculture 7391:Assisted reproductive technology 7062:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 6688: 6676: 6665: 6664: 5881:Assisted reproductive technology 5521: 5476:Assisted Reproduction in Judaism 5145: 5127: 5105: 4402:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.12.003 4294:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.019 4253:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.02.025 4169:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.01.100 3595:10.1097/00043764-199702000-00011 3459:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.002 2297:The Australasian Medical Journal 2071:10.31887/DCNS.2018.20.1/klrooney 1391:, and a host of health problems. 1342:assisted reproductive technology 1144:assisted reproductive technology 1048:There is a male factor involved. 965:can lead to infertility in men. 733:such as glues, volatile organic 306: 227: 211:defines infertility as follows: 7182:Sexually transmitted infections 5847:Breastfeeding and mental health 5068: 5053: 5018: 4966: 4948:Sahlgrenska University Hospital 4932: 4907: 4881: 4846: 4797: 4782: 4731: 4680: 4631: 4590: 4531: 4491: 4423: 4409: 4376: 4358: 4309: 4268: 4227: 4176: 4115: 4066: 4040: 4013: 3948: 3897: 3867: 3836: 3806: 3776: 3764:from the original on 9 May 2007 3746: 3666: 3609: 3574: 3546:Reproductive Biomedicine Online 3533: 3474: 3344:10.1590/S0004-28032014000200014 3120: 3077: 3028: 2979: 2938: 2897: 2848: 2728: 2483: 2415: 2380: 2333: 2284: 2243: 2218: 2203: 2167: 2095: 2046: 2011: 1964: 1931: 1869: 1843: 1717:Page last reviewed 15 July 2014 1264: 1230:are major procedures involved. 1031:The woman is over 35 years old. 697:Hypothalamic-pituitary factors 645: 572:Sexually transmitted infections 121:, which is the body's start of 8011:Dysfunctional uterine bleeding 7628:Gamete intrafallopian transfer 7575:Zygote intrafallopian transfer 6738:Sexual and reproductive health 2120:10.1002/14651858.CD007807.pub4 1612: 1483:, fertility in cancer patients 1322:infertility in science fiction 1088:gonadotropin-releasing hormone 13: 1: 7732:Genetic diagnosis of intersex 7560:Partner-assisted reproduction 6497:Social determinants of health 5462:, 2004 (extensive guidelines) 5197:10.1016/s0277-9536(02)00208-3 5185:Social Science & Medicine 4518:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92957-4 3998:10.1016/s0015-0282(00)00519-7 3784:"Virus linked to infertility" 3634:10.1080/03009734.2020.1727073 3559:10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60151-4 3331:Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 2923:10.1016/s0015-0282(02)03103-5 2873:10.1095/biolreprod.111.091173 2291:Khetarpal A, Singh S (2012). 2032:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2006.12.003 1539:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 1507: 1420:One of the best known is the 1296:and 25% tubal problems/other. 1076:human menopausal gonadotropin 447:secondary sex characteristics 411:required to reproduce: boys' 317:medicalization of infertility 234:reproductive endocrinologists 186: 8618:Gynaecological endocrinology 8107:Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea) 8078:Polymenorrhea (epimenorrhea) 7162:Disorders of sex development 6492:Gender disparities in health 5830:Mother-to-child transmission 5486:Patient Voices – Infertility 5253:. London: RCOG Press. 2004. 4950:(in Swedish). Archived from 4942:[To sperm donators] 3701:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112626 3370:Hozyasz K (March 2001). "". 2639:Clinical Infectious Diseases 2490:Howard SR, Dunkel L (2018). 2461:. Elsevier Health Sciences. 1910:. London: RCOG Press. 2004. 1668:"ART fact sheet (July 2014)" 1084:human chorionic gonadotropin 1080:follicle-stimulating hormone 1056: 1001: 342:Family and Medical Leave Act 7: 8524:Pelvic inflammatory disease 7570:Transvaginal ovum retrieval 7172:Reproductive system disease 6105:Pelvic inflammatory disease 6048:Hormone replacement therapy 5612:Reproductive system disease 4744:Journal of Ovarian Research 3738:. June 2009. Archived from 2606:Rao K (30 September 2013). 2585:10.1016/j.acuro.2012.11.003 1817:Tamparo C, Lewis M (2011). 1598:10.1309/w8lj-k377-dhra-cp0b 1439: 1034:The woman has a history of 933:(such as vasectomy) at 5%, 879:pelvic inflammatory disease 857:polycystic ovarian syndrome 435:is commonly referred to as 407:have not yet developed the 10: 8644: 8519:Pelvic congestion syndrome 7949:Fallopian tube obstruction 7131:Obstetrics and gynaecology 6599:Black Women's Health Study 5666:Complications of pregnancy 5215:Gerrits T, Shaw M (2010). 5002:Mastony C (21 June 2009). 4867:10.1016/j.beem.2013.07.004 4757:10.1186/s13048-022-01011-2 4656:10.1016/j.stem.2012.07.017 3241:Akusherstvo I Ginekologiia 3130:Experimental Cell Research 2992:Iranian Biomedical Journal 2573:Actas Urologicas Espanolas 1821:Diseases of the Human Body 1277:due to an increase in age. 1212: 1208: 1005: 981: 961:cause immune infertility. 947:primary ciliary dyskinesia 935:primary testicular defects 917: 881:caused by infections like 811: 807: 773:fallopian tube obstruction 605: 601: 495: 489: 301: 29: 8568:Vestibular papillomatosis 8543: 8536: 8511: 8487: 8420: 8378: 8320: 8311: 8267: 8212: 8194: 8171: 8147: 8137:Metropathia haemorrhagica 8039: 8001: 7992: 7983: 7934: 7835: 7819: 7755: 7737:Religious response to ART 7714: 7663: 7583: 7502: 7445: 7397: 7306: 7275: 7202: 7154: 7106: 7070: 7047:Pregnant patients' rights 7002: 6962: 6912: 6869: 6820: 6812:Pre-conception counseling 6794: 6769:Abortion-rights movements 6744: 6660: 6617: 6576:Women's Health Initiative 6561: 6523: 6514: 6463: 6429:Major depressive disorder 6297: 6257:Intimate partner violence 6219: 6118:Female genital mutilation 6113: 6062: 5971: 5913: 5859: 5805: 5718: 5631: 5620: 5546: 5533: 5411: 5333: 4436:Human Reproduction Update 4385:"Prepregnancy counseling" 4334:10.1007/s10815-012-9715-0 3490:Human Reproduction Update 3272:Human Reproduction Update 3053:10.1007/s10815-011-9631-8 2820:Human Reproduction Update 2753:10.1016/j.mce.2010.11.006 2541:American Family Physician 2346:Human Reproduction Update 1782:Human Reproduction Update 1738:Human Reproduction Update 1347: 1161:, assisted hatching, and 931:sperm transport disorders 743:polychlorinated biphenyls 391:may lead to infertility. 356: 347: 331: 209:World Health Organization 203:World Health Organization 84: 74: 58: 49: 44: 7904:Follicular cyst of ovary 7555:Ovarian hyperstimulation 6933:Gamete Cryopreservation 6779:Circumcision controversy 6759:Compulsory sterilization 6165:Gynaecological disorders 5981:Culture and menstruation 5948:Contraceptive prevalence 5840:Compulsory sterilization 4822:10.1136/bmj.327.7412.434 4804:Taylor A (August 2003). 4202:10.3389/fcell.2015.00021 4091:10.1136/bmj.332.7539.434 3165:Current Diabetes Reviews 2457:Ferri FF (26 May 2018). 1944:NICE Clinical guidelines 1877:"WHO | Infertility" 1850:RMIA (20 October 2021). 1451:Age and female fertility 913: 8402:Sexual arousal disorder 8358:Candidal vulvovaginitis 8016:Endometrial hyperplasia 7591:Artificial insemination 7437:Male infertility crisis 7293:Social hygiene movement 7146:Transgender health care 6448:Urinary tract infection 6240:Abuse during childbirth 5077:American Anthropologist 4389:Fertility and Sterility 4281:Fertility and Sterility 4240:Fertility and Sterility 4156:Fertility and Sterility 3985:Fertility and Sterility 3979:Lessey BA (June 2000). 3923:10.1186/1477-7827-11-66 3736:Department of Health UK 3446:Fertility and Sterility 3239:Andreeva P (2014). "". 3106:10.1126/science.7444440 2910:Fertility and Sterility 2861:Biology of Reproduction 1700:National Health Service 1695:"Causes of infertility" 1502:Voluntary childlessness 984:Unexplained infertility 978:Unexplained infertility 712:anti-thyroid antibodies 608:Genetics of infertility 415:have not developed the 7845:Endometriosis of ovary 7742:Mitochondrial donation 7676:Donor Sibling Registry 7515:Assisted zona hatching 7504:In vitro fertilisation 7121:Genitourinary medicine 6924:In vitro fertilization 6879:Hormonal contraception 6764:Contraceptive security 6365:Cardiovascular disease 5953:Contraceptive security 5886:In vitro fertilization 5797:Postpartum confinement 5671:Hyperemesis gravidarum 3680:Environmental Research 3142:10.1006/excr.1993.1182 2833:10.1093/humupd/6.2.122 2401:10.1093/humrep/deaa312 2358:10.1093/humupd/dmac030 1178: 1169:In vitro fertilization 761:adeno-associated virus 727:Environmental factors 614:steroidogenic factor 1 225: 181:basal body temperature 8289:Vesicouterine fistula 8232:Cervical incompetence 8157:Recurrent miscarriage 8095:Premenstrual syndrome 7956:Fallopian tube cancer 6784:Intersex human rights 6487:Healthcare inequality 6289:Gender discrimination 6093:Human papilloma virus 5768:Vesicovaginal fistula 5310:Tsigdinos PM (2009). 4789:Maheshwari A (2008). 4616:10.1093/humrep/dev181 4449:10.1093/humupd/dmt007 3503:10.1093/humupd/dmr024 3285:10.1093/humupd/dmu007 2964:10.1093/humrep/der132 2309:10.4066/AMJ.2012.1290 2269:10.1093/humrep/deh687 1795:10.1093/humupd/dmr015 1751:10.1093/humupd/dmp048 1476:Mossman–Pacey paradox 1446:Advanced maternal age 1396:Roman Catholic Church 1176: 918:Further information: 905:advanced maternal age 812:Further information: 591:Mycoplasma genitalium 585:Neisseria gonorrhoeae 579:Chlamydia trachomatis 213: 123:reproductive capacity 8447:Rectovaginal fistula 7872:Poor ovarian reserve 7633:Reproductive surgery 7525:Cytoplasmic transfer 7455:Estrogen antagonists 7447:Fertility medication 7342:tax on childlessness 7098:Genital modification 7022:Unintended pregnancy 6754:Reproductive Justice 6594:Nurses' Health Study 6502:Reproductive justice 6453:Urinary incontinence 6073:Sexually transmitted 5928:Intrauterine devices 5773:Rectovaginal fistula 5763:Obstetrical fistulae 5691:Gestational diabetes 5686:Obstetrical bleeding 5661:Adolescent pregnancy 5646:Gravidity and parity 5641:Unintended pregnancy 5456:(concise guidelines) 4940:"Till spermadonator" 4372:on 25 December 2008. 4048:"Female Infertility" 4022:"Female Infertility" 3881:. 17 February 2011. 3004:10.6091/ibj.990.2012 2690:Journal of Pathogens 2423:"Precocious Puberty" 1984:on 16 November 2020. 1927:on 15 November 2010. 1533:(10053): 1545–1602. 1369:and not transferred 1112:fertility medication 1096:aromatase inhibitors 969:Combined infertility 959:Antisperm antibodies 542:Antisperm antibodies 521:, or defects of the 480:other related injury 268:In the UK, previous 131:medical intervention 8497:Postcoital bleeding 8425:Urogenital fistulas 8353:Bacterial vaginosis 8006:Asherman's syndrome 7645:Selective reduction 7596:Ovulation induction 7540:In vitro maturation 7535:Gestational carrier 7460:aromatase inhibitor 7042:Pregnancy from rape 6899:Intrauterine device 6507:Women's empowerment 6375:Alzheimer's disease 6006:Cloth menstrual pad 5963:Fertility awareness 5933:Oral contraceptives 5815:Perinatal mortality 5060:Deomampo D (2016). 4979:theconversation.com 4793:. pp. 538–542. 4709:10.1038/nature02316 4701:2004Natur.428..145J 4538:Bergmann S (2011). 3820:. 11 January 2019. 3790:. 27 October 2001. 3760:. 26 October 2001. 3692:2022ER....208k2626B 3098:1980Sci...210.1131E 3092:(4474): 1131–1133. 2703:10.1155/2014/183167 2007:on 23 October 2013. 1703:. 23 October 2017. 1320:Perhaps except for 1316:Society and culture 1116:ovulation induction 927:endocrine disorders 887:age-related factors 720:confidence interval 523:reproductive system 395:Natural infertility 173:Fertility awareness 8613:Fertility medicine 8382:Sexual dysfunction 8348:Atrophic vaginitis 8284:Retroverted uterus 8247:Female infertility 8227:Cervical dysplasia 8152:Female infertility 7944:Female infertility 7899:Corpus luteum cyst 7855:Ovulatory disorder 7850:Female infertility 7671:Donor registration 7638:Vasectomy reversal 7288:History of condoms 7177:Sexual dysfunction 7083:Sexual orientation 7037:Options counseling 6884:Male contraception 6807:Genetic counseling 6604:Cartwright Inquiry 6515:Politics, research 6333:Endometrial cancer 6187:Sexual intercourse 5958:Planned parenthood 5943:Male contraceptive 5412:External resources 5089:10.1111/aman.12146 4791:Human Reproduction 4603:Human Reproduction 4125:"Male Infertility" 3968:on 29 August 2008. 3742:on 3 January 2011. 3403:Digestive Diseases 3372:Ginekologia Polska 2951:Human Reproduction 2814:Zenzes MT (2000). 2696:(183167): 183167. 2652:10.1093/cid/civ312 2612:. JP Medical Ltd. 2496:Neuroendocrinology 2389:Human Reproduction 2256:Human Reproduction 1883:on 23 October 2013 1592:(Suppl): S95-103. 1497:Surrogate marriage 1487:Population control 1228:donor insemination 1179: 1146:(ART) techniques. 1106:Medical treatments 1072:clomiphene citrate 909:immune infertility 819:must be balanced. 814:Female infertility 779:Alimentary habits 701:Hyperprolactinemia 537:Immune infertility 507:breast development 471:precocious puberty 366:female infertility 326:sexual dysfunction 253:sexual intercourse 217:sexual intercourse 142:female infertility 88:113 million (2015) 8595: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8532: 8531: 8507: 8506: 8440:Obstetric fistula 8338:Vaginal discharge 8307: 8306: 8252:Cervical stenosis 8167: 8166: 8021:Endometrial polyp 7979: 7978: 7909:Theca lutein cyst 7771: 7770: 7722:Accidental incest 7432:Fertility tourism 7427:Fertility testing 7357: 7356: 7057:Teenage pregnancy 6774:Genital integrity 6704: 6703: 6584: 6583: 6409: 6408: 6360: 6359: 6343:Papanicolaou test 6299:Non-communicable 6267:Sexual harassment 6245:Domestic violence 6215: 6214: 6058: 6057: 5855: 5854: 5758:Retained placenta 5676:Ectopic pregnancy 5449: 5448: 5321:978-1-4392-3156-2 5289:Singh HD (2022). 5260:978-1-900364-97-3 5039:10.1136/bmj.b4215 4957:on 26 June 2008. 4925:978-0-340-81672-1 4816:(7412): 434–436. 4695:(6979): 145–150. 4484:978-1-60761-193-6 4085:(7539): 434–435. 3415:10.1159/000171452 3217:10.2217/whe.09.47 3047:(11): 1073–1085. 2509:10.1159/000481569 2225:Singh HD (2022). 1948:. February 2013. 1917:978-1-900364-97-3 1471:Conception device 1403:natural selection 1234:Stem cell therapy 1220:Fertility tourism 1215:Fertility tourism 1124:conception device 1008:Fertility testing 678:Diabetes mellitus 566:testicular cancer 546:acrosome reaction 519:systemic diseases 458:child development 389:Iodine deficiency 384:Iodine Deficiency 277:Other definitions 246:Time to Pregnancy 92: 91: 39:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 8635: 8563:Kraurosis vulvae 8558:Bartholin's cyst 8541: 8540: 8492:Vaginal bleeding 8385: 8318: 8317: 8294:Uterine prolapse 8122:Menometrorrhagia 8046: 7999: 7998: 7990: 7989: 7889:Ovarian apoplexy 7833: 7832: 7824: 7823: 7798: 7791: 7784: 7775: 7774: 7696:Semen collection 7601:Cryopreservation 7550:Oocyte selection 7422:Fertility clinic 7384: 7377: 7370: 7361: 7360: 7319:Two-child policy 7314:One-child policy 7194:Gender dysphoria 6731: 6724: 6717: 6708: 6707: 6692: 6691: 6680: 6679: 6668: 6667: 6521: 6520: 6306: 6305: 6226: 6225: 6220:Non-reproductive 6069: 6068: 5986:Feminine hygiene 5753:Cesarian section 5748:Obstructed labor 5629: 5628: 5544: 5543: 5525: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5492: 5491: 5331: 5330: 5325: 5306: 5285: 5264: 5246: 5236: 5208: 5191:(9): 1837–1851. 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5137:. Archived from 5131: 5125: 5124: 5119:. Archived from 5109: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5010:. Archived from 4999: 4990: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4956: 4945: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4891:. Archived from 4885: 4879: 4878: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4833: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4769: 4759: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4667: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4618: 4609:(9): 2014–2021. 4594: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4535: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4451: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4368:. Archived from 4362: 4356: 4355: 4345: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4296: 4287:(6): 1388–1397. 4272: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4204: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4162:(5): 1809–1811. 4147: 4141: 4140: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4102: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4000: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3964:. Archived from 3952: 3946: 3945: 3935: 3925: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3810: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3703: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3653: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3561: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3520: 3505: 3487: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3461: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3346: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3297: 3287: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3219: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3064: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3015: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2957:(7): 1628–1640. 2942: 2936: 2935: 2925: 2916:(6): 1184–1190. 2901: 2895: 2894: 2884: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2835: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2764: 2747:(1–2): 198–205. 2732: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2664: 2654: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2568: 2557: 2556: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2511: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2454: 2439: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2320: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2271: 2262:(4): 1044–1052. 2247: 2241: 2240: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2182:(Suppl): 45–52. 2171: 2165: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2142: 2141: 2131: 2114:(11): CD007807. 2099: 2093: 2092: 2082: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2003:. Archived from 1997: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1976: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1920:. Archived from 1909: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1873: 1867: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1847: 1841: 1840: 1824: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1797: 1773: 1764: 1763: 1753: 1729: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1691: 1682: 1681: 1680:on 4 March 2016. 1676:. Archived from 1664: 1651: 1650: 1640: 1631:(415): 111–118. 1616: 1610: 1609: 1581: 1575: 1572: 1561: 1560: 1550: 1518: 920:Male infertility 890:uterine problems 799:anorexia nervosa 710:The presence of 674:General factors 362:Male infertility 138:Male infertility 105:species (mostly 54: 42: 41: 21: 8643: 8642: 8638: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8587: 8528: 8503: 8483: 8416: 8379: 8374: 8370:Vaginal atresia 8303: 8263: 8222:Cervical cancer 8208: 8190: 8186:Uterine fibroid 8163: 8143: 8127:Polymenorrhagia 8068:Oligoamenorrhea 8040: 8035: 7975: 7930: 7926:Ovarian torsion 7815: 7805:Female diseases 7802: 7772: 7767: 7751: 7727:Fertility fraud 7710: 7659: 7579: 7530:Embryo transfer 7507: 7498: 7441: 7393: 7388: 7358: 7353: 7302: 7271: 7244:United Kingdom 7198: 7150: 7141:Sexual medicine 7102: 7078:Gender identity 7066: 7012:Maternal health 6998: 6958: 6954:fertility fraud 6915: 6908: 6865: 6816: 6790: 6740: 6735: 6705: 6700: 6656: 6641:Family planning 6619: 6613: 6580: 6557: 6516: 6510: 6482:Gender equality 6465: 6459: 6405: 6356: 6338:Cervical cancer 6300: 6293: 6231: 6221: 6211: 6202:Sex differences 6160:Forced marriage 6109: 6074: 6064: 6054: 5996:Menstrual cycle 5967: 5920:Family planning 5918: 5909: 5862: 5851: 5810:Maternal deaths 5801: 5792:Postpartum care 5738:Multiple births 5714: 5623: 5616: 5549: 5540: 5537: 5529: 5519: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5407: 5406: 5342: 5328: 5322: 5303: 5261: 5249: 5178: 5176:Further reading 5173: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5141:on 23 May 2008. 5133: 5132: 5128: 5123:on 21 May 2008. 5111: 5110: 5106: 5073: 5069: 5058: 5054: 5023: 5019: 5014:on 3 July 2012. 5008:Chicago Tribune 5000: 4993: 4983: 4981: 4971: 4967: 4954: 4943: 4938: 4937: 4933: 4926: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4851: 4847: 4802: 4798: 4787: 4783: 4736: 4732: 4685: 4681: 4636: 4632: 4595: 4591: 4581: 4579: 4536: 4532: 4522: 4520: 4496: 4492: 4485: 4469: 4465: 4428: 4424: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4381: 4377: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4314: 4310: 4273: 4269: 4232: 4228: 4181: 4177: 4148: 4144: 4120: 4116: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4050:. Mayo Clinic. 4046: 4045: 4041: 4018: 4014: 3977: 3973: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3856: 3843:Wittenberg ME. 3841: 3837: 3827: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3795: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3671: 3667: 3614: 3610: 3579: 3575: 3538: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3518: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3438: 3434: 3399: 3395: 3368: 3364: 3323: 3319: 3264: 3260: 3237: 3233: 3196: 3192: 3161: 3157: 3125: 3121: 3082: 3078: 3033: 3029: 2984: 2980: 2943: 2939: 2902: 2898: 2853: 2849: 2812: 2805: 2782: 2778: 2733: 2729: 2682: 2678: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2604: 2600: 2569: 2560: 2537: 2533: 2488: 2484: 2469: 2455: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2385: 2381: 2338: 2334: 2289: 2285: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2223: 2219: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2145: 2100: 2096: 2051: 2047: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1998: 1989: 1981: 1974: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1924: 1918: 1907: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1875: 1874: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1815: 1811: 1774: 1767: 1730: 1721: 1710: 1708: 1693: 1692: 1685: 1666: 1665: 1654: 1617: 1613: 1582: 1578: 1573: 1564: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1442: 1389:premature birth 1385:multiple births 1350: 1318: 1267: 1236: 1224:medical tourism 1217: 1211: 1203:Patrick Steptoe 1191: 1171: 1152:embryo transfer 1108: 1067:live birth rate 1059: 1010: 1004: 986: 980: 971: 963:Cystic fibrosis 922: 916: 816: 810: 751:Tobacco smokers 718:of 1.5 and 95% 706:Hypopituitarism 686:coeliac disease 648: 626:oligozoospermia 610: 604: 574: 539: 503:Delayed puberty 500: 494: 492:Delayed puberty 488: 486:Delayed puberty 425:menstrual cycle 397: 386: 359: 350: 334: 309: 304: 288: 279: 270:NICE guidelines 266: 242:reference limit 230: 205: 189: 169:menstrual cycle 113:or other young 79: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8641: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8623:Women's health 8620: 8615: 8610: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8549: 8547: 8538: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8526: 8521: 8515: 8513: 8509: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8449: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8430:Ureterovaginal 8421: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8407:Vaginal cancer 8404: 8399: 8394: 8388: 8386: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8340: 8331: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8301: 8299:Uterine cancer 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8261: 8259:Nabothian cyst 8256: 8255: 8254: 8244: 8239: 8237:Cervical polyp 8234: 8229: 8224: 8218: 8216: 8210: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8200: 8198: 8192: 8191: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8177: 8175: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8159: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8131: 8130: 8129: 8124: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8075: 8073:Oligomenorrhea 8070: 8065: 8060: 8049: 8047: 8037: 8036: 8034: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7940: 7938: 7936:Fallopian tube 7932: 7931: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7921:Ovarian cancer 7918: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7875: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7865:Oligoovulation 7862: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7830: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7801: 7800: 7793: 7786: 7778: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7641: 7640: 7630: 7625: 7624: 7623: 7618: 7616:ovarian tissue 7613: 7608: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7581: 7580: 7578: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7511: 7509: 7508:and expansions 7500: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7451: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7403: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7386: 7379: 7372: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7321: 7316: 7310: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7279: 7277: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7267: 7262: 7260:teen pregnancy 7252: 7251: 7250: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7158: 7156: 7152: 7151: 7149: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7112: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7101: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6994: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6974: 6968: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6931: 6926: 6920: 6918: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6856: 6851: 6841: 6836: 6826: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6788: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6750: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6734: 6733: 6726: 6719: 6711: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6644: 6643: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6618:Women's health 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6525:United Nations 6518: 6517:& advocacy 6512: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6467: 6464:Sociocultural 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6421: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6379: 6378: 6377: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6352:Ovarian cancer 6349: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6335: 6328:Uterine cancer 6325: 6320: 6314: 6312: 6303: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6272:Sexual assault 6269: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6236: 6234: 6223: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Child marriage 6147: 6145:Breast ironing 6142: 6137: 6135:Breast binding 6132: 6131: 6130: 6125: 6123:Clitoridectomy 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6085: 6079: 6077: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6001:Menstrual aids 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5977: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5924: 5922: 5911: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5867: 5865: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5785:Husband stitch 5777: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5724: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5712: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5663: 5658: 5656:Antenatal care 5653: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5626: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Fallopian tube 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5554: 5552: 5548:Reproductive 5541: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5527:Women's health 5518: 5517: 5510: 5503: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5457: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5442: 5428: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5393: 5382: 5363: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334:Classification 5327: 5326: 5320: 5307: 5301: 5286: 5265: 5259: 5247: 5227:(3): 194–207. 5212: 5209: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5144: 5126: 5104: 5098:2027.42/109636 5083:(4): 824–828. 5067: 5052: 5017: 4991: 4965: 4931: 4924: 4906: 4895:on 30 May 2008 4880: 4861:(4): 617–628. 4845: 4796: 4781: 4730: 4679: 4650:(5): 715–726. 4644:Cell Stem Cell 4630: 4589: 4556:10.1086/655978 4550:(2): 280–288. 4530: 4490: 4483: 4463: 4442:(4): 354–365. 4422: 4408: 4375: 4357: 4328:(3): 213–223. 4308: 4267: 4246:(1): 130–137. 4226: 4175: 4142: 4131:. StatPearls. 4114: 4065: 4039: 4012: 3991:(6): 1089–96. 3971: 3947: 3896: 3866: 3849:LIVESTRONG.COM 3835: 3805: 3775: 3745: 3723: 3665: 3608: 3589:(2): 138–147. 3573: 3552:(6): 842–850. 3532: 3496:(5): 605–619. 3473: 3452:(2): 301–309. 3432: 3409:(3): 186–190. 3393: 3378:(3): 173–179. 3362: 3337:(2): 144–150. 3317: 3278:(4): 582–593. 3258: 3231: 3210:(6): 701–707. 3204:Women's Health 3190: 3171:(3): 147–157. 3155: 3136:(1): 202–205. 3119: 3076: 3027: 2998:(4): 122–129. 2978: 2937: 2896: 2867:(5): 871–883. 2847: 2826:(2): 122–131. 2803: 2792:(5): 719–731. 2776: 2727: 2676: 2645:(3): 418–426. 2625: 2618: 2598: 2579:(9): 571–578. 2558: 2547:(9): 590–599. 2531: 2502:(3): 283–291. 2482: 2467: 2440: 2425:. KidsHealth. 2414: 2395:(2): 265–274. 2379: 2332: 2303:(6): 334–339. 2283: 2242: 2235: 2217: 2202: 2193: 2166: 2157: 2143: 2094: 2045: 2026:(2): 293–308. 2010: 1987: 1963: 1930: 1916: 1894: 1868: 1842: 1835: 1809: 1788:(5): 575–588. 1765: 1744:(3): 231–245. 1719: 1683: 1652: 1611: 1576: 1562: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1429: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1399: 1392: 1381: 1378: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1297: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1253: 1235: 1232: 1213:Main article: 1210: 1207: 1199:Robert Edwards 1190: 1187: 1170: 1167: 1107: 1104: 1058: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1006:Main article: 1003: 1000: 995:folate pathway 982:Main article: 979: 976: 970: 967: 915: 912: 911: 910: 907: 902: 897: 895:tubal ligation 891: 888: 885: 876: 875:tubal blockage 873: 853: 852: 849: 846: 843: 824:fallopian tube 809: 806: 805: 804: 803: 802: 794: 757: 756: 755: 754: 725: 724: 723: 708: 703: 695: 694: 693: 672: 671: 670: 662: 647: 644: 606:Main article: 603: 600: 573: 570: 560:, infections, 538: 535: 490:Main article: 487: 484: 396: 393: 385: 382: 358: 355: 349: 346: 333: 330: 308: 305: 303: 300: 287: 284: 278: 275: 265: 264:United Kingdom 262: 257: 256: 249: 229: 226: 204: 201: 188: 185: 177:cervical mucus 159:Women who are 90: 89: 86: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 62: 56: 55: 47: 46: 38: 32:Soil fertility 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8640: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8553:Vulvar cancer 8551: 8550: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8516: 8514: 8510: 8498: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8435:Vesicovaginal 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8326: 8323: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8310: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8178: 8176: 8174: 8170: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8063:Hypomenorrhea 8061: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8026:Endometriosis 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961:Hematosalpinx 7959: 7957: 7954: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7879:Mittelschmerz 7877: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7856: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7822: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7794: 7792: 7787: 7785: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7747:Sex selection 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7650:Sex selection 7648: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7636: 7635: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7603: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584:Other methods 7582: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7505: 7501: 7495: 7492: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7483: 7482:Gonadotropins 7480: 7478: 7477:GnRH agonists 7475: 7473: 7470: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7380: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7365: 7362: 7350: 7347: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7337:child benefit 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7266: 7265:birth control 7263: 7261: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7255:United States 7253: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7105: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Prenatal care 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6904:Sterilization 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6871:Contraception 6868: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6846: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6839:Birth spacing 6837: 6835: 6834:childlessness 6831: 6830:Childfreeness 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6802:Sex education 6800: 6799: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6732: 6727: 6725: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6709: 6697: 6696: 6687: 6685: 6684: 6675: 6673: 6672: 6663: 6662: 6659: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6616: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6563:United States 6560: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6513: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6477:Disadvantaged 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6462: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6438:Urinary tract 6436: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6414:Mental health 6412: 6411: 6402: 6399: 6393: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6353: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6323:Breast cancer 6321: 6319: 6316: 6315: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6232:against women 6227: 6224: 6218: 6208: 6207:Sex education 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6140:Breast health 6138: 6136: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6076: 6070: 6067: 6061: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6011:Menstrual cup 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5915:Contraception 5912: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5876:Childlessness 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5861:Reproductive 5858: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5836: 5835:Sterilization 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5733:Preterm birth 5731: 5729: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568:Clitoral hood 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5539: 5536:Reproductive 5532: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5511: 5509: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5302:9780253063878 5298: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5099: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4998: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4960: 4953: 4949: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4800: 4792: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4534: 4519: 4515: 4512:(8085): 366. 4511: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4475: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4418: 4412: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4379: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3879:HowStuffWorks 3876: 3870: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3809: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3763: 3759: 3758:New Scientist 3755: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3536: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3314: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3159: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2619:9789350907368 2615: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2468:9780323550765 2464: 2460: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2428: 2424: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352:(1): 95–125. 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2246: 2238: 2236:9780253063878 2232: 2228: 2221: 2213: 2206: 2197: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2170: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2049: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1923: 1919: 1913: 1906: 1905: 1898: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1838: 1836:9780803625051 1832: 1828: 1823: 1822: 1813: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1770: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1481:Oncofertility 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1466:Childlessness 1464: 1462: 1461:Birth control 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1345: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1262: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1241: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1186: 1183: 1175: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1142:) are called 1141: 1137: 1133: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1054: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1037: 1036:endometriosis 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1009: 999: 996: 992: 991:polymorphisms 985: 975: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 921: 908: 906: 903: 901: 900:endometriosis 898: 896: 892: 889: 886: 884: 880: 877: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 863: 860: 858: 850: 847: 844: 841: 840: 839: 837: 832: 829: 828:endometriosis 825: 820: 815: 800: 795: 792: 788: 784: 781: 780: 778: 777: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 729: 728: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 698: 696: 691: 687: 683: 679: 676: 675: 673: 668: 663: 660: 656: 655: 653: 652: 651: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 627: 623: 619: 615: 609: 599: 597: 596:M. genitalium 593: 592: 587: 586: 581: 580: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 550:fertilization 547: 543: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 510: 508: 504: 499: 493: 483: 481: 477: 473: 472: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 439: 438:prepubescence 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 392: 390: 381: 379: 375: 374:semen quality 371: 367: 363: 354: 345: 343: 338: 329: 327: 321: 318: 314: 307:Psychological 299: 296: 292: 283: 274: 271: 261: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 238: 237: 235: 228:United States 224: 222: 218: 212: 210: 200: 198: 192: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 155: 151: 150:semen quality 147: 143: 139: 135: 132: 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 87: 83: 77: 73: 70: 66: 63: 61: 57: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 8472:Sigmoidocele 8380: 8325:Hematocolpos 8204:Parametritis 8112:Metrorrhagia 8090:Dysmenorrhea 8043:Menstruation 8041: 8031:Endometritis 7966:Hydrosalpinx 7894:Ovarian cyst 7681:Egg donation 7398: 7349:Abortion law 7332:bachelor tax 7166: 6982:vulvovaginal 6916:reproduction 6693: 6681: 6669: 6392:Hip fracture 6387:Osteoporosis 6128:Infibulation 6028:Dysmenorrhea 6021:Sanitary pad 5973:Menstruation 5870: 5701:Preeclampsia 5696:Hypertension 5580:Labia majora 5575:Labia minora 5430: 5419: 5395: 5384: 5365: 5346: 5311: 5291: 5276:(67): 1–18. 5273: 5250: 5224: 5220: 5188: 5184: 5161:. Retrieved 5147: 5139:the original 5129: 5121:the original 5116: 5107: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5012:the original 5007: 4982:. Retrieved 4978: 4968: 4958: 4952:the original 4947: 4934: 4915: 4909: 4897:. Retrieved 4893:the original 4883: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4813: 4809: 4799: 4790: 4784: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4647: 4643: 4633: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4580:. Retrieved 4547: 4543: 4533: 4521:. Retrieved 4509: 4503: 4493: 4473: 4466: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4411: 4395:(1): 32–42. 4392: 4388: 4378: 4370:the original 4360: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4128: 4117: 4082: 4078: 4068: 4058:21 September 4056:. Retrieved 4042: 4025: 4015: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3966:the original 3959: 3950: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3887:. Retrieved 3878: 3869: 3857:. Retrieved 3848: 3838: 3826:. Retrieved 3817: 3808: 3796:. Retrieved 3787: 3778: 3766:. Retrieved 3757: 3748: 3740:the original 3735: 3726: 3683: 3679: 3668: 3628:(2): 85–94. 3625: 3621: 3611: 3586: 3582: 3576: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3525:19 September 3523:. Retrieved 3493: 3489: 3476: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3426: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3387: 3375: 3371: 3365: 3356: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3307: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3247:(7): 18–23. 3244: 3240: 3234: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3044: 3040: 3030: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2823: 2819: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2744: 2740: 2730: 2693: 2689: 2679: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2608: 2601: 2576: 2572: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2499: 2495: 2485: 2458: 2431:. Retrieved 2417: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2259: 2255: 2245: 2226: 2220: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2160: 2111: 2107: 2097: 2065:(1): 41–47. 2062: 2058: 2048: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2005:the original 1979:the original 1966: 1954:. Retrieved 1942: 1933: 1922:the original 1903: 1897: 1885:. Retrieved 1881:the original 1871: 1859:. Retrieved 1855: 1845: 1820: 1812: 1785: 1781: 1741: 1737: 1709:. Retrieved 1698: 1678:the original 1671: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1530: 1526: 1516: 1456:Antinatalism 1428:in the 1980s 1426:Mary Warnock 1415: 1373:. (See also 1351: 1339: 1338: 1331: 1326: 1319: 1268: 1265:Epidemiology 1259: 1244: 1237: 1219: 1218: 1192: 1180: 1156: 1148: 1129: 1120:cervical cap 1109: 1060: 1051: 1022: 1011: 987: 972: 943: 923: 883:tuberculosis 867: 864: 861: 854: 833: 821: 817: 758: 649: 646:Other causes 630: 611: 595: 589: 583: 577: 575: 540: 531:sex hormones 527:hypogonadism 515:malnutrition 511: 501: 498:Late bloomer 469: 462:hypothalamus 454:human growth 451: 443:prepubescent 442: 436: 398: 387: 360: 351: 339: 335: 322: 310: 297: 293: 289: 280: 267: 258: 245: 231: 214: 206: 196: 193: 190: 158: 136: 127: 107:haplodiploid 94: 93: 36: 8608:Infertility 8477:Urethrocele 8392:Dyspareunia 8365:Hydrocolpos 8329:Hydrocolpos 8275:Hematometra 8196:Parametrium 8181:Adenomyosis 7994:Endometrium 7971:Salpingitis 7860:Anovulation 7487:menotropins 7399:Infertility 7235:Philippines 7167:Infertility 7126:Gynaecology 7093:Transgender 6861:Sperm theft 6854:foster care 6695:WikiProject 6382:Bone health 6318:Lung cancer 6155:Dyspareunia 6098:HPV vaccine 6038:Amenorrhoea 6033:Menorrhagia 5871:Infertility 5820:Stillbirths 5681:Miscarriage 5421:MedlinePlus 4026:StatPearls 3828:9 September 3295:10807/56796 1956:14 February 1711:21 February 1294:anovulation 722:of 1.1–2.0. 667:TUNEL assay 654:DNA damage 624:and severe 622:azoospermia 562:prostatitis 548:, impaired 476:brain tumor 427:, known as 417:sperm cells 221:amenorrhoea 95:Infertility 45:Infertility 8628:Mycoplasma 8602:Categories 8578:Vulvodynia 8462:Enterocele 8412:Vaginismus 8334:Leukorrhea 8242:Cervicitis 8173:Myometrium 8058:Amenorrhea 7884:Oophoritis 7701:Sperm bank 7327:baby bonus 7323:Financial 7203:By country 7027:childbirth 7017:Obstetrics 6949:Sperm bank 6620:by country 6424:Depression 6075:infections 5780:Episiotomy 5720:Childbirth 5651:Obstetrics 5397:DiseasesDB 4505:The Lancet 3889:3 December 3859:3 December 3686:: 112626. 3389:pregnancy. 2662:1773/26479 2477:1040695302 1508:References 1195:polyspermy 1159:tuboplasty 955:centrioles 939:idiopathic 747:pesticides 716:odds ratio 659:xenobiotic 558:varicocele 517:, various 496:See also: 441:(or being 197:subfertile 187:Definition 69:gynecology 8467:Rectocele 8457:Cystocele 8343:Vaginitis 7655:Surrogacy 7465:clomifene 7240:Singapore 7155:Disorders 7116:Andrology 7004:Pregnancy 6988:Research 6844:Parenting 6795:Education 6250:Pregnancy 6230:Violence 6170:Vaginitis 6043:Menopause 5903:Fostering 5893:Parenting 5863:life plan 5728:Midwifery 5706:Eclampsia 5633:Pregnancy 5622:Maternal 5432:eMedicine 5117:europa.eu 5033:: b4215. 4750:(1): 79. 3718:245581454 3642:0300-9734 2433:31 August 2366:1355-4786 1492:Sterility 1432:directive 1275:fecundity 1240:stem cell 1100:metformin 1092:analogues 1057:Treatment 1025:pregnancy 1014:physician 1002:Diagnosis 893:previous 787:estradiol 769:gonorrhea 765:chlamydia 739:silicones 460:, as the 421:ovulation 413:testicles 378:fecundity 165:ovulation 154:fecundity 115:offspring 99:reproduce 85:Frequency 60:Specialty 18:Infertile 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