111:), which then recruits pro-caspase-1 via its CARD domain to activate inflammatory signaling and pyroptotic cell death. Notably, the PYD of the adaptor protein ASC has been demonstrated to function as a prion-like domain, forming a self-perpetuating polymer when activated. In addition to inflammasomes activating caspase-1, several studies also described non-canonical inflammasome complexes that act independent of caspase-1. In mice, the non-canonical inflammasome is activated by direct sensing of cytosolic bacterial
692:, have been developed to treat autoinflammatory diseases like CAPS and other conditions where inflammasomes can be hyperactivated. These agents target the downstream effectors of inflammasome activation, namely IL-1β and IL-18. The involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome specifically in several diseases has accelerated the discovery of efficient NLRP3 inhibitors. However, despite these advances, no specific NLR inhibitors for clinical use have been approved by the FDA to date.
167:(NLR family PYD-containing 1) could assemble and oligomerize into a structure in vitro, which activated the caspase-1 cascade, thereby leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and IL-18. This NLRP1 multi-molecular complex was dubbed the ‘inflammasome’, generating significant interest in the following years. During that time, several other inflammasomes were discovered, two of which are also driven by NLRs—
371:
dioxide, and asbestos can activate the inflammasome While the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome leads to a potent inflammatory response to various pathogens and stress signals, it has also been reported that NLRP3 inflammasome activation may play a role in sleep regulation
Additionally, recent studies indicate that NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in secondary brain injury following intracerebral hemorrhage.
187:, and silica, were found to induce an inflammasome response. Additional links were also found between metabolic syndrome and NLRP3, one of the inflammasome sensors. These findings paved the way for present-day studies in the fields of innate immunity and cell death, where disease mechanisms and treatments are being investigated in relation to inflammasome assembly and activation.
446:
results in the release of auto-inhibition, which leads to the formation of AIM2 oligomers. These oligomers then recruit the adaptor ASC through contacts between their PYDs, which is required for the AIM2 inflammasome assembly and activation. As a result, pro-caspase-1 is recruited to the inflammasome complex, triggering a robust innate immune response and pyroptotic cell death.
591:
The activation of the inflammasome in the epithelial barrier needs to be precisely balanced to eliminate infected cells while also preserving the integrity of the barrier. Inflammasome activation can trigger epithelial cell death in a direct, cell-autonomous manner, as well as local recruitment
445:
The AIM2 inflammasome senses cytosolic dsDNA and plays a crucial role in host defense against DNA viruses and intracellular bacterial infections. AIM2 consists of an N-terminal PYD and a C-terminal HIN domain. Both domains interact to maintain the molecule in an auto-inhibited state. Binding of dsDNA
190:
Inflammasomes can also be formed by PRRs other than NLR proteins. In 2009, Hornung et al. identified a PYHIN (pyrin and HIN domain-containing protein) known as AIM2 that assembles an inflammasome in response to foreign cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), which several other groups also confirmed
333:
NLRP3 is one of the most well-researched inflammasome sensors. The NLRP3 structure consists of PYD along with the NOD and LRR domains. It triggers caspase-1 activation by using PYD to recruit ASC and form a single oligomer in each cell, which includes seven NLRP3 molecules. NLRP3 has been recognized
599:
Inflammasome-dependent IL-1β and IL-18 release recruit effector cells, orchestrating the innate immune response. IL-1β production is modest by intestinal epithelial cells, while IL-18 secreted can induce IFN-γ production by several cell types. IL-18, derived from the inflammasome, aids in the early
587:
The activation of epithelial inflammasomes in response to invading pathogens has significant cell-autonomous effects on the infected cell as well as on its communication with other cell types on a local and global level. The downstream consequences of inflammasome activation can be categorized into
398:(NAIP5 and -6). Humans have a single NAIP that specifically responds to the needle component. Following ligand binding, NAIPs interact with NLRC4 to initiate the assembly of the NLRC4 inflammasome, which then recruits and activates pro-caspase-1 via its CARD. Experimental evidence demonstrates that
142:
barrier tissues, where they have been demonstrated to serve as an important first line of defense. Moreover, the dysregulation of inflammasome activation can contribute to the pathology of several major diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, inflammatory conditions, metabolic disorders,
3365:
Groß, Christina J.; Mishra, Ritu; Schneider, Katharina S.; Médard, Guillaume; Wettmarshausen, Jennifer; Dittlein, Daniela C.; Shi, Hexin; Gorka, Oliver; Koenig, Paul-Albert; Fromm, Stephan; Magnani, Giovanni; Ćiković, Tamara; Hartjes, Lara; Smollich, Joachim; Robertson, Avril A.B. (October 2016).
370:
and MSU crystals activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to increased IL-1β-production. This process is thought to be abrogated in atherosclerosis and gout, where these crystals accumulate within the cell. It has also been established that inorganic particles like titanium dioxide, silicon
256:
The inflammasome sensors are categorized based on their structural characteristics into NLRs, ALRs, and pyrin. These receptors possess the ability to form inflammasomes and trigger caspase-1 activation. The NLR family can be classified either as NLRP or NLRC subfamilies depending on whether the N
207:
Caspase-1 activation facilitates the release of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. The cleavage of GSDMD is also initiated by active caspase-1, which results in pyroptosis (where the cell releases its cytoplasmic content to induce pro-inflammatory signaling). The released IL-1β and IL-18
563:
and the exposure of PAMPs is required for breaching these barriers upon pathogen invasion. However, these factors may be downregulated when the pathogen interacts with professional immune cells at later stages of the infection. Research on epithelial inflammasomes has been largely focused on the
558:
In addition to specialized innate immune cells such as macrophages, several studies have examined various epithelial inflammasomes and emphasized their role in immune defense. Epithelia not only act as a physical barrier but also initiate a defensive response upon initial contact with pathogens.
523:
by bacterial factors. Upon RHOA inactivation, pyrin engages in a homotypic association with ASC via its N-terminal PYD, leading to the formation of micrometer-sized assemblies known as ASC specks by oligomerization, finally resulting in the activation of caspase-1. This results in the release of
382:
NLRC4 is the only member of the NLRC family currently known to assemble an inflammasome. NLRC4 consists of a CARD along with the NOD and LRR domains to directly recruit the adaptor protein ASC, or pro-caspase-1. The NLR family apoptosis inhibitory proteins, or NAIPs, are crucial for serving as a
337:
NLRP3 oligomerization is activated by a large number of diverse stimuli, such as DAMPs, including crystalline matter (e.g., monosodium urate (MSU) crystals), alum, asbestos, calcium influx, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), and extracellular ATP. The NLRP3 inflammasome is additionally
298:
The NLRP1 inflammasome was the first to be identified and studied extensively. In addition to NOD and LRR, the NLRP1 structure consists of a PYD at its N-terminal, a FIIND motif, and a CARD at its C-terminus, which helps distinguish it from the other inflammasome sensors. While there is only one
199:
Assembly of the inflammasome and the resulting inflammatory signaling cascade involve a well-orchestrated mechanism comprising upstream sensors, adapters, and downstream effectors. Inflammasomes play a crucial role in innate immunity via PRR activation in response to an array of stimuli, such as
554:
Inflammasomes are crucial components of the innate immune system that initiate inflammatory responses and regulate host defenses by activating and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing pyroptosis. Inflammasomes and their components are also involved in executing PANoptosis, which is
365:
Many NLRP3 activators induce cytosolic potassium efflux from cells, and a sufficiently low cytosolic potassium concentration can trigger NLRP3 activation in the absence of other stimuli. However, NLRP3 inflammasome activation can also occur independent of the potassium efflux by employing small
316:
lethal factor proteolytically cleaves NLRP1B, resulting in ubiquitination of the receptor and degradation by the proteasome. This degradation generates a clipped C-terminal fragment, which subsequently binds to the rest of the protein in a non-covalent manner. During this step, the CARD on the
203:
Canonical inflammasomes are assembled by the NLRs (including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4), AIM2, and pyrin by recruiting pro-caspase-1 (the precursor molecule of caspase-1), with or without the ASC adaptor. In its complete state, the inflammasome appositions together many p45 pro-caspase-1 molecules,
540:
In addition to LPS, there is evidence suggesting that certain other triggers can alternatively activate the non-canonical inflammasome (via caspase-11). The non-canonical inflammasome plays key roles in endotoxemia and sepsis, making its components valuable targets for clinical intervention.
536:
The primary function of the non-canonical inflammasome is to aid in the defense against Gram-negative bacteria, as well as eliminate pathogens and alert neighboring cells by releasing alarmins, DAMPs, and canonical NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent cytokines. However, the effects of canonical and
532:
The non-canonical inflammasomes are independent of caspase-1 and activate caspase-11 in mice, and caspase-4 and -5 in humans upon sensing intracellular LPS, a prototypic PAMP that plays a significant role in sepsis and septic shock. This initiates pyroptotic cell death by the cleavage of the
265:
NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4 are members of the NLR family and are characterized by two common features: the first is a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD), which can bind ribonucleotide-phosphates (rNTP) and plays an important role in self-oligomerization. The second is a C-terminal
588:
three groups: (1) epithelial cell death, (2) release of soluble pro-inflammatory molecules, and (3) effector cell recruitment and activation. In addition, epithelial inflammasome activation induces contraction of epithelial layers and maintains integrity during later stages of infection.
465:. AIM2 plays an essential role in inflammation, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and host defense against infections via inflammasome-dependent and -independent pathways. In addition, the AIM2 inflammasome also acts as an integral components of the AIM2-PANoptosome complex with pyrin and
175:(NLR family CARD-containing 4). The physiological relevance of the inflammasome was identified in 2006, when three teams defined the inflammasome's role in diseases such as infection, exposure to toxins, gout, and type 2 diabetes. Several PAMPs and DAMPs, including bacterial RNA and
5438:
Wilson, Justin E; Petrucelli, Alex S; Chen, Liang; Koblansky, A Alicia; Truax, Agnieszka D; Oyama, Yoshitaka; Rogers, Arlin B; Brickey, W June; Wang, Yuli; Schneider, Monika; Mühlbauer, Marcus; Chou, Wei-Chun; Barker, Brianne R; Jobin, Christian; Allbritton, Nancy L (August 2015).
596:, are crucial innate immune effector cells that infiltrate infected tissue after pathogens breach epithelial barriers. They immobilize and eliminate pathogens, secrete inflammatory mediators like IFN-γ and IL-22, and eliminate microorganisms trapped within pyroptotic macrophages.
1823:
Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi; Özören, Nesrin; Body-Malapel, Mathilde; Amer, Amal; Park, Jong-Hwan; Franchi, Luigi; Whitfield, Joel; Barchet, Winfried; Colonna, Marco; Vandenabeele, Peter; Bertin, John; Coyle, Anthony; Grant, Ethan P.; Akira, Shizuo; Núñez, Gabriel (March 2006).
5695:
Coll, Rebecca C; Robertson, Avril A B; Chae, Jae Jin; Higgins, Sarah C; Muñoz-Planillo, Raúl; Inserra, Marco C; Vetter, Irina; Dungan, Lara S; Monks, Brian G; Stutz, Andrea; Croker, Daniel E; Butler, Mark S; Haneklaus, Moritz; Sutton, Caroline E; Núñez, Gabriel (March 2015).
257:
terminus contains a PYD or CARD, respectively. Specific proteins, such as NLRP1, NLRP3, and NLRC4, have been mainly recognized as NLRs that can assemble an inflammasomes, whereas others, such as NLRP6, NLRP12, and so on are regarded as context-dependent inflammasome sensors.
667:
characterized by IL-1β-mediated systemic inflammation. However, in certain circumstances, inflammasome signaling is beneficial in infections and can also impede tumor growth. The tumor-suppressive effect of the NLRP3, AIM2, and NLRC4 inflammasomes is widely recognized.
567:
Murine caspase-11 is mainly expressed in macrophages, while human caspase-4 is highly expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. Human epithelial cells exhibit caspase-4-dependent, caspase-1-independent cell death and extrusion when infected with enteropathogens such as
220:, DNA fragmentation and cell pore formation, inhibition of glycolytic enzymes, activation of lipid biosynthesis, and secretion of tissue-repair mediators such as pro-IL-1α. While NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, and pyrin are the most well-characterized sensors,
2274:
Gu, Yong; Kuida, Keisuke; Tsutsui, Hiroko; Ku, George; Hsiao, Kathy; Fleming, Mark A.; Hayashi, Nobuki; Higashino, Kazuya; Okamura, Haruki; Nakanishi, Kenji; Kurimoto, Masashi; Tanimoto, Tadao; Flavell, Richard A.; Sato, Vicki; Harding, Matthew W. (1997-01-10).
1440:
Kayagaki, Nobuhiko; Stowe, Irma B.; Lee, Bettina L.; O’Rourke, Karen; Anderson, Keith; Warming, Søren; Cuellar, Trinna; Haley, Benjamin; Roose-Girma, Merone; Phung, Qui T.; Liu, Peter S.; Lill, Jennie R.; Li, Hong; Wu, Jiansheng; Kummerfeld, Sarah (2015-10-29).
5496:
Man, Si Ming; Zhu, Qifan; Zhu, Liqin; Liu, Zhiping; Karki, Rajendra; Malik, Ankit; Sharma, Deepika; Li, Liyuan; Malireddi, R.K. Subbarao; Gurung, Prajwal; Neale, Geoffrey; Olsen, Scott R.; Carter, Robert A.; McGoldrick, Daniel J.; Wu, Gang (July 2015).
303:(NLRP1A, B, C) in the mouse genome, and the murine NLRP1B inflammasome can be formed by recruitment of caspase-1 either with or without ASC. The recruitment and cleavage of pro-caspase-1 can then activate the downstream caspase-1-mediated pathways.
1195:
Kayagaki, Nobuhiko; Warming, Søren; Lamkanfi, Mohamed; Walle, Lieselotte Vande; Louie, Salina; Dong, Jennifer; Newton, Kim; Qu, Yan; Liu, Jinfeng; Heldens, Sherry; Zhang, Juan; Lee, Wyne P.; Roose-Girma, Merone; Dixit, Vishva M. (November 2011).
491:
IFI204, plays an important role in regulating the production of IFN upon bacterial and viral infections. Unlike AIM2, IFI16 is a nuclear DNA sensor. Upon sensing viral DNAs, IFI16 recruits caspase-1 by interacting with ASC, resulting in death of
2733:
Jamilloux, Yvan; Pierini, Roberto; Querenet, Mathieu; Juruj, Carole; Fauchais, Anne-Laure; Jauberteau, Marie-Odile; Jarraud, Sophie; Lina, Gérard; Etienne, Jérôme; Roy, Craig R.; Henry, Thomas; Davoust, Nathalie; Ader, Florence (April 2013).
390:/NLRC4 inflammasome is involved in host defense against several pathogens. In mice, NAIPs are activated by binding to the bacterial PAMPs in the cytosol, which are provided by the rod (NAIP2) and needle (NAIP1) components of the bacterial
1320:
Casson, Cierra N.; Copenhaver, Alan M.; Zwack, Erin E.; Nguyen, Hieu T.; Strowig, Till; Javdan, Bahar; Bradley, William P.; Fung, Thomas C.; Flavell, Richard A.; Brodsky, Igor E.; Shin, Sunny (2013-06-06). Isberg, Ralph R. (ed.).
317:
C-terminal fragment becomes accessible for inflammasome assembly. So far, this activation mechanism based on proteasome degradation is unique to this inflammasome. NLRP1 activity is regulated by the anti-apoptotic proteins
3256:
Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi; Body-Malapel, Mathilde; Amer, Amal; Park, Jong-Hwan; Whitfield, Joel; Franchi, Luigi; Taraporewala, Zenobia F.; Miller, David; Patton, John T.; Inohara, Naohiro; Núñez, Gabriel (December 2006).
603:
A study on urinary bladder epithelium infection found high levels of IL-1β secretion by epithelial cells, influenced by the NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1, which recruits mast cells and induces lytic cell death.
559:
Various inflammasome components were found to be expressed in various epithelial tissues. The expression of innate immune components at epithelial barriers facilitates pathogen detection, as the expression of
266:
leucine-rich repeat (LRR), which can function as a ligand-recognition domain for other receptors (e.g. TLR) or microbial ligands in some cases. NLRP1 is most highly expressed in epithelial barriers (including
247:
The non-canonical inflammasomes are assembled by caspase-11 (caspases−4 and -5 in humans). Caspases-11, -4 or -5 can then cleave GSDMD to induce pyroptosis or activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex.
1254:
Aachoui, Youssef; Leaf, Irina A.; Hagar, Jon A.; Fontana, Mary F.; Campos, Cristine G.; Zak, Daniel E.; Tan, Michael H.; Cotter, Peggy A.; Vance, Russell E.; Aderem, Alan; Miao, Edward A. (2013-02-22).
516:
dynamics. Pyrin expression is specific to the cells of the innate immune system, including granulocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Pyrin particularly detects the inactivation of the
417:. Intracellular bacteria activate the inflammasome, resulting in the targeted expulsion of infected epithelial cells from the epithelium to reduce the bacterial load. This process, known as epithelial
2066:
Bürckstümmer T, Baumann C, Blüml S, Dixit E, Dürnberger G, Jahn H, et al. (March 2009). "An orthogonal proteomic-genomic screen identifies AIM2 as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor for the inflammasome".
405:
The NLRC4 inflammasome is a well-documented epithelial inflammasome that is crucial in limiting intraepithelial bacterial populations during the early stages of enterobacterial infections such as
80:. Additionally, inflammasomes can act as integral components of larger cell death-inducing complexes called PANoptosomes, which drive another distinct form of pro-inflammatory cell death called
1716:
Mariathasan, Sanjeev; Weiss, David S.; Newton, Kim; McBride, Jacqueline; O'Rourke, Karen; Roose-Girma, Meron; Lee, Wyne P.; Weinrauch, Yvette; Monack, Denise M.; Dixit, Vishva M. (March 2006).
5324:
Allen, Irving C.; TeKippe, Erin McElvania; Woodford, Rita-Marie T.; Uronis, Joshua M.; Holl, Eda K.; Rogers, Arlin B.; Herfarth, Hans H.; Jobin, Christian; Ting, Jenny P.-Y. (2010-05-10).
2942:
Xu, Zhihao; Zhou, Ying; Liu, Muziying; Ma, Huan; Sun, Liangqi; Zahid, Ayesha; Chen, Yulei; Zhou, Rongbin; Cao, Minjie; Wu, Dabao; Zhao, Weidong; Li, Bofeng; Jin, Tengchuan (2021-01-11).
204:
inducing their autocatalytic cleavage into p20 and p10 subunits. Caspase-1 then assembles into its active form, which consists of two heterodimers, including a p20 and p10 subunit each.
4824:
592:
of other death-inducing cell types, or inflammation, resulting in enhanced epithelial turnover that eliminates both infected and uninfected cells. Neutrophils, along with NK and
4710:
Chu, Lan H.; Indramohan, Mohanalaxmi; Ratsimandresy, Rojo A.; Gangopadhyay, Anu; Morris, Emily P.; Monack, Denise M.; Dorfleutner, Andrea; Stehlik, Christian (2018-03-08).
713:
Mariathasan S, Newton K, Monack DM, Vucic D, French DM, Lee WP, et al. (July 2004). "Differential activation of the inflammasome by caspase-1 adaptors ASC and Ipaf".
200:
infectious triggers (including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) and sterile triggers (including ion flux, mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS, and metabolic factors).
4495:
Xu, Hao; Yang, Jieling; Gao, Wenqing; Li, Lin; Li, Peng; Zhang, Li; Gong, Yi-Nan; Peng, Xiaolan; Xi, Jianzhong Jeff; Chen, She; Wang, Fengchao; Shao, Feng (2014-09-11).
612:
Inflammasomes play significant roles in the development or progression of pathologies that have a substantial impact on public health, such as inflammatory conditions (
600:
stages of innate immune responses by recruiting natural killer cells, stimulating their effector functions, and secreting IFN-γ to recruit other inflammatory cells.
5754:
584:, similar to the observations for the epithelial NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome. Furthermore, IL-18 production can be triggered by cytosolic LPS in epithelial cells.
421:, occurs without compromising the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Furthermore, the NLRC4 inflammasome was found to reduce tumor load in a mouse model of
107:(PYD), the inflammasome receptors interact with the adaptor protein called apoptosis-associated speck like protein containing a CARD (also known as ASC or
5614:
5546:
Hu, Bo; Elinav, Eran; Huber, Samuel; Booth, Carmen J.; Strowig, Till; Jin, Chengcheng; Eisenbarth, Stephanie C.; Flavell, Richard A. (2010-12-14).
5268:
3442:"Nanoparticles activate the NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (Nlrp3) inflammasome and cause pulmonary inflammation through release of IL-1α and IL-1β"
241:
3501:"The NLRP3 inflammasome modulates sleep and NREM sleep delta power induced by spontaneous wakefulness, sleep deprivation and lipopolysaccharide"
2564:
Shi, Jianjin; Zhao, Yue; Wang, Kun; Shi, Xuyan; Wang, Yue; Huang, Huanwei; Zhuang, Yinghua; Cai, Tao; Wang, Fengchao; Shao, Feng (2015-10-29).
995:
4551:
4550:
Gavrilin, Mikhail A.; Mitra, Srabani; Seshadri, Sudarshan; Nateri, Jyotsna; Berhe, Freweine; Hall, Mark W.; Wewers, Mark D. (2009-06-15).
4966:"Epithelium-autonomous NAIP/NLRC4 prevents TNF-driven inflammatory destruction of the gut epithelial barrier in Salmonella-infected mice"
4336:"The roles of interferon-inducible p200 family members IFI16 and p204 in innate immune responses, cell differentiation and proliferation"
4663:"By Capturing Inflammatory Lipids Released from Dying Cells, the Receptor CD14 Induces Inflammasome-Dependent Phagocyte Hyperactivation"
3769:"IPAF inflammasome is involved in interleukin-1β production from astrocytes, induced by palmitate; implications for Alzheimer's Disease"
3215:
Crowley SM, Knodler LA, Vallance BA (2016). "Salmonella and the
Inflammasome: Battle for Intracellular Dominance". In Backert S (ed.).
5382:
68:). The N-terminal GSDMD fragment resulting from this cleavage induces a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death distinct from
4383:
Monroe, Kathryn M.; Yang, Zhiyuan; Johnson, Jeffrey R.; Geng, Xin; Doitsh, Gilad; Krogan, Nevan J.; Greene, Warner C. (2014-01-24).
374:
The NLRP3 inflammasome is also an essential component of several PANoptosomes, including the ZBP1-, RIPK1-, and NLRP12-PANoptosome.
5325:
2620:
1890:
3300:"Aspergillus fumigatus Stimulates the NLRP3 Inflammasome through a Pathway Requiring ROS Production and the Syk Tyrosine Kinase"
6171:
660:
52:(DAMPs) from the host cell, or homeostatic disruptions. Activation and assembly of the inflammasome promotes the activation of
2736:"Inflammasome activation restricts Legionella pneumophila replication in primary microglial cells through flagellin detection"
3232:
306:
Various stimuli have been linked to the activation of NLRP1. NLRP1B in mice and NLRP2 in rats were found to be responsive to
45:
3984:
Sellin ME, Müller AA, Hardt WD (January 2018). "Consequences of
Epithelial Inflammasome Activation by Bacterial Pathogens".
4269:
Lee, SangJoon; Karki, Rajendra; Wang, Yaqiu; Nguyen, Lam Nhat; Kalathur, Ravi C.; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (2021-09-16).
493:
533:
pore-forming protein GSDMD leading to the secondary activation of the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome and cytokine release.
49:
5381:
Zaki, Mohammad Hasan; Vogel, Peter; Body-Malapel, Mathilde; Lamkanfi, Mohamed; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (2010-10-15).
4712:"The oxidized phospholipid oxPAPC protects from septic shock by targeting the non-canonical inflammasome in macrophages"
6270:
2676:
Ye, Zhengmao; Lich, John D.; Moore, Chris B.; Duncan, Joseph A.; Williams, Kristi L.; Ting, Jenny P.-Y. (2008-03-01).
2481:"Caspase-1 Activation of Lipid Metabolic Pathways in Response to Bacterial Pore-Forming Toxins Promotes Cell Survival"
191:
in back-to-back studies with
Hornung et al. Since then, other non-NLR inflammasome sensors have also been identified.
3259:"Critical Role for Cryopyrin/Nalp3 in Activation of Caspase-1 in Response to Viral Infection and Double-stranded RNA"
564:
intestinal mucosa. Inflammasomes have also been identified in other tissues, such as the urinary bladder epithelium.
5055:
Li, Yangxin; Huang, Hui; Liu, Bin; Zhang, Yu; Pan, Xiangbin; Yu, Xi-Yong; Shen, Zhenya; Song, Yao-Hua (2021-07-02).
1619:"The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta"
1380:
Shi, Jianjin; Zhao, Yue; Wang, Yupeng; Gao, Wenqing; Ding, Jingjin; Li, Peng; Hu, Liyan; Shao, Feng (October 2014).
3870:"The NAIP – NLRC 4 inflammasome in innate immune detection of bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus"
3219:. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Vol. 397. Springer International Publishing. pp. 43–67.
1148:"Prion-like polymerization underlies signal transduction in antiviral immune defense and inflammasome activation"
6557:
6536:
3298:
Saïd-Sadier, Najwane; Padilla, Eduardo; Langsley, Gordon; Ojcius, David M. (2010-04-02). Unutmaz, Derya (ed.).
5383:"IL-18 Production Downstream of the Nlrp3 Inflammasome Confers Protection against Colorectal Tumor Formation"
4905:
Samperio
Ventayol P, Geiser P, Di Martino ML, Florbrant A, Fattinger SA, Walder N, et al. (April 2021).
653:
5326:"The NLRP3 inflammasome functions as a negative regulator of tumorigenesis during colitis-associated cancer"
2479:
Gurcel, Laure; Abrami, Laurence; Girardin, Stephen; Tschopp, Jurg; van der Goot, F. Gisou (September 2006).
5993:"Inflammasome-associated nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat proteins and inflammatory diseases"
5755:"INFLAMMASOME INHIBITORS - 21st Century Miracle Drugs: Spotlight on Clinical NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors"
41:
2391:"Caspase-1-dependent pore formation during pyroptosis leads to osmotic lysis of infected host macrophages"
6381:
3922:
Sellin ME, Maslowski KM, Maloy KJ, Hardt WD (August 2015). "Inflammasomes of the intestinal epithelium".
3499:
Zielinski MR, Gerashchenko D, Karpova SA, Konanki V, McCarley RW, Sutterwala FS, et al. (May 2017).
2440:"The Caspase-1 Digestome Identifies the Glycolysis Pathway as a Target during Infection and Septic Shock"
1949:
Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M, Bauernfeind F, Horvath G, Caffrey DR, et al. (March 2009).
287:
487:
Like AIM2, IFI16 (IFN-inducible protein 16) belongs to the PYHIN family. IFI16 in humans, and the mouse
6578:
6164:
4964:
Fattinger SA, Geiser P, Samperio
Ventayol P, Di Martino ML, Furter M, Felmy B, et al. (May 2021).
4334:
Zhao, Hua; Gonzalezgugel, Elena; Cheng, Lei; Richbourgh, Brendon; Nie, Lin; Liu, Chuanju (March 2015).
617:
4661:
Zanoni, Ivan; Tan, Yunhao; Di Gioia, Marco; Springstead, James R.; Kagan, Jonathan C. (October 2017).
123::10.1038/nri.2016.58 In human cells, the corresponding caspases of the non-canonical inflammasome are
391:
6240:
4907:"Bacterial detection by NAIP/NLRC4 elicits prompt contractions of intestinal epithelial cell layers"
134:
Traditionally, inflammasomes have mainly been studied in professional innate immune cells, such as
6306:
4212:
Zhu, Huan; Zhao, Ming; Chang, Christopher; Chan, Vera; Lu, Qianjin; Wu, Haijing (September 2021).
508:
Pyrin is an innate immune sensor that coordinates the assembly of the inflammasome in response to
6494:
6265:
6079:"Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis: mechanistic description of dead and dying eukaryotic cells"
5698:"A small-molecule inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome for the treatment of inflammatory diseases"
5172:
5014:
3606:
3367:
803:
Broz P, Dixit VM (July 2016). "Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling".
3368:"K + Efflux-Independent NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Small Molecules Targeting Mitochondria"
2438:
Shao, Wei; Yeretssian, Garabet; Doiron, Karine; Hussain, Sabah N.; Saleh, Maya (December 2007).
99:(IFN-inducible protein 16), and pyrin. Through their caspase activation and recruitment domain (
6325:
6260:
3607:"Therapeutic potential of PANoptosis: innate sensors, inflammasomes, and RIPKs in PANoptosomes"
3550:"Potential therapeutic targets for intracerebral hemorrhage-associated inflammation: An update"
1323:"Caspase-11 Activation in Response to Bacterial Secretion Systems that Access the Host Cytosol"
645:
641:
637:
156:
6231:
6120:
Martinon F, Tschopp J (August 2005). "NLRs join TLRs as innate sensors of pathogens". review.
6484:
6194:
6157:
5441:"Inflammasome-independent role of AIM2 in suppressing colon tumorigenesis via DNA-PK and Akt"
4385:"IFI16 DNA Sensor Is Required for Death of Lymphoid CD4 T Cells Abortively Infected with HIV"
3440:
Yazdi AS, Guarda G, Riteau N, Drexler SK, Tardivel A, Couillin I, Tschopp J (November 2010).
2178:"Inflammasome activation and regulation: toward a better understanding of complex mechanisms"
689:
517:
413:
358:
344:
4449:
2009:
Roberts TL, Idris A, Dunn JA, Kelly GM, Burnton CM, Hodgson S, et al. (February 2009).
6435:
5559:
4918:
4723:
4508:
4497:"Innate immune sensing of bacterial modifications of Rho GTPases by the Pyrin inflammasome"
4396:
4282:
3453:
3311:
2577:
2335:
2276:
2125:
2022:
1962:
1837:
1787:
1729:
1454:
1393:
1268:
1209:
722:
621:
471:
30:
26:
3060:"Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL regulate proinflammatory caspase-1 activation by interaction with NALP1"
2798:
91:(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors),
8:
6474:
4612:
Downs, Kevin P.; Nguyen, Huyen; Dorfleutner, Andrea; Stehlik, Christian (December 2020).
3784:
2735:
2621:"The cell biology of inflammasomes: Mechanisms of inflammasome activation and regulation"
2277:"Activation of Interferon-γ Inducing Factor Mediated by Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme"
664:
213:
5784:"Activation and assembly of the inflammasomes through conserved protein domain families"
5672:
5640:"The role of inflammasomes in human diseases and their potential as therapeutic targets"
5639:
5563:
5114:"Role of inflammasomes in multiple sclerosis and their potential as therapeutic targets"
4922:
4801:
4776:
4727:
4512:
4400:
4286:
4189:
4154:
4072:
Kumari, Puja; Russo, Ashley J.; Shivcharan, Sonia; Rathinam, Vijay A. (September 2020).
4023:
3869:
3457:
3315:
2896:
2872:
2839:
2581:
2339:
2129:
2026:
1966:
1951:"AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC"
1841:
1826:"Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin/Nalp3"
1791:
1733:
1458:
1397:
1272:
1213:
1082:
1057:
726:
6583:
6531:
6204:
6103:
6078:
6060:
6035:
6017:
5992:
5979:
5936:
5894:
5869:
5851:
5826:
5808:
5783:
5730:
5697:
5590:
5547:
5523:
5498:
5473:
5440:
5415:
5358:
5301:
5244:
5211:
5171:
Terlizzi, Michela; Casolaro, Vincenzo; Pinto, Aldo; Sorrentino, Rosalinda (July 2014).
5148:
5113:
5112:
Govindarajan, Vaidya; de Rivero
Vaccari, Juan Pablo; Keane, Robert W. (December 2020).
5089:
5056:
4990:
4965:
4941:
4906:
4882:
4849:
4825:"ZBP1 links interferon treatment and dangerous inflammatory cell death during COVID-19"
4752:
4711:
4687:
4662:
4638:
4613:
4584:
4425:
4384:
4360:
4335:
4311:
4270:
4246:
4213:
4106:
4073:
3842:
3817:
3793:
3768:
3741:
3706:
3682:
3587:
3574:
3549:
3525:
3500:
3476:
3441:
3342:
3299:
3192:
3157:
3133:
3108:
3089:
3058:
Bruey JM, Bruey-Sedano N, Luciano F, Zhai D, Balpai R, Xu C, et al. (April 2007).
3035:
3000:
2976:
2943:
2815:
2782:
2710:
2677:
2653:
2366:
2323:
2210:
2177:
2146:
2113:
2091:
2048:
1983:
1950:
1923:
1693:
1668:
1591:
1558:
1536:
1357:
1322:
1297:
1256:
1172:
1147:
1028:
851:"Newly described pattern recognition receptors team up against intracellular pathogens"
828:
746:
649:
308:
138:. However, recent studies indicate high levels of inflammasome component expression in
112:
57:
2944:"Homotypic CARD-CARD interaction is critical for the activation of NLRP1 inflammasome"
2838:
Chou, Wei-Chun; Jha, Sushmita; Linhoff, Michael W.; Ting, Jenny P.-Y. (October 2023).
1635:
1618:
917:
900:
6254:
6137:
6108:
6065:
6022:
5971:
5928:
5899:
5856:
5813:
5735:
5717:
5677:
5659:
5595:
5577:
5548:"Inflammation-induced tumorigenesis in the colon is regulated by caspase-1 and NLRC4"
5528:
5478:
5460:
5420:
5402:
5363:
5345:
5306:
5288:
5249:
5231:
5192:
5188:
5153:
5135:
5094:
5076:
5034:
4995:
4946:
4887:
4869:
4806:
4757:
4739:
4692:
4643:
4589:
4571:
4532:
4524:
4477:
4469:
4430:
4412:
4365:
4316:
4298:
4251:
4233:
4194:
4176:
4111:
4093:
4051:
4043:
4001:
3939:
3897:
3889:
3847:
3798:
3746:
3728:
3687:
3669:
3630:
3591:
3579:
3530:
3481:
3422:
3387:
3347:
3329:
3280:
3238:
3228:
3197:
3179:
3138:
3081:
3040:
3022:
2981:
2963:
2924:
2916:
2877:
2859:
2820:
2802:
2763:
2755:
2715:
2697:
2658:
2640:
2601:
2593:
2543:
2502:
2461:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2390:
2371:
2353:
2304:
2296:
2256:
2215:
2197:
2151:
2083:
2040:
2011:"HIN-200 proteins regulate caspase activation in response to foreign cytoplasmic DNA"
1988:
1928:
1910:
1906:
1871:
1863:
1805:
1753:
1745:
1698:
1640:
1596:
1578:
1540:
1528:
1478:
1470:
1417:
1409:
1362:
1344:
1302:
1284:
1233:
1225:
1177:
1128:
1087:
1058:"A 360° view of the inflammasome: Mechanisms of activation, cell death, and diseases"
1033:
1015:
976:
964:
944:
922:
878:
870:
820:
738:
574:
449:
AIM2 is mainly expressed in intestinal and lymphoid tissue and in cell types such as
422:
339:
180:
88:
6094:
5983:
4129:
3649:
3093:
2052:
832:
6519:
6448:
6371:
6129:
6098:
6090:
6055:
6047:
6012:
6004:
5961:
5940:
5920:
5889:
5881:
5846:
5838:
5803:
5795:
5725:
5709:
5667:
5651:
5585:
5567:
5518:
5510:
5468:
5452:
5410:
5394:
5353:
5337:
5296:
5280:
5239:
5223:
5184:
5143:
5125:
5084:
5068:
5026:
4985:
4977:
4936:
4926:
4877:
4861:
4796:
4788:
4747:
4731:
4682:
4674:
4633:
4625:
4579:
4563:
4516:
4461:
4420:
4404:
4355:
4347:
4306:
4290:
4241:
4225:
4184:
4166:
4101:
4085:
4035:
3993:
3931:
3881:
3837:
3829:
3788:
3780:
3736:
3718:
3677:
3661:
3626:
3618:
3569:
3561:
3520:
3512:
3471:
3461:
3414:
3379:
3337:
3319:
3270:
3220:
3187:
3169:
3128:
3120:
3071:
3030:
3012:
2971:
2955:
2908:
2867:
2851:
2810:
2794:
2747:
2705:
2689:
2648:
2632:
2585:
2533:
2492:
2451:
2402:
2361:
2343:
2288:
2246:
2235:"Activation of the Native 45-kDa Precursor Form of Interleukin-1-converting Enzyme"
2205:
2189:
2141:
2133:
2095:
2075:
2030:
1978:
1970:
1918:
1902:
1853:
1845:
1795:
1737:
1688:
1680:
1630:
1586:
1570:
1518:
1462:
1401:
1352:
1334:
1292:
1276:
1217:
1167:
1159:
1118:
1077:
1069:
1023:
1007:
972:
956:
912:
862:
812:
750:
730:
580:
560:
509:
209:
176:
120:
5911:
Walsh JG, Muruve DA, Power C (February 2014). "Inflammasomes in the CNS". review.
5284:
659:
The gain-of-function mutations in inflammasome components are also known to cause
338:
known to assemble in response to PAMPs from pathogens, including viruses, such as
6552:
5030:
4678:
4351:
3665:
3622:
3418:
3383:
3324:
2520:
Keller, Martin; Rüegg, Andreas; Werner, Sabine; Beer, Hans-Dietmar (March 2008).
2292:
1339:
1123:
1106:
633:
629:
512:
as well as effector proteins via the detection of pathogen-driven alterations in
5638:
Yao, Jing; Sterling, Keenan; Wang, Zhe; Zhang, Yun; Song, Weihong (2024-01-05).
3224:
3158:"The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation"
152:
6400:
6331:
5966:
5949:
5655:
5514:
5130:
5072:
4981:
4911:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4735:
4294:
4271:"AIM2 forms a complex with pyrin and ZBP1 to drive PANoptosis and host defence"
3446:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3076:
3059:
2959:
2855:
2538:
2521:
2497:
2480:
2114:"AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA"
1163:
1073:
1056:
Barnett, Katherine C.; Li, Sirui; Liang, Kaixin; Ting, Jenny P.-Y. (May 2023).
960:
613:
418:
279:
217:
61:
5799:
5227:
4792:
4629:
4496:
3997:
3833:
3516:
2565:
2193:
1825:
1717:
1442:
1381:
1197:
366:
molecules that target mitochondria or through other mechanisms. Additionally,
6572:
6405:
6376:
6214:
6133:
6008:
5721:
5663:
5581:
5499:"Critical Role for the DNA Sensor AIM2 in Stem Cell Proliferation and Cancer"
5464:
5406:
5398:
5349:
5292:
5235:
5139:
5080:
4873:
4743:
4575:
4567:
4528:
4473:
4416:
4302:
4237:
4180:
4097:
4047:
3935:
3893:
3732:
3707:"Advances in Understanding Activation and Function of the NLRC4 Inflammasome"
3673:
3565:
3333:
3183:
3026:
2967:
2920:
2863:
2806:
2759:
2701:
2644:
2597:
2566:"Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death"
2416:
2357:
2300:
2251:
2234:
2201:
1914:
1867:
1749:
1582:
1474:
1413:
1348:
1288:
1229:
1019:
1011:
968:
874:
100:
5572:
4931:
4408:
4171:
3466:
2348:
2035:
2010:
1280:
6524:
6479:
6412:
6180:
6141:
6112:
6069:
6026:
5975:
5932:
5903:
5860:
5817:
5739:
5681:
5599:
5532:
5482:
5424:
5367:
5310:
5253:
5196:
5157:
5098:
5038:
4999:
4950:
4891:
4810:
4761:
4696:
4647:
4593:
4536:
4481:
4434:
4369:
4320:
4255:
4198:
4115:
4055:
4005:
3943:
3901:
3851:
3802:
3750:
3691:
3634:
3583:
3534:
3485:
3426:
3391:
3351:
3284:
3275:
3258:
3242:
3201:
3142:
3085:
3044:
2985:
2928:
2881:
2824:
2767:
2719:
2662:
2605:
2547:
2506:
2465:
2456:
2439:
2424:
2375:
2324:"The IL-1-like cytokine IL-33 is inactivated after maturation by caspase-1"
2219:
2155:
2087:
2044:
1992:
1932:
1875:
1809:
1757:
1702:
1644:
1600:
1532:
1482:
1421:
1366:
1306:
1237:
1181:
1132:
1091:
1037:
980:
926:
882:
824:
742:
513:
462:
267:
104:
4963:
4904:
4465:
4155:"Immune Regulation by Cytosolic DNA Sensors in the Tumor Microenvironment"
3548:
Ren H, Han R, Chen X, Liu X, Wan J, Wang L, et al. (September 2020).
2783:"The Inflammasome NLRs in Immunity, Inflammation, and Associated Diseases"
2636:
2308:
2260:
1889:
Khare, Sonal; Luc, Nancy; Dorfleutner, Andrea; Stehlik, Christian (2010).
1443:"Caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin D for non-canonical inflammasome signalling"
850:
6278:
5885:
5341:
5212:"Diverging inflammasome signals in tumorigenesis and potential targeting"
3723:
3174:
3017:
2693:
2678:"ATP Binding by Monarch-1/NLRP12 Is Critical for Its Inhibitory Function"
1858:
1684:
1507:"Canonical and noncanonical inflammasomes in intestinal epithelial cells"
1382:"Inflammatory caspases are innate immune receptors for intracellular LPS"
681:
454:
387:
367:
5267:
Karki, Rajendra; Man, Si Ming; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (2017-02-01).
4520:
4024:"The AIM 2 inflammasome: Sensor of pathogens and cellular perturbations"
2589:
2137:
1974:
1948:
1849:
1800:
1775:
1741:
1505:
Winsor N, Krustev C, Bruce J, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE (November 2019).
1466:
1405:
1221:
1146:
Cai X, Chen J, Xu H, Liu S, Jiang QX, Halfmann R, Chen ZJ (March 2014).
816:
734:
16:
Cytosolic multiprotein complex that mediates the activation of
Caspase 1
6499:
6453:
6443:
6394:
6284:
6248:
5842:
2751:
1559:"Inflammasomes: mechanism of action, role in disease, and therapeutics"
685:
488:
407:
353:
275:
139:
135:
116:
87:
The germline-encoded PRRs that drive inflammasome formation consist of
81:
73:
34:
4865:
4709:
4552:"Pyrin Critical to Macrophage IL-1β Response to Francisella Challenge"
4089:
4039:
3885:
2912:
1523:
1506:
437:
pyrin, IFI16, and others are non-NLR members that form inflammasomes.
325:) which, in resting cells, associate with and inhibit NLRP1 activity.
6458:
6342:
6337:
6051:
4229:
3156:
Kelley, Nathan; Jeltema, Devon; Duan, Yanhui; He, Yuan (2019-07-06).
3124:
2522:"Active Caspase-1 Is a Regulator of Unconventional Protein Secretion"
1774:
Martinon F, Pétrilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, Tschopp J (March 2006).
996:"PANoptosis: A Unique Innate Immune Inflammatory Cell Death Modality"
593:
458:
399:
395:
349:
283:
128:
124:
69:
53:
23:
5924:
5713:
5456:
5015:"The concept of the inflammasome and its rheumatologic implications"
3648:
Romberg, Neil; Vogel, Tiphanie P.; Canna, Scott W. (December 2017).
2112:
Fernandes-Alnemri T, Yu JW, Datta P, Wu J, Alnemri ES (March 2009).
2079:
1776:"Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome"
1718:"Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP"
1574:
866:
244:
also play important roles in inflammasome activation and signaling.
6365:
6294:
3498:
677:
271:
184:
77:
5615:"Infammasomes provide a therapeutic target against human diseases"
5111:
2233:
Yamin, Ting-Ting; Ayala, Julia M.; Miller, Douglas K. (May 1996).
6489:
6289:
5870:"Role of the HIN domain in regulation of innate immune responses"
4848:
Palazon-Riquelme, Pablo; Lopez-Castejon, Gloria (November 2018).
625:
56:, which then proteolytically cleaves pro-inflammatory cytokines,
38:
4333:
3705:
Sundaram, Balamurugan; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (2021-01-21).
3297:
2781:
Davis, Beckley K.; Wen, Haitao; Ting, Jenny P.-Y. (2011-04-23).
1822:
425:(CRC) by triggering the elimination of tumor-initiating cells.
383:
sensor to facilitate the activation of the NLRC4 inflammasome.
6149:
5170:
899:
Martinon, Fabio; Burns, Kimberly; Tschopp, Jürg (August 2002).
450:
322:
237:
233:
108:
4847:
4775:
Cahoon, Jason; Yang, Duomeng; Wang, Penghua (September 2022).
3255:
1557:
Guo, Haitao; Callaway, Justin B; Ting, Jenny P-Y (July 2015).
1257:"Caspase-11 Protects Against Bacteria That Escape the Vacuole"
1107:"Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease"
994:
Pandian, Nagakannan; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (2022-11-01).
402:
may induce the NLRC4 inflammasome in the absence of bacteria.
394:(T3SS), as well as flagellin, the molecular building block of
6417:
6199:
5437:
5380:
4611:
4214:"The complex role of AIM2 in autoimmune diseases and cancers"
4071:
2732:
2065:
1773:
1715:
555:
another form of innate immune inflammatory lytic cell death.
334:
as the largest inflammasome, with a diameter of around 2 um.
318:
299:
NLRP1 protein present in humans, there are three paralogs of
229:
225:
221:
172:
168:
164:
96:
65:
33:
responsible for the activation of inflammatory responses and
4660:
3057:
3001:"Activation and Pharmacological Regulation of Inflammasomes"
2176:
Zheng, Danping; Liwinski, Timur; Elinav, Eran (2020-06-09).
1194:
712:
6386:
6209:
4549:
4130:"AIM2 protein expression summary - The Human Protein Atlas"
3605:
Pandeya, Ankit; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (January 2024).
2478:
2437:
1319:
520:
476:
466:
92:
64:(IL-18), as well as the pore-forming molecule gasdermin D (
5323:
5210:
Karki, Rajendra; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (April 2019).
2619:
Sharma, Deepika; Kanneganti, Thirumala-Devi (2016-06-20).
2111:
1888:
1504:
1198:"Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11"
4850:"The inflammasomes, immune guardians at defence barriers"
3921:
3364:
640:
and non-ischemic heart disease), neurological disorders (
497:
270:
and bronchial epithelial cells); NLRP3 in myeloid cells (
5694:
5057:"Inflammasomes as therapeutic targets in human diseases"
3439:
1439:
2895:
Chavarría-Smith, Joseph; Vance, Russell E. (May 2015).
1253:
1104:
3214:
469:
to promote PANoptosis and host defense in response to
159:, in 2002. In 2002, it was first reported by Martinon
4777:"The noncanonical inflammasome in health and disease"
4382:
4074:"AIM2 in health and disease: Inflammasome and beyond"
2519:
2322:
Cayrol, Corinne; Girard, Jean-Philippe (2009-06-02).
2008:
5637:
3654:
Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology
2894:
2840:"The NLR gene family: from discovery to present day"
1666:
1616:
898:
3155:
2175:
1105:Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Núñez G (October 2007).
945:"Mechanistic insights from inflammasome structures"
943:Fu, Jianing; Schroder, Kate; Wu, Hao (2024-02-19).
537:non-canonical inflammasome activation are similar.
119:, which subsequently induces pyroptotic cell death.
6033:
5545:
5266:
4450:"Function and mechanism of the pyrin inflammasome"
4268:
3704:
3405:Jamilloux Y, Sève P, Henry T (November 2014). "".
3404:
3106:
2837:
2389:Fink, Susan L.; Cookson, Brad T. (November 2006).
1055:
3983:
3647:
3604:
2675:
1669:"The inflammasome: in memory of Dr. Jurg Tschopp"
993:
708:
706:
704:
656:, and other neurological disorders), and cancer.
76:, which is responsible for the release of mature
6570:
5910:
5827:"Structural mechanisms of inflammasome assembly"
4211:
4022:Lugrin, Jérôme; Martinon, Fabio (January 2018).
2618:
2273:
2232:
37:. They are formed as a result of specific
6119:
6034:Stutz A, Golenbock DT, Latz E (December 2009).
5947:
5552:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5209:
5054:
5013:So, Alexander; Busso, Nathalie (October 2014).
4614:"An overview of the non-canonical inflammasome"
3217:Inflammasome Signaling and Bacterial Infections
3107:Stutz A, Golenbock DT, Latz E (December 2009).
2328:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2107:
2105:
2004:
2002:
1667:Dagenais M, Skeldon A, Saleh M (January 2012).
1612:
1610:
1556:
151:The inflammasome was discovered by the team of
4774:
4021:
2563:
1944:
1942:
1617:Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J (August 2002).
1379:
701:
527:
428:
6165:
4448:Heilig, Rosalie; Broz, Petr (February 2018).
3554:Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
3547:
849:Broz, Petr; Monack, Denise M. (August 2013).
5495:
3541:
3433:
2780:
2321:
2102:
2059:
1999:
1607:
1145:
942:
6076:
4494:
3711:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
3162:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2941:
2388:
1939:
6172:
6158:
4447:
3767:Liu, Li; Chan, Christina (February 2014).
848:
549:
377:
260:
194:
6102:
6059:
6016:
5965:
5893:
5850:
5807:
5729:
5671:
5589:
5571:
5522:
5472:
5414:
5357:
5300:
5243:
5147:
5129:
5088:
4989:
4940:
4930:
4881:
4800:
4751:
4686:
4637:
4583:
4424:
4359:
4310:
4245:
4188:
4170:
4105:
3988:. Mechanisms of Inflammasome Activation.
3841:
3792:
3740:
3722:
3681:
3573:
3524:
3475:
3465:
3341:
3323:
3274:
3191:
3173:
3132:
3100:
3075:
3034:
3016:
2975:
2871:
2814:
2709:
2652:
2537:
2496:
2455:
2406:
2365:
2347:
2250:
2209:
2145:
2034:
1982:
1922:
1857:
1799:
1692:
1634:
1590:
1522:
1356:
1338:
1296:
1171:
1122:
1081:
1027:
916:
802:
524:inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β.
208:following inflammasome activation induce
5644:Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
5061:Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
3867:
671:
5990:
5867:
5781:
5173:"Inflammasome: Cancer's friend or foe?"
5012:
3766:
2999:Chen, Chen; Xu, Pinglong (2022-07-20).
6571:
5752:
5050:
5048:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4152:
4067:
4065:
4017:
4015:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3863:
3861:
3762:
3760:
2998:
2559:
2557:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
1769:
1767:
1552:
1550:
1435:
1433:
1431:
661:cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome
251:
46:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
6153:
6040:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3815:
3113:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
2799:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101405
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1249:
1247:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
503:
482:
328:
293:
290:cells, among other cell types.
5948:Schroder K, Tschopp J (March 2010).
5824:
5612:
3785:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.016
1891:"Inflammasomes and Their Activation"
1051:
1049:
1047:
938:
936:
894:
892:
844:
842:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
440:
50:damage-associated molecular patterns
5613:Ph.D, Dr Priyom Bose (2024-01-09).
5045:
4600:
4062:
4012:
3858:
3757:
2554:
2162:
1764:
1547:
1428:
13:
6077:Fink SL, Cookson BT (April 2005).
5774:
4218:Immunity, Inflammation and Disease
3950:
3908:
3868:Zhao, Yue; Shao, Feng (May 2015).
3816:Vance, Russell E (February 2015).
1651:
1489:
1244:
607:
171:(NLR family PYD-containing 3) and
14:
6595:
1044:
933:
889:
839:
757:
544:
6215:Loss of function (Functio laesa)
6179:
6036:"Inflammasomes: too big to miss"
5991:Jha S, Ting JP (December 2009).
5782:Jin T, Xiao TS (February 2015).
5330:Journal of Experimental Medicine
5189:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.002
3109:"Inflammasomes: too big to miss"
2408:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00751.x
1907:10.1615/CritRevImmunol.v30.i5.50
143:and neurodegenerative diseases.
6485:Increased vascular permeability
6095:10.1128/IAI.73.4.1907-1916.2005
5868:Shaw N, Liu ZJ (January 2014).
5746:
5688:
5631:
5606:
5539:
5489:
5431:
5374:
5317:
5260:
5203:
5177:Pharmacology & Therapeutics
5164:
5105:
5006:
4957:
4898:
4841:
4817:
4768:
4703:
4654:
4543:
4488:
4441:
4376:
4327:
4262:
4205:
4146:
4122:
3809:
3698:
3641:
3598:
3492:
3398:
3358:
3291:
3263:Journal of Biological Chemistry
3249:
3208:
3149:
3051:
2992:
2935:
2888:
2831:
2774:
2726:
2669:
2612:
2513:
2472:
2444:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2431:
2382:
2315:
2267:
2239:Journal of Biological Chemistry
2226:
1882:
1816:
1709:
1373:
1313:
1188:
282:); and NLRC4 in myeloid cells,
44:(PRRs) sensing microbe-derived
6558:List of inflammatory disorders
6537:Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
5874:Molecular and Cellular Biology
4454:European Journal of Immunology
4153:Fukuda, Keitaro (2023-04-01).
3818:"The NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasomes"
2682:Molecular and Cellular Biology
1895:Critical Reviews in Immunology
1673:Cell Death and Differentiation
1139:
1098:
987:
1:
5759:Drug Development and Delivery
5285:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-16-0269
4618:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
3822:Current Opinion in Immunology
3505:Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
1636:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00599-3
918:10.1016/S1097-2765(02)00599-3
695:
654:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
42:pattern recognition receptors
5913:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
5825:Lu A, Wu H (February 2015).
5118:Journal of Neuroinflammation
5031:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.02.009
4679:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.09.010
4352:10.1016/j.gendis.2014.10.003
3986:Journal of Molecular Biology
3666:10.1097/ACI.0000000000000396
3623:10.1016/j.molmed.2023.10.001
3611:Trends in Molecular Medicine
3419:10.1016/j.revmed.2014.04.017
3407:La Revue de Médecine Interne
3384:10.1016/j.immuni.2016.08.010
3325:10.1371/journal.pone.0010008
2293:10.1126/science.275.5297.206
1340:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003400
1124:10.1016/j.immuni.2007.10.002
636:), cardiovascular diseases (
216:activation, inactivation of
146:
7:
3650:"NLRC4 inflammasomopathies"
3225:10.1007/978-3-319-41171-2_3
2787:Annual Review of Immunology
618:inflammatory bowel diseases
528:Non-canonical inflammasomes
429:Non-NLR-based inflammasomes
10:
6600:
5967:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.040
5753:Marino, Dan (2023-04-03).
5656:10.1038/s41392-023-01687-y
5515:10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.001
5273:Cancer Immunology Research
5269:"Inflammasomes and Cancer"
5131:10.1186/s12974-020-01944-9
5073:10.1038/s41392-021-00650-z
4982:10.1038/s41385-021-00381-y
4736:10.1038/s41467-018-03409-3
4295:10.1038/s41586-021-03875-8
3077:10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.045
2960:10.1038/s41419-020-03342-8
2897:"The NLRP 1 inflammasomes"
2856:10.1038/s41577-023-00849-x
2539:10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.040
2498:10.1016/j.cell.2006.07.033
1164:10.1016/j.cell.2014.01.063
1074:10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.025
961:10.1038/s41577-024-00995-w
805:Nature Reviews. Immunology
676:Several agents, including
6545:
6512:
6467:
6434:
6353:
6314:
6305:
6239:
6230:
6223:
6187:
5800:10.1007/s10495-014-1053-5
5387:The Journal of Immunology
5228:10.1038/s41568-019-0123-y
4793:10.1016/j.imj.2022.09.001
4630:10.1016/j.mam.2020.100924
4556:The Journal of Immunology
3998:10.1016/j.jmb.2017.03.031
3834:10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.010
3517:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.012
2844:Nature Reviews Immunology
2194:10.1038/s41421-020-0167-x
1000:The Journal of Immunology
949:Nature Reviews Immunology
855:Nature Reviews Immunology
6241:Plasma-derived mediators
6134:10.1016/j.it.2005.06.004
6009:10.4049/jimmunol.0902425
5399:10.4049/jimmunol.1002046
4568:10.4049/jimmunol.0803073
3936:10.1016/j.it.2015.06.002
3566:10.1177/0271678X20923551
2948:Cell Death & Disease
2252:10.1074/jbc.271.22.13273
1012:10.4049/jimmunol.2200508
624:), metabolic disorders (
461:, early spermatids, and
348:, bacterial toxins like
95:(absent in melanoma 2),
6495:Leukocyte extravasation
5573:10.1073/pnas.1016814108
4932:10.1073/pnas.2013963118
4409:10.1126/science.1243640
4172:10.3390/cancers15072114
3467:10.1073/pnas.1008155107
2625:Journal of Cell Biology
2349:10.1073/pnas.0812690106
2036:10.1126/science.1169841
1281:10.1126/science.1230751
550:Role in innate immunity
392:type-3 secretion system
378:NAIP/NLRC4 inflammasome
261:NLR-based inflammasomes
195:Inflammation activation
6307:Cell-derived mediators
6083:Infection and Immunity
3276:10.1074/jbc.M607594200
2457:10.1074/jbc.M708182200
212:(IFN-γ) secretion and
157:University of Lausanne
6356:synthesized on demand
5997:Journal of Immunology
5216:Nature Reviews Cancer
4716:Nature Communications
4466:10.1002/eji.201746947
4078:Immunological Reviews
4028:Immunological Reviews
3874:Immunological Reviews
3773:Neurobiology of Aging
2901:Immunological Reviews
2637:10.1083/jcb.201602089
2395:Cellular Microbiology
1511:Cellular Microbiology
690:IL-18–binding protein
672:Clinical significance
496:cells in response to
414:Citrobacter rodentium
359:Aspergillus fumigatus
356:, and fungi, such as
345:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
288:intestinal epithelial
6475:Acute-phase reaction
6122:Trends in Immunology
5886:10.1128/MCB.00857-13
5342:10.1084/jem.20100050
4340:Genes & Diseases
4134:www.proteinatlas.org
3924:Trends in Immunology
3724:10.3390/ijms22031048
3175:10.3390/ijms20133328
3018:10.3390/biom12071005
2694:10.1128/MCB.01468-07
1685:10.1038/cdd.2011.159
622:rheumatoid arthritis
423:colorectal carcinoma
342:, bacteria, such as
31:innate immune system
5950:"The inflammasomes"
5564:2010PNAS..10721635H
5558:(50): 21635–21640.
4923:2021PNAS..11813963S
4917:(16): e2013963118.
4781:Infectious Medicine
4728:2018NatCo...9..996C
4521:10.1038/nature13449
4513:2014Natur.513..237X
4401:2014Sci...343..428M
4287:2021Natur.597..415L
3458:2010PNAS..10719449Y
3452:(45): 19449–19454.
3316:2010PLoSO...510008S
3269:(48): 36560–36568.
2590:10.1038/nature15514
2582:2015Natur.526..660S
2450:(50): 36321–36329.
2340:2009PNAS..106.9021C
2245:(22): 13273–13282.
2138:10.1038/nature07710
2130:2009Natur.458..509F
2027:2009Sci...323.1057R
2021:(5917): 1057–1060.
1975:10.1038/nature07725
1967:2009Natur.458..514H
1850:10.1038/nature04517
1842:2006Natur.440..233K
1801:10.1038/nature04516
1792:2006Natur.440..237M
1742:10.1038/nature04515
1734:2006Natur.440..228M
1467:10.1038/nature15541
1459:2015Natur.526..666K
1406:10.1038/nature13683
1398:2014Natur.514..187S
1273:2013Sci...339..975A
1222:10.1038/nature10558
1214:2011Natur.479..117K
817:10.1038/nri.2016.58
735:10.1038/nature02664
727:2004Natur.430..213M
665:congenital diseases
663:(CAPS), a group of
646:Alzheimer's disease
642:Parkinson's disease
252:Inflammasome family
214:natural killer cell
6532:C-reactive protein
5843:10.1111/febs.13133
4970:Mucosal Immunology
2752:10.1002/glia.22454
901:"The Inflammasome"
650:multiple sclerosis
504:Pyrin inflammasome
483:IFI16 inflammasome
329:NLRP3 inflammasome
312:lethal toxin. The
309:Bacillus anthracis
294:NLRP1 inflammasome
113:lipopolysaccharide
6579:Protein complexes
6566:
6565:
6508:
6507:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6326:Lysosome granules
6046:(12): 3502–3511.
6003:(12): 7623–7629.
4866:10.1111/imm.12989
4673:(4): 697–709.e3.
4562:(12): 7982–7989.
4507:(7517): 237–241.
4395:(6169): 428–432.
4281:(7876): 415–419.
4090:10.1111/imr.12903
4040:10.1111/imr.12618
3886:10.1111/imr.12293
3234:978-3-319-41170-5
3119:(12): 3502–3511.
2913:10.1111/imr.12283
2576:(7575): 660–665.
2401:(11): 1812–1825.
2334:(22): 9021–9026.
2287:(5297): 206–209.
2124:(7237): 509–513.
2068:Nature Immunology
1961:(7237): 514–518.
1836:(7081): 233–236.
1786:(7081): 237–241.
1728:(7081): 228–232.
1524:10.1111/cmi.13079
1453:(7575): 666–671.
1392:(7521): 187–192.
1267:(6122): 975–978.
1208:(7371): 117–121.
1068:(11): 2288–2312.
721:(6996): 213–218.
575:Shigella flexneri
561:virulence factors
441:AIM2 inflammasome
181:muramyl dipeptide
177:imidazoquinolines
72:, referred to as
29:complexes of the
6591:
6520:Full blood count
6449:Epithelioid cell
6358:
6319:
6312:
6311:
6237:
6236:
6228:
6227:
6205:Swelling (Tumor)
6195:Flushing (Rubor)
6174:
6167:
6160:
6151:
6150:
6145:
6116:
6106:
6089:(4): 1907–1916.
6073:
6063:
6052:10.1172/JCI40599
6030:
6020:
5987:
5969:
5944:
5907:
5897:
5864:
5854:
5831:The FEBS Journal
5821:
5811:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5610:
5604:
5603:
5593:
5575:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5526:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5476:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5418:
5393:(8): 4912–4920.
5378:
5372:
5371:
5361:
5336:(5): 1045–1056.
5321:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5247:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5151:
5133:
5109:
5103:
5102:
5092:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5019:Joint Bone Spine
5010:
5004:
5003:
4993:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4944:
4934:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4885:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4755:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4690:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4641:
4609:
4598:
4597:
4587:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4445:
4439:
4438:
4428:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4314:
4266:
4260:
4259:
4249:
4230:10.1002/iid3.443
4209:
4203:
4202:
4192:
4174:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4019:
4010:
4009:
3981:
3948:
3947:
3919:
3906:
3905:
3865:
3856:
3855:
3845:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3744:
3726:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3629: 10842719.
3602:
3596:
3595:
3577:
3560:(9): 1752–1768.
3545:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3469:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3327:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3177:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3125:10.1172/JCI40599
3104:
3098:
3097:
3079:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3020:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2875:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2688:(5): 1841–1850.
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2541:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2491:(6): 1135–1145.
2476:
2470:
2469:
2459:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2410:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2369:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2173:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1986:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1926:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1861:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1664:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1526:
1502:
1487:
1486:
1437:
1426:
1425:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1342:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1175:
1158:(6): 1207–1222.
1143:
1137:
1136:
1126:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1031:
1006:(9): 1625–1633.
991:
985:
984:
975: 11216901.
940:
931:
930:
920:
896:
887:
886:
846:
837:
836:
800:
755:
754:
710:
581:Escherichia coli
510:bacterial toxins
210:interferon gamma
6599:
6598:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6553:Lymphadenopathy
6541:
6504:
6463:
6422:
6354:
6349:
6332:biogenic amines
6315:
6301:
6219:
6183:
6178:
6148:
5925:10.1038/nrn3638
5777:
5775:Further reading
5772:
5763:
5761:
5751:
5747:
5714:10.1038/nm.3806
5702:Nature Medicine
5693:
5689:
5636:
5632:
5623:
5621:
5611:
5607:
5544:
5540:
5494:
5490:
5457:10.1038/nm.3908
5445:Nature Medicine
5436:
5432:
5379:
5375:
5322:
5318:
5265:
5261:
5208:
5204:
5169:
5165:
5110:
5106:
5053:
5046:
5011:
5007:
4962:
4958:
4903:
4899:
4846:
4842:
4833:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4773:
4769:
4708:
4704:
4659:
4655:
4610:
4601:
4548:
4544:
4493:
4489:
4446:
4442:
4381:
4377:
4332:
4328:
4267:
4263:
4210:
4206:
4151:
4147:
4138:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4070:
4063:
4020:
4013:
3982:
3951:
3920:
3909:
3866:
3859:
3814:
3810:
3765:
3758:
3703:
3699:
3646:
3642:
3603:
3599:
3546:
3542:
3497:
3493:
3438:
3434:
3413:(11): 730–741.
3403:
3399:
3363:
3359:
3296:
3292:
3254:
3250:
3235:
3213:
3209:
3154:
3150:
3105:
3101:
3056:
3052:
2997:
2993:
2940:
2936:
2893:
2889:
2850:(10): 635–654.
2836:
2832:
2779:
2775:
2731:
2727:
2674:
2670:
2617:
2613:
2562:
2555:
2518:
2514:
2477:
2473:
2436:
2432:
2387:
2383:
2320:
2316:
2272:
2268:
2231:
2227:
2174:
2163:
2110:
2103:
2080:10.1038/ni.1702
2064:
2060:
2007:
2000:
1947:
1940:
1887:
1883:
1821:
1817:
1772:
1765:
1714:
1710:
1665:
1652:
1615:
1608:
1575:10.1038/nm.3893
1563:Nature Medicine
1555:
1548:
1503:
1490:
1438:
1429:
1378:
1374:
1333:(6): e1003400.
1318:
1314:
1252:
1245:
1193:
1189:
1144:
1140:
1103:
1099:
1054:
1045:
992:
988:
941:
934:
897:
890:
867:10.1038/nri3479
847:
840:
801:
758:
711:
702:
698:
674:
634:atherosclerosis
630:type 2 diabetes
610:
608:Role in disease
552:
547:
530:
506:
485:
443:
431:
380:
331:
296:
280:dendritic cells
274:, macrophages,
263:
254:
197:
149:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6597:
6587:
6586:
6581:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6549:
6547:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6528:
6527:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6406:Prostaglandins
6403:
6401:Leukotriene B4
6391:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6361:
6359:
6351:
6350:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6340:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6234:
6225:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6185:
6184:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6162:
6154:
6147:
6146:
6128:(8): 447–454.
6117:
6074:
6031:
5988:
5960:(6): 821–832.
5945:
5908:
5865:
5837:(3): 435–444.
5822:
5794:(2): 151–156.
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5745:
5708:(3): 248–255.
5687:
5630:
5605:
5538:
5488:
5451:(8): 906–913.
5430:
5373:
5316:
5259:
5222:(4): 197–214.
5202:
5163:
5104:
5044:
5025:(5): 398–402.
5005:
4976:(3): 615–629.
4956:
4897:
4860:(3): 320–330.
4840:
4829:www.stjude.org
4816:
4787:(3): 208–216.
4767:
4702:
4653:
4599:
4542:
4487:
4460:(2): 230–238.
4440:
4375:
4326:
4261:
4224:(3): 649–665.
4204:
4145:
4121:
4061:
4011:
3992:(2): 193–206.
3949:
3930:(8): 442–450.
3907:
3857:
3808:
3779:(2): 309–321.
3756:
3697:
3660:(6): 398–404.
3640:
3597:
3540:
3491:
3432:
3397:
3378:(4): 761–773.
3357:
3290:
3248:
3233:
3207:
3148:
3099:
3050:
2991:
2934:
2887:
2830:
2793:(1): 707–735.
2773:
2746:(4): 539–549.
2725:
2668:
2631:(6): 617–629.
2611:
2553:
2532:(5): 818–831.
2512:
2471:
2430:
2381:
2314:
2266:
2225:
2182:Cell Discovery
2161:
2101:
2074:(3): 266–272.
2058:
1998:
1938:
1901:(5): 463–487.
1881:
1815:
1763:
1708:
1650:
1629:(2): 417–426.
1623:Molecular Cell
1606:
1569:(7): 677–687.
1546:
1517:(11): e13079.
1488:
1427:
1372:
1327:PLOS Pathogens
1312:
1243:
1187:
1138:
1117:(4): 549–559.
1097:
1043:
986:
955:(7): 518–535.
932:
911:(2): 417–426.
905:Molecular Cell
888:
861:(8): 551–565.
838:
811:(7): 407–420.
756:
699:
697:
694:
673:
670:
614:liver diseases
609:
606:
551:
548:
546:
545:Role in health
543:
529:
526:
505:
502:
484:
481:
442:
439:
430:
427:
419:cell extrusion
379:
376:
330:
327:
295:
292:
262:
259:
253:
250:
196:
193:
148:
145:
62:interleukin 18
58:interleukin 1β
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6596:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6522:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6352:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6200:Fever (Calor)
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6175:
6170:
6168:
6163:
6161:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5780:
5779:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5741:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5691:
5683:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5434:
5426:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5051:
5049:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5009:
5001:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4893:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4830:
4826:
4820:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4771:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4657:
4649:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4595:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4491:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4265:
4257:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4149:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4034:(1): 99–114.
4033:
4029:
4025:
4018:
4016:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3880:(1): 85–102.
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3761:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3401:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:(4): e10008.
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2003:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1859:2027.42/62569
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
990:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
937:
928:
924:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
893:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
707:
705:
700:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
669:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
605:
601:
597:
595:
589:
585:
583:
582:
577:
576:
571:
565:
562:
556:
542:
538:
534:
525:
522:
519:
515:
511:
501:
499:
495:
490:
480:
478:
474:
473:
468:
464:
463:Schwann cells
460:
456:
452:
447:
438:
436:
426:
424:
420:
416:
415:
410:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
375:
372:
369:
363:
362:
360:
355:
351:
347:
346:
341:
335:
326:
324:
320:
315:
311:
310:
304:
302:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:keratinocytes
258:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
205:
201:
192:
188:
186:
182:
179:, viral DNA,
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
25:
21:
20:Inflammasomes
6525:Leukocytosis
6480:Vasodilation
6413:Nitric oxide
6393:
6364:
6355:
6330:
6316:
6277:
6253:
6210:Pain (Dolor)
6181:Inflammation
6125:
6121:
6086:
6082:
6043:
6039:
6000:
5996:
5957:
5953:
5919:(2): 84–97.
5916:
5912:
5877:
5873:
5834:
5830:
5791:
5787:
5762:. Retrieved
5758:
5748:
5705:
5701:
5690:
5647:
5643:
5633:
5622:. Retrieved
5619:News-Medical
5618:
5608:
5555:
5551:
5541:
5509:(1): 45–58.
5506:
5502:
5491:
5448:
5444:
5433:
5390:
5386:
5376:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5279:(2): 94–99.
5276:
5272:
5262:
5219:
5215:
5205:
5183:(1): 24–33.
5180:
5176:
5166:
5121:
5117:
5107:
5064:
5060:
5022:
5018:
5008:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4914:
4910:
4900:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4832:. Retrieved
4828:
4819:
4784:
4780:
4770:
4719:
4715:
4705:
4670:
4666:
4656:
4621:
4617:
4559:
4555:
4545:
4504:
4500:
4490:
4457:
4453:
4443:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4346:(1): 46–56.
4343:
4339:
4329:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4221:
4217:
4207:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4137:. Retrieved
4133:
4124:
4084:(1): 83–95.
4081:
4077:
4031:
4027:
3989:
3985:
3927:
3923:
3877:
3873:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3776:
3772:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3657:
3653:
3643:
3617:(1): 74–88.
3614:
3610:
3600:
3557:
3553:
3543:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3375:
3371:
3360:
3307:
3303:
3293:
3266:
3262:
3251:
3216:
3210:
3168:(13): 3328.
3165:
3161:
3151:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3070:(1): 45–56.
3067:
3063:
3053:
3008:
3005:Biomolecules
3004:
2994:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2907:(1): 22–34.
2904:
2900:
2890:
2847:
2843:
2833:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2743:
2739:
2728:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2573:
2569:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2488:
2484:
2474:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2284:
2280:
2269:
2242:
2238:
2228:
2185:
2181:
2121:
2117:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2018:
2014:
1958:
1954:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1833:
1829:
1818:
1783:
1779:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1676:
1672:
1626:
1622:
1566:
1562:
1514:
1510:
1450:
1446:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1330:
1326:
1315:
1264:
1260:
1205:
1201:
1190:
1155:
1151:
1141:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1065:
1061:
1003:
999:
989:
952:
948:
908:
904:
858:
854:
808:
804:
718:
714:
675:
658:
611:
602:
598:
590:
586:
579:
573:
569:
566:
557:
553:
539:
535:
531:
514:cytoskeleton
507:
486:
470:
455:plasma cells
448:
444:
434:
432:
412:
406:
404:
385:
381:
373:
364:
357:
343:
336:
332:
314:B. anthracis
313:
307:
305:
300:
297:
264:
255:
246:
206:
202:
198:
189:
160:
153:Jürg Tschopp
150:
133:
105:pyrin domain
86:
60:(IL-1β) and
27:multiprotein
19:
18:
6395:eicosanoids
6279:coagulation
5880:(1): 2–15.
4165:(7): 2114.
3717:(3): 1048.
3511:: 137–150.
3011:(7): 1005.
1679:(1): 5–12.
682:canakinumab
500:infection.
472:F. novicida
368:cholesterol
340:influenza A
276:neutrophils
136:macrophages
6573:Categories
6500:Chemotaxis
6454:Giant cell
6444:Macrophage
6285:Factor XII
6255:complement
6249:Bradykinin
5952:. review.
5829:. review.
5764:2024-03-15
5624:2024-03-15
5124:(1): 260.
5067:(1): 247.
4854:Immunology
4834:2024-03-15
4722:(1): 996.
4624:: 100924.
4139:2024-03-15
696:References
686:rilonacept
594:mast cells
570:Salmonella
518:Rho GTPase
489:orthologue
459:spermatids
408:Salmonella
354:maitotoxin
284:astrocytes
232:, NLRP9b,
140:epithelial
117:caspase-11
82:PANoptosis
74:pyroptosis
35:cell death
6584:Cytokines
6459:Granuloma
6366:cytokines
6343:Serotonin
6338:Histamine
6317:preformed
6224:Mechanism
5788:Apoptosis
5722:1078-8956
5664:2059-3635
5650:(1): 10.
5582:0027-8424
5465:1078-8956
5407:0022-1767
5350:1540-9538
5293:2326-6066
5236:1474-175X
5140:1742-2094
5081:2059-3635
4874:0019-2805
4744:2041-1723
4576:0022-1767
4529:0028-0836
4474:0014-2980
4417:0036-8075
4303:0028-0836
4238:2050-4527
4181:2072-6694
4098:0105-2896
4048:0105-2896
3894:0105-2896
3828:: 84–89.
3733:1422-0067
3674:1528-4050
3592:218689863
3334:1932-6203
3184:1422-0067
3027:2218-273X
2968:2041-4889
2954:(1): 57.
2921:0105-2896
2864:1474-1733
2807:0732-0582
2760:0894-1491
2702:1098-5549
2645:0021-9525
2598:0028-0836
2417:1462-5814
2358:0027-8424
2301:0036-8075
2202:2056-5968
2188:(1): 36.
1915:2162-6472
1868:0028-0836
1750:0028-0836
1583:1078-8956
1541:195786609
1475:0028-0836
1414:0028-0836
1349:1553-7374
1289:0036-8075
1230:0028-0836
1020:0022-1767
969:1474-1733
875:1474-1733
400:palmitate
350:nigericin
272:monocytes
155:, at the
147:Discovery
129:caspase 5
125:caspase 4
115:(LPS) by
78:cytokines
70:apoptosis
54:caspase-1
48:(PAMPs),
39:cytosolic
24:cytosolic
6295:Thrombin
6188:Symptoms
6142:15967716
6113:15784530
6070:19955661
6027:20007570
5984:16916572
5976:20303873
5933:24399084
5904:24164899
5861:25354325
5818:25398536
5740:25686105
5682:38177104
5673:10766654
5600:21118981
5533:26095253
5483:26107252
5425:20855874
5368:20385749
5311:28093447
5254:30842595
5197:24518102
5158:32878648
5099:34210954
5039:24703401
5000:33731826
4951:33846244
4892:30098204
4811:38077630
4802:10699704
4762:29520027
4697:29045901
4667:Immunity
4648:33187725
4594:19494323
4537:24919149
4482:29148036
4435:24356113
4370:25815367
4321:34471287
4256:34014039
4199:37046775
4190:10093344
4116:32713036
4056:29247998
4006:28454742
3944:26166583
3902:25879286
3852:25621709
3803:24054992
3751:33494299
3692:28957823
3635:37977994
3584:32423330
3535:28109896
3486:20974980
3427:24907108
3392:27692612
3372:Immunity
3352:20368800
3304:PLOS ONE
3285:17008311
3243:27460804
3202:31284572
3143:19955661
3094:18347164
3086:17418785
3045:35883561
2986:33431827
2929:25879281
2882:36973360
2873:11171412
2825:21219188
2768:23355222
2720:18160710
2663:27325789
2606:26375003
2548:18329368
2507:16990137
2466:17959595
2425:16824040
2376:19439663
2220:32550001
2156:19158676
2088:19158679
2053:43712804
2045:19131592
1993:19158675
1933:21083527
1876:16407888
1810:16407889
1758:16407890
1703:22075986
1645:12191486
1601:26121197
1533:31265745
1483:26375259
1422:25119034
1367:23762026
1307:23348507
1238:22002608
1182:24630723
1133:17967410
1111:Immunity
1092:37236155
1083:10228754
1038:36253067
981:38374299
927:12191486
883:23846113
833:32414010
825:27291964
743:15190255
678:anakinra
638:ischemic
396:flagella
185:asbestos
6546:General
6490:Exudate
6436:Chronic
6290:Plasmin
6104:1087413
6061:2786809
6018:3666034
5941:7592807
5895:3911281
5852:6400279
5809:4364414
5731:4392179
5591:3003083
5560:Bibcode
5524:4491002
5474:4529369
5416:3104023
5359:2867287
5302:5593081
5245:6953422
5149:7469327
5090:8249422
4991:8075861
4942:8072224
4919:Bibcode
4883:6187212
4753:5843631
4724:Bibcode
4688:5747599
4639:7808250
4585:3964683
4509:Bibcode
4426:3976200
4397:Bibcode
4389:Science
4361:4372153
4312:8603942
4283:Bibcode
4247:8342223
4159:Cancers
4107:7668394
3843:4336817
3794:3832124
3742:7864484
3683:6070355
3575:7446569
3526:5373953
3477:2984140
3454:Bibcode
3343:2848854
3312:Bibcode
3193:6651423
3134:2786809
3036:9313256
2977:7801473
2816:4067317
2711:2258772
2654:4915194
2578:Bibcode
2367:2690027
2336:Bibcode
2309:8999548
2281:Science
2261:8662843
2211:7280307
2147:2862225
2126:Bibcode
2096:5597950
2023:Bibcode
2015:Science
1984:2726264
1963:Bibcode
1924:3086048
1838:Bibcode
1788:Bibcode
1730:Bibcode
1694:3252823
1592:4519035
1455:Bibcode
1394:Bibcode
1358:3675167
1298:3697099
1269:Bibcode
1261:Science
1210:Bibcode
1173:4034535
1029:9586465
751:4317409
723:Bibcode
626:obesity
457:, late
451:B-cells
323:Bcl-x(L
183:(MDP),
6418:Kinins
6140:
6111:
6101:
6068:
6058:
6025:
6015:
5982:
5974:
5939:
5931:
5902:
5892:
5859:
5849:
5816:
5806:
5738:
5728:
5720:
5680:
5670:
5662:
5598:
5588:
5580:
5531:
5521:
5481:
5471:
5463:
5423:
5413:
5405:
5366:
5356:
5348:
5309:
5299:
5291:
5252:
5242:
5234:
5195:
5156:
5146:
5138:
5097:
5087:
5079:
5037:
4998:
4988:
4949:
4939:
4890:
4880:
4872:
4809:
4799:
4760:
4750:
4742:
4695:
4685:
4646:
4636:
4592:
4582:
4574:
4535:
4527:
4501:Nature
4480:
4472:
4433:
4423:
4415:
4368:
4358:
4319:
4309:
4301:
4275:Nature
4254:
4244:
4236:
4197:
4187:
4179:
4114:
4104:
4096:
4054:
4046:
4004:
3942:
3900:
3892:
3850:
3840:
3801:
3791:
3749:
3739:
3731:
3690:
3680:
3672:
3633:
3590:
3582:
3572:
3533:
3523:
3484:
3474:
3425:
3390:
3350:
3340:
3332:
3283:
3241:
3231:
3200:
3190:
3182:
3141:
3131:
3092:
3084:
3043:
3033:
3025:
2984:
2974:
2966:
2927:
2919:
2880:
2870:
2862:
2823:
2813:
2805:
2766:
2758:
2718:
2708:
2700:
2661:
2651:
2643:
2604:
2596:
2570:Nature
2546:
2505:
2464:
2423:
2415:
2374:
2364:
2356:
2307:
2299:
2259:
2218:
2208:
2200:
2154:
2144:
2118:Nature
2094:
2086:
2051:
2043:
1991:
1981:
1955:Nature
1931:
1921:
1913:
1874:
1866:
1830:Nature
1808:
1780:Nature
1756:
1748:
1722:Nature
1701:
1691:
1643:
1599:
1589:
1581:
1539:
1531:
1481:
1473:
1447:Nature
1420:
1412:
1386:Nature
1365:
1355:
1347:
1305:
1295:
1287:
1236:
1228:
1202:Nature
1180:
1170:
1131:
1090:
1080:
1036:
1026:
1018:
979:
967:
925:
881:
873:
831:
823:
749:
741:
715:Nature
688:, and
632:, and
620:, and
286:, and
278:, and
240:, and
238:NLRP12
234:NLRP10
161:et al.
109:Pycard
6513:Tests
6468:Other
6382:TNF-α
6372:IFN-γ
6232:Acute
5980:S2CID
5937:S2CID
3588:S2CID
3090:S2CID
2092:S2CID
2049:S2CID
1537:S2CID
829:S2CID
747:S2CID
578:, or
494:CD4 T
319:Bcl-2
301:Nlrp1
242:CARD8
230:NLRP7
226:NLRP6
222:IFI16
218:IL-33
173:NLRC4
169:NLRP3
165:NLRP1
163:that
103:) or
97:IFI16
66:GSDMD
6387:IL-1
6377:IL-8
6138:PMID
6109:PMID
6066:PMID
6023:PMID
5972:PMID
5954:Cell
5929:PMID
5900:PMID
5857:PMID
5814:PMID
5736:PMID
5718:ISSN
5678:PMID
5660:ISSN
5596:PMID
5578:ISSN
5529:PMID
5503:Cell
5479:PMID
5461:ISSN
5421:PMID
5403:ISSN
5364:PMID
5346:ISSN
5307:PMID
5289:ISSN
5250:PMID
5232:ISSN
5193:PMID
5154:PMID
5136:ISSN
5095:PMID
5077:ISSN
5035:PMID
4996:PMID
4947:PMID
4888:PMID
4870:ISSN
4807:PMID
4758:PMID
4740:ISSN
4693:PMID
4644:PMID
4590:PMID
4572:ISSN
4533:PMID
4525:ISSN
4478:PMID
4470:ISSN
4431:PMID
4413:ISSN
4366:PMID
4317:PMID
4299:ISSN
4252:PMID
4234:ISSN
4195:PMID
4177:ISSN
4112:PMID
4094:ISSN
4052:PMID
4044:ISSN
4002:PMID
3940:PMID
3898:PMID
3890:ISSN
3848:PMID
3799:PMID
3747:PMID
3729:ISSN
3688:PMID
3670:ISSN
3631:PMID
3580:PMID
3531:PMID
3482:PMID
3423:PMID
3388:PMID
3348:PMID
3330:ISSN
3281:PMID
3239:PMID
3229:ISBN
3198:PMID
3180:ISSN
3139:PMID
3082:PMID
3064:Cell
3041:PMID
3023:ISSN
2982:PMID
2964:ISSN
2925:PMID
2917:ISSN
2878:PMID
2860:ISSN
2821:PMID
2803:ISSN
2764:PMID
2756:ISSN
2740:Glia
2716:PMID
2698:ISSN
2659:PMID
2641:ISSN
2602:PMID
2594:ISSN
2544:PMID
2526:Cell
2503:PMID
2485:Cell
2462:PMID
2421:PMID
2413:ISSN
2372:PMID
2354:ISSN
2305:PMID
2297:ISSN
2257:PMID
2216:PMID
2198:ISSN
2152:PMID
2084:PMID
2041:PMID
1989:PMID
1929:PMID
1911:ISSN
1872:PMID
1864:ISSN
1806:PMID
1754:PMID
1746:ISSN
1699:PMID
1641:PMID
1597:PMID
1579:ISSN
1529:PMID
1479:PMID
1471:ISSN
1418:PMID
1410:ISSN
1363:PMID
1345:ISSN
1303:PMID
1285:ISSN
1234:PMID
1226:ISSN
1178:PMID
1152:Cell
1129:PMID
1088:PMID
1062:Cell
1034:PMID
1016:ISSN
977:PMID
965:ISSN
923:PMID
879:PMID
871:ISSN
821:PMID
739:PMID
521:RHOA
477:HSV1
475:and
467:ZBP1
433:AIM2
411:and
388:NAIP
386:The
352:and
321:and
127:and
101:CARD
93:AIM2
89:NLRs
22:are
6271:MAC
6266:C5a
6130:doi
6099:PMC
6091:doi
6056:PMC
6048:doi
6044:119
6013:PMC
6005:doi
6001:183
5962:doi
5958:140
5921:doi
5890:PMC
5882:doi
5847:PMC
5839:doi
5835:282
5804:PMC
5796:doi
5726:PMC
5710:doi
5668:PMC
5652:doi
5586:PMC
5568:doi
5556:107
5519:PMC
5511:doi
5507:162
5469:PMC
5453:doi
5411:PMC
5395:doi
5391:185
5354:PMC
5338:doi
5334:207
5297:PMC
5281:doi
5240:PMC
5224:doi
5185:doi
5181:143
5144:PMC
5126:doi
5085:PMC
5069:doi
5027:doi
4986:PMC
4978:doi
4937:PMC
4927:doi
4915:118
4878:PMC
4862:doi
4858:155
4797:PMC
4789:doi
4748:PMC
4732:doi
4683:PMC
4675:doi
4634:PMC
4626:doi
4580:PMC
4564:doi
4560:182
4517:doi
4505:513
4462:doi
4421:PMC
4405:doi
4393:343
4356:PMC
4348:doi
4307:PMC
4291:doi
4279:597
4242:PMC
4226:doi
4185:PMC
4167:doi
4102:PMC
4086:doi
4082:297
4036:doi
4032:281
3994:doi
3990:430
3932:doi
3882:doi
3878:265
3838:PMC
3830:doi
3789:PMC
3781:doi
3737:PMC
3719:doi
3678:PMC
3662:doi
3627:PMC
3619:doi
3570:PMC
3562:doi
3521:PMC
3513:doi
3472:PMC
3462:doi
3450:107
3415:doi
3380:doi
3338:PMC
3320:doi
3271:doi
3267:281
3221:doi
3188:PMC
3170:doi
3129:PMC
3121:doi
3117:119
3072:doi
3068:129
3031:PMC
3013:doi
2972:PMC
2956:doi
2909:doi
2905:265
2868:PMC
2852:doi
2811:PMC
2795:doi
2748:doi
2706:PMC
2690:doi
2649:PMC
2633:doi
2629:213
2586:doi
2574:526
2534:doi
2530:132
2493:doi
2489:126
2452:doi
2448:282
2403:doi
2362:PMC
2344:doi
2332:106
2289:doi
2285:275
2247:doi
2243:271
2206:PMC
2190:doi
2142:PMC
2134:doi
2122:458
2076:doi
2031:doi
2019:323
1979:PMC
1971:doi
1959:458
1919:PMC
1903:doi
1854:hdl
1846:doi
1834:440
1796:doi
1784:440
1738:doi
1726:440
1689:PMC
1681:doi
1631:doi
1587:PMC
1571:doi
1519:doi
1463:doi
1451:526
1402:doi
1390:514
1353:PMC
1335:doi
1293:PMC
1277:doi
1265:339
1218:doi
1206:479
1168:PMC
1160:doi
1156:156
1119:doi
1078:PMC
1070:doi
1066:186
1024:PMC
1008:doi
1004:209
973:PMC
957:doi
913:doi
863:doi
813:doi
731:doi
719:430
498:HIV
121:doi
84:.
6575::
6261:C3
6136:.
6126:26
6124:.
6107:.
6097:.
6087:73
6085:.
6081:.
6064:.
6054:.
6042:.
6038:.
6021:.
6011:.
5999:.
5995:.
5978:.
5970:.
5956:.
5935:.
5927:.
5917:15
5915:.
5898:.
5888:.
5878:34
5876:.
5872:.
5855:.
5845:.
5833:.
5812:.
5802:.
5792:20
5790:.
5786:.
5757:.
5734:.
5724:.
5716:.
5706:21
5704:.
5700:.
5676:.
5666:.
5658:.
5646:.
5642:.
5617:.
5594:.
5584:.
5576:.
5566:.
5554:.
5550:.
5527:.
5517:.
5505:.
5501:.
5477:.
5467:.
5459:.
5449:21
5447:.
5443:.
5419:.
5409:.
5401:.
5389:.
5385:.
5362:.
5352:.
5344:.
5332:.
5328:.
5305:.
5295:.
5287:.
5275:.
5271:.
5248:.
5238:.
5230:.
5220:19
5218:.
5214:.
5191:.
5179:.
5175:.
5152:.
5142:.
5134:.
5122:17
5120:.
5116:.
5093:.
5083:.
5075:.
5063:.
5059:.
5047:^
5033:.
5023:81
5021:.
5017:.
4994:.
4984:.
4974:14
4972:.
4968:.
4945:.
4935:.
4925:.
4913:.
4909:.
4886:.
4876:.
4868:.
4856:.
4852:.
4827:.
4805:.
4795:.
4783:.
4779:.
4756:.
4746:.
4738:.
4730:.
4718:.
4714:.
4691:.
4681:.
4671:47
4669:.
4665:.
4642:.
4632:.
4622:76
4620:.
4616:.
4602:^
4588:.
4578:.
4570:.
4558:.
4554:.
4531:.
4523:.
4515:.
4503:.
4499:.
4476:.
4468:.
4458:48
4456:.
4452:.
4429:.
4419:.
4411:.
4403:.
4391:.
4387:.
4364:.
4354:.
4342:.
4338:.
4315:.
4305:.
4297:.
4289:.
4277:.
4273:.
4250:.
4240:.
4232:.
4220:.
4216:.
4193:.
4183:.
4175:.
4163:15
4161:.
4157:.
4132:.
4110:.
4100:.
4092:.
4080:.
4076:.
4064:^
4050:.
4042:.
4030:.
4026:.
4014:^
4000:.
3952:^
3938:.
3928:36
3926:.
3910:^
3896:.
3888:.
3876:.
3872:.
3860:^
3846:.
3836:.
3826:32
3824:.
3820:.
3797:.
3787:.
3777:35
3775:.
3771:.
3759:^
3745:.
3735:.
3727:.
3715:22
3713:.
3709:.
3686:.
3676:.
3668:.
3658:17
3656:.
3652:.
3625:.
3615:30
3613:.
3609:.
3586:.
3578:.
3568:.
3558:40
3556:.
3552:.
3529:.
3519:.
3509:62
3507:.
3503:.
3480:.
3470:.
3460:.
3448:.
3444:.
3421:.
3411:35
3409:.
3386:.
3376:45
3374:.
3370:.
3346:.
3336:.
3328:.
3318:.
3306:.
3302:.
3279:.
3265:.
3261:.
3237:.
3227:.
3196:.
3186:.
3178:.
3166:20
3164:.
3160:.
3137:.
3127:.
3115:.
3111:.
3088:.
3080:.
3066:.
3062:.
3039:.
3029:.
3021:.
3009:12
3007:.
3003:.
2980:.
2970:.
2962:.
2952:12
2950:.
2946:.
2923:.
2915:.
2903:.
2899:.
2876:.
2866:.
2858:.
2848:23
2846:.
2842:.
2819:.
2809:.
2801:.
2791:29
2789:.
2785:.
2762:.
2754:.
2744:61
2742:.
2738:.
2714:.
2704:.
2696:.
2686:28
2684:.
2680:.
2657:.
2647:.
2639:.
2627:.
2623:.
2600:.
2592:.
2584:.
2572:.
2568:.
2556:^
2542:.
2528:.
2524:.
2501:.
2487:.
2483:.
2460:.
2446:.
2442:.
2419:.
2411:.
2397:.
2393:.
2370:.
2360:.
2352:.
2342:.
2330:.
2326:.
2303:.
2295:.
2283:.
2279:.
2255:.
2241:.
2237:.
2214:.
2204:.
2196:.
2184:.
2180:.
2164:^
2150:.
2140:.
2132:.
2120:.
2116:.
2104:^
2090:.
2082:.
2072:10
2070:.
2047:.
2039:.
2029:.
2017:.
2013:.
2001:^
1987:.
1977:.
1969:.
1957:.
1953:.
1941:^
1927:.
1917:.
1909:.
1899:30
1897:.
1893:.
1870:.
1862:.
1852:.
1844:.
1832:.
1828:.
1804:.
1794:.
1782:.
1778:.
1766:^
1752:.
1744:.
1736:.
1724:.
1720:.
1697:.
1687:.
1677:19
1675:.
1671:.
1653:^
1639:.
1627:10
1625:.
1621:.
1609:^
1595:.
1585:.
1577:.
1567:21
1565:.
1561:.
1549:^
1535:.
1527:.
1515:21
1513:.
1509:.
1491:^
1477:.
1469:.
1461:.
1449:.
1445:.
1430:^
1416:.
1408:.
1400:.
1388:.
1384:.
1361:.
1351:.
1343:.
1329:.
1325:.
1301:.
1291:.
1283:.
1275:.
1263:.
1259:.
1246:^
1232:.
1224:.
1216:.
1204:.
1200:.
1176:.
1166:.
1154:.
1150:.
1127:.
1115:27
1113:.
1109:.
1086:.
1076:.
1064:.
1060:.
1046:^
1032:.
1022:.
1014:.
1002:.
998:.
971:.
963:.
953:24
951:.
947:.
935:^
921:.
909:10
907:.
903:.
891:^
877:.
869:.
859:13
857:.
853:.
841:^
827:.
819:.
809:16
807:.
759:^
745:.
737:.
729:.
717:.
703:^
684:,
680:,
652:,
648:,
644:,
628:,
616:,
572:,
479:.
453:,
236:,
228:,
224:,
131:.
6173:e
6166:t
6159:v
6144:.
6132::
6115:.
6093::
6072:.
6050::
6029:.
6007::
5986:.
5964::
5943:.
5923::
5906:.
5884::
5863:.
5841::
5820:.
5798::
5767:.
5742:.
5712::
5684:.
5654::
5648:9
5627:.
5602:.
5570::
5562::
5535:.
5513::
5485:.
5455::
5427:.
5397::
5370:.
5340::
5313:.
5283::
5277:5
5256:.
5226::
5199:.
5187::
5160:.
5128::
5101:.
5071::
5065:6
5041:.
5029::
5002:.
4980::
4953:.
4929::
4921::
4894:.
4864::
4837:.
4813:.
4791::
4785:1
4764:.
4734::
4726::
4720:9
4699:.
4677::
4650:.
4628::
4596:.
4566::
4539:.
4519::
4511::
4484:.
4464::
4437:.
4407::
4399::
4372:.
4350::
4344:2
4323:.
4293::
4285::
4258:.
4228::
4222:9
4201:.
4169::
4142:.
4118:.
4088::
4058:.
4038::
4008:.
3996::
3946:.
3934::
3904:.
3884::
3854:.
3832::
3805:.
3783::
3753:.
3721::
3694:.
3664::
3637:.
3621::
3594:.
3564::
3537:.
3515::
3488:.
3464::
3456::
3429:.
3417::
3394:.
3382::
3354:.
3322::
3314::
3308:5
3287:.
3273::
3245:.
3223::
3204:.
3172::
3145:.
3123::
3096:.
3074::
3047:.
3015::
2988:.
2958::
2931:.
2911::
2884:.
2854::
2827:.
2797::
2770:.
2750::
2722:.
2692::
2665:.
2635::
2608:.
2588::
2580::
2550:.
2536::
2509:.
2495::
2468:.
2454::
2427:.
2405::
2399:8
2378:.
2346::
2338::
2311:.
2291::
2263:.
2249::
2222:.
2192::
2186:6
2158:.
2136::
2128::
2098:.
2078::
2055:.
2033::
2025::
1995:.
1973::
1965::
1935:.
1905::
1878:.
1856::
1848::
1840::
1812:.
1798::
1790::
1760:.
1740::
1732::
1705:.
1683::
1647:.
1633::
1603:.
1573::
1543:.
1521::
1485:.
1465::
1457::
1424:.
1404::
1396::
1369:.
1337::
1331:9
1309:.
1279::
1271::
1240:.
1220::
1212::
1184:.
1162::
1135:.
1121::
1094:.
1072::
1040:.
1010::
983:.
959::
929:.
915::
885:.
865::
835:.
815::
753:.
733::
725::
435:,
361:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.