Influenza A virus subtype H5N1

760:- Influenza A viruses of various subtypes have a large reservoir in wild waterfowl, which can infect the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract without affecting the health of the host. They can then be carried by the bird over large distances especially during annual migration. Infected birds can shed avian influenza A viruses in their saliva, nasal secretions, and feces; susceptible birds become infected when they have contact with the virus as it is shed by infected birds. The virus can survive for long periods in water and at low temperatures, and can be spread from one farm to another on farm equipment. Domesticated birds (chickens, turkeys, ducks, etc.) may become infected with avian influenza A viruses through direct contact with infected waterfowl or other infected poultry, or through contact with contaminated feces or surfaces. 31: 701: 928: 838: 898: 354: 455: 550:- it is possible to vaccinate poultry against specific strains of HPAI influenza. Vaccination should be combined with other control measures such as infection monitoring, early detection and biosecurity. In many countries, it is routine to vaccinate poultry against H5N1. In China, the world's biggest poultry producer, there has been is a mandatory vaccination requirement since 2017; the vaccine is bivalent or trivalent, targeting the H5 and H7 subtypes of influenza A virus. It is manufactured using 53: 1153: 1168: 868: 853: 535:- Several "candidate" (unproved) vaccines are available in case an avian virus acquires the ability to infect and transmit among humans; as of July 2024 these include Aflunov, Celldemic and Seqirus/Audenz. Some governments have prepared strategic stockpiles of vaccines against the H5N1 subtype which is considered the biggest risk. However, because the influenza virus is highly variable any vaccine needs to be specifically targeted against the particular 1003: 883: 1123: 1093: 943: 1078: 1048: 958: 1183: 1138: 1063: 973: 913: 1033: 1018: 1108: 988: 9461: 764:

outbreaks. Because of this, international regulations state that any detection of H5 or H7 subtypes (regardless of their pathogenicity) must be notified to the appropriate authority. It is also possible that avian influenza viruses could be transmitted to humans and other animals which have been exposed to infected birds, causing infection with unpredictable but sometimes fatal consequences.

5846: 4205:(NSABB) recommended against publication of the full details of the study, and the one submitted to Nature by Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the University of Wisconsin describing related work. However, after additional consultations at the World Health Organization and by the NSABB, the NSABB reversed its position and recommended publication of revised versions of the two papers. However, then the 4209:

declared that this type of manuscripts required Fouchier to apply for an export permit in the light of EU directive 428/2009 on dual use goods. After much controversy surrounding the publishing of his research, Fouchier complied (under formal protest) with Dutch government demands to obtain a special

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In April 2024, spread of H5N1 amongst dairy cow herds in nine states of the USA strongly indicated the presence of cow-to-cow transmission possibly occurring while the animals were being milked. Although mortality in bovines infected with H5N1 is rare, viable virus can be shed in the milk. Around 50%

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A/H5N1 influenza virus was first identified in farmed birds in southern China in 1996. Between 1996 and 2018, A/H5N1 coexisted in bird populations with other subtypes of the virus, but since then, the highly pathogenic subtype HPAI A(H5N1) has become the dominant strain in bird populations worldwide.

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Variants have been found in a number of domestic cats, leopards, and tigers in Thailand, with high lethality. "The Thailand Zoo tiger outbreak killed more than 140 tigers, causing health officials to make the decision to cull all the sick tigers in an effort to stop the zoo from becoming a reservoir

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Avian flu viruses, both HPAI and LPAI, can infect humans who are in close, unprotected contact with infected poultry. Incidents of cross-species transmission are rare, with symptoms ranging in severity from no symptoms or mild illness, to severe disease that resulted in death. As of February, 2024

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Avian influenza outbreaks in domesticated birds are of concern for several reasons. There is potential for low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAI) to evolve into strains which are high pathogenic to poultry (HPAI), and subsequent potential for significant illness and death among poultry during

616:(an epidemic in nonhumans) of H5N1 influenza in Hong Kong's poultry population in 1997. This outbreak was stopped by the killing of the entire domestic poultry population within the territory. Human infection was confirmed in 18 individuals who had been in close contact with poultry, 6 of whom died. 492:. "H5N1" designates an IAV subtype that has a type 5 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. Further variations exist within the subtypes and can lead to very significant differences in the virus's ability to infect and cause disease, as well as to the severity of symptoms. 304:

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In mammals, including humans, A/H5N1 influenza (whether LPAI or HPAI) is rare. Symptoms of infection vary from mild to severe, including fever, diarrhoea, and cough. Human infections with A/H5N1 virus have been reported in 23 countries since 1997, resulting in severe pneumonia and death in about 50%

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Avian influenza is still primarily a respiratory infection but involves more of the lower airways than human influenza typically does. This is likely due to differences in the hemagglutinin protein and the types of sialic acid residues to which the protein binds. Avian viruses tend to prefer sialic

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A/H5N1 virus is shed in the saliva, mucus, and feces of infected birds; other infected animals may shed bird flu viruses in respiratory secretions and other body fluids (such as milk). The virus can spread rapidly through poultry flocks and among wild birds. An estimated half a billion farmed birds

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In October 2022 an outbreak of H5N1 on a Spanish mink farm showed evidence of being the first recorded case of mammal-to-mammal transmission, with 4 percent of the farm's mink population dying from H5N1-related haemorrhagic pneumonia. This coincided with H5N1 detections in the area among gulls and

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threat. Domestic poultry may potentially be protected from specific strains of the virus by vaccination. In the event of a serious outbreak of H5N1 flu among humans, health agencies have prepared "candidate" vaccines that may be used to prevent infection and control the outbreak; however, it could

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of a large variety of influenza A viruses, which they can spread over large distances in their annual migration. Symptoms of avian influenza vary according to both the strain of virus underlying the infection, and on the species of bird affected. Symptoms of influenza in birds may include swollen

224:

Symptoms of A/H5N1 influenza vary according to both the strain of virus underlying the infection and on the species of bird or mammal affected. Classification as either Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza (LPAI) or High Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) is based on the severity of symptoms in domestic

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for the first time, raising fears of imminent spread throughout the region, potentially leading to a "catastrophic breeding failure" among animals that had not previously been exposed to avian influenza viruses. The main virus involved in the global outbreak is classified as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b,

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receptors, while the human influenza hemagglutinin prefers to bind to alpha-2,6 sialic acid receptors. This means that when the H5N1 strain infects humans, it will replicate in the lower respiratory tract (where alpha-2,3 sialic acid receptors are more plentiful in humans) and consequently cause

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In order to avoid infection, the general public are advised to avoid contact with sick birds or potentially contaminated material such as carcasses or feces. People working with birds, such as conservationists or poultry workers, are advised to wear appropriate personal protection equipment.

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in hosts who become infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. With reassortment between strains, an avian strain which does not affect humans may acquire characteristics from a different strain which enable it to infect and pass between humans - a

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devoted to H5N1. The papers by Fouchier and Kawaoka conclude that it is entirely possible that a natural chain of mutations could lead to an H5N1 virus acquiring the capability of airborne transmission between mammals, and that a H5N1 influenza pandemic would not be impossible.

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Some strains of A/H5N1 which are highly pathogenic to chickens have adapted to cause mild symptoms in ducks and geese, and are able to spread rapidly through bird migration. Mammal species that have been recorded with H5N1 infection include cows, seals, goats, and skunks.

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technologies can be adapted to a H5N1 strain causing the pandemic; in the event of an outbreak, the candidate vaccine would be rapidly tested for safety as well as efficacy against the zoonotic strain, and then authorised and distributed to vaccine manufacturers.

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of a large variety of influenza A viruses, which can infect poultry, other bird species, mammals and humans if they come into close contact with infected feces or contaminated material, or by eating infected birds. In late 2023, H5N1 was discovered in the

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in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, who first presented his work to the public at an influenza conference in Malta in September 2011. Three mutations were introduced into the H5N1 virus genome, and the virus was then passed from the noses of infected

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with influenza control information and to inform vaccine development. Several millions of specimens are tested by the GISRS network annually through a network of laboratories in 127 countries. GISRS monitors avian, swine, and other potentially

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of cats that lived on the affected dairy farms and were fed unpasteurised milk from symptomatic cows died within a few days from severe systemic influenza infection, raising significant concerns of cross-species mammal-to-mammal transmission.

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A part of the National Biological Information Infrastructure and partner of the NWHC, this agency collects and distributes news and information about wildlife diseases such as avian influenza and coordinates collaborative information sharing

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Since then, avian A/H5N1 bird flu has become widespread in wild birds worldwide, with numerous outbreaks among both domestic and wild birds. An estimated half a billion farmed birds have been slaughtered in efforts to contain the virus.

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Herfst, S.; Schrauwen, E. J. A.; Linster, M.; Chutinimitkul, S.; De Wit, E.; Munster, V. J.; Sorrell, E. M.; Bestebroer, T. M.; Burke, D. F.; Smith, D. J.; Rimmelzwaan, G. F.; Osterhaus, A. D. M. E.; Fouchier, R. A. M. (2012).

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acid alpha(2-3) galactose, which, in humans, is found in the terminal bronchi and alveoli. Conversely, human viruses prefer sialic acid alpha(2-6) galactose, which is found on epithelial cells in the upper respiratory tract.

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Influenza A/H5N1 was first detected in 1959 after an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Scotland, which infected two flocks of chickens. The next detection, and the earliest infection of humans by H5N1, was an

3894:, 18 humans were infected and 6 died in the first known case of H5N1 infecting humans. Subsequently 1.3 million chickens were culled in the territory of Hong Kong. The government also suspended the import of chickens from 7770: 771:

infected animals and those nearby in an effort to rapidly contain, control and eradicate the disease. This is done together with movement restrictions, improved hygiene and biosecurity, and enhanced surveillance.

7797: 801:

have been affected by avian flu, generally due to eating birds which had been infected. There have been instances where transmission of the disease between mammals, including seals and cows, may have occurred.

217:(affecting animals of many species over a wide area). A/H5N1 virus can also infect mammals (including humans) that have been exposed to infected birds; in these cases, symptoms are frequently severe or fatal. 4042:

Significant outbreaks recorded in Japan, Hungary, Russia, United Kingdom, Pakistan, Turkey, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Ghana, Malaysia, Germany, Czech Republic, Togo, France and India.

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there have been very few instances of human-to-human transmission, and each outbreak has been limited to a few people. All subtypes of avian Influenza A have potential to cross the species barrier, with

305:

7612: 7691:

Tian, Jingman; Bai, Xiaoli; Li, Minghui; Zeng, Xianying; Xu, Jia; Li, Peng; Wang, Miao; Song, Xingdong; Zhao, Zhiguo; Tian, Guobin; Liu, Liling; Guan, Yuntao; Li, Yanbing; Chen, Hualan (July 2023).

7634:

Tian, Jingman; Bai, Xiaoli; Li, Minghui; Zeng, Xianying; Xu, Jia; Li, Peng; Wang, Miao; Song, Xingdong; Zhao, Zhiguo; Tian, Guobin; Liu, Liling; Guan, Yuntao; Li, Yanbing; Chen, Hualan (July 2023).

7426: 7404: 7743: 4192:

to the noses of uninfected ones, which was repeated 10 times. After these 10 passages the H5N1 virus had acquired the ability of transmission between ferrets via aerosols or respiratory droplets.

8126: 6879: 8099: 4676:"Potential cross-species transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 subtype (HPAI H5) viruses to humans calls for the development of H5-specific and universal influenza vaccines" 340:

has recorded 907 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 464 deaths. The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1.

241:

has recorded 907 cases of confirmed H5N1 influenza, leading to 464 deaths. The true fatality rate may be lower because some cases with mild symptoms may not have been identified as H5N1.

7246:

T. Tiensin; P. Chaitaweesub; T. Songserm; A. Chaisingh; W. Hoonsuwan; C. Buranathai; T. Parakamawongsa; S. Premashthira; A. Amonsin; M. Gilbert; M. Nielen; A. Stegeman (November 2005).

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however genetic diversification with other clades such as 2.3.2.1c has seen the virus evolve in ability to cause significant outbreaks in a broader range of species including mammals.

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Ainur NurpeisovaEmail authorMarkhabat KassenovNurkuisa RametovKaissar TabynovGourapura J. RenukaradhyaYevgeniy VolginAltynay SagymbayAmanzhol MakbuzAbylay SansyzbayBerik Khairullin

3955:

In January 2005 an outbreak of avian influenza affected thirty three out of sixty four cities and provinces in Vietnam, leading to the forced killing of nearly 1.2 million poultry.

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The influenza virus HA binds to alpha 2–3 linked (avian viruses) or alpha 2–6 linked (human viruses) sialic acids presented by proteins or lipids on the host cell surface.

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with prohibited goods or goods that require a special permit for import and export without which the carrier faces pecuniary punishment or up to 5 years' imprisonment.

4158:

pups in 2023 also raised concerns of mammal-to-mammal spread, as nursing pups would have had less exposure to birds. Between January and October 2023, at least 24,000

8307: 8056: 6216:

Charostad, Javad; Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, Mohammad; Mahmoudvand, Shahab; Bashash, Davood; Hashemi, Seyed Mohammad Ali; Nakhaie, Mohsen; Zandi, Keivan (September 2023).

6698: 8587: 8571: 7464: 4285: 7824: 7058:

Charostad, Javad; Rezaei Zadeh Rukerd, Mohammad; Mahmoudvand, Shahab; Bashash, Davood; Hashemi, Seyed Mohammad Ali; Nakhaie, Mohsen; Zandi, Keivan (2023-09-01).

7519: 7300: 8252: 5863: 5795: 7608: 7396: 5943: 5388:

Payungporn S, Chutinimitkul S, Chaisingh A, Damrongwantanapokin S, Nuansrichay B, Pinyochon W, Amonsin A, Donis RO, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan T (2006).

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died from H5N1 flu, with the outbreak starting on the Pacific coast of Peru, moving down the coast to Chile and then up the Atlantic coast of Argentina.

8122: 6019:

Wu, Jie; Ke, Changwen; Lau, Eric H.Y.; Song, Yingchao; Cheng, Kit Ling; Zou, Lirong; Kang, Min; Song, Tie; Peiris, Malik; Yen, Hui-Ling (January 2019).

8518: 8502: 8034: 7148:

J.S. Peiris; W.C Yu; C.W. Leung; C.Y. Cheung; W.F. Ng; J.M. Nicholls; T.K. Ng; K.H. Chan; S.T. Lai; W.L. Lim; K.Y. Yuen; Y. Guan (February 21, 2004).

519:

the virus can evolve to acquire new characteristics, enabling it to evade host immunity and occasionally to jump from one species of host to another.

8470: 8398: 8089: 674: 9278: 5993: 398:

is the animal species the isolate was found in (note: human isolates lack this component term and are thus identified as human isolates by default)

6953:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations" 5248:

van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E, Rimmelzwaan GF, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD, Kuiken T (2006). "H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract".

5121:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus in Animals: Interim Recommendations for Prevention, Monitoring, and Public Health Investigations" 7002: 4202: 369:

which describes, among other things, the species of animal from which the virus was isolated, and the place and year of collection. For example,

7375: 7098: 7122: 4846: 4903: 9524: 652:

As of June 2024, there is concern about two subtypes of avian influenza which are circulating in wild bird populations worldwide, A/H5N1 and

8603: 8327: 3915:

By midyear of 2003 outbreaks of poultry disease caused by H5N1 occurred in Asia, but were not recognized as such. In December animals in a

4108:

of avian influenza led to the emergence of a H5N1 strain with a H5-2.3.4.4b gene. The virus then spread across Europe, detected there in

8549: 8403: 7228: 4924: 8597: 8453: 4824: 8435: 6369: 4382: 229:

and does not predict the severity of symptoms in other species. Chickens infected with LPAI A/H5N1 virus display mild symptoms or are

9327: 7427:"As bird flu continues to spread in the US and worldwide, what's the risk that it could start a human pandemic? 4 questions answered" 8600:– responsible agency for avian influenza in humans in US – Facts About Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus 5888: 8620: 9552: 7971:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 2024" 5831: 8392: 6672: 9562: 9433: 5376:

This Memorandum was drafted by the signatories listed on page 590 on the occasion of a meeting held in Geneva in February 1980.

4051:

Many more outbreaks are recorded, in almost every country in the world, affecting both wild birds and poultry, with occasional

30: 8242: 4154:, worried researchers regarding the possibility that wild mammal-to-mammal spread had begun. A similar mass die-off of 95% of 9438: 4444: 7577: 7542: 7197: 6597: 4649: 8444: 4219: 8462: 8161: 8066: 5321: 4575: 3844: 8974: 8686: 8648: 8568: 7849:

Plaza, Pablo I.; Gamarra-Toledo, Víctor; Rodríguez Euguí, Juan; Rosciano, Natalia; Lambertucci, Sergio A. (2024-05-01).

7456: 4349: 9005: 6732: 6021:"Influenza H5/H7 Virus Vaccination in Poultry and Reduction of Zoonotic Infections, Guangdong Province, China, 2017–18" 4472: 597: 410:

is the laboratory reference number that identifies it from other influenza viruses isolated at the same place and year

9177: 9172: 8979: 7321: 6682: 4130: 3908:

In 2003 the first cases in humans since 1997 were diagnosed. Three people in one family were infected after visiting

798: 661: 233:, whereas HPAI A/H5N1 causes serious breathing difficulties, a significant drop in egg production, and sudden death. 6904: 5072: 9529: 9515: 9285: 9240: 5197:

Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, et al. (March 2006). "Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway".

4761:"Transatlantic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wild birds from Europe to North America in 2021" 8616: 5944:"Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza – Available vaccines and vaccination strategies" 4879:"Vaccination of poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza – Available vaccines and vaccination strategies" 3919:

zoo died after eating infected chicken carcasses. Later that month H5N1 infection was detected in 3 flocks in the

9265: 8872: 8867: 8862: 5968: 5918: 39: 4080:

subtype H5N1 have been occurring, with cases reported from every continent as of May 2024. Some species of wild

656:. Both of these have potential to devastate poultry stocks, and both have jumped to humans with relatively high 52: 9051: 8892: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 6624:"Recent Changes in Patterns of Mammal Infection with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Worldwide" 784: 653: 310: 8414: 7851:"Pacific and Atlantic sea lion mortality caused by highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in South America" 8490: 8430: 3937:

surfaced in Vietnam and Thailand's poultry industry, and within weeks spread to ten countries and regions in

511:

in hosts infected with two different strains of influenza viruses at the same time. Through a combination of

289:

head, watery eyes, unresponsiveness, lack of coordination, respiratory distress such as sneezing or gurgling.

6952: 6515: 5626: 5120: 8026: 5827: 8467: 6928: 5096: 9066: 8984: 8969: 7060:"A comprehensive review of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: An imminent threat at doorstep" 6218:"A comprehensive review of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1: An imminent threat at doorstep" 4532:. UK: Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency. 2022-12-13 4423: 4238: 4065: 3872: 584:. These drugs can reduce the severity of symptoms if taken soon after infection and can also be taken as 8386: 6151: 9451: 4290: 7850: 7368:"Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline – 2020-2023 | Avian Influenza (Flu)" 7105: 7059: 6829: 6467:

Kou Z, Lei FM, Yu J, Fan ZJ, Yin ZH, Jia CX, Xiong KJ, Sun YH, Zhang XW, Wu XM, Gao XB, Li TX (2005).

5578:

Kou Z, Lei FM, Yu J, Fan ZJ, Yin ZH, Jia CX, Xiong KJ, Sun YH, Zhang XW, Wu XM, Gao XB, Li TX (2005).

5022: 4735:"Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline – 2020-2024 | Avian Influenza (Flu)" 9412: 9027: 8514: 8376: 7693:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Introduced by Wild Birds, China, 2021" 7636:"Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Introduced by Wild Birds, China, 2021" 7367: 6558: 5670: 5537:

Márquez Domínguez L, Márquez Matla K, Reyes Leyva J, Vallejo Ruíz V, Santos López G (December 2023).

4734: 4357: 4097: 3841: 812: 684: 481: 474: 423: 337: 321: 238: 38:

Colorized transmission electron micrograph of Avian influenza A H5N1 viruses (seen in gold) grown in

7771:"Bird flu keeps spreading beyond birds. Scientists worry it signals a growing threat to humans, too" 7126: 8532: 8427:

Food and Agriculture Organisation – Bi-weekly Avian Influenza Maps – tracks animal cases and deaths

362: 8521:

generic contingency plan for controlling and eradicating an outbreak of an exotic animal disease.

8359:

Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Zhambyl Region, Republic of Kazakhstan

5463: 4550: 4210:

permit for submitting his manuscript, and his research appeared in a special issue of the journal

9369: 9255: 9225: 9220: 9114: 8919: 8641: 8536: 8498: 8352: 8351:

Analysis of the efficacy of an adjuvant-based inactivated pandemic H5N1 influenza virus vaccine.

5047: 4973: 4159: 700: 573: 7798:"Mass death of seals raises fears bird flu is jumping between mammals, threatening new pandemic" 9557: 9477: 9428: 9230: 9032: 9000: 8935: 8424: 6622:

Plaza, Pablo I.; Gamarra-Toledo, Víctor; Euguí, Juan Rodríguez; Lambertucci, Sergio A. (2024).

4233:

In response to Fouchier and Kawaoka's work, a number of scientists expressed concerns with the

4184: 4155: 563: 449: 7232: 4241:, a consensus statement calling for an assessment of the risks and benefits of such research. 9010: 6297: 6269: 4255: 4073: 3868: 3852: 637: 601: 585: 504: 179: 8450: 6394: 480:, with a segmented genome. Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic 9020: 8578:

Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Implications for Human Disease – An overview of Avian Influenza

8197: 7027:

Kozlov M (June 2024). "Huge amounts of bird-flu virus found in raw milk of infected cows".

5206: 4772: 4270: 4085: 285: 274: 259:, and its significant ongoing mutations, the H5N1 virus is regarded as the world's largest 47: 6748: 6573: 5390:"Discrimination between Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza A Viruses" 5292: 4416:"Prevention and Antiviral Treatment of Bird Flu Viruses in People | Avian Influenza (Flu)" 8: 9080: 8964: 8681: 8606:

National Wildlife Health Center – responsible agency for avian influenza in animals in US

7970: 7825:"Bird flu wipes out over 95% of southern elephant seal pups in 'catastrophic' mass death" 7486:"Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds" 6623: 4949:"Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds" 4825:"Bird flu is bad for poultry and cattle. Why it's not a dire threat for most of us — yet" 4526:"Bird flu (avian influenza): how to spot and report it in poultry or other captive birds" 4151: 4052: 463: 433: 8275: 8201: 7995: 7719: 7692: 7668: 7635: 7609:"H5N1 avian flu infects Colorado dairy cows as global experts weigh in on virus changes" 6977: 6648: 5684:

Shao, Wenhan; Li, Xinxin; Goraya, Mohsan Ullah; Wang, Song; Chen, Ji-Long (2017-08-07).

5210: 4776: 4708: 4675: 9212: 9154: 8901: 8671: 8634: 8218: 8185: 7490:

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency

7485: 7272: 7247: 7174: 7149: 6854: 6801:"Prevention and Control of H5 and H7 Avian Influenza in the Live Bird Marketing System" 6542: 6517: 6493: 6484: 6468: 6444: 6419: 6102: 6077: 6053: 6020: 5769: 5744: 5720: 5685: 5653: 5628: 5604: 5595: 5579: 5414: 5389: 5362: 5345: 5273: 5230: 5171: 5146: 4998: 4953:

Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Animal and Plant Health Agency

4948: 4801: 4760: 4631: 4525: 4234: 4195:

After Fouchier offered an article describing this work to the leading academic journal

4180: 657: 7397:"A global bird flu outbreak is now so bad, many countries are considering vaccination" 7165: 6193: 6176: 4500: 440:

Other examples include: A/duck/Hong Kong/308/78(H5N3), and A/shoveler/Egypt/03(H5N2).

9235: 9164: 8722: 8676: 8308:"Scientists Resume Efforts to Create Deadly Flu Virus, with US Government's Blessing" 8283: 8247: 8223: 8156: 8061: 8000: 7951: 7935: 7916: 7908: 7892: 7870: 7724: 7673: 7655: 7277: 7179: 7079: 7040: 6800: 6728: 6678: 6653: 6557:

Figure 1 shows a diagramatic representation of the genetic relatedness of Asian H5N1

6547: 6516:

The World Health Organization Global Influenza Program Surveillance Network. (2005).

6498: 6449: 6350: 6342: 6247: 6239: 6198: 6107: 6058: 6040: 5823: 5774: 5725: 5707: 5669:

Figure 1 shows a diagramatic representation of the genetic relatedness of Asian H5N1

5658: 5627:

The World Health Organization Global Influenza Program Surveillance Network. (2005).

5609: 5560: 5536: 5419: 5367: 5265: 5222: 5176: 4854: 4806: 4788: 4713: 4695: 4623: 4197: 4008: 3958:

In April 2005 there begins an unprecedented die-off of over 6,000 migratory birds at

3920: 551: 540: 256: 202: 149: 5277: 4635: 4603: 9377: 9322: 9312: 9250: 8914: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8717: 8593: 8213: 8205: 7990: 7982: 7943: 7900: 7862: 7714: 7704: 7663: 7647: 7267: 7259: 7169: 7161: 7071: 7032: 6776: 6643: 6635: 6537: 6529: 6488: 6480: 6469:"New Genotype of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses Isolated from Tree Sparrows in China" 6439: 6431: 6334: 6229: 6188: 6097: 6089: 6048: 6032: 5764: 5756: 5715: 5697: 5648: 5640: 5599: 5591: 5580:"New Genotype of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses Isolated from Tree Sparrows in China" 5550: 5409: 5401: 5387: 5357: 5257: 5234: 5214: 5166: 5158: 4796: 4780: 4703: 4687: 4615: 4280: 4206: 4105: 536: 389: 385: 381: 137: 5488: 5346:"A revision of the system of nomenclature for influenza viruses: a WHO Memorandum" 5048:"Reported Human Infections with Avian Influenza A Viruses | Avian Influenza (Flu)" 4415: 9350: 9334: 8575: 8556: 8474: 8457: 8418: 8332: 4295: 4250: 4077: 816: 628:

Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of

495:

Influenza viruses have a relatively high mutation rate that is characteristic of

330: 184: 125: 113: 101: 8328:"From anthrax to bird flu – the dangers of lax security in disease-control labs" 7866: 7338: 7245: 7075: 6234: 6217: 5555: 5538: 5513: 5438:"Influenza A Subtypes and the Species Affected | Seasonal Influenza (Flu) | CDC" 5437: 4237:

of creating novel potential pandemic pathogens, culminating in the formation of

9465: 9089: 8696: 8483: 8148: 7947: 7904: 7036: 6152:"Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) - Emergency Use Instructions (EUI) for Oseltamivir" 4784: 4691: 3895: 1158: 569: 489: 471: 454: 353: 253: 7057: 6215: 9546: 9500: 9382: 9245: 8287: 7912: 7874: 7659: 7297:"Thailand: Up to 100 Tigers in Sri Racha Zoo Now Affected by Avian Influenza" 7083: 6699:"70 years of GISRS – the Global Influenza Surveillance & Response System" 6346: 6243: 6044: 5850: 5711: 4858: 4792: 4699: 4619: 1173: 485: 89: 8209: 6298:"1960-1999 Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline" 6270:"1880-1959 Highlights in the History of Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) Timeline" 5261: 4120:. It continues to swap genes with local flu viruses as it travels the globe. 9392: 9015: 8691: 8227: 8004: 7986: 7955: 7920: 7728: 7709: 7677: 7651: 7281: 7263: 7183: 7044: 6657: 6639: 6551: 6533: 6502: 6453: 6354: 6251: 6202: 6111: 6093: 6062: 6036: 5778: 5729: 5662: 5644: 5613: 5564: 5423: 5405: 5269: 5226: 5180: 5147:"Novel insights into proteolytic cleavage of influenza virus hemagglutinin" 4904:"Two possible bird flu vaccines could be available within weeks, if needed" 4810: 4717: 4627: 4140: 4101: 3962:

in central China over three months. Later in the year H5N1 was detected in

3959: 641: 516: 508: 230: 7848: 6323:"Outbreak of Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in Hong Kong in 1997" 6125: 5371: 9509: 9397: 9124: 9119: 9107: 8909: 6435: 5702: 4260: 4227: 4144: 581: 325: 5889:"FDA Approves Seqirus' Audenz as Vaccine Against Potential Flu Pandemic" 5760: 9355: 9273: 9149: 9102: 9097: 8701: 7572: 7570: 7568: 5293:"Avian Influenza (Bird Flu): Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology" 4265: 4143:

die-off in December 2022, with 700 infected seals found dead along the

4081: 3963: 873: 858: 281: 7936:"Bird flu virus has been spreading in US cows for months, RNA reveals" 7147: 9407: 9402: 9182: 9141: 9134: 9129: 8657: 6418:

Sanjuán R, Nebot MR, Chirico N, Mansky LM, Belshaw R (October 2010).

4090: 3994: 3891: 1008: 843: 680: 629: 613: 577: 496: 477: 299: 249: 214: 206: 77: 9471: 8590:

U.S. Agency for International Development – Avian Influenza Response

7565: 5969:"Making a Candidate Vaccine Virus (CVV) for a HPAI (Bird Flu) Virus" 5919:"Making a Candidate Vaccine Virus (CVV) for a HPAI (Bird Flu) Virus" 5218: 5162: 4759:

Caliendo, V.; Lewis, N. S.; Pohlmann, A.; et al. (2022-07-11).

9494: 8411: 8182: 7893:"Huge amounts of bird-flu virus found in raw milk of infected cows" 6621: 6338: 4300: 4148: 3967: 3916: 1128: 1098: 948: 888: 689: 646: 512: 470:

H5N1 is a subtype of Influenza A virus. Like all subtypes it is an

260: 210: 8372:– Database of influenza genomic sequences and related information. 7578:"Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu | Avian Influenza (Flu)" 7198:"Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu | Avian Influenza (Flu)" 4650:"Emergence and Evolution of H5N1 Bird Flu | Avian Influenza (Flu)" 252:

of HPAI A(H5N1), its worldwide presence, its increasingly diverse

213:(maintained in the population) in many bird populations, and also 9317: 8186:"Airborne Transmission of Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Between Ferrets" 8123:"Journal Publishes Details on Contagious Bird Flu Created in Lab" 7684: 7534: 6602:

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations

6322: 5849:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

4847:"Next pandemic likely to be caused by flu virus, scientists warn" 4104:(genetic "swapping") between these H5-2.3.4.4b viruses and other 4029: 3983: 3979: 1188: 1083: 1053: 963: 768: 226: 7326:

Indonesian pigs have avian flu virus; bird cases double in China

5247: 5145:

Bertram S, Glowacka I, Steffen I, et al. (September 2010).

4451:. Victoria, Australia: Department of Health & Human Services 4136:

other seabirds, which are the presumed source of the outbreak.

704:

The eight major flyways used by shorebirds (waders) on migration

679:

is a global network of laboratories that monitor the spread of

9187: 8581: 8312: 7543:"Avian Influenza Virus Is Adapting to Spread to Marine Mammals" 7512:"'Catastrophic': bird flu reaches Antarctic for the first time" 7425:

Worden-Sapper, Emma; Sawyer, Sara; Wu, Sharon (16 March 2023).

7003:"Study of H5N1 avian flu seal deaths reveals multiple lineages" 4223: 4189: 4113: 4109: 4016: 4012: 3987: 3975: 3971: 3909: 1143: 903: 767:

When an HPAI infection is detected in poultry, it is normal to

633: 500: 8353:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00705-019-04147-7

8243:"Scientists create bird flu that spreads easily among mammals" 8090:"Bird Flu Scientist has Applied for Permit to Export Research" 7969:

Burrough, Eric; Magstadt, Drew; Main, Rodger (29 April 2024).

7150:"Re-emergence of fatal human influenza A subtype H5N1 disease" 5686:"Evolution of Influenza A Virus by Mutation and Re-Assortment" 4674:

Huang, Pan; Sun, Lujia; Li, Jinhao; et al. (2023-06-16).

4174: 9387: 7362: 7360: 6749:"Transmission of Bird Flu Viruses Between Animals and People" 6574:"Transmission of Bird Flu Viruses Between Animals and People" 4604:"Finding the real case-fatality rate of H5N1 avian influenza" 1113: 1068: 993: 978: 933: 918: 64: 9460: 8626: 4758: 4741:. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024-04-22 4656:. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023-06-06 4557:. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2024-02-01 4507:. US: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022-06-14 4275: 4117: 4100:(HA) gene became prominent globally in 2018–2020. In 2020, 4025: 3938: 3934: 3884: 1038: 1023: 432:

stands for the first of several known types of the protein

422:

stands for the fifth of several known types of the protein

7357: 6880:"Reported Human Infections with Avian Influenza A Viruses" 5144: 4319:

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) lists

8544: 8540: 8526: 8522: 8094: 8018: 6417: 6370:"'Unprecedented': How bird flu became an animal pandemic" 6075: 4390: 4383:"'Unprecedented': How bird flu became an animal pandemic" 8369: 7248:"Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1, Thailand, 2004" 4925:"Avian influenza (bird flu) | European Medicines Agency" 4286:

International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases

5543:

Cellular and Molecular Biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)

4226:, China, had created H5N1 strains which passed between 365:

of virus, researchers use the internationally accepted

221:

have been slaughtered in efforts to contain the virus.

8057:"Breaking News: NSABB Reverses Position on Flu Papers" 6674:

Historical Dictionary of the World Health Organization

9449: 8276:"Chinese Scientists Create New Mutant Bird-Flu Virus" 7424: 6859:

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

6753:

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

5973:

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

5923:

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

5745:"At the centre: influenza A virus ribonucleoproteins" 5742: 4597: 4595: 3887:

caused flu outbreaks in 1959 in Scotland in chickens.

8404:

WHO Collaborating Centres and Reference Laboratories

8120: 8087: 7968: 5196: 4978:

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)

4218:

In May 2013, it was reported that scientists at the

4183:

strains of H5N1 were created by Ron Fouchier of the

4024:

February/March 2006 - A dead cat infected with the

3941:, including Indonesia, South Korea, Japan and China. 568:

In the event of an outbreak of human H5N1, the main

6518:"Evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Asia" 6076:Peteranderl C, Herold S, Schmoldt C (August 2016). 5629:"Evolution of H5N1 avian influenza viruses in Asia" 8503:European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control 8421:Information resources, animations, videos, photos 8027:"What Will the Next Influenza Pandemic Look Like?" 7229:"Confirmed Human Cases of Avian Influenza A(H5N1)" 6978:"Bird flu 'spills over' to otters and foxes in UK" 6082:Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 4592: 8569:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 7007:Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy 6722: 6177:"The treatment of influenza with antiviral drugs" 5743:Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Kawaoka Y (January 2015). 5284: 675:Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System 9544: 8048: 6411: 5683: 264:take several months to ramp up mass production. 7735: 6957:U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 4203:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity 4007:In the first two months of 2006 H5N1 spread to 466:", the protein depicted in this ribbon diagram. 348: 8515:Exotic Animal Disease Generic Contingency Plan 8054: 6855:"Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans" 6834:An official website of the European Commission 5027:An official website of the European Commission 4999:"Avian Influenza A Virus Infections in Humans" 4473:"Avian influenza: guidance, data and analysis" 695: 371:A/chicken/Nakorn-Patom/Thailand/CU-K2/04(H5N1) 8642: 7789: 7690: 7633: 7294: 6929:"The next pandemic: H5N1 and H7N9 influenza?" 6509: 5097:"The next pandemic: H5N1 and H7N9 influenza?" 404:is the place this specific virus was isolated 8584:U.S. Government's avian flu information site 8406:Centers, names, locations, and phone numbers 5620: 5530: 5138: 4673: 4601: 692:influenza viruses as well as human viruses. 632:. The segmentation of the influenza A virus 539:of virus which is causing concern. Existing 237:of cases. Between 2003 and August 2024, the 7744:"How worried should we be about avian flu?" 7457:"Vaccine Makers Are Preparing for Bird Flu" 7190: 6781:WOAH - World Organisation for Animal Health 6466: 6069: 6018: 5690:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 5577: 5539:"Antiviral resistance in influenza viruses" 4602:Li FC, Choi BC, Sly T, Pak AW (June 2008). 4175:H5N1 transmission studies in ferrets (2011) 4096:H5N6 and H5N8 viruses with the H5-2.3.4.4b 522: 8649: 8635: 8598:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7606: 7202:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6884:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6830:"Questions and Answers on Avian Influenza" 6578:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 6156:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5994:"Bird flu vaccination policies by country" 5493:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5468:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5442:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5381: 5291:Bennett, Nicholas John (13 October 2021). 5052:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 5023:"Questions and Answers on Avian Influenza" 5003:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1665: 1648: 1631: 1614: 1597: 1580: 1563: 1546: 1529: 1512: 1495: 1478: 1461: 1444: 1427: 1410: 1393: 1376: 1359: 1342: 1325: 1308: 1291: 29: 8621:Department of Health & Human Services 8217: 7994: 7933: 7762: 7718: 7708: 7667: 7541:Kerlin, Katherine E. (28 February 2024). 7271: 7173: 6723:Thompson, Des; Byrkjedal, Ingvar (2001). 6647: 6541: 6492: 6443: 6233: 6192: 6101: 6052: 5768: 5719: 5701: 5652: 5603: 5554: 5413: 5361: 5170: 4800: 4707: 8387:Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response 7090: 6561:genes from various isolates of the virus 5736: 5673:genes from various isolates of the virus 3933:In January 2004 a major new outbreak of 699: 664:and may be adapting to mammalian hosts. 453: 352: 8088:Nell Greenfieldboyce (April 24, 2012). 7795: 7454: 6824: 6822: 6805:United States Department of Agriculture 6670: 5290: 4124: 3993:H5N1 was found to be infecting pigs in 9545: 8533:UK Influenza Pandemic Contingency Plan 8121:Nell Greenfieldboyce (June 21, 2012). 8024: 7890: 7886: 7884: 7855:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 7768: 7540: 7509: 7064:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 7026: 6771: 6769: 6222:Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 6174: 5830:(FDA). January 31, 2020. STN: 125692. 5818: 5816: 5790: 5788: 5190: 4350:"Influenza (Avian and other zoonotic)" 3912:province in mainland China and 2 died. 660:. A/H5N1 in particular has infected a 9476: 9475: 9439:US influenza statistics by flu season 8630: 8240: 7220: 6664: 6367: 6291: 6289: 6263: 6261: 5899:from the original on February 5, 2020 5886: 4844: 4729: 4727: 4495: 4493: 4467: 4465: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4380: 4376: 4374: 623: 416:represents the year of isolation 2004 361:To unambiguously describe a specific 267: 209:(flu), predominantly in birds. It is 8451:Official outbreak reports by country 8445:World Organisation for Animal Health 8382:WHO's Avian Flu Facts Sheet for 2006 8273: 7822: 7741: 7020: 6819: 6741: 6691: 6671:Lee, Kelley; Fang, Jennifer (2013). 6598:"Global AIV with Zoonotic Potential" 6460: 6361: 6320: 6181:Canadian Medical Association Journal 5455: 5241: 4220:Harbin Veterinary Research Institute 443: 8393:Avian Influenza Resources (updated) 7881: 7611:. University of Minnesota. CIDRAP. 7096: 6766: 6590: 6571: 6565: 6392: 6295: 6267: 6149: 5834:from the original on August 6, 2020 5813: 5785: 5571: 5511: 5486: 5461: 5430: 5015: 4996: 588:to decrease the risk of infection. 380:stands for the genus of influenza ( 13: 9434:2017–2018 United States flu season 8255:from the original on June 23, 2012 8164:from the original on June 25, 2012 8129:from the original on June 22, 2012 8102:from the original on June 22, 2012 7769:Pelley, Lauren (2 February 2023). 7615:from the original on 28 April 2024 7607:Schnirring, Lisa (27 April 2024). 7553:from the original on 10 March 2024 7510:Weston, Phoebe (24 October 2023). 7295:Henry L Niman (October 22, 2004). 6485:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15460-15466.2005 6395:"H5N1 Bird Flu: Current Situation" 6286: 6258: 6078:"Human Influenza Virus Infections" 5596:10.1128/JVI.79.24.15460-15466.2005 5480: 4724: 4543: 4490: 4462: 4403: 4371: 598:Transmission and infection of H5N1 336:Between 2003 and August 2024, the 14: 9574: 9173:Live attenuated influenza vaccine 8610:Wildlife Disease Information Node 8463:Official outbreak reports by week 8447:– tracks animal cases and deaths 8399:National Influenza Pandemic Plans 8363: 8055:David Malakoff (March 30, 2012). 7823:Kwan, Jacklin (22 January 2024). 7800:. The i newspaper. Archived from 7796:Merrick, Jane (1 February 2023). 7588:from the original on 7 March 2024 7339:"German cat gets deadly bird flu" 7208:from the original on 7 March 2024 5864:"Vaccines for pandemic influenza" 5796:"Vaccines for pandemic influenza" 4131:List of mammals that can get H5N1 734: Mediterranean and Black Sea 357:Diagram of influenza nomenclature 9459: 8320: 8300: 8267: 8234: 8176: 8141: 8114: 8081: 8025:Harmon, Katherine (2011-09-19). 7962: 7934:Mallapaty, Smriti (2024-04-27). 7927: 7842: 7816: 7627: 7600: 7099:"H5N1 avian influenza: timeline" 6727:. Colin Baxter Photography Ltd. 6130:National Health Service (NHS) UK 5844: 5514:"Avian Influenza Type A Viruses" 4313: 4064:This section is an excerpt from 1181: 1166: 1151: 1136: 1121: 1106: 1091: 1076: 1061: 1046: 1031: 1016: 1001: 986: 971: 956: 941: 926: 911: 896: 881: 866: 851: 836: 787:considered the biggest threats. 313:considered the biggest threats. 273:This section is an excerpt from 51: 8495:EU response to Avian Influenza. 8438:Projects, Information resources 8436:FAO Socio-Economic impact of AI 8395:– tracks human cases and deaths 8125:. National Public Radio (NPR). 8037:from the original on 2012-03-02 7746:. The Telegraph. Archived from 7503: 7478: 7467:from the original on 2023-03-30 7448: 7437:from the original on 2023-03-30 7418: 7407:from the original on 2023-02-23 7389: 7378:from the original on 2023-02-25 7331: 7315: 7288: 7239: 7226: 7141: 7115: 7051: 6995: 6970: 6945: 6921: 6897: 6872: 6847: 6793: 6716: 6615: 6386: 6321:Chan, Paul K. S. (2002-05-01). 6314: 6209: 6168: 6143: 6118: 6012: 5986: 5961: 5936: 5911: 5880: 5856: 5677: 5505: 5338: 5322:"Avian influenza A(H5N1) virus" 5314: 5113: 5089: 5065: 5040: 4990: 4966: 4941: 4917: 4896: 4871: 4838: 4817: 4752: 4667: 4642: 4576:"Avian influenza A(H5N1) virus" 4046: 3997:, but without causing symptoms. 752: East Asia and Australasia 667: 591: 9553:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 9486:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 7742:Nuki, Paul (2 February 2023). 6368:Bourk, India (26 April 2024). 4568: 4518: 4437: 4381:Bourk, India (26 April 2024). 4342: 3883:A highly pathogenic strain of 248:Due to the high lethality and 195:Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 1: 9563:Subtypes of Influenza A virus 9231:Russian flu (1889–1890) 8656: 8499:Avian influenza – Q & A's 8468:Chart of outbreaks by country 8241:Brown, Eryn (June 21, 2012). 7166:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15595-5 4330: 799:a wide range of other animals 367:Influenza virus nomenclature, 324:prefers to bind to alpha-2,3 8274:Keim, Brandon (2013-05-02). 7975:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7697:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7640:Emerging Infectious Diseases 6677:. Rowman & Littlefield. 6628:Emerging Infections Diseases 6522:Emerging Infectious Diseases 6327:Clinical Infectious Diseases 6025:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5887:Keown A (February 4, 2020). 5828:Food and Drug Administration 5749:Nature Reviews. Microbiology 5633:Emerging Infectious Diseases 5489:"Types of Influenza Viruses" 5394:Emerging Infectious Diseases 4608:J Epidemiol Community Health 4445:"Bird flu (avian influenza)" 4335: 4058: 4028:bird flu virus was found in 3877: 3862: 805: 746: Central Asia and India 683:with the aim to provide the 557: 349:Influenza virus nomenclature 16:Subtype of influenza A virus 7: 8370:Influenza Research Database 7867:10.1016/j.tmaid.2024.102712 7076:10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102638 6235:10.1016/j.tmaid.2023.102638 5151:Reviews in Medical Virology 5125:Centers for Disease Control 4845:McKie, Robin (2024-04-20). 4424:Centers for Disease Control 4244: 4239:the Cambridge Working Group 4169: 696:Transmission and prevention 343: 10: 9579: 9006:Transmission and infection 8623:'s Pandemic Influenza Plan 8412:FAO Avian Influenza portal 8344: 7948:10.1038/d41586-024-01256-5 7905:10.1038/d41586-024-01624-1 7891:Kozlov, Max (2024-06-05). 7773:. CBC News. Archived from 7037:10.1038/d41586-024-01624-1 6933:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 6399:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) 6302:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) 6274:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) 5518:Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) 5464:"Influenza Type A Viruses" 5101:Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance 4785:10.1038/s41598-022-13447-z 4692:10.1038/s41421-023-00571-x 4551:"Influenza Type A Viruses" 4501:"Avian Influenza in Birds" 4291:National Influenza Centers 4128: 4063: 3866: 811:Confirmed human cases and 740: West Asia and Africa 606: 595: 561: 527: 499:. The segmentation of its 447: 297: 272: 9484: 9421: 9368: 9343: 9305: 9298: 9286:Central Luzon H5N6 (2017) 9264: 9226:Influenza pandemic (1557) 9221:Influenza pandemic (1510) 9211: 9200: 9163: 9088: 9079: 9059: 9050: 8993: 8957: 8948: 8928: 8900: 8891: 8746: 8710: 8664: 8431:FAO Bird Flu disease card 8389:Guide to WHO's H5N1 pages 8377:World Health Organization 6909:Wordl Health Organization 6703:World Health Organization 6333:(Supplement_2): S58–S64. 5868:European Medicines Agency 5800:European Medicines Agency 5556:10.14715/cmb/2023.69.13.3 5077:Wordl Health Organization 4358:World Health Organization 4055:events infecting humans. 4019:in wild bird populations. 3842:World Health Organization 3600: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3548: 3510: 3461: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3401: 3390: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3207: 3194: 3192: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2730: 2629: 2627: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2413: 2411: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2289: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2158: 2136: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2025: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1888: 1886: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1846: 1817: 1815: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 685:World Health Organization 338:World Health Organization 293: 275:Influenza A virus § Birds 239:World Health Organization 176: 171: 46: 37: 28: 21: 9328:2007 Australian outbreak 7097:WHO (October 28, 2005). 4620:10.1136/jech.2007.064030 4306: 4160:South American sea lions 3845:Global Influenza Program 3835:Updated 1 September 2024 574:neuraminidase inhibitors 523:Prevention and treatment 9115:Neuraminidase inhibitor 8550:UK Department of Health 8539:– a government entity. 8537:National Health Service 8210:10.1126/science.1213362 5350:Bull World Health Organ 5262:10.1126/science.1125548 4449:betterhealth.vic.gov.au 4066:2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak 4036: 4001: 3949: 3927: 3902: 3873:2020–2024 H5N1 outbreak 3848:Cumulative Cases Report 9516:Influenza A virus H5N1 9429:Influenza-like illness 9098:Adamantane derivatives 7987:10.3201/eid3007.240508 7710:10.3201/eid2907.221149 7652:10.3201/eid2907.221149 7328:published May 27, 2005 7264:10.3201/eid1111.050608 6640:10.3201/eid3003.231098 6534:10.3201/eid1110.050644 6420:"Viral mutation rates" 6175:Stiver, Grant (2003). 6094:10.1055/s-0036-1584801 6037:10.3201/eid2501.181259 5645:10.3201/eid1110.050644 5406:10.3201/eid1204.051427 4906:. NBC News. 2024-05-01 4827:. NBC News. 2024-05-02 4185:Erasmus Medical Center 4156:southern elephant seal 4147:coastline of Russia's 4112:, before spreading to 754: 564:Treatment of influenza 467: 450:H5N1 genetic structure 358: 201:) is a subtype of the 9279:1989–1990 UK outbreak 9241:Asian flu (1957-1958) 7455:Docter-Loeb, Hannah. 7111:on November 29, 2005. 4256:Avian influenza virus 4086:asymptomatic carriers 3869:Global spread of H5N1 703: 662:wide range of mammals 638:genetic recombination 602:Global spread of H5N1 596:Further information: 582:oseltamivir (Tamiflu) 505:genetic recombination 457: 402:Nakorn-Patom/Thailand 356: 298:Further information: 286:asymptomatic carriers 280:Some species of wild 180:Goose Guangdong virus 9246:Hong Kong flu (1968) 9038:Pandemic preparation 6905:"Zoonotic influenza" 6436:10.1128/JVI.00694-10 6205:– via Pub Med. 5703:10.3390/ijms18081650 5356:(4): 585–591. 1980. 5073:"Zoonotic influenza" 4271:H5N1 clinical trials 4125:Mammalian infections 462:in H5N1 stands for " 320:The avian influenza 48:Virus classification 8202:2012Sci...336.1534H 8196:(6088): 1534–1541. 8031:Scientific American 7461:Scientific American 7345:. February 28, 2006 6705:. 19 September 2022 6479:(24): 15460–15466. 6424:Journal of Virology 5761:10.1038/nrmicro3367 5590:(24): 15460–15466. 5211:2006Natur.440..435S 4777:2022NatSR..1211729C 3945:for H5N1 influenza. 1205: 728: East Atlantic 722: West Atlantic 658:case fatality rates 578:zanamivir (Relenza) 151:Alphainfluenzavirus 9236:Spanish flu (1918) 9155:Baloxavir marboxil 8980:West Bengal (2008) 8915:1977 (Russian flu) 8910:1918 (Spanish flu) 8574:2013-06-17 at the 8555:2009-07-09 at the 8473:2012-04-19 at the 8456:2012-12-13 at the 8417:2012-01-26 at the 7804:on 3 February 2023 7777:on 2 February 2023 7750:on 2 February 2023 7522:on 29 October 2023 7235:on April 23, 2006. 7129:on October 7, 2008 6572:CDC (2024-05-15). 6393:CDC (2024-07-05). 6296:CDC (2024-06-10). 6268:CDC (2024-06-10). 6150:CDC (2024-07-29). 6000:. 17 February 2023 5512:CDC (2024-06-11). 5487:CDC (2023-03-30). 5462:CDC (2024-02-01). 5297:Medscape Reference 4997:CDC (2024-05-30). 4765:Scientific Reports 1204: 755: 624:Pandemic potential 468: 359: 268:Signs and symptoms 9540: 9539: 9478:Taxon identifiers 9447: 9446: 9364: 9363: 9294: 9293: 9274:Fujian flu (H3N2) 9196: 9195: 9075: 9074: 9046: 9045: 9001:Genetic structure 8944: 8943: 8748:Influenza A virus 8687:Genome sequencing 8248:Los Angeles Times 8160:. June 21, 2012. 7303:on April 22, 2009 6777:"Avian Influenza" 6528:(10): 1515–1521. 5639:(10): 1515–1521. 5205:(7083): 435–436. 3921:Republic of Korea 3855: 3831: 3830: 1201: 1200: 716: Mississippi 554:influenza virus. 541:influenza vaccine 444:Genetic structure 203:influenza A virus 192: 191: 164:Influenza A virus 23:Influenza A virus 9570: 9533: 9532: 9520: 9519: 9518: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9473: 9472: 9464: 9463: 9455: 9378:Acute bronchitis 9303: 9302: 9256:Swine flu (2009) 9251:1977 Russian flu 9209: 9208: 9145: 9086: 9085: 9057: 9056: 8955: 8954: 8920:2009 (Swine flu) 8898: 8897: 8718:Orthomyxoviridae 8651: 8644: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8492:Health-EU Portal 8338: 8337: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8304: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8294: 8271: 8265: 8264: 8262: 8260: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8221: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8153: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8118: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8107: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8069:on June 30, 2012 8065:. Archived from 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8013: 8011: 7998: 7981:(7): 1335–1343. 7966: 7960: 7959: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7888: 7879: 7878: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7793: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7766: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7722: 7712: 7688: 7682: 7681: 7671: 7646:(7): 1367–1375. 7631: 7625: 7624: 7622: 7620: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7574: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7529: 7527: 7518:. Archived from 7507: 7501: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7482: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7472: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7431:The Conversation 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7383: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7335: 7329: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7299:. Archived from 7292: 7286: 7285: 7275: 7252:Emerg Infect Dis 7243: 7237: 7236: 7231:. Archived from 7224: 7218: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7177: 7145: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7125:. Archived from 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7104:. 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840: 839: 827: 826: 751: 745: 739: 733: 727: 721: 715: 709: 572:recommended are 488:proteins in the 172:Notable strains 139:Orthomyxoviridae 56: 55: 42:(seen in green) 33: 19: 18: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9528: 9523: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9480: 9470: 9458: 9450: 9448: 9443: 9417: 9360: 9339: 9290: 9260: 9205: 9203: 9192: 9159: 9143: 9090:Antiviral drugs 9071: 9042: 9028:Human mortality 9021:clinical trials 8989: 8940: 8924: 8887: 8751: 8749: 8742: 8706: 8660: 8655: 8582:PandemicFlu.Gov 8576:Wayback Machine 8557:Wayback Machine 8501:factsheet from 8475:Wayback Machine 8458:Wayback Machine 8419:Wayback Machine 8366: 8361: 8347: 8342: 8341: 8336:. 18 July 2014. 8333:TheGuardian.com 8326: 8325: 8321: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8292: 8290: 8272: 8268: 8258: 8256: 8239: 8235: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8152:(Special Issue) 8151: 8147: 8146: 8142: 8132: 8130: 8119: 8115: 8105: 8103: 8086: 8082: 8072: 8070: 8062:Science Insider 8053: 8049: 8040: 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6799: 6798: 6794: 6785: 6783: 6775: 6774: 6767: 6758: 6756: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6735: 6721: 6717: 6708: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6669: 6665: 6620: 6616: 6607: 6605: 6596: 6595: 6591: 6582: 6580: 6570: 6566: 6514: 6510: 6465: 6461: 6430:(19): 9733–48. 6416: 6412: 6403: 6401: 6391: 6387: 6378: 6376: 6366: 6362: 6319: 6315: 6306: 6304: 6294: 6287: 6278: 6276: 6266: 6259: 6214: 6210: 6173: 6169: 6160: 6158: 6148: 6144: 6135: 6133: 6124: 6123: 6119: 6074: 6070: 6017: 6013: 6003: 6001: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5978: 5976: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5953: 5951: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5870: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5845: 5837: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5741: 5737: 5682: 5678: 5667: 5625: 5621: 5576: 5572: 5535: 5531: 5522: 5520: 5510: 5506: 5497: 5495: 5485: 5481: 5472: 5470: 5460: 5456: 5447: 5445: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5386: 5382: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5328: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5301: 5299: 5289: 5285: 5246: 5242: 5219:10.1038/440435a 5195: 5191: 5163:10.1002/rmv.657 5143: 5139: 5130: 5128: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5105: 5103: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5081: 5079: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5057: 5055: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5032: 5030: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5007: 5005: 4995: 4991: 4982: 4980: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4956: 4947: 4946: 4942: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4907: 4902: 4901: 4897: 4888: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4863: 4861: 4843: 4839: 4830: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4757: 4753: 4744: 4742: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4600: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4574: 4573: 4569: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4510: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4443: 4442: 4438: 4429: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4393: 4379: 4372: 4363: 4361: 4348: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4321:strategic goods 4318: 4314: 4309: 4296:Swine influenza 4251:Antigenic shift 4247: 4177: 4172: 4133: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4084:act as natural 4078:avian influenza 4069: 4061: 4049: 4039: 4004: 3952: 3930: 3905: 3880: 3875: 3865: 3859: 3857: 3853:edit this table 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 1668: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1610: 1605: 1600: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1287: 1282: 1182: 1180: 1167: 1165: 1152: 1150: 1137: 1135: 1122: 1120: 1107: 1105: 1092: 1090: 1077: 1075: 1062: 1060: 1047: 1045: 1032: 1030: 1017: 1015: 1002: 1000: 987: 985: 972: 970: 957: 955: 942: 940: 927: 925: 912: 910: 897: 895: 882: 880: 867: 865: 852: 850: 837: 835: 825: 817:avian influenza 808: 753: 749: 747: 743: 741: 737: 735: 731: 729: 725: 723: 719: 717: 713: 711: 707: 705: 698: 670: 626: 609: 604: 594: 570:antiviral drugs 566: 560: 530: 525: 452: 446: 351: 346: 331:viral pneumonia 302: 296: 291: 290: 284:act as natural 278: 270: 205:, which causes 185:A/Fujian (H5N1) 167: 127:Articulavirales 115:Insthoviricetes 103:Negarnaviricota 50: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9576: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9521: 9506: 9490: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9469: 9468: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9425: 9423: 9422:Related topics 9419: 9418: 9416: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9374: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9353: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9340: 9338: 9337: 9332: 9331: 9330: 9320: 9315: 9309: 9307: 9300: 9296: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9288: 9283: 9282: 9281: 9270: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9217: 9215: 9206: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9144:(experimental) 9139: 9138: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9094: 9092: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9063: 9061: 9054: 9048: 9047: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8987: 8985:2020s outbreak 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8965:Croatia (2005) 8961: 8959: 8952: 8946: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8906: 8904: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8754: 8752: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8704: 8699: 8697:Superinfection 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8668: 8666: 8665:General topics 8662: 8661: 8654: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8614: 8607: 8601: 8591: 8585: 8579: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8559: 8547: 8530: 8511: 8510: 8509:United Kingdom 8506: 8505: 8496: 8487: 8486: 8484:European Union 8480: 8479: 8478: 8477: 8465: 8460: 8441: 8440: 8439: 8433: 8428: 8409: 8408: 8407: 8401: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8373: 8365: 8364:External links 8362: 8357: 8356: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8319: 8299: 8266: 8233: 8175: 8140: 8113: 8080: 8047: 8017: 7961: 7926: 7880: 7841: 7815: 7788: 7761: 7734: 7703:(7): 1367–75. 7683: 7626: 7599: 7564: 7533: 7502: 7477: 7447: 7417: 7403:. 2023-02-16. 7388: 7374:. 2023-02-24. 7356: 7330: 7314: 7287: 7238: 7219: 7189: 7140: 7114: 7089: 7050: 7019: 6994: 6969: 6944: 6920: 6896: 6871: 6846: 6836:. 11 June 2024 6818: 6792: 6765: 6740: 6734:978-1841070759 6733: 6715: 6690: 6683: 6663: 6634:(3): 444–452. 6614: 6604:. 29 July 2020 6589: 6564: 6508: 6459: 6410: 6385: 6360: 6339:10.1086/338820 6313: 6285: 6257: 6208: 6167: 6142: 6117: 6088:(4): 487–500. 6068: 6031:(1): 116–118. 6011: 5985: 5960: 5948:efsa.europa.eu 5935: 5910: 5879: 5855: 5812: 5784: 5735: 5676: 5619: 5570: 5529: 5504: 5479: 5454: 5429: 5400:(4): 700–701. 5380: 5337: 5313: 5283: 5240: 5189: 5157:(5): 298–310. 5137: 5112: 5088: 5064: 5039: 5029:. 11 June 2024 5014: 4989: 4965: 4940: 4916: 4895: 4883:efsa.europa.eu 4870: 4837: 4816: 4751: 4723: 4680:Cell Discovery 4666: 4641: 4591: 4567: 4542: 4517: 4489: 4461: 4436: 4402: 4370: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4243: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4129:Main article: 4126: 4123: 4070: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4021: 4020: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3956: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3924: 3913: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896:mainland China 3888: 3879: 3876: 3864: 3861: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1776: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1192: 1191: 1177: 1176: 1162: 1161: 1159:United Kingdom 1147: 1146: 1132: 1131: 1117: 1116: 1102: 1101: 1087: 1086: 1072: 1071: 1057: 1056: 1042: 1041: 1027: 1026: 1012: 1011: 997: 996: 982: 981: 967: 966: 952: 951: 937: 936: 922: 921: 907: 906: 892: 891: 877: 876: 862: 861: 847: 846: 832: 831: 813:mortality rate 809: 807: 804: 748: 742: 736: 730: 724: 718: 712: 706: 697: 694: 669: 666: 625: 622: 608: 605: 593: 590: 562:Main article: 559: 556: 529: 526: 524: 521: 490:viral envelope 475:negative-sense 448:Main article: 445: 442: 438: 437: 427: 417: 411: 405: 399: 393: 350: 347: 345: 342: 295: 292: 279: 271: 269: 266: 190: 189: 188: 187: 182: 174: 173: 169: 168: 161: 159: 155: 154: 147: 143: 142: 135: 131: 130: 123: 119: 118: 111: 107: 106: 99: 95: 94: 87: 83: 82: 75: 68: 67: 62: 58: 57: 44: 43: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9575: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9558:Bird diseases 9556: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9531: 9526: 9522: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9502: 9496: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9474: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9456: 9453: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9383:Bronchiolitis 9381: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9371: 9370:Complications 9367: 9357: 9356:Fujian (H5N1) 9354: 9352: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9342: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9304: 9301: 9297: 9287: 9284: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9202:Pandemics and 9199: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9162: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9140: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9033:Social impact 9031: 9029: 9026: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9011:Global spread 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8947: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8753: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8652: 8647: 8645: 8640: 8638: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8589: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8563:United States 8562: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8500: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8476: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8360: 8354: 8350: 8349: 8335: 8334: 8329: 8323: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8303: 8289: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8270: 8254: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8179: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8150: 8144: 8128: 8124: 8117: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8091: 8084: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8051: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8006: 8002: 7997: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7885: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7845: 7830: 7826: 7819: 7803: 7799: 7792: 7776: 7772: 7765: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7630: 7614: 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August 2020 6806: 6802: 6796: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6770: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6686: 6684:9780810878587 6680: 6676: 6675: 6667: 6659: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6603: 6599: 6593: 6579: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6560: 6559:hemagglutinin 6553: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6290: 6275: 6271: 6264: 6262: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6212: 6204: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6113: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072: 6064: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6015: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5924: 5920: 5914: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5869: 5865: 5859: 5852: 5851:public domain 5833: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5672: 5671:hemagglutinin 5664: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5549:(13): 16–23. 5548: 5544: 5540: 5533: 5519: 5515: 5508: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5443: 5439: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5327: 5323: 5317: 5310: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5256:(5772): 399. 5255: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4930: 4929:ema.europa.eu 4926: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4826: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4598: 4596: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4377: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4322: 4316: 4312: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4199: 4193: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:hemagglutinin 4095: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4082:aquatic birds 4079: 4075: 4067: 4056: 4054: 4041: 4040: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3482: 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2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2363: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2024: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1875: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1671: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1522: 1517: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1207: 1197: 1194: 1193: 1190: 1179: 1178: 1175: 1174:United States 1164: 1163: 1160: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1134: 1133: 1130: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1089: 1088: 1085: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1044: 1043: 1040: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1014: 1013: 1010: 999: 998: 995: 984: 983: 980: 969: 968: 965: 954: 953: 950: 939: 938: 935: 924: 923: 920: 909: 908: 905: 894: 893: 890: 879: 878: 875: 864: 863: 860: 849: 848: 845: 834: 833: 829: 828: 824: 822: 818: 814: 803: 800: 796: 795:Other animals 792: 788: 786: 782: 777: 773: 770: 765: 761: 759: 710: Pacific 702: 693: 691: 686: 682: 678: 676: 665: 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 643: 639: 635: 631: 621: 617: 615: 603: 599: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 565: 555: 553: 549: 545: 542: 538: 534: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 493: 491: 487: 486:neuraminidase 483: 482:hemagglutinin 479: 476: 473: 465: 464:Neuraminidase 461: 456: 451: 441: 435: 434:neuraminidase 431: 428: 425: 424:hemagglutinin 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 387: 383: 379: 376: 375: 374: 372: 368: 364: 355: 341: 339: 334: 332: 327: 323: 322:hemagglutinin 318: 314: 312: 308: 301: 287: 283: 282:aquatic birds 276: 265: 262: 258: 255: 251: 246: 242: 240: 234: 232: 228: 222: 218: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 186: 183: 181: 178: 177: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 157: 156: 153: 152: 148: 145: 144: 141: 140: 136: 133: 132: 129: 128: 124: 121: 120: 117: 116: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 100: 97: 96: 93: 92: 91:Orthornavirae 88: 85: 84: 81: 80: 76: 73: 70: 69: 66: 63: 60: 59: 54: 49: 45: 41: 36: 32: 27: 24: 20: 9485: 9413:Strep throat 9393:Otitis media 8970:India (2006) 8949: 8792: 8692:Reassortment 8491: 8358: 8331: 8322: 8311: 8302: 8291:. Retrieved 8279: 8269: 8257:. Retrieved 8246: 8236: 8193: 8189: 8178: 8166:. Retrieved 8155: 8143: 8131:. Retrieved 8116: 8104:. Retrieved 8093: 8083: 8071:. Retrieved 8067:the original 8060: 8050: 8039:. Retrieved 8030: 8020: 8008:. Retrieved 7978: 7974: 7964: 7939: 7929: 7896: 7858: 7854: 7844: 7832:. Retrieved 7828: 7818: 7806:. Retrieved 7802:the original 7791: 7779:. Retrieved 7775:the original 7764: 7752:. Retrieved 7748:the original 7737: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7643: 7639: 7629: 7617:. Retrieved 7602: 7590:. Retrieved 7581: 7555:. Retrieved 7546: 7536: 7524:. Retrieved 7520:the original 7516:The Guardian 7515: 7505: 7494:. Retrieved 7492:. 2022-12-13 7489: 7480: 7469:. Retrieved 7460: 7450: 7439:. Retrieved 7430: 7420: 7409:. Retrieved 7400: 7391: 7380:. Retrieved 7371: 7347:. Retrieved 7342: 7333: 7325: 7317: 7307:February 19, 7305:. Retrieved 7301:the original 7290: 7255: 7251: 7241: 7233:the original 7222: 7210:. Retrieved 7201: 7192: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7131:. 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