Informal economy - Knowledge

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informal economy and often formal workers organized in unions have no immediate interest in improving the status of informal workers due to fears of status loss. Yet the informal economy negatively affects membership and investment in the trade unions. Laborers who might be formally employed and join a union for protection may choose to branch out on their own instead. While this hostile attitude is not always the case, the nature of informal employment - low and irregular income that is not enough to pay union dues, fast-changing decentralized work locations and a self-perception of informal workers as self-employed pose barriers to informal economy trade union organizing. As a result, trade unions are inclined to oppose the informal sector, highlighting the costs and disadvantages of the system. Producers in the formal sector can similarly feel threatened by the informal economy. The flexibility of production, low labor and production costs, and bureaucratic freedom of the informal economy can be seen as consequential competition for formal producers, leading them to challenge and object to that sector. Last, the nature of the informal economy is largely anti-regulation and free of standard taxes, which diminishes the material and political power of government agents. Whatever the significance of these concerns are, the informal sector can shift political power and energies.

2003:, published in the 1950s, was the celebrated paradigm of development for the newly independent countries in the 1950s and 1960s. The model assumed that the unorganized sector with the surplus labour will gradually disappear as the surplus labour gets absorbed in the organised sector. The Lewis model is drawn from the experience of capitalist countries in which the share of agriculture and unorganized sector showed a spectacular decline, but it didn't prove to be true in many developing countries, including India. On the other hand, probabilistic migration models developed by Harris and Todaro in the 1970s envisaged the phenomenon of the informal sector as a transitional phase through which migrants move to the urban centers before shifting to formal sector employment. Hence it is not a surprise to see policy invisibility in the informal sector. Curiously, the informal sector does not find a permanent place in the Marxian theory since they anticipate the destruction of the pre-capitalist structure as a result of the aggressive growth of capitalism. To them, in the course of development, 'the small fish is being eaten by the big fish'. Therefore, neither in the Marxian theory nor in the classical economic theory, the unorganized sector holds a permanent place in the economic literature. 1983:

instead prioritize their participation in the informal economy, thus manufacturing a labor class of adolescents who must take on an adult role within the family. Although it revolves around a negative stigma of deviance, for a majority of individuals, mostly people of color, the informal economy is not an ideal choice but a necessity for survival. Participating in the informal economy is becoming normalized due to the lack of resources available in low-income and marginalized communities, and no matter how hard they have to work, will not advance in the economic hierarchy. When a parent is either unemployed or their job is on low demand, they are compelled to find other methods to provide for themselves but most importantly their children. Yet, due to all the limitations and the lack of jobs, children eventually cooperate with their parent/s and also work for their family's economic well-being. By having to assist in providing for the family, children miss out on their childhood because instead of engaging in activities other youth their age participate in, they are obligated to take on an adult role, put the family first and contribute to the family's well-being.

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Due to the participant being young, the adults are viewed as “bad” parents because first they cannot provide for their children, second they are stripping the child from a “normal” childhood, and third, child labor is frowned upon. Furthermore, certain people believe that children should not be working because children do not know the risks and the pressure of working and having so much responsibility, but the reality is that for most families, the children are not being forced to work, rather they choose to help sustain their family's income. The youth become forced by their circumstances, meaning that because of their conditions, they do not have much of a choice. Youth have the capability to acknowledge their family's financial limitations and many feel that it is their moral obligation to contribute to the family income. Thus, they end up working without asking for an allowance or wage, because kids recognize that their parents cannot bring home enough income alone, thus their contribution is necessary and their involvement becomes instrumental for their family's economic survival.

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individuals, the informal economy is not an ideal choice but an action necessary for survival. While witnessing the constant struggle of Latino individuals to make ends meet and trying to earn money to put food on the table, they witnessed how the participation of children either benefits the family or even hurt it. Through field notes derived from their participation, Estrada states, “children are not the ‘baggage’ that adult immigrants simply bring along. In the case of street vendors, we see that they are also contributors to family processes”. Estrada's findings demonstrate that children are working in order to help contribute to their household income, but most importantly, they play a vital role when it comes to language barriers. The kids are not simply workers, they achieve an understanding of how to manage a business and commerce.

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The second sees informal forms as "parasitic forms" which are productive enough to survive in the formal sector but choose to remain informal to earn higher profits from the cost advantages of not complying with taxes and regulations. The third argues that informality is a survival strategy for low-skill individuals, who are too unproductive to ever become formal. According to the study the first view corresponds to 9.3 percent of all informal forms, while the second corresponds to 41.9 percent. The remaining forms correspond to low-skill entrepreneurs who are too unproductive to ever become formal. The author suggests that informal forms are to a large extent "parasitic" and therefore eradicating them (e.g., through tighter enforcement) could produce positive effects on the economy.

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of laborers (legally and in practice) which are not or inadequately covered by official employment contracts or agreements. Informal employment means payment of wagers may not be guaranteed and retrenchment can be implemented without prior notice or compensation from employers. There are generally substandard health and safety conditions as well as nonexistence of social benefits which include sick pay, pension, and health coverage. The informal economy absorbs a larger part of the ever-growing workforce in urban hubs. In 2015, urban populations of Asian countries started to grow while the service sector also continued to increase. These developments contributed to the extensive expansion of urban informal economy in practically all of Asia.

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to maintain certain government benefits. A study of informal workers in Costa Rica illustrated other economic reasons for staying in the informal sector, as well as non-economic factors. First, they felt they would earn more money through their informal sector work than at a job in the formal economy. Second, even if workers made less money, working in the informal sector offered them more independence, the chance to select their own hours, the opportunity to work outside and near friends, etc. While jobs in the formal economy might bring more security and regularity, or even pay better, the combination of monetary and psychological rewards from working in the informal sector proves appealing for many workers.

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outsourcing of production. An article in First Post (June 2018) said approximately 1.3 billion people or more than 68 percent of employed persons in the Asia-Pacific earn through the informal economy. It is prevalent in the countryside (around 85 percent) and almost 48 percent in urban locations. 2 billion of the global population (61 percent) works in the informal sector. According to an article published in Eco-Business in June 2018, the informal sector has emerged as an essential component of the economic environment of cities in this region. Henceforth, the importance of contribution of informal workers deserves recognition.

2043:). Mainly for French and German corporations it led to systematic increase of their informal sectors under liberalized tax laws, thus fostering their mutual competitiveness and against small local competitors. The continuous systematic increase of the German informal sector was stopped only after the establishment of the EURO and the execution of the Summer Olympic Games 2004, which has been the first and (up to now) only in the Single Market. Since then the German informal sector stabilized on the achieved 350 bn € level which signifies an extremely high tax evasion for a country with 90% salary-employment. 1958: 1753: 1377: 1534: 1875: 1452: 1552:

activities have higher set-up costs, which might include complicated licensing regulations, and irregular hours of operation. However, most workers in the informal sector, even those are self-employed or wage workers, do not have access to secure work, benefits, welfare protection, or representation. These features differ from businesses and employees in the formal sector which have regular hours of operation, a regular location and other structured benefits.

1685: 8230: 2092: 1506: 1483:, de Soto admired the entrepreneurial spirit of the informal economy. In a widely cited experiment, his team tried to legally register a small garment factory in Lima. This took more than 100 administrative steps and almost a year of full-time work. Feige's review of the Other Path places the work in the context of the informal economy literature. Whereas de Soto's work is popular with policymakers and champions of free market policies like 1849:

have larger-scale operations and deal in non-perishable items while few women are employers who hire others. Instead, women are more likely to be involved in smaller-scale operations and trade food items. Women are under-represented in higher-income employment positions in the informal economy and over-represented in lower-income statuses. As a result, the gender gap in terms of wage is higher in the informal sector than the formal sector.

8254: 1276:(GDP). However, Italy has included estimates of informal activity in their GDP calculations since 1987, which swells their GDP by an estimated 18% and in 2014, a number of European countries formally changed their GDP calculations to include prostitution and narcotics sales in their official GDP statistics, in line with international accounting standards, prompting an increase between 3-7%. The informal sector can be described as a 1340:, hidden from the state for tax, social security or labour law purposes, but legal in all other aspects. In 2016 Edgar L. Feige proposed a taxonomy for describing unobserved economies including the informal economy as being characterized by some form of "non-compliant behavior with an institutional set of rules". He argues that circumvention of labor market regulations specifying minimum wages, working conditions, social security, 1548:(meaning anyone who wishes to join the sector can find some sort of work which will result in cash earnings), a lack of stable employer-employee relationships, and a small scale of operations. Workers who participate in the informal economy are typically classified as employed. The type of work that makes up the informal economy is diverse, particularly in terms of capital invested, technology used, and income generated. 1197: 1901: 1497:

evaluation of the size of the shadow economy and the consequences of the shadow economy on the official one. Feige's most recent survey paper on the subject from 2016 reviewed the meaning and measurement of unobserved economies and is particularly critical of estimates of the size of the so-called shadow economy which employ Multiple Indicator multiple cause methods, which treat the shadow economy as a latent variable.

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traditional sector and found that the sector had not only persisted, but in fact expanded to encompass new developments. In accepting that these forms of productions were there to stay, scholars and some international organizations quickly took up the term informal sector (later known as the informal economy or just informality). The term Informal income opportunities is credited to the British anthropologist

1241: 8242: 1520: 1742: 2078:. However, evidence suggests that the progression from informal to formal sectors is not universally applicable. While the characteristics of a formalized economy – full employment and an extensive welfare system – have served as effective methods of organizing work and welfare for some nations, such a structure is not necessarily inevitable or ideal. Indeed, development appears to be 1576:

services. The informal economy also does not include the reproductive or care economy, which is made up of unpaid domestic work and care activities. The informal economy is part of the market economy, meaning it produces goods and services for sale and profit. Unpaid domestic work and care activities do not contribute to that, and as a result, are not a part of the informal economy.

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poor, particularly women, are concentrated in the informal economy, and most low-income households rely on the sector to provide for them. However, informal businesses can also lack the potential for growth, trapping employees in menial jobs indefinitely. On the other hand, the informal sector can allow a large proportion of the population to escape extreme

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taxes, weakens unions, creates unfair competition, leads to a loss of regulatory control on the government's part, reduces observance of health and safety standards, and reduces the availability of employment benefits and rights. These characteristics have led to many nations pursuing a policy of deterrence with strict regulation and punitive procedures.

1717:, wholesale and repair sector are dominant in countries with extremely high GDP per capita i.e. industrially highly developed countries. The diagram also shows that in absolute numbers the shadow economy per capita is related to the wealth of a society (GDP). Generally spoken, the higher the GDP the higher the shadow economy, albeit non-proportional. 1733: 2170:

The International Labour Organization mentioned that in most developing nations located in the Asia-Pacific, the informal sector comprises a significant and vital percentage of the labor force. This sector constitutes around 60 percent of the labor force. Informal economy includes economic activities

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The participation of adolescents in the informal economy, is a contentious issue due to the restrictions and laws in place for youth have to work. One of the main dilemmas that arise when children engage in this type of work, is that privileged adults, denounce children participation as forced labor.

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As of 2013, the total EU shadow economy had been growing to about 1.9 trillion € in preparation of the EURO driven by the motor of the European shadow economy, Germany, which had been generating approx. 350 bn € per year since the establishment of the Single Market in Maastricht 1993, (see diagram on

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has critiqued the work and warned the profession that the literature applying this model to the underground economy abounds with alarming Procrustean tendencies. Various kinds of sliding and scaling of the results are carried out in the name of "benchmarking", although these operations are not always

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In India, the country's informal sector accounted for over 80 percent of the non-agricultural industry during the last 20 years. Inadequate employment denotes the option for majority of India's citizens is to find work in the informal sector which continues to grow because of the contract system and

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Historically, development theories have asserted that as economies mature and develop, economic activity will shift from the informal to the formal sphere. In fact, much of the economic development discourse is centered around the notion that formalization indicates how developed a country's economy

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defined the informal sector in 2002, the informal sector does not include the criminal economy. While production or employment arrangements in the informal economy may not be strictly legal, the sector produces and distributes legal goods and services. The criminal economy produces illegal goods and

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The informal sector was historically recognized as an opposition to formal economy, meaning it included all income earning activities beyond legally regulated enterprises. However, this understanding is too inclusive and vague, and certain activities that could be included by that definition are not

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According to a 2018 study on informality in Brazil, there are three views to explain the causes of informality. The first view argues that the informal sector is a reservoir of potentially productive entrepreneurs who are kept out of formality by high regulatory costs, most notably entry regulation.

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as the measure of formality, defining participants in the informal economy as those "who do not have employment security, work security and social security". While both of these definitions imply a lack of choice or agency in involvement with the informal economy, participation may also be driven by

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suggested urban planners and local economic development strategists study the carrying capacity of areas regularly used by informal workers and deliver the urban infrastructure necessary to support the informal economy, including running water and toilets, street lights and regular electricity, and

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The challenge for policy interventions is that so many different types of informal work exist; a solution would have to provide for a diverse range of circumstances. A possible strategy would be to provide better protections and benefits to informal sector players. However, such programs could lead

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According to development and transition theories, workers in the informal sector typically earn less income, have unstable income, and do not have access to basic protections and services. The informal economy is also much larger than most people realize, with women playing a huge role. The working

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The complexity of the estimation procedure, together with its deficient documentation, leave the reader unaware of how these results have been shorted to fit the bed of prior belief. There are many other results in circulation for various countries, for which the data cannot be identified and which

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While participation in the informal sector can be stigmatized, many workers engage in informal ventures by choice, for either economic or non-economic reasons. Economic motivations include the ability to evade taxes, the freedom to circumvent regulations and licensing requirements, and the capacity

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Among the surveys about the size and development of the shadow economy (mostly expressed in percent of official GDP) are those by Feige (1989), and Schneider and Enste (2000) with an intensive discussion about the various estimation procedures of the size of the shadow economy as well as a critical

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that is neither taxed nor monitored by any form of government. Although the informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in developing countries, it is sometimes stigmatized as troublesome and unmanageable. However, the informal sector provides critical economic opportunities for

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in different localities, regions, and nations, as well as the type of work practiced. For example, at one end of the spectrum of the type of work practiced in the informal economy are small-scale businesses and manufacturing; on the other "street vendors, shoe shiners, junk collectors and domestic

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According to a 2002 study commissioned by the ILO, the connection between employment in the informal economy and being poor is stronger for women than men. While men tend to be over-represented in the top segment of the informal sector, women overpopulate the bottom segment. Men are more likely to

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The spectrum ranges from self-employment or unpaid family labor to street vendors, shoe shiners, and junk collectors. On the higher end of the spectrum are upper-tier informal activities such as small-scale service or manufacturing businesses, which have more limited entry. The upper-tier informal

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Archaeological and anthropological evidence strongly suggests that people of all societies regularly adjust their activity within economic systems in attempt to evade regulations. Therefore, if informal economic activity is that which goes unregulated in an otherwise regulated system then informal

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An ongoing policy debate considers the value of government tax breaks for household services such as cleaning, babysitting and home maintenance, with an aim to reduce the shadow economy's impact. There are currently systems in place in Sweden and France which offer 50 percent tax breaks for home

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As it has been historically stigmatized, policy perspectives viewed the informal sector as disruptive to the national economy and a hindrance to development. The justifications for such criticisms include viewing the informal economy as a fraudulent activity that results in a loss of revenue from

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Workers in the informal economy lack a significant voice in government policy. Not only is the political power of informal workers limited, but the existence of the informal economy creates challenges for other politically influential actors. For example, the trade unions struggle to organize the

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found that exposure to long working hours caused an estimated 745,000 fatalities from ischemic heart disease and stroke events in 2016. A systematic review and meta-analysis of health services use and health outcomes among informal economy workers, when compared with formal economy workers, found

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To estimate the size and development of any underground or shadow economy is quite a challenging task since participants in such economies attempt to hide their behaviors. One must also be very careful to distinguish whether one is attempting to measure the unreported economy, normally associated

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and many sub-Saharan African countries beyond 90%. Estimates for developed countries are around 15%. In recent surveys, the informal economy in many regions has declined over the past 20 years to 2014. In Africa, the share of the informal economy has decreased to an estimate of around 40% of the

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As informal economy has significant job creation and income generation potential, as well as the capacity to meet the needs of poor consumers by providing cheaper and more accessible goods and services, many stakeholders subscribe to the third perspective and support government intervention and

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The informal sector has been expanding as more economies have started to liberalize. This pattern of expansion began in the 1960s when a lot of developing countries didn't create enough formal jobs in their economic development plans, which led to the formation of an informal sector that didn't

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Emir Estrada and Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo have gone to predominantly Latino communities of Los Angeles, CA. to observe the daily actions of street vendors. They analyze why adults participate in the informal economy. Although it revolves around a negative stigma of deviance, for a majority of

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Children work in the informal economy in many parts of the world. They often work as scavengers (collecting recyclables from the streets and dump sites), day laborers, cleaners, construction workers, vendors, in seasonal activities, domestic workers, and in small workshops; and often work under

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During times of economic crisis many families experience unemployment and job loss, thus compelling adolescents to supplement their parents’ income by selling goods or services to contribute to the family economy. At the core, youth must compromise their social activities with other youth, and

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in the informal sector is the source of employment that is most readily available to women. A 2011 study of poverty in Bangladesh noted that cultural norms, religious seclusion, and illiteracy among women in many developing countries, along with a greater commitment to family responsibilities,

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school of development had led people in the 1950s and 1960s to believe that traditional forms of work and production would disappear as a result of economic progress in developing countries. As this optimism proved to be unfounded, scholars turned to study more closely what was then called the

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viewed the new 'informal' sector as the product and driver of advanced capitalism and the site of the most entrepreneurial aspects of the urban economy, led by creative professionals such as artists, architects, designers and software developers. While this manifestation of the informal sector

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and earn an income that is satisfactory for survival. Also, in developed countries, some people who are formally employed may choose to perform part of their work outside of the formal economy, exactly because it delivers them more advantages. This is called 'moonlighting'. They derive social

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is shared by an extremely small elite of entrepreneurs a considerable part of tax evasion is practised by a much smaller number of (elite) people. As an example German shadow economy in 2013 was €4.400 per capita, which was the 9th highest place in EU, whereas according to OECD only 11.2% of

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examined the economic implications of a shift of economic activity from the observed to the non-observed sector of the economy. Such a shift not only reduces the government's ability to collect revenues, it can also bias the nation's information systems and therefore lead to misguided policy

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has been observed though. Average incomes are substantially lower in the informal economy and there is a higher preponderance of impoverished employees working in the informal sector. In addition, workers in the informal economy are less likely to benefit from employment benefits and social

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decisions. The book examines alternative means of estimating the size of various unobserved economies and examines their consequences in both socialist and market oriented economies. Feige goes on to develop a taxonomic framework that clarifies the distinctions between informal,

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An extreme example of shadow economy camouflaged by the financial market is Luxembourg where the relative annual shadow economy is only 8% of the GDP which is the second lowest percentage (2013) of all EU countries whereas its absolute size (€6.800 per capita) is the highest.

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considers domestic work to be among the lowest status, and reports that most child domestic workers are live-in workers and are under the round-the-clock control of their employers. Some estimates suggest that among girls, domestic work is the most common form of employment.

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Theories of how to accommodate the informal economy argue for government policies that, recognizing the value and importance of the informal sector, regulate and restrict when necessary but generally work to improve working conditions and increase efficiency and production.

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In the second half of the 1990s many scholars started to consciously use the term "informal economy" instead of "informal sector" to refer to a broader concept which includes enterprises as well as employment in developing, transition, and advanced industrialized economies.

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In developing countries, the largest part of informal work, around 70%, is self-employed. Wage employment predominates. The majority of informal economy workers are women. Policies and developments affecting the informal economy have thus a distinctly gendered effect.

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Carr, Marilyn and Martha A. Chen. 2001. "Globalization and the Informal Economy: How Global Trade and Investment Impact on the Working Poor". Background paper commissioned by the ILO Task Force on the Informal Economy. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour

1428:, unreported and unrecorded economies, and identifies their conceptual and empirical linkages and the alternative means of measuring their size and trends. Since then, the informal sector has become an increasingly popular subject of investigation in economics, 2455:

3463:"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury" 1614:). Informal economies include garment workers working from their homes, as well as informally employed personnel of formal enterprises. Employees working in the informal sector can be classified as wage workers, non-wage workers, or a combination of both. 2014:

Over the past decade, the informal economy is said to account for more than half of the newly created jobs in Latin America. In Africa it accounts for around eighty percent. Many explanations exist as to why the informal sector has been expanding in the

1974:. Such children are very vulnerable to exploitation: often they are not allowed to take breaks or are required to work long hours; many suffer from a lack of access to education, which can contribute to social isolation and a lack of future opportunity. 1617:

Statistics on the informal economy are unreliable by virtue of the subject, yet they can provide a tentative picture of its relevance. For example, informal employment makes up 58.7% of non-agricultural employment in Middle East – North Africa, 64.6% in

1837:, which both are classified in the informal sector. Women tend to make up the greatest portion of the informal sector, often ending up in the most erratic and corrupt segments of the sector. In India, women working in the informal sector often work as 1479:. De Soto and his team argued that excessive regulation in the Peruvian and other Latin American economies forced a large part of the economy into informality and thus prevented economic development. While accusing the ruling class of 20th century 1887:

protection programs. For instance, a survey in Europe shows that the respondents who have difficulties to pay their household bills have worked informally more often in the past year than those that do not (10% versus 3% of the respondents).

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with tax evasion, or the unrecorded or non-observed economy, associated with the amount of income that is readily excluded from national income and produce accounts due to the difficulty of measurement. There are numerous estimates of

1563:. Home-based workers are more numerous while street vendors are more visible. Combined, the two fields make up about 10–15% of the non-agricultural workforce in developing countries and over 5% of the workforce in developed countries. 1675:

finds that Schneider's shadow economy "estimates suffer from conceptual flaws, apparent manipulation of results and insufficient documentation for replication, questioning their place in the academic, policy and popular literature".

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cleaning services. There has also been debate in the UK about introducing a similar scheme, with potentially large savings for middle-class families and greater incentive for women to return to work after having children. The

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Garcia-Bolivar, Omar E. 2006. "Informal economy: is it a problem, a solution, or both? The perspective of the informal business.' Northwestern University School of : Law and Economics Papers. The Berkeley Electronic

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clearly documented. The data are typically transformed in ways that are not only undeclared but have the unfortunate effect of making the results of the study sensitive to the units in which the variables are measured.

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or living arrangements that are similarly unlawful, unregulated, or not afforded protection of the state. 'Informal economy' is increasingly replacing 'informal sector' as the preferred descriptor for this activity.

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Such extreme competition between industrial countries occurred after the expansion of the EC to markets of the then new member countries Greece, Spain and Portugal, and particularly after the establishment of the

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discusses the extension of social assistance and insurance schemes to informal workers given that, in 2018, 8 in 10 people in developing countries still receive no social assistance and 6 in 10 work informally.

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The diagram below shows that national informal economies per capita vary only moderately in most EU countries. This is because market sectors with a high proportion of informal economy (above 45%) like the

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Informality, both in housing and livelihood generation has historically been seen as a social ill, and described either in terms of what participant's lack, or wish to avoid. In 2009, the Dutch sociologist

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There is a direct relationship between high self-employment of a country to its above average shadow economy. In highly industrialized countries where shadow economy (per capita) is high and the huge

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The relationship between the informal sectors and poverty certainly is not simple nor does a clear, causal relationship exist. An inverse relationship between an increased informal sector and slower

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has used political measures to try to curb the shadow economy. Although no definitive solution has been established, the EU council has led dialogue on a platform that would combat undeclared work.

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Beneria, Lourdes and Maria S. Floro. 2006. "Labor Market Informalization, Gender and Social Protection: Reflections on Poor Urban Households in Bolivia, Ecuador and Thailand," in Shahra Razavi and

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accommodation. Embedded in the third perspective is the significant expectation that governments will revise policies that have favored the formal sphere at the expense of the informal sector.

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methods or by "top down" methods. Friedrich Schneider and several co-authors claim to have estimated the size and trend of what they call the "shadow economy" worldwide by a currency demand /

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As the work in informal sector is not monitored or registered with the state, its workers are not entitled to social security, and they face unique challenges when affiliated in or creating

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Major occupations in the informal sector include home-based workers (such as dependent subcontract workers, independent own account producers, and unpaid workers in family businesses) and

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From the viewpoint of governments, the informal sector can create a vicious cycle. Being unable to collect taxes from the informal sector, the government may be hindered in financing

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issues. Recognizing that the informal economy can produce significant goods and services, create necessary jobs, and contribute to imports and exports is critical for governments.

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modes of production in the advanced developing countries, many workers were forced out of their formal sector work and into informal employment. In a 2005 collection of articles,

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adequate shelter and storage facilities. That study also called for basic legal rights and protections for informal workers, such as appropriate licensing and permit practices.

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to a disconnect between the labor market and protections, which would not actually improve informal employment conditions. In a 2014 report monitoring street vending,

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remains largely a feature of developed countries, increasingly systems are emerging to facilitate similarly qualified people in developing countries to participate.

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employed people were self-employed (place 18). On the other hand, Greece's shadow economy was only €3.900 p.c (place 13) but self-employment was 36.9% (place 1).

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or agriculture are rather homogeneously distributed across countries, whereas sectors with a low proportion of informal economy (below 30%) like the finance and

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protection, pension and child benefits and the like, from their formal employment, and at the same time have tax and other advantages from working on the side.

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Temkin, Benjamin (2009). "Informal Self-Employment in Developing Countries: Entrepreneurship or Survivalist Strategy? Some Implications for Public Policy".

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Feige, Edgar L. (1 February 2016). "Reflections on the Meaning and Measurement of Unobserved Economies: What Do We Really Know About the 'Shadow Economy'".

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Map of the national shadow economies per capita in EU countries. The red scale represents the numbers displayed by the red bars of the diagram on the left.

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are given no more documentation than "own calculations by the MIMIC method". Readers are advised to adjust their valuation of these estimates accordingly.

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and disability benefits gives rise to an informal economy, which deprives some workers of deserved benefits while conveying undeserved benefits to others.

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the right). Hence, the EU financial economy had developed an efficient tax haven bank system to protect and manage its growing shadow economy. As per the

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Jahiruddin, ATM; Short, Patricia; Dressler, Wolfram; Khan, Adil (2011). "Can Microcredit Worsen Poverty? Cases of Exacerbated Poverty in Bangladesh".

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labor force is in the informal sector. Female representation in the informal sector is attributed to a variety of factors. One such factor is that

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the poor and has been expanding rapidly since the 1960s. Integrating the informal economy into the formal sector is an important policy challenge.

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Feige, Edgar L. (2016). "Reflections on the Meaning and Measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the "Shadow Economy"?".

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that these workers are less likely to use health services and more likely to have depression, highlighting their substantial health disadvantage.

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Feige, Edgar L. (December 11, 2003). "Defining and Estimating Underground and Informal Economies: The New Institutional Economics Approach".

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The informal economy functions outside of government control, largely because those who participate wish to avoid regulation and taxation.

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Labour-centred development and decent work : a structuralist perspective on informal employment and trade union organizing in Uganda

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throughout the past few decades. It is possible that the kind of development that has been occurring has failed to support the increased

3423:"Trade Union Transformation and Informal Sector Organising in Uganda: The Prospects and Challenges for Promoting Labour-led Development" 3997: 176: 2083:

servants." Regardless of how the informal economy develops, its continued growth that it cannot be considered a temporary phenomenon.

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Governments have tried to regulate aspects of their economies for as long as surplus wealth has existed which is at least as early as

4600: 3809:

Estrada, Emir; Hondagneu-Sotelo, Pierrette (2011). "Intersectional Dignities: Latino Immigrant Street Vendor Youth in Los Angeles".

3220: 2846:

Feige, Edgar L. (2016). "The Meaning and Measurement of Unobserved Economies: What do we really know about the "Shadow Economy"?".

4745: 4566:

Temkin Benjamin, The Negative Influence of Labor Informality on Subjective Well-Being, Global Labor Journal, Vol 7, No. 1, (2016)

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Pega, Frank; Nafradi, Balint; Momen, Natalie; Ujita, Yuka; Streicher, Kai; Prüss-Üstün, Annette; Technical Advisory Group (2021).

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solely include marginal work and actually contained profitable opportunities. In the 1980s, the sector grew alongside formal

381: 4628: 5135: 1809: 7918: 6693: 4449: 4131: 3784: 655: 1319:

The original use of the term 'informal sector' is attributed to the economic development model put forward in 1955 by

7938: 5939: 2397: 2031:. Finally, employers could be turning toward the informal sector to lower costs and cope with increased competition. 1944: 1789: 1572: 1405: 1213: 590: 5272: 4459:

Douglas Uzzell (November 22, 2004). "A Homegrown Mass Transit System in Lima, Peru: A Case of Generative Planning".

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Markets function efficiently on their own; government interference would only lead to inefficiency and dysfunction.

1999:

The division of the economy into formal and informal sectors has a long heritage. Arthur Lewis in his seminal work

86: 4395: 4107: 5384: 4268:"Over 68% of Asia-Pacific's workforce makes a living in informal economy, says International Labour Organization" 63: 17: 3680:

European Commission. (2013). Undeclared work in the European Union. Retrieved from Brussels: European Commission

2942:

Gërxhani, Klarita (2004). "The Informal Sector in Developed and Less Developed Countries: A Literature Review".

1606:

The informal economy under any governing system is diverse and includes small-scaled, occasional members (often

1544:

The informal sector is largely characterized by several qualities: skills gained outside of a formal education,

1388:

economies are as old as their formal counterparts, if not older. The term itself, however, is much more recent.

6921: 2466: 1911: 756: 169: 69: 4243: 8233: 5786: 4651: 4422: 2268: 2079: 1489:, some scholars of the informal economy have criticized it both for methodological flaws and normative bias. 1268:

In many cases, unlike the formal economy, activities of the informal economy are not included in a country's

1201: 1096: 816: 806: 92: 57: 4603:– independent news reports and features about the world of labour in the Americas by IPS Inter Press Service 3725: 7035: 5856: 5849: 5821: 3067: 1966:

hazardous and exploitative conditions. It is common for children to work as domestic servants in parts of

1464: 1126: 30: 8245: 6886: 6744: 6264: 6246: 3601:

Chen, M (2001) "Women in the informal sector: a global picture, the global movementt." SAIS Review 21(1).

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and garbage recyclers) as well as larger, regular enterprises (including transit systems such as that of

1397: 109: 6951: 5866: 5631: 4955: 2110:

explained three perspectives on the role of government and policy in relation to the informal economy.

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Temkin, Benjamin; Jorge, Veizaga (2010). "The Impact of Economic Globalization on Labor Informality".

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weak institutions, limiting education and training opportunities as well as infrastructure development

2057:

excessive cost and regulatory barriers of entry into the formal economy, often motivated by corruption

1801: 1697:(FSI 2013) Germany and some neighbouring countries, ranked among the world's top tax haven countries. 8286: 8281: 7753: 7204: 6754: 6739: 6712: 6362: 6192: 4342: 3258: 2054:

limited absorption of labour, particularly in countries with high rates of population or urbanisation

1785: 1049: 977: 398: 374: 162: 5873: 4195: 3166: 3002: 2050:(SIDA), the key drivers for the growth of the informal economy in the twenty-first century include: 8100: 7841: 7003: 6896: 6764: 5878: 4621: 2956: 2888: 2154: 585: 7881: 7573: 6799: 6683: 6303: 6187: 5713: 4925: 4494:

estimating the size of the informal economy in 110 developing, transition and developed countries

2028: 1922: 1694: 1590: 1151: 1101: 982: 710: 580: 318: 114: 4509:

Frey, B.S. (1989). How large (or small) should the underground economy be? In E.L. Feige (Ed.),

3756: 8204: 8184: 8095: 8090: 7508: 7124: 7050: 6556: 6551: 6296: 5826: 5232: 5110: 5105: 4168: 3901: 3385:

UNRISD. 2010. "Gender Inequalities at Home and in the Market." Assignment: Chapter 4, pp. 5–33.

3240: 2951: 2036: 1273: 1269: 1161: 560: 248: 6109: 5883: 5242: 4323: 3422: 3145: 8040: 7955: 7689: 7566: 7280: 7258: 7209: 6759: 6517: 6381: 5155: 4978: 4792: 3873: 3153: 1957: 1337: 1156: 801: 491: 461: 446: 6846: 6466: 5349: 4144:"Asia-Pacific developing countries see 'subdued' growth for third straight year – UN report" 2774:

Feige, Edgar L. (1989). "The Underground Wealth of Nations:Commentary on "The Other Path"".

8115: 7547: 7398: 7111: 6606: 6500: 6116: 5816: 5811: 5192: 4638: 3118: 2040: 2023:

in a formal manner. Expansion can also be explained by the increased subcontracting due to

1752: 1392: 1061: 869: 766: 730: 575: 508: 456: 367: 5910: 4960: 1918: 8: 8257: 8199: 8174: 8057: 7831: 7788: 7748: 7714: 7443: 7410: 7268: 7082: 7062: 6794: 6622: 6601: 6403: 6357: 6089: 5512: 5043: 4614: 3886: 3306:"Shadow Economies in Highly Developed OECD Countries : What Are the Driving Forces?" 2965: 1702: 1327:. It was used to describe a type of employment that was viewed as falling outside of the 1171: 1116: 1111: 1044: 1034: 720: 555: 253: 208: 5457: 4294:"Informal workers make cities work for all: 3 stories from Thailand, India and Colombia" 8152: 8147: 7960: 7793: 7315: 7293: 7288: 7246: 7219: 7179: 6633: 6527: 6481: 6393: 6352: 6335: 6218: 6213: 5934: 5915: 5728: 5652: 5416: 5217: 5212: 4906: 4594: 4555: 4375: 4311: 3966: 3949:

Williams, Colin C. (2005). "The Undeclared Sector, Self-Employment and Public Policy".

3861: 3826: 3628: 3540: 3513: 3489: 3462: 3040: 2969: 2919: 2679: 2627: 2619: 2500: 2008: 1630:. If agricultural employment is included, the percentages rise, in some countries like 1627: 1476: 1176: 1136: 1007: 912: 531: 513: 503: 496: 48: 7453: 6688: 4935: 1805:

A group of Indian women making bamboo products they intend to sell in Dumka, Jharkhand

8020: 7836: 7810: 7798: 7783: 7694: 7542: 7364: 7263: 7194: 6876: 6871: 6811: 6804: 6769: 6532: 6347: 6255: 6003: 5956: 5833: 5693: 5683: 5648: 5638: 5606: 5549: 5544: 5447: 4735: 4693: 4559: 4530: 4445: 4219: 3970: 3865: 3830: 3632: 3545: 3494: 3332: 3231: 3141: 2754: 2747: 2725: 2675: 2631: 2401: 2220: 2200: 2195: 2190: 1854: 1661: 1649: 1328: 1029: 781: 761: 548: 541: 536: 298: 213: 4950: 4819: 4770: 2973: 2923: 2819:

Schneider, F.; Enste, D. (2000). "Shadow economies: Size, causes and consequences".

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The most prevalent types of work in the informal economy are home-based workers and

119: 8122: 8050: 8045: 7613: 7591: 7551: 7527: 7486: 7458: 7438: 7386: 7231: 7171: 6966: 6749: 6717: 6705: 6586: 6471: 6388: 6330: 5966: 5961: 5925: 5764: 5507: 5492: 5469: 5442: 5013: 4985: 4809: 4780: 4755: 4730: 4713: 4567: 4547: 4526: 4468: 3958: 3853: 3818: 3620: 3575: 3535: 3525: 3484: 3474: 3434: 3003:"The informal economy: Definitions, Size, Contribution, Characteristics and Trends" 2961: 2911: 2903: 2828: 2683: 2671: 2611: 2602:

Hart, Keith (1973). "Informal income opportunities and urban employment in Ghana".

2518:

Report on conditions of work and promotion of livelihoods in the unorganised sector

2215: 2106:

In a 2004 report, the Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation under

2016: 1842: 1324: 1281: 1022: 957: 942: 894: 884: 878: 851: 836: 607: 570: 353: 348: 150: 6094: 5292: 5160: 4940: 4414: 4353:

The Politics of Order in Informal Markets: How the State Shapes Private Governance

1348: 8179: 8127: 7758: 7621: 7471: 7381: 7371: 7359: 7338: 7214: 7199: 6981: 6976: 6816: 6727: 6611: 6596: 6591: 6372: 6286: 6067: 5890: 5861: 5596: 5421: 5140: 5073: 4849: 4797: 4760: 3996:. Women in Informal Employment Globalizing and Organizing (WIEGO). Archived from 3624: 3512:

Naicker, Nisha; Pega, Frank; Rees, David; Kgalamono, Spo; Singh, Tanusha (2021).

3479: 2520:. New Delhi: National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector. 2007. 2246: 2075: 1883: 1770: 1714: 1706: 1611: 1376: 1320: 1297: 1146: 1106: 1071: 967: 927: 922: 889: 735: 715: 705: 695: 680: 660: 595: 481: 406: 135: 41: 6449: 5083: 4945: 2120:

The informal economy is enduring; suitable regulation and policies are required.

8157: 8080: 7846: 7736: 7731: 7709: 7491: 7478: 7421: 7354: 7342: 7236: 7077: 7045: 6946: 6700: 6672: 6637: 6578: 6136: 6131: 6099: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5929: 5772: 5688: 5464: 5403: 5277: 5130: 5125: 5078: 5068: 5058: 4829: 4720: 4708: 4678: 4437: 3395: 2143: 2096: 1834: 1721: 1710: 1672: 1560: 1437: 1420: 1131: 947: 841: 685: 140: 5262: 4869: 3962: 2615: 1533: 1284:. Other concepts that can be characterized as informal sector can include the 34:

Black market sellers offer watches for sale to US soldiers in Baghdad in 2004.

8275: 8194: 7704: 7334: 7144: 6961: 6956: 6821: 6658: 6642: 6510: 6496: 6377: 6340: 6271: 6203: 6197: 6182: 6077: 6062: 5970: 5621: 5474: 5437: 5411: 5252: 5197: 5048: 5033: 4859: 4703: 4399: 4396:"Formalizing the informal economy: The Case of Street Vendors in Mexico City" 3857: 3822: 3129: 2236: 2024: 1967: 1874: 1850: 1845:, coolies, vendors, beauticians, construction laborers, and garment workers. 1619: 1607: 1523: 1485: 1357: 1181: 1166: 972: 962: 952: 937: 917: 846: 690: 612: 523: 486: 476: 466: 313: 145: 6831: 5267: 5063: 4472: 4415:

World Institute for Development Economics Research (September 17–18, 2004).

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Informal Employment in Advanced Economies: Implications for Work and Welfare

3439: 1451: 1323:, used to describe employment or livelihood generation primarily within the 8137: 8072: 8025: 7721: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7586: 7581: 7241: 7099: 6826: 6781: 6651: 6647: 6615: 6505: 6427: 6398: 6323: 6318: 6308: 6208: 6126: 6057: 6012: 5743: 5723: 5708: 5672: 5667: 5643: 5559: 5452: 5329: 5150: 5120: 5038: 5028: 5023: 5018: 4990: 4901: 4802: 4571: 4551: 3565:"Women in the Informal Sector : A Global Picture, the Global Movement" 3549: 3530: 3498: 1822: 1774: 1509: 1480: 1441: 1433: 1341: 1332: 1285: 1056: 932: 796: 791: 786: 771: 725: 700: 675: 670: 617: 471: 338: 228: 6836: 5359: 5354: 5344: 5307: 5297: 5237: 5170: 4683: 4411:

A working paper describing attempts to formalize street vending in Mexico.

3647: 2349: 8189: 8169: 8142: 7968: 7726: 7626: 7319: 7308: 7303: 7251: 7129: 7119: 6988: 6444: 6413: 6408: 6367: 6276: 6052: 6027: 6022: 5991: 5748: 5703: 5611: 5591: 5324: 5247: 5207: 5115: 5095: 4839: 4824: 4814: 4750: 4670: 3277:"The Shadow Economy and Work in the Shadow : What Do We (Not) Know?" 2907: 2702: 2210: 2205: 2020: 1781: 1595: 1277: 1121: 1076: 1039: 1017: 1012: 625: 600: 303: 218: 192: 4196:"Informal economy in Asia and the Pacific (ILO in Asia and the Pacific)" 3753:"Counting Cinderellas Child Domestic Servants – Numbers and Trends" 2915: 2832: 2485:"EU: Countries to Begin Counting Drugs, Prostitution in Economic Growth" 2293: 1684: 8132: 8062: 8032: 8015: 7993: 7803: 7673: 7668: 7376: 7324: 7149: 7072: 6971: 6866: 6544: 6454: 6439: 6422: 6418: 6175: 5944: 5678: 5574: 5554: 5485: 5319: 5100: 4969: 4965: 4854: 4698: 4588: 2698: 2150: 1826: 1545: 451: 419: 308: 5339: 5302: 4844: 4481:

The Informality Trap: Tax Evasion, Finance, and Productivity in Brazil

4132:

World Bank World Development Report 2019: The Changing Nature of Work.

2889:"Firms, Informality, and Development: Theory and Evidence from Brazil" 2697:

Portes, Alejandro; Haller, William (2005). "The Informal Economy". In

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model approach that treats the "shadow economy" as a latent variable.

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The Informal Economy. Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries

8164: 8110: 8010: 7988: 7973: 7775: 7501: 7393: 7329: 7226: 7139: 7094: 7030: 7015: 6861: 6732: 6522: 6313: 6151: 6146: 6141: 5949: 5738: 5718: 5601: 5564: 5257: 5222: 5053: 4973: 4834: 2226: 2091: 1838: 1586:

List of countries by share of informal employment in total employment

1513: 1505: 1456: 1429: 1141: 665: 630: 565: 429: 424: 288: 263: 223: 4765: 4688: 1929:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1688:

German shadow economy 1975–2015, Friedrich Schneider University Linz

8105: 7815: 7743: 7426: 7154: 7134: 7055: 6891: 6789: 6722: 6491: 6250: 6121: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 5791: 5662: 5586: 5334: 5287: 4918: 4893: 4881: 4606: 4076:"Tax breaks for hiring a cleaner could save middle class thousands" 3016:"Africa's informal economy is receding faster than Latin America's" 2241: 1814: 1709:(e.g. in Switzerland, Luxembourg), the public service and personal 1599: 1527: 1293: 518: 293: 258: 4444:. Nairobi: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (HABITAT). 2876:(8 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 371–375. 8000: 7983: 7763: 7631: 7561: 7537: 7431: 7067: 6993: 6628: 6568: 6561: 6476: 6434: 6281: 6260: 6241: 6223: 6165: 6104: 6072: 6017: 5733: 5657: 5517: 5497: 5426: 5088: 4995: 4913: 4876: 4864: 4499: 3991:"Informal Economy Monitoring Study Sector Report: Street Vendors" 2806:

The underground economies: Tax evasion and information distortion

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The Underground Economies: Tax Evasion and Information Distortion

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International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research

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The Underground Economies:Tax Evasion and Information Distortion

2355:. Swedish Department for Infrastructure and Economic Cooperation 1642: 8085: 7466: 7349: 7189: 6998: 6941: 6851: 6291: 5920: 5579: 5569: 5532: 5522: 5502: 5314: 5165: 4511:

The underground economy: Tax evasion and information distortion

3041:"Preliminary Estimates of the Tax Year 2006 Underreporting Gap" 1975: 1747: 1313: 1240: 1196: 1002: 3406: 3404: 1519: 8005: 7978: 7532: 7298: 7161: 7025: 6933: 6539: 6156: 4785: 4775: 4740: 2991:(8 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 373. 2134: 1813:

A girl selling plastic containers for carrying Ganges water,

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a wish to avoid regulation or taxation. This may manifest as

7684: 7496: 7184: 7087: 7040: 6459: 6170: 5537: 5527: 5202: 4725: 3610: 3401: 1971: 1623: 1373:. Yet no such regulation has ever been wholly enforceable. 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 6841: 6160: 6082: 4930: 3388: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 1347:

The term is also useful in describing and accounting for

4101:"Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs" 3511: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3119:

http://www.econ.jku.at/.../Schneider_Bühn_Montenegro.pdf

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difficulties faced by women in gaining formal employment

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The link is to an online archive of Keith Hart's works.

4344:

The Long Shadow of Informality: Challenges and Policies

3808: 2533:

A Commodified World?: Mapping the limits of capitalism

2311: 3460: 3364: 3186:"Schattenwirtschaft – Umfang in Deutschland bis 2016" 1853:, household decisions, and states all propagate this 1380:

Daily life of the informal economy in the streets of

4593:

Co-chaired by de Soto and former secretary of state

4587:. United Nations Development Program. Archived from 2561:

Jonatan Habib Engqvist and Maria Lantz, ed. (2009).

2066:

migration motivated by economic hardship and poverty

2048:

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

2001:

Economic Development with Unlimited Supply of Labour

4049:"Impots.gouv.fr – L'emploi d'un salarié à domicile" 3274: 2578:"Jobs Giant: How Matt Barrie Build a Global Empire" 1602:, colloquially also called Khar Zakh (Black Market) 1244:

Informal economy: Haircut on a sidewalk in Vietnam.

2746: 2499: 1756:Share of employed in informal employment by gender 1471:(1986), which was published in English in 1989 as 4585:"The Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor" 4513:, 111–129. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3930: 3068:"Measuring the Non-Observed Economy – A Handbook" 2063:increasing demand for low-cost goods and services 1821:In developing countries, most of the female non- 8273: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2749:The Other Path: The Economic Answer to Terrorism 2744: 2719: 2074:is; for more on this discussion see the page on 1571:considered part of the informal economy. As the 4244:"Informal economy in South Asia (ILO in India)" 3652:. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Saint Mary's University 3303: 1830:prevent women from entering the formal sector. 1463:An influential book on the informal economy is 4458: 4358: 2818: 1713:(as in Scandinavian countries) as well as the 1680:Comparison of shadow economies in EU countries 4622: 4393: 4220:"Informal Economy: Links with Growth | WIEGO" 4106:(Press release). 19 June 2014. Archived from 3562: 3333:"Employment – Self-employment rate OECD Data" 2854: 1643:Estimated size of countries' informal economy 1221: 375: 170: 2808:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2696: 1890: 1860: 1748:Social and political implications and issues 1331:. An alternative definition from 2007 uses 1300:", "off the books", and "working for cash". 4537: 4519:Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 4421:. United Nations University. Archived from 3931:Williams, Colin C.; Windebank, Jan (1998). 3208: 3206: 3180: 3178: 3176: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2707:Handbook of Economic Sociology, 2nd edition 27:Economic activity unregulated by government 4629: 4615: 4497: 4442:Informal Transport in the Developing World 4347:. Edited by Franziska Ohnsorge and Shu Yu. 4340: 4190: 4188: 3899: 3081: 2987:Meier, Gerald M.; Rauch, James E. (2005). 2986: 2872:Meier, Gerald M.; Rauch, James E. (2005). 2871: 2350:"The Informal Economy: Fact Finding Study" 1228: 1214: 382: 368: 177: 163: 3778:"Child domestic workers: Finding a voice" 3539: 3529: 3488: 3478: 3438: 3355: 2955: 2266: 2223:, a requirement for legitimate businesses 1945:Learn how and when to remove this message 1404:published in 1973, and was coined by the 4390:An article by a collaborator of de Soto. 4291: 4023:"Skattereduktion för rot- och rutarbete" 3948: 3645: 3420: 3255:"Financial Secrecy Index – 2013 Results" 3203: 3173: 2941: 2930: 2530: 2090: 1956: 1873: 1808: 1800: 1751: 1731: 1683: 1589: 1532: 1518: 1504: 1450: 1375: 1307: 1239: 29: 4487:Rising Informality – Reversing the Tide 4436: 4361:"The Informal Economy in Latin America" 4185: 3843: 2886: 2232:Rotating Savings and Credit Association 1994: 1288:(shadow economy, underground economy), 14: 8274: 7655: 4516: 3988: 3726:"Decent work and the informal economy" 2989:Leading Issues in Economic Development 2874:Leading Issues in Economic Development 2690: 2575: 7869: 7654: 6919: 5383: 5382: 4649: 4610: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3944: 3942: 3926: 3924: 3597: 3595: 3270: 3268: 3139: 2845: 2803: 2788: 2773: 2659: 2644: 2638: 2604:The Journal of Modern African Studies 2545: 2535:. London: Zed Books. pp. 73, 74. 2497: 2451: 2393:Women and Men in the Informal Economy 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2086: 8241: 4636: 4601:The Americas: Decent work – a rarity 4169:"About the Informal Economy | WIEGO" 4073: 3902:"Informal Sector in India: A Review" 2738: 2601: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2433: 2431: 1894: 1652:as measured by tax gaps produced by 3811:Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 24: 6920: 4650: 4334: 3977: 3939: 3921: 3592: 3275:Friedrich Schneider (March 2012). 3265: 2966:10.1023/b:puch.0000044287.88147.5e 2563:Dharavi: documenting informalities 2367: 1500: 1475:with a preface by Peruvian writer 1440:. With the turn towards so called 25: 8298: 4577: 3935:. London: Routledge. p. 113. 3783:. Antislavery.com. Archived from 3646:Schminke, Tobias Gerhard (2019). 3421:Schminke, Tobias Gerhard (2021). 3089:"Measuring tax gaps 2015 edition" 2576:Wilson, David (9 February 2012). 2428: 2398:International Labour Organization 2294:"Economics focus: In the shadows" 1878:Informal vendors in Uttar Pradesh 1790:International Labour Organization 1573:International Labour Organization 1406:International Labour Organization 1202:Business and economics portal 8252: 8240: 8229: 8228: 4531:10.1111/j.1530-2415.2009.01174.x 2793:. London: Verso. pp. 79–82. 2269:"Hidden economy a hidden danger" 1899: 1740: 1195: 8253: 5783:Outdoors & sports equipment 4285: 4260: 4236: 4212: 4161: 4136: 4125: 4093: 4067: 4041: 4015: 3893: 3837: 3802: 3770: 3745: 3718: 3683: 3674: 3664: 3639: 3604: 3556: 3518:Int J Environ Res Public Health 3505: 3454: 3414: 3349: 3325: 3297: 3247: 3133: 3123: 3112: 3060: 3033: 3008: 2995: 2980: 2880: 2839: 2812: 2797: 2782: 2767: 2713: 2653: 2595: 2569: 2554: 2539: 2524: 2165: 4394:John C. Cross (January 1995). 2821:Journal of Economic Literature 2510: 2491: 2477: 2459: 2286: 2267:Calbreath, Dean (2010-05-30). 2260: 13: 1: 5787:Personal protective equipment 4355:. Cambridge University Press. 4074:Ross, Tim (9 February 2012). 3691:"News-Stories – World Vision" 3356:Schneider, Friedrich (2013). 2848:Journal of Tax Administration 2649:. Cambridge University Press. 2565:. Delhi: Academic Foundation. 2548:Journal of Tax Administration 2502:The Theory of Economic Growth 2253: 1961:A girl weaving a rug in Egypt 1579: 1303: 1296:. Associated idioms include " 1097:Commons-based peer production 817:Socialism of the 21st century 3989:Roever, Sally (April 2014). 3625:10.1080/09614524.2011.607155 3480:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595 3358:The Shadow Economy in Europe 2827:(38/1). pp. 77–114: 77–114. 2676:10.1016/0305-750x(90)90081-8 2095:Informal beverage vendor in 7: 7870: 4341:World Bank (May 11, 2021). 2531:Williams, Colin C. (2005). 2178: 2159:The Changing Nature of Work 1925:the claims made and adding 1312:Ice cream street vendor in 10: 8303: 4485:World Bank policy note on 4479:World Bank policy note on 2709:. Russell Sage Foundation. 2506:. London: Allen and Unwin. 1869: 1583: 1408:in a widely read study on 1364: 8223: 8071: 7954: 7880: 7876: 7865: 7824: 7774: 7667: 7663: 7650: 7517: 7452: 7409: 7279: 7170: 7110: 7014: 6932: 6928: 6915: 6780: 6671: 6577: 6234: 6002: 5802: 5402: 5395: 5391: 5378: 5185: 5006: 4892: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4645: 4418:Unlocking Human Potential 3963:10.1108/13552550510603289 3467:Environment International 3239:Cite uses generic title ( 2887:Ulyssea, Gabriel (2018). 2778:(June 1989). pp. 371–379. 2745:Hernando de Soto (1989). 2720:Hernando de Soto (1986). 2616:10.1017/s0022278x00008089 1891:Children and child labour 1861:Political power of agents 1796: 1786:World Health Organization 591:Socialist-oriented market 8101:Mergers and acquisitions 7842:Research and development 6202:Chemical & hormonal 5857:Communications equipment 4351:Grossman, Shelby. 2021. 3909:Mpra.ub.uni-muenmchen.de 3858:10.1177/0907568212458441 3844:Estrada, Emir (2013). . 3823:10.1177/0891241610387926 2896:American Economic Review 2645:Feige, Edgar L. (1989). 2155:World Development Report 1594:The Narantuul Market in 1329:modern industrial sector 6887:Painting and decorating 5911:Medical imaging systems 5844:Parts & peripherals 4473:10.1525/city.1987.1.1.6 4359:Enrique Ghersi (1997). 3613:Development in Practice 3440:10.15173/glj.v12i2.4394 2498:Lewis, William (1955). 2273:Union–Tribune San Diego 2029:economic liberalization 1695:Financial Secrecy Index 319:Opposition to copyright 224:Stock market securities 8205:State-owned enterprise 8185:Nonprofit organization 8096:Horizontal integration 5904:Scientific instruments 5867:Network infrastructure 4572:10.15173/glj.v7i1.2545 4552:10.2202/1940-0004.1083 3531:10.3390/ijerph18063189 3161:Cite journal requires 2099: 2037:Single European Market 1962: 1879: 1818: 1806: 1757: 1737: 1689: 1603: 1541: 1530: 1516: 1460: 1384: 1316: 1274:gross domestic product 1270:gross national product 1245: 249:Copyright infringement 89:(information services) 35: 7548:Private investigation 3427:Global Labour Journal 3360:. University of Linz. 3304:Friedrich Schneider. 2094: 1960: 1877: 1812: 1804: 1755: 1735: 1687: 1593: 1536: 1522: 1508: 1454: 1379: 1338:unreported employment 1311: 1260:) is the part of any 1243: 33: 8116:Vertical integration 6117:Speciality chemicals 5957:Electrical equipment 5874:Consumer electronics 4113:on 10 September 2014 3214:"404 Page - Kearney" 2908:10.1257/aer.20141745 2804:Feige, E.L. (1989). 2789:Davis, Mike (2006). 2467:"Sex, drugs and GDP" 2041:Treaty of Maastricht 1995:Expansion and growth 1393:modernization theory 1391:The optimism of the 1127:Newly industrialized 870:Collective ownership 731:Vertical archipelago 128:Sectors by ownership 8200:Sole proprietorship 8175:Joint-stock company 7444:Veterinary medicine 7269:Property management 7063:Passenger transport 6090:Commodity chemicals 5916:Optical instruments 5884:Video game consoles 5777:Musical instruments 5618:Media reproduction 4498:Keith Hart (2000). 4374:(1). Archived from 4003:on November 3, 2014 3563:Martha Alter Chen. 3005:, RNSF, Rome, 2016. 2833:10.1257/jel.38.1.77 1703:construction sector 1400:in a 1971 study on 1112:Inclusive Democracy 254:First-sale doctrine 8148:Putting-out system 7657:Information sector 7578:Personal services 7180:Financial services 6652:offshore platforms 6501:advanced materials 6482:Ready-mix concrete 5935:Laser construction 5895:Clocks and watches 5729:Injection moulding 5700:Other fabrication 5653:household hardware 4595:Madeleine Albright 4540:New Global Studies 4461:City & Society 4322:has generic name ( 3001:Charmes, Jacques. 2753:. Harper Collins. 2100: 2087:Policy suggestions 2009:industrial sectors 1963: 1910:possibly contains 1880: 1819: 1807: 1758: 1738: 1690: 1628:sub-Saharan Africa 1604: 1542: 1531: 1517: 1477:Mario Vargas Llosa 1461: 1385: 1317: 1246: 1050:Material balancing 532:Buddhist economics 79:Additional sectors 49:Three-sector model 36: 8269: 8268: 8219: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8046:Natural resources 7891:Production-based 7861: 7860: 7857: 7856: 7799:Vocational school 7646: 7645: 7642: 7641: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6906: 6872:Electrical wiring 6858:Specialty trades 6812:Civil engineering 6667: 6666: 6341:Vulcanized rubber 6137:Cleaning products 5977:Electric lighting 5694:Surface finishing 5684:Powder metallurgy 5639:Metal fabrication 5385:Industrial sector 5374: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5273:Rare-earth metals 5181: 5180: 4272:www.firstpost.com 2760:978-0-06-016020-3 2731:978-950-07-0441-0 2663:World Development 2407:978-92-2-113103-8 2221:Legal personality 2201:Doing business as 2196:Counter-economics 2191:Casual employment 2046:According to the 1955: 1954: 1947: 1912:original research 1855:gender inequality 1662:Trevor S. Breusch 1650:tax noncompliance 1537:Street vendor in 1415:In his 1989 book 1238: 1237: 748:By regional model 542:Sabbath economics 392: 391: 299:Counter-economics 277:Political aspects 187: 186: 87:Quaternary sector 16:(Redirected from 8294: 8287:Economic sectors 8282:Informal economy 8256: 8255: 8244: 8243: 8232: 8231: 8128:Enforced breakup 8123:Decentralization 8051:Physical capital 7878: 7877: 7867: 7866: 7665: 7664: 7652: 7651: 7528:Customer service 7439:Residential care 7387:Public relations 7195:Financial advice 7172:Asset management 6967:Department store 6930: 6929: 6917: 6916: 6897:Site preparation 6745:Telecom networks 6713:Waste management 6689:Gas distribution 6373:Synthetic fibers 6100:Industrial gases 5839:Computer systems 5773:Medical supplies 5400: 5399: 5393: 5392: 5380: 5379: 4810:Animal husbandry 4781:Medicinal plants 4667: 4666: 4660: 4659: 4647: 4646: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4592: 4563: 4534: 4505: 4504:. Profile Books. 4476: 4455: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4398:. Archived from 4389: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4365: 4348: 4328: 4327: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4231: 4230: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4206: 4192: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4179: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4140: 4134: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4112: 4105: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4088: 4086: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4051:. Archived from 4045: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4025:. Archived from 4019: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4002: 3995: 3986: 3975: 3974: 3946: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3906: 3900:Justine George. 3897: 3891: 3890: 3884: 3879: 3877: 3869: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3790:on April 3, 2013 3789: 3782: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3755:. Archived from 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3700:. 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Archived from 3093: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3045: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3027: 3012: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2959: 2950:(3/4): 267–300. 2939: 2928: 2927: 2902:(8): 2015–2047. 2893: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2852: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2752: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2724:. Sudamericana. 2717: 2711: 2710: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2495: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2463: 2457: 2453: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2410:. Archived from 2388: 2365: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2354: 2346: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2264: 2216:Informal housing 2017:developing world 1950: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927:inline citations 1903: 1902: 1895: 1843:domestic workers 1744: 1465:Hernando de Soto 1455:Black market in 1349:forms of shelter 1325:developing world 1250:informal economy 1230: 1223: 1216: 1200: 1199: 958:Municipalization 943:Financialization 913:Collectivization 895:Social ownership 885:Private property 879:Common ownership 837:Common ownership 651:Closed (autarky) 608:State capitalism 586:Socialist market 571:Market socialist 407:Economic systems 394: 393: 384: 377: 370: 354:Victimless crime 349:Regional lockout 344:Informal economy 332:Related subjects 214:Broadcast piracy 189: 188: 179: 172: 165: 151:Voluntary sector 95:(human services) 64:Secondary sector 42:Economic sectors 38: 37: 21: 8302: 8301: 8297: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8264: 8211: 8180:Nationalization 8067: 8037:Primary inputs 7958: 7950: 7883: 7882:Classification 7872: 7853: 7820: 7770: 7754:Social networks 7671: 7659: 7638: 7622:Business travel 7524:Administrative 7513: 7492:Amusement parks 7456: 7448: 7422:Dentist offices 7405: 7275: 7242:Pension funding 7215:Risk management 7200:Holding company 7166: 7106: 7018: 7010: 6982:Specialty store 6977:Online shopping 6924: 6903: 6776: 6663: 6573: 6230: 6188:Pharmaceuticals 6132:Aroma compounds 6068:Petroleum jelly 5998: 5987:Home appliances 5982:Electric motors 5930:spotting scopes 5891:Instrumentation 5804: 5798: 5780:Office supplies 5387: 5366: 5350:Dimension stone 5284:Other minerals 5229:Mining of ores 5177: 5002: 4888: 4835:Other livestock 4721:Permanent crops 4654: 4641: 4635: 4583: 4580: 4501:The Memory Bank 4452: 4438:Cervero, Robert 4428: 4426: 4405: 4403: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4363: 4337: 4335:Further reading 4332: 4331: 4319: 4318: 4309: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4290: 4286: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4204: 4202: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4177: 4175: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4153: 4151: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4084: 4082: 4072: 4068: 4058: 4056: 4055:on 9 March 2015 4047: 4046: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4029:on 11 July 2014 4021: 4020: 4016: 4006: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3987: 3978: 3947: 3940: 3929: 3922: 3913: 3911: 3904: 3898: 3894: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3870: 3842: 3838: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3698:Worldvision.org 3693: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3593: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3567: 3561: 3557: 3510: 3506: 3459: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3402: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3365: 3354: 3350: 3341: 3339: 3331: 3330: 3326: 3317: 3315: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3287: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3253: 3252: 3248: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3195: 3193: 3190:De.statista.com 3184: 3183: 3174: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3050: 3043: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3000: 2996: 2985: 2981: 2940: 2931: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2870: 2855: 2844: 2840: 2817: 2813: 2802: 2798: 2791:Planet of Slums 2787: 2783: 2776:The World and I 2772: 2768: 2761: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2722:El Otro Sendero 2718: 2714: 2695: 2691: 2670:(7): 989–1002. 2658: 2654: 2643: 2639: 2600: 2596: 2586: 2584: 2574: 2570: 2559: 2555: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2525: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2496: 2492: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2390: 2389: 2368: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2277: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2251: 2247:Virtual economy 2181: 2168: 2089: 2076:fiscal capacity 1997: 1951: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1916: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1884:economic growth 1872: 1863: 1799: 1771:public services 1750: 1715:retail industry 1707:business sector 1682: 1645: 1626:, and 80.4% in 1612:La Paz, Bolivia 1588: 1582: 1503: 1501:Characteristics 1469:El otro sendero 1367: 1321:W. Arthur Lewis 1306: 1298:under the table 1254:informal sector 1234: 1194: 1187: 1186: 1152:Post-industrial 1147:Post-capitalist 1107:Hunter-gatherer 1092: 1084: 1083: 998: 990: 989: 968:Nationalization 928:Demutualization 923:Corporatization 908: 900: 899: 890:State ownership 865: 857: 856: 832: 824: 823: 749: 741: 740: 711:Robinson Crusoe 646: 645:By coordination 638: 637: 622:Traditionalist 482:Neomercantilist 442: 434: 415: 388: 359: 358: 334: 333: 324: 323: 279: 278: 269: 268: 244: 243: 234: 233: 219:Cellular phones 204: 203: 183: 136:Business sector 70:Tertiary sector 66:(manufacturing) 60:(raw materials) 28: 23: 22: 18:Informal sector 15: 12: 11: 5: 8300: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8250: 8238: 8225: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8212: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8158:Temporary work 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8120: 8119: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8081:Centralization 8077: 8075: 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7434: 7429: 7424: 7415: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7403: 7402: 7401: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7384: 7374: 7372:Legal services 7369: 7368: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7343:system testing 7332: 7327: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7285: 7283: 7277: 7276: 7274: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7205:Money transfer 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7176: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7164: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7116: 7114: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7102: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7078:Passenger rail 7075: 7070: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7046:Moving company 7043: 7038: 7033: 7022: 7020: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6986: 6985: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6952:Consumer goods 6949: 6947:Car dealership 6938: 6936: 6926: 6925: 6922:Service sector 6913: 6912: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6786: 6784: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6742: 6737: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6677: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6645: 6640: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6583: 6581: 6579:Heavy industry 6575: 6574: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6518:Metal refining 6515: 6514: 6513: 6511:Synthetic gems 6508: 6503: 6494: 6488:Other mineral 6486: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6432: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6378:Thermoplastics 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6258: 6253: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6204:contraceptives 6200: 6198:Blood products 6195: 6185: 6183:Fine chemicals 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6114: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6063:Petrochemicals 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5964: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5846: 5841: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5827:Semiconductors 5824: 5822:Circuit boards 5819: 5808: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5770: 5767: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5689:Prefabrication 5686: 5681: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5646: 5636: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5622:Cassette tapes 5616: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5584: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5472: 5462: 5461: 5460: 5458:Vegetable oils 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5432: 5431:Dairy products 5429: 5424: 5419: 5408: 5406: 5404:Light industry 5397: 5389: 5388: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5312: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5189: 5187: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5003: 5001: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4993: 4986:Wild mushrooms 4983: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4963: 4961:Natural rubber 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4921: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4898: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4746:Tropical fruit 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4679:Arable farming 4675: 4673: 4664: 4656: 4655: 4652:Natural sector 4643: 4642: 4634: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4598: 4591:on 2007-02-09. 4579: 4578:External links 4576: 4575: 4574: 4564: 4535: 4525:(1): 135–156. 4514: 4507: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4456: 4451:978-9211314533 4450: 4434: 4412: 4391: 4356: 4349: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4292:Eco-Business. 4284: 4259: 4235: 4211: 4184: 4160: 4135: 4124: 4092: 4066: 4040: 4014: 3976: 3957:(4): 244–257. 3938: 3920: 3892: 3836: 3817:(1): 102–131. 3801: 3769: 3744: 3717: 3682: 3673: 3663: 3638: 3603: 3591: 3555: 3504: 3453: 3413: 3400: 3396:Shireen Hassim 3387: 3363: 3348: 3324: 3296: 3264: 3261:on 2013-11-08. 3246: 3226:on 2015-02-26. 3202: 3172: 3163:|journal= 3132: 3122: 3111: 3080: 3059: 3032: 3007: 2994: 2979: 2957:10.1.1.17.2818 2929: 2879: 2853: 2838: 2811: 2796: 2781: 2766: 2759: 2737: 2730: 2712: 2689: 2652: 2637: 2594: 2568: 2553: 2538: 2523: 2509: 2490: 2476: 2473:. 31 May 2014. 2458: 2427: 2406: 2366: 2310: 2285: 2258: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2167: 2164: 2144:European Union 2122: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2097:Guatemala City 2088: 2085: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 1996: 1993: 1953: 1952: 1907: 1905: 1898: 1892: 1889: 1871: 1868: 1862: 1859: 1835:street vendors 1798: 1795: 1749: 1746: 1722:private sector 1711:Service Sector 1681: 1678: 1673:Edgar L. Feige 1644: 1641: 1608:street vendors 1581: 1578: 1561:street vendors 1502: 1499: 1473:The Other Path 1438:urban planning 1421:Edgar L. Feige 1366: 1363: 1305: 1302: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1204: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1162:Resource-based 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1059: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1015: 1005: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 988: 987: 986: 985: 975: 970: 965: 960: 955: 950: 948:Liberalization 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 872: 866: 864:Property types 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 849: 844: 839: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 820: 819: 813:Latin America 811: 810: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 776: 775: 774: 769: 764: 759: 750: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 634: 633: 628: 620: 615: 610: 605: 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 553: 552: 551: 546: 545: 544: 534: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 500: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 449: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 433: 432: 427: 422: 416: 413: 410: 409: 403: 402: 390: 389: 387: 386: 379: 372: 364: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 346: 341: 335: 331: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 280: 276: 275: 274: 271: 270: 267: 266: 261: 256: 251: 245: 241: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 205: 201: 200: 199: 196: 195: 185: 184: 182: 181: 174: 167: 159: 156: 155: 154: 153: 148: 143: 141:Private sector 138: 130: 129: 125: 124: 123: 122: 120:Jean Fourastié 117: 112: 104: 103: 99: 98: 97: 96: 93:Quinary sector 90: 81: 80: 76: 75: 74: 73: 67: 61: 58:Primary sector 52: 51: 45: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8299: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8261: 8260: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195:Privatization 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8121: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8076: 8074: 8070: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8008: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7969:Externalities 7967: 7966: 7964: 7962: 7957: 7953: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7930:Market-based 7929: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7885: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7864: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7823: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701:Audio-visual 7700: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7653: 7649: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7516: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7460: 7455: 7454:Entertainment 7451: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7257: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Payment cards 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7160: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7145:Food delivery 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7125:Drink service 7123: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7117: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019:& Storage 7017: 7013: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962:Grocery store 6960: 6958: 6957:General store 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6788: 6787: 6785: 6783: 6779: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6714: 6711: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6643:Rail vehicles 6641: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6630: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6616:wind turbines 6613: 6610: 6608: 6607:Machine tools 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6497:Carbon fibers 6495: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6214:Illegal drugs 6212: 6210: 6209:Generic drugs 6207: 6205: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6127:Agrochemicals 6125: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6111: 6110:Pure elements 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6078:Synthetic oil 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Lens grinding 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862:Mobile phones 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5850:storage media 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805:& optical 5801: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5632:Optical discs 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5475:Bottled water 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5398: 5396:Manufacturing 5394: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5156:Sea cucumbers 5154: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4883: 4880: 4879: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Dairy farming 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4774: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4726:Apples et al. 4724: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4425:on 2006-11-30 4424: 4420: 4419: 4413: 4402:on 2006-12-13 4401: 4397: 4392: 4381:on 2006-12-14 4377: 4373: 4369: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4325: 4313: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4225: 4224:www.wiego.org 4221: 4215: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4189: 4174: 4173:www.wiego.org 4170: 4164: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4128: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4081: 4080:The Telegraph 4077: 4070: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4028: 4024: 4018: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3934: 3927: 3925: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3759:on 2011-08-23 3758: 3754: 3748: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3707:on 2016-02-03 3703: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3677: 3667: 3651: 3650: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3598: 3596: 3581:on 2019-09-24 3577: 3573: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3397: 3391: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3359: 3352: 3338: 3337:Data.oecd.org 3334: 3328: 3314: 3307: 3300: 3285: 3278: 3271: 3269: 3260: 3256: 3250: 3242: 3233: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3168: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3115: 3101:on 2015-11-17 3097: 3090: 3084: 3069: 3063: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3021: 3020:The Economist 3017: 3011: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2944:Public Choice 2938: 2936: 2934: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2883: 2875: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2849: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2800: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2751: 2750: 2741: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2656: 2648: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2598: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2564: 2557: 2549: 2542: 2534: 2527: 2519: 2513: 2504: 2503: 2494: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2471:The Economist 2468: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2417:on 2014-04-15 2413: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2299: 2298:The Economist 2295: 2289: 2274: 2270: 2263: 2259: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2238: 2237:Substantivism 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2176: 2172: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2080:heterogeneous 2077: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2025:globalization 2022: 2018: 2012: 2010: 2004: 2002: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1977: 1973: 1970:and parts of 1969: 1968:Latin America 1959: 1949: 1946: 1938: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1908:This section 1906: 1897: 1896: 1888: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1851:Labor markets 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1816: 1811: 1803: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1764: 1754: 1745: 1743: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 1696: 1686: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1640: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1620:Latin America 1615: 1613: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1547: 1540: 1535: 1529: 1525: 1524:Street vendor 1521: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1488: 1487: 1486:The Economist 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1459:, Japan, 1946 1458: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1362: 1359: 1358:Saskia Sassen 1353: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1242: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1217: 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5992:Transformers 5758:Other goods 5744:Stonemasonry 5724:Glassblowing 5709:Blow molding 5668:Locksmithing 5644:Boilermaking 5193:Fossil fuels 4991:Fungiculture 4946:Gutta-percha 4936:Frankincense 4931:Tree tapping 4902:Silviculture 4882:Fur trapping 4793:Horticulture 4741:Stone fruits 4589:the original 4543: 4539: 4522: 4518: 4510: 4500: 4464: 4460: 4441: 4427:. 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Retrieved 2272: 2262: 2173: 2169: 2166:Asia-Pacific 2158: 2148: 2140: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2105: 2101: 2072: 2045: 2033: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1964: 1941: 1932: 1909: 1881: 1864: 1847: 1832: 1823:agricultural 1820: 1782:trade unions 1779: 1775:unemployment 1768: 1759: 1739: 1727: 1719: 1699: 1691: 1671: 1667: 1646: 1637: 1616: 1605: 1569: 1565: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1543: 1510:Waste picker 1495: 1491: 1484: 1481:mercantilism 1472: 1468: 1462: 1445: 1442:post-fordist 1434:anthropology 1416: 1414: 1390: 1386: 1368: 1354: 1346: 1342:unemployment 1333:job security 1318: 1286:black market 1267: 1258:grey economy 1257: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1067:Peer-to-peer 1062:Self-managed 997:Coordination 933:Deregulation 618:Distributist 472:Mercantilist 343: 339:Black market 229:Green market 8190:Partnership 8170:Cooperative 8143:Outsourcing 8133:Freelancing 8011:Commodities 7715:Video games 7690:Periodicals 7567:Landscaping 7497:Fairgrounds 7399:Advertising 7320:engineering 7304:Bookkeeping 7259:Real estate 7252:Reinsurance 7150:Restaurants 7120:Foodservice 7112:Hospitality 7095:Warehousing 7083:Ridesharing 7073:Car rentals 6805:Residential 6740:Remediation 6623:Automobiles 6445:Earthenware 6414:Glass fiber 6409:Float glass 6219:Supplements 6193:Antibiotics 6095:Fertilizers 6053:Mineral oil 6028:Diesel fuel 6011:Coal & 5971:fiber optic 5945:Microscopes 5899:GPS devices 5879:Televisions 5812:Electronics 5803:Electrical 5749:Woodworking 5704:3D printing 5663:Gunsmithing 5627:Phonographs 5612:Typesetting 5592:Bookbinding 5555:Dressmaking 5550:Accessories 5482:Soft drinks 5417:Animal feed 5208:Natural gas 5096:Aquaculture 5079:Sea urchins 4951:Maple syrup 4825:Fur farming 4815:Beef cattle 4751:Viticulture 4699:Fiber crops 4671:Agriculture 4467:(1): 6–34. 4320:|last= 4248:www.ilo.org 4200:www.ilo.org 4007:November 3, 3524:(6): 3189. 3313:Ftp.iza.org 3284:Ftp.iza.org 2703:R. Swedberg 2359:20 November 2211:Gig economy 2206:Flea market 2021:labor force 1622:, 79.4% in 1596:Ulaanbaatar 1278:grey market 1172:Traditional 1122:Manorialism 1117:Information 1091:Other types 1077:Open access 1040:Cybernetics 782:Anglo-Saxon 767:Singaporean 726:Underground 721:Subsistence 626:Corporatist 601:Syndicalist 561:Communalist 447:Associative 441:By ideology 414:Major types 304:Free market 193:Grey market 115:Colin Clark 8276:Categories 8063:Technology 8033:Innovation 7994:Well-being 7804:University 7737:Television 7674:Mass media 7669:Publishing 7502:Nightclubs 7411:Healthcare 7382:Consulting 7377:Management 7325:Inspection 7309:Tax advice 7289:Accounting 7220:Securities 7036:Intermodal 6972:Mail order 6867:Demolition 6800:Industrial 6795:Commercial 6718:Collection 6569:Cast metal 6455:Refractory 6423:fiberglass 6419:Glass wool 6382:thermosets 6358:Engineered 6287:Engineered 6282:Sawmilling 6176:Toiletries 6147:Explosives 5967:Electrical 5950:Telescopes 5817:Components 5575:Shoemaking 5293:Phosphorus 5186:Geological 5136:Microalgae 4979:Pine resin 4966:Palm sugar 4941:Gum arabic 4855:Beekeeping 4694:Vegetables 4639:industries 4429:2006-12-18 4406:2006-12-18 4385:2006-12-18 4303:2018-06-21 4278:2018-06-21 4253:2018-06-21 4229:2018-06-21 4205:2018-06-21 4178:2018-06-21 4154:2018-06-21 3914:2016-10-20 3883:|url= 3794:October 4, 3763:2011-05-02 3738:2016-10-20 3711:2016-10-20 3585:2016-10-20 3473:: 106595. 3342:2016-10-20 3318:2016-10-20 3290:2016-10-20 3196:2016-10-20 3105:2024-04-05 3074:2016-10-20 3053:2016-10-20 3026:2017-05-28 2699:N. Smelser 2421:2006-12-18 2254:References 2151:World Bank 1935:April 2018 1919:improve it 1839:ragpickers 1827:employment 1584:See also: 1580:Statistics 1546:easy entry 1398:Keith Hart 1304:Definition 1177:Transition 1137:Plantation 1045:Indicative 907:Transition 757:East Asian 528:Religious 504:Democratic 477:Neoliberal 462:Democratic 452:Capitalist 420:Capitalism 309:Free trade 209:Automobile 110:AGB Fisher 72:(services) 8165:Ownership 8111:Monopsony 7989:Pollution 7974:Community 7884:standards 7789:Secondary 7776:Education 7759:Streaming 7427:Hospitals 7418:Medicine 7394:Marketing 7330:Surveying 7294:Assurance 7264:Brokerage 7227:Insurance 7155:Teahouses 7140:Fast food 7031:Air cargo 7016:Transport 6999:Brokerage 6989:Wholesale 6877:Elevators 6862:Cabinetry 6790:Buildings 6770:Telephone 6765:Satellite 6733:Recycling 6728:Hazardous 6694:Renewable 6673:Utilities 6634:Aerospace 6602:Hydraulic 6592:Conveyors 6587:Machinery 6492:Abrasives 6450:Porcelain 6404:Soda-lime 6363:Specialty 6353:Commodity 6314:Cardboard 6297:Composite 6235:Materials 6152:Fireworks 6142:Cosmetics 6122:Adhesives 6004:Chemicals 5962:Batteries 5834:Computers 5769:Jewellery 5755:Furniture 5739:Sintering 5719:Extrusion 5673:Machining 5649:Builders' 5602:Engraving 5597:Embossing 5580:Tailoring 5565:Hatmaking 5465:Beverages 5448:Preserved 5345:Limestone 5315:Quarrying 5288:Gemstones 5258:Palladium 5223:Tar sands 5218:Petroleum 5213:Oil shale 5059:Swordfish 5019:Anchovies 4860:Cochineal 4560:153808289 4312:cite news 3971:153853841 3866:143932039 3846:Childhood 3831:145629287 3656:28 August 3633:154952803 3572:Cpahq.org 2952:CiteSeerX 2632:154418205 2227:Precariat 1923:verifying 1635:economy. 1514:Indonesia 1457:Shinbashi 1430:sociology 1412:in 1972. 1272:(GNP) or 1142:Plutonomy 1023:Regulated 852:Voluntary 778:European 631:Feudalism 576:Mutualist 566:Communist 556:Socialist 537:Christian 457:Corporate 430:Communism 425:Socialism 289:Anarchism 264:Trademark 102:Theorists 8235:Category 8106:Monopoly 8058:Services 7837:Language 7832:Creative 7816:Tutoring 7794:Tertiary 7764:Websites 7744:Internet 7695:Software 7681:Written 7602:Pet care 7562:Janitors 7552:security 7543:Staffing 7467:Gambling 7360:Interior 7341:, & 7335:Physical 7247:Property 7135:Catering 7068:Airlines 7056:Trucking 6892:Plumbing 6847:Dredging 6822:Railways 6755:Internet 6750:Cable TV 6684:Electric 6629:vehicles 6528:Aluminum 6435:Ceramics 6348:Plastics 6261:Currying 6251:deliming 6224:Vaccines 6166:Perfumes 6105:Pigments 6048:Kerosene 6043:Jet fuel 6038:Gasoline 6033:Fuel oil 5765:Bicycles 5679:smithing 5587:Printing 5545:Clothing 5513:Spinning 5493:Textiles 5443:Prepared 5263:Platinum 5233:Aluminum 5161:Scallops 5074:Lobsters 5049:Mackerel 5029:Sardines 4996:Truffles 4972:, & 4919:Firewood 4894:Forestry 4704:Oilseeds 4440:(2000). 3550:33808750 3499:34011457 3232:cite web 2974:15775874 2924:42566174 2705:(eds.). 2587:20 March 2400:. 2002. 2242:System D 2179:See also 2153:'s 2019 1815:Haridwar 1788:and the 1600:Mongolia 1528:Colombia 1294:System D 1030:Planning 681:Informal 666:Dirigist 519:Georgist 514:Feminist 399:a series 397:Part of 294:Copyleft 259:Warranty 8259:Outline 8247:Commons 8001:Funding 7984:Culture 7961:outputs 7871:Related 7811:Testing 7784:Primary 7749:Hosting 7632:Tourism 7618:Travel 7614:Poverty 7592:Funeral 7574:Repairs 7538:Renting 7533:Leasing 7487:Arcades 7483:Venues 7459:leisure 7432:Nursing 7365:Product 7355:Fashion 7339:product 7185:Banking 6994:Auction 6852:Harbors 6832:Tunnels 6817:Bridges 6723:Dumping 6659:Weapons 6477:Plaster 6368:Pellets 6256:Tanning 6242:Leather 6073:Propane 6018:Bitumen 5921:Cameras 5761:Baggage 5734:Pottery 5714:Drawing 5658:Cutlery 5523:Carpets 5518:Weaving 5498:Carding 5427:Canning 5355:Granite 5278:Uranium 5268:Lithium 5141:Seaweed 5126:Oysters 5121:Mussels 5116:Abalone 5111:Tilapia 5106:Catfish 5089:Whaling 5044:Pollock 5039:Haddock 5024:Herring 5014:Fishing 5007:Aquatic 4914:Logging 4877:Hunting 4865:Shellac 4850:Poultry 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