Information and communications technology

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rural populations." ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries, with many developing countries dearth of any type of Internet. This also includes the availability of telephone lines, particularly the availability of cellular coverage, and other forms of electronic transmission of data. The latest "Measuring the Information Society Report" cautiously stated that the increase in the aforementioned cellular data coverage is ostensible, as "many users have multiple subscriptions, with global growth figures sometimes translating into little real improvement in the level of connectivity of those at the very bottom of the pyramid; an estimated 450 million people worldwide live in places which are still out of reach of mobile cellular service."

3894:, has expanded the reach of educators and improved their ability to track student progress in Sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the mobile phone has been most important in this effort. Mobile phone use is widespread, and mobile networks cover a wider area than internet networks in the region. The devices are familiar to student, teacher, and parent, and allow increased communication and access to educational materials. In addition to benefits for students, M-learning also offers the opportunity for better teacher training, which leads to a more consistent curriculum across the educational service area. In 2011, UNESCO started a yearly symposium called Mobile Learning Week with the purpose of gathering stakeholders to discuss the M-learning initiative. 5923: 3898:

by 2017. Additionally, there are gender, social, and geo-political barriers to educational access, and the severity of these barriers vary greatly by country. Overall, 29.6 million children in Sub-Saharan Africa were not in school in the year 2012, owing not just to the geographical divide, but also to political instability, the importance of social origins, social structure, and gender inequality. Once in school, students also face barriers to quality education, such as teacher competency, training and preparedness, access to educational materials, and lack of information management.

4154: 3871: 3263: 3830: 3418: 20: 3480: 3048: 3108: 2986: 2831: 3728: 3232: 3325: 3542: 3170: 3078: 3666: 2955: 2893: 3511: 3356: 3139: 3697: 3635: 3604: 4072:, he describes three models of access to ICTs: devices, conduits, and literacy. Devices and conduits are the most common descriptors for access to ICTs, but they are insufficient for meaningful access to ICTs without third model of access, literacy. Combined, these three models roughly incorporate all twelve of the criteria of "Real Access" to ICT use, conceptualized by a non-profit organization called Bridges.org in 2005: 3201: 2924: 3573: 3294: 3449: 3387: 3017: 2862: 4145:

fewer people are purchasing broadband connection and are instead relying on their smartphones for Internet access, which can be found for free at public places such as libraries. Indeed, smartphones are on the rise, with 37% of Americans using smartphones as their primary medium for internet access and 96% of Americans owning a smartphone.

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were also expanded. In the 1990s a massive effort to push computer hardware and software into schools was undertaken, with the goal of familiarizing both students and teachers with computers in the classroom. Since then, multiple projects have endeavoured to continue the expansion of ICT's reach in the region, including the

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partner violence. According to a study published in 2017, this is likely because "access to ICTs exposes women to different ways of life and different notions about women's role in society and the household, especially in culturally conservative regions where traditional gender expectations contrast observed alternatives."

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most high-income countries where the quality of life is higher than average, which includes countries from Europe and other regions such as "Australia, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, Macao (China), New Zealand, Singapore, and the United States; almost all countries surveyed improved their IDI ranking this year."

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concludes that access to ICT cannot rest on devices or conduits alone; it must also engage physical, digital, human, and social resources. Each of these categories of resources have iterative relations with ICT use. If ICT is used well, it can promote these resources, but if it is used poorly, it can

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found no generalizable cognitive benefits from Vai literacy; instead, individual differences on cognitive tasks were due to other factors, like schooling or living environment. The results suggested that there is "no single construct of literacy that divides people into two cognitive camps; rather,

3910:

The most recent authoritative data, released in 2014, shows "that Internet use continues to grow steadily, at 6.6% globally in 2014 (3.3% in developed countries, 8.7% in the developing world); the number of Internet users in developing countries has doubled in five years (2009-2014), with two-thirds

3824:

takes a holistic and comprehensive approach to promote ICT in education. Access, inclusion, and quality are among the main challenges they can address. The Organization's Intersectoral Platform for ICT in education focuses on these issues through the joint work of three of its sectors: Communication

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poll reports, rural Americans are 12% less likely to have broadband access than other Americans, thereby making them less likely to own the devices. Additionally, these costs can be prohibitive to lower-income families accessing ICTs. These difficulties have led to a shift toward mobile technology;

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identifies many flaws with this model, including its inability to account for additional costs of ownership such as software, access to telecommunications, knowledge gaps surrounding computer use, and the role of government regulation in some countries. Therefore, Warschauer argues that considering

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Implementation is not without its challenges. While mobile phone and internet use are increasing much more rapidly in Sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries, the progress is still slow compared to the rest of the developed world, with smartphone penetration only expected to reach 20%

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since the 1960s. Beginning with television and radio, it extended the reach of education from the classroom to the living room, and to geographical areas that had been beyond the reach of the traditional classroom. As the technology evolved and became more widely used, efforts in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Favourably, the gap between the access to the Internet and mobile coverage has decreased substantially in the last fifteen years, in which "2015 was the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000, and the new data show

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Mobile-assisted language learning apps are key tools for language learning. Mobile solutions can provide support for refugees' language and literacy challenges in three main areas: literacy development, foreign language learning and translations. Mobile technology is relevant because communicative

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However, hurdles are still large. "Of the 4.3 billion people not yet using the Internet, 90% live in developing countries. In the world's 42 Least Connected Countries (LCCs), which are home to 2.5 billion people, access to ICTs remains largely out of reach, particularly for these countries' large

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ranks and compares the level of ICT use and access across the various countries around the world. In 2014 ITU (International Telecommunication Union) released the latest rankings of the IDI, with Denmark attaining the top spot, followed by South Korea. The top 30 countries in the rankings include

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There is not just one type of ICT access, but many types. The meaning and value of access varies in particular social contexts. Access exists in gradations rather than in a bipolar opposition. Computer and Internet use brings no automatic benefit outside of its particular functions. ICT use is a

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that includes any communication device, encompassing radio, television, cell phones, computer and network hardware, satellite systems and so on, as well as the various services and appliances with them such as video conferencing and distance learning. ICT also includes analog technology, such as

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support for a cause due to the internet allowing for political discourse and direct interventions with state policy as well as change the way complaints from the populace are handled by governments. Furthermore, ICTs in a household are associated with women rejecting justifications for intimate

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In modern society, ICT is ever-present, with over three billion people having access to the Internet. With approximately 8 out of 10 Internet users owning a smartphone, information and data are increasing by leaps and bounds. This rapid growth, especially in developing countries, has led ICT to

3837:

Despite the power of computers to enhance and reform teaching and learning practices, improper implementation is a widespread issue beyond the reach of increased funding and technological advances with little evidence that teachers and tutors are properly integrating ICT into everyday learning.

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A conduit requires a connection to a supply line, which for ICT could be a telephone line or Internet line. Accessing the supply requires investment in the proper infrastructure from a commercial company or local government and recurring payments from the user once the line is set up. For this

3838:

Intrinsic barriers such as a belief in more traditional teaching practices and individual attitudes towards computers in education as well as the teachers own comfort with computers and their ability to use them all as result in varying effectiveness in the integration of ICT in the classroom.

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The 2014 IT budget of the US federal government was nearly $ 82 billion. IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies' IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to "keep the lights on" in the IT

3815:), a division of the United Nations, has made integrating ICT into education as part of its efforts to ensure equity and access to education. The following, which was taken directly from a UNESCO publication on educational ICT, explains the organization's position on the initiative. 2611:

ICT is a broad subject and the concepts are evolving. It covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, process, transmit, or receive information electronically in a digital form (e.g., personal computers including smartphones, digital television, email, or robots).

4264:, which states, that the development of ICT increases every year by 16-20%, so it will double in numbers every four to five years. Alongside this development and the high investments in increasing demand for ICT capable products, a high environmental impact came with it. 4222:'s research to argue that ICT literacy functions similarly to literacy acquisition, as they both require resources rather than a narrow cognitive skill. Conclusions about literacy serve as the basis for a theory of the digital divide and ICT access, as detailed below: 3819:

Information and Communication Technology can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers' professional development and more efficient education management, governance, and administration.

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there are gradations and types of literacies, with a range of benefits closely related to the specific functions of literacy practices." Furthermore, literacy and social development are intertwined, and the literacy divide does not exist on the individual level.

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The money spent on IT worldwide has been estimated as US$ 3.8 trillion in 2017 and has been growing at less than 5% per year since 2009. The estimate 2018 growth of the entire ICT is 5%. The biggest growth of 16% is expected in the area of new technologies

3857:

practice is a key asset for refugees and immigrants as they immerse themselves in a new language and a new society. Well-designed mobile language learning activities connect refugees with mainstream cultures, helping them learn in authentic contexts.

3924:

ICT progress and highlight remaining gaps." ICT continues to take on a new form, with nanotechnology set to usher in a new wave of ICT electronics and gadgets. ICT newest editions into the modern electronic world include smartwatches, such as the

3811:. Specifically, when teaching literacy and math, using ICT in combination with Writing to Learn produces better results than traditional methods alone or ICT alone. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( 4259:

In the early 21st century a rapid development of ICT services and electronical devices took place, in which the internet servers multiplied by a factor of 1000 to 395 million and its still increasing. This increase can be explained by

4283:

is happening, the more energy is consumed, that means for OECD countries 1% increase in internet users causes a raise of 0.026% electricity consumption per capita and for emerging countries the impact is more than 4 times as high.

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through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives to merge the telephone networks with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution, and management. ICT is an

3852:

School environments play an important role in facilitating language learning. However, language and literacy barriers are obstacles preventing refugees from accessing and attending school, especially outside camp settings.

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emissions of different ICT platforms, countries and infrastructure in general. Further the establishment of international norms for reporting and compliance are promoted to foster transparency in this sector.

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To help anchor and expand ICT to every habitable part of the world, "2015 is the deadline for achievements of the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which global leaders agreed upon in the year 2000."

2624:

The phrase "information and communication technologies" has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s. The abbreviation "ICT" became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by

4249: 2613: 2637:

recommended that the use of the term "ICT" should be discontinued in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations". From 2014, the National Curriculum has used the word

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notes that 96% of Americans own a smartphone, although most scholars in this field would contend that comprehensive access to ICT in the United States is likely much lower than that.

5408:

Cardoso LG, Sorenson SB. Violence against women and household ownership of radios, computers, and phones in 20 countries. American Journal of Public Health. 2017; 107(7):1175–1181.

3936:. With desktops soon becoming part of a bygone era, and laptops becoming the preferred method of computing, ICT continues to insinuate and alter itself in the ever-changing globe. 3984: 3974:

A review found that in general, outcomes of such ICT-use – which were envisioned as early as 1925 – are or can be as good as in-person care with health care use staying similar.

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in 2014. The world's technological capacity to compute information with humanly guided general-purpose computers grew from 3.0 × 10^8 MIPS in 1986, to 6.4 x 10^12 MIPS in 2007.

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social practice, involving access to physical artifacts, content, skills, and social support. And acquisition of ICT access is a matter not only of education but also of power.

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to explain this new phenomena. ICTs are tools for "enabling social movement leaders and empowering dictators" in effect promoting societal change. ICTs can be used to garner

4716: 3787:. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments. 5758:"The impacts of information and communication technology, energy consumption, financial development, and economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions in 12 Asian countries" 5135:

Blackwell, C.K., Lauricella, A.R. and Wartella, E., 2014. Factors influencing digital technology use in early childhood education. Computers & Education, 77, pp.82-90.

4852: 5445: 4567:, 1986. Roger Silverstone et al., "Listening to a long conversation: an ethnographic approach to the study of information and communication technologies in the home", 1510: 2630: 3779:(WSIS) to discuss the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society. According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the 4323:

countries. With these measures, ICT can reduce environmental damage from economic growth and energy consumption by facilitating communication and infrastructure.

5962: 5870: 4189:

were able to test more than 1,000 subjects to measure the mental capabilities of literates over non-literates. This research, which they laid out in their book

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Information and Communication Technologies: Social Sciences Research and Training: A Report by the ESRC Programme on Information and Communication Technologies

2801: 4275:

There are two sides of ICT, the positive environmental possibilities and the shadow side. On the positive side, studies proved, that for instance in the

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Albritton, Jordan; Ortiz, Alexa; Wines, Roberta; Booth, Graham; DiBello, Michael; Brown, Stephen; Gartlehner, Gerald; Crotty, Karen (7 December 2021).

4419: 5329:

Hussain, Muzammil M.; Howard, Philip N. (2013-03-01). "What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades? ICTs and the Fuzzy Causes of the Arab Spring".

5012: 4311:-emissions in general, and to implement a more effective coordination of ICT, energy and growth policies. Consequently, applying the principle of the 6000:

Feridun, Mete; Karagiannis, Stelios (2009). "Growth Effects of Information and Communication Technologies: Empirical Evidence from the Enlarged EU".

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become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some facet of technology renders most of clerical, work and routine tasks dysfunctional.

765: 2626: 4928: 5587: 4448: 4621: 4384: 3803:

Today's society shows the ever-growing computer-centric lifestyle, which includes the rapid influx of computers in the modern classroom.

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makes sense. It recommends to make investments there, where the marginal avoidance costs of emissions are the lowest, therefore in the

1090: 4607: 6035: 4848:"The bad news is that the digital access divide is here to stay: Domestically installed bandwidths among 172 countries for 1986–2014" 152: 6023: 5890: 5731: 4581: 1182: 4720: 4590: 3776: 1437: 1380: 6013: 5955: 4287:

Currently the scientific forecasts are showing an increase up to 30700 TWh in 2030 which is 20 times more than it was in 2010.

5159: 4122:'s theory is devices. In this model, access is defined most simply as the ownership of a device such as a phone or computer. 3979: 3780: 5089:"Critical analysis of integration of ICT and data analytics into the accounting curriculum: A multidimensional perspective" 1419: 4471:"Life-long Learning Competence Perceptions of the Teachers and Abilities in Using Information-Communication .Technologies" 5286:

Bimber, Bruce (1998-01-01). "The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism".

1550: 1492: 1141: 954: 653: 596: 240: 6019:

Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London, UK: Routledge, 1988), in particular Chapter 4

1473: 5862: 5643: 5548: 5532: 4564: 4279:

countries a reduction of 0.235% energy use is caused by an increase in ICT capital by 1%. On the other side the more

4245: 5886:"ICT sector, digitization and environmental sustainability: A systematic review of the literature from 2000 to 2022" 5609: 4307:

Moreover it is suggested by scientists to make more ICT investments to exploit the potentials of ICT to alleviate CO

3887:(OLPC) project, which by 2015 had distributed over 2.4 million laptops to nearly two million students and teachers. 5419: 5238: 4803: 4349: 3994: 2591: 3772: 615: 4638: 2587:, storage and audiovisual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information. 992: 5262: 5214: 4013: 3933: 916: 804: 502: 4359: 4332: 4068:

defines a "models of access" framework for analyzing ICT accessibility. In the second chapter of his book,

4048: 3847: 3784: 2285: 897: 860: 297: 4929:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country ranking - librarylearningspace.com" 2616:

is one of many models for describing and managing competencies for ICT professionals in the 21st century.

4219: 4204: 4186: 4166: 4007: 376: 4399: 5685: 4900: 4336: 3874:

Representatives meet for a policy forum on M-Learning at UNESCO's Mobile Learning Week in March 2017.

2346: 1455: 1119: 747: 5983: 1335: 578: 1353: 6049: 4974: 4037: 2681: 2407: 1164: 769: 709: 691: 483: 6054: 5922: 5978: 5549:"The Real Access / Real Impact framework for improving the way that ICT is used in development" 5524: 5518: 2568: 2564: 842: 5933:

A Lifeline to learning: leveraging mobile technology to support education for refugees

6014:

The Role of ICT in Higher Education for the 21st Century: ICT as a Change Agent for Education

4379: 4042: 4003: 3952: 3940: 3759: 2716:

The world's technological capacity to store information grew from 2.6 (optimally compressed)

1937: 1528: 278: 4510: 4268:

and Hardware development as well as production causing already in 2008 the same amount of CO

3807:

There is evidence that, to be effective in education, ICT must be fully integrated into the

5769: 5668:

The 11th International Symposium on Wireless Personal Multimedia Communications (WPMC 2008)

5183: 3944: 3884: 2645: 2323: 1767: 1123: 8: 5813:"Mobile Technology: A Tool to Increase Global Competency Among Higher Education Students" 4742: 4678: 4654: 4414: 4296: 4153: 4141: 4128: 2898: 2580: 1400: 339: 5773: 5842: 5793: 5713: 5484: 5391: 5311: 5303: 5118: 4828: 4587: 4389: 4316: 4017: 3879: 2665: 2572: 2244: 521: 5151:

A Lifeline to learning: leveraging mobile technology to support education for refugees

4780: 4772: 3951:

is "accelerating the process of issue group formation and action" and coined the term

5931: 5847: 5834: 5797: 5785: 5717: 5705: 5663: 5639: 5528: 5488: 5476: 5468: 5356: 5315: 5155: 5149: 5122: 5110: 5031:"Closing the gaps – Improving literacy and mathematics by ict-enhanced collaboration" 4998: 4820: 4776: 4560: 4374: 4032: 2769: 2673: 2595: 2544: 2477: 2455: 2387:, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service 879: 5395: 4197:

applied their literacy research to ICT literacy as part of his model of ICT access.

4193:, allowed them to study whether the literacy divide exists at the individual level. 3829: 5988: 5899: 5824: 5777: 5701: 5697: 5460: 5383: 5346: 5338: 5295: 5100: 5062: 5042: 4883: 4861: 4832: 4812: 4773:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" 4531: 4482: 2748:

in 2014. The world's technological capacity to receive information through one-way

2599: 2429: 1635: 973: 5047: 5030: 2651:

Variations of the phrase have spread worldwide. The United Nations has created a "

5568: 5387: 4865: 4642: 4594: 4532:"IEEE-CS Adopts Skills Framework for the Information Age • IEEE Computer Society" 4487: 4470: 4394: 4354: 4232: 4215: 4211: 4200: 4194: 4182: 4162: 4140:

reason, conduits usually divide people based on their geographic locations. As a

4123: 4119: 4065: 4028:

Applications of ICTs in science, research and development, and academia include:

3929: 2704:

17% costs of external service providers (external/services), 14% after correction

2677: 1823: 1279: 19: 5263:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country rankings" 5215:"ITU releases annual global ICT data and ICT Development Index country rankings" 2768:

in 2007. The world's effective capacity to exchange information through two-way

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department, and 25% are the cost of new initiatives for technology development.

5948: 5904: 5885: 5829: 5812: 4816: 4798: 4583:

Information and Communications Technology in UK Schools: An Independent Inquiry

4369: 4300: 4261: 4127:

only devices understates the magnitude of digital inequality. For example, the

3113: 3053: 2365: 2069: 1918: 1316: 935: 5781: 4784: 4053: 2720:

in 1986 to 15.8 in 1993, over 54.5 in 2000, and to 295 (optimally compressed)

1101:

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

6068: 5838: 5789: 5709: 5472: 5360: 5114: 4312: 4181:. Since about half of those literate in Vai have never had formal schooling, 4178: 3998: 2991: 2725: 2634: 2604: 2540: 2499: 2451: 2262: 1749: 1072: 823: 114: 5992: 5757: 5927: 5480: 4949: 4847: 4824: 4280: 4250:

Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability

3948: 2187: 2073: 2032: 1786: 186: 5087:

Birt, Jacqueline; Safari, Maryam; de Castro, Vincent Bicudo (2023-03-20).

3870: 2756:

of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 715 (optimally compressed)

1493:

ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names

5863:"Digitalisation for a circular economy: A driver for European Green Deal" 5446:"Video Teleconferencing for Disease Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment" 5351: 4887: 4719:. OMT-CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH. Archived from 3925: 3268: 2836: 2655:" and an internal "Office of Information and Communications Technology". 2403: 2384: 1711: 1357: 1256: 1053: 672: 95: 5963:

Good Practice in Information and Communication Technology for Education

5686:"Digitalization and energy consumption. Does ICT reduce energy demand?" 5342: 5307: 5105: 5088: 4444: 4404: 4174: 3969: 3956: 3891: 3733: 3237: 2765: 2761: 2708:

The estimate of money to be spent in 2022 is just over US$ 6 trillion.

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33% hardware costs (external/purchasing category), 26% after correction

2698:

16% software costs (external/purchasing category), 29% after correction

2633:

for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. However, in 2012, the

2584: 1673: 2740:

in 2007, and the equivalent of 4,500 stacks of printed books from the

2326:, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species 5969:

Grossman, G.; Helpman, E. (2005). "Outsourcing in a global economy".

5817:

The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning

5464: 4635: 4320: 2777: 2773: 2749: 2639: 2576: 2447: 2225: 1956: 1692: 1275: 559: 5299: 4717:"IT Costs – The Costs, Growth And Financial Risk Of Software Assets" 4634:

United Nations Office of Information and Communications Technology,

3901: 2653:

United Nations Information and Communication Technologies Task Force

5239:"Survey: 1 In 6 Internet Users Own A Smartwatch Or Fitness Tracker" 4375:

Example of information and communication technologies for education

4265: 3939:

Information communication technologies play a role in facilitating

3808: 3547: 3330: 3175: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2757: 2753: 2721: 2717: 2669: 2517: 2495: 2473: 2266: 2092: 1975: 1842: 1581:

dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser

1011: 417: 259: 4441:"Cloud network architecture and ICT - Modern Network Architecture" 5181: 5013:"Evidence for How Writing Can Improve Reading, Carnegie.Org 2010" 4608:

Shut down or restart? The way forward for computing in UK schools

4319:

with comparatively lower technological standards and policies as

4170: 3989: 3671: 3516: 3485: 3361: 3206: 3144: 3083: 2960: 2425: 2342: 2304: 2206: 2149: 2111: 1994: 1880: 357: 316: 133: 3985:

Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation

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in 2014. This is the informational equivalent to 1.25 stacks of

2608:

paper communication, and any mode that transmits communication.

2579:

lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary

1553:

oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st

5930:

work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from

5684:

Lange, Steffen; Pohl, Johanna; Santarius, Tilman (2020-10-01).

4622:"National curriculum in England: computing programmes of study" 3821: 3812: 3702: 3640: 3609: 3578: 3423: 3299: 2929: 2804:

countries by share of ICT sector in total value added in 2013.

2729: 2536: 2168: 2130: 1861: 1804: 1034: 728: 540: 436: 395: 205: 4797:

Gillings, Michael R; Hilbert, Martin; Kemp, Darrell J (2016).

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Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide

4799:"Information in the Biosphere: Biological and Digital Worlds" 4364: 3454: 3392: 3022: 2867: 2741: 2733: 2050: 2013: 1899: 1730: 1616: 1546: 1361: 1238: 1160: 634: 464: 76: 6025:

Measuring the Information Society: The ICT Development Index

3890:

The inclusion of ICT in the classroom, often referred to as

6031:. International Telecommunication Union. 2013. p. 254. 4923: 4921: 4276: 2737: 1654: 1597: 1297: 1239:

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

1200: 399: 335: 57: 3911:

of all people online now living in the developing world."

3775:

approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the

1511:

Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation

5588:"Digital gap between rural and nonrural America persists" 4880:

Figure 1.9 Share of ICT sector in total value added, 2013

4236:

contribute to a cycle of underdevelopment and exclusion.

3766: 2745: 1578: 1381:

UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I

1219: 1030: 5443: 4952:. International Telecommunication Union. 17 January 2006 4918: 3878:

ICT has been employed as an educational enhancement in

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Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change

1474:

First internationalized country code top-level domains

5029:

Genlott, Annika Agélii; Grönlund, Åke (August 2016).

1529:

NetMundial international Internet governance proposal

170:

NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets

5523:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. pp. 4339:, in various ways, including ways beyond education. 4118:

The most straightforward model of access for ICT in

4088:

Locally relevant content, applications, and services

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34% personnel costs (internal), 31% after correction

5947:Cantoni, L., & Danowski, J. A. (Eds.). (2015). 5182:Agence Française de Développement (February 2015). 5086: 4796: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4747:

IDC: The premier global market intelligence company

4683:

IDC: The premier global market intelligence company

4659:

IDC: The premier global market intelligence company

2776:of (optimally compressed) information in 1986, 471 2691:The average IT budget has the following breakdown: 224:

Merit Network's packet-switched network operational

5999: 5683: 4743:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - Forecast 2018 – 2022" 4679:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - Forecast 2018 – 2022" 4420:World Innovation, Technology and Services Alliance 5661: 5633: 4839: 4790: 3902:Growth in modern society and developing countries 6066: 5883: 5664:"ITC Energy Consumption - Trends and Challenges" 4759: 3104: 3044: 5968: 5662:Gerhard, Fettweis; Zimmermann, Ernesto (2008). 5028: 4495: 4295:To tackle the environmental issues of ICT, the 3841: 2982: 1183:very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) 447:Merging the networks and creating the Internet: 6036:Measuring the Information Society Report: 2014 6016:." University, Perth, Western Australia, 2002. 5956:ICT in Education: Possibilities and Challenges 5634:Scribner and Cole, Sylvia and Michael (1981). 4254: 4082:Affordability of technology and technology use 1456:First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum 1420:UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) 5884:Charfeddine, Lanouar; Umlai, Mohamed (2023). 5328: 5209: 5207: 4999:"What is Writing to Learn, WAC Clearinghouse" 4906:. International Telecommunication Union. 2011 4438: 4299:plans proper monitoring and reporting of the 3259: 2827: 5926: This article incorporates text from a 5374:Kirsh, David (2001). "The Context of Work". 4775:, Martin Hilbert and Priscila López (2011), 4468: 3724: 3228: 1222:changes pricing model from hourly to monthly 5732:"Rolling Plan for ICT standardization 2021" 5610:"Mobile Technology and Home Broadband 2019" 4975:"ICT Facts and Figures – The world in 2015" 4655:"IDC - Global ICT Spending - 2018 - $ 3.8T" 4580:The Independent ICT in Schools Commission, 4385:Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative 1549:contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends, 748:Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes) 16:Extensional term for information technology 5516: 5204: 5184:"Digital services for education in Africa" 4969: 4967: 4469:Ozdamli, Fezile; Ozdal, Hasan (May 2015). 4410:Picture archiving and communication system 3538: 3321: 3166: 1118:New Internet architecture with commercial 6075:Information and communications technology 6002:Transformations in Business and Economics 5982: 5958:." Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2005. 5903: 5846: 5828: 5350: 5104: 5046: 4711: 4709: 4486: 4475:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 3825:& Information, Education and Science. 3662: 3507: 3476: 3352: 3197: 3135: 2951: 2889: 2711: 2557:Information and communications technology 153:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles 6038:. International Telecommunication Union. 5891:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 5607: 4152: 3869: 3828: 3798: 3753: 3693: 3631: 3600: 3569: 3414: 3290: 2920: 2614:Skills Framework for the Information Age 18: 4964: 4845: 4432: 4239: 3860: 3783:'s goal of implementing ICT to achieve 3777:World Summit on the Information Society 3445: 3383: 3013: 2858: 1091:North American Network Operators' Group 6067: 5285: 5147: 4942: 4706: 4157:Youth and adults with ICT skills, 2017 3767:The WSIS process and development goals 5679: 5677: 5657: 5655: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5603: 5601: 5563: 5561: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5373: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5171: 5143: 5141: 4326: 3980:Artificial intelligence in healthcare 3781:United Nations Millennium Declaration 2795: 4950:"Basic information : about was" 4447:=ITKnowledgeExchange. Archived from 4045:and communication between scientists 2780:in 1993, 2.2 (optimally compressed) 2760:in 1993, 1.2 (optimally compressed) 2228:anonymous news and information leaks 1787:Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs) 1336:New top-level domain names activated 5810: 4901:"Measuring the Information Society" 4586:, 1997. Impact noted in Jim Kelly, 4331:ICTs could also be used to address 4059: 2784:in 2000, 65 (optimally compressed) 241:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority 13: 5940: 5755: 5674: 5652: 5620: 5598: 5585: 5558: 5495: 5322: 5279: 5168: 5138: 4272:-emissions as global air travels. 731:founded, allows commercial traffic 338:protocol approved and deployed on 319:commercial packet-switched network 14: 6086: 6043: 5936:, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. 5873:from the original on Oct 8, 2023. 5608:Anderson, Monica (13 June 2019). 5417: 4804:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 4588:What the Web is Doing for Schools 4246:Category:Environmental technology 4109:Political will and public support 3995:Clinical decision support systems 3963: 3947:today. The internet according to 2629:in 1997, and then in the revised 2590:ICT is also used to refer to the 579:First .COM domain name registered 5965:." Asian Development Bank, 2009. 5921: 5420:"Telemedicine Predicted in 1925" 4350:Behavioral change support system 3833:OLPC Laptops at school in Rwanda 3726: 3695: 3664: 3633: 3602: 3571: 3540: 3509: 3478: 3447: 3416: 3385: 3354: 3323: 3292: 3261: 3230: 3199: 3168: 3137: 3106: 3076: 3046: 3015: 2984: 2953: 2922: 2891: 2860: 2829: 26: 5877: 5855: 5804: 5749: 5724: 5579: 5541: 5520:Technology and Social Inclusion 5437: 5411: 5402: 5367: 5255: 5231: 5129: 5080: 5055: 5022: 5005: 4991: 4893: 4872: 4735: 4695: 4671: 4647: 4091:Integration into daily routines 3928:, smart wristbands such as the 3794: 3773:United Nations General Assembly 2658: 2644:which reflects the addition of 2567:(IT) that stresses the role of 616:Internet Engineering Task Force 40:Early research and development: 5702:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106760 4628: 4613: 4600: 4574: 4549: 4524: 4462: 4290: 4106:Legal and regulatory framework 3914: 1561:Examples of Internet services: 993:Classless Inter-Domain Routing 1: 5048:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.04.004 4779:, 332(6025), 60-65; see also 4426: 4079:Appropriateness of technology 4076:Physical access to technology 4023: 4014:health information technology 2563:) is an extensional term for 2520:, massive open online courses 805:Advanced Network and Services 503:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 60:networking concepts developed 5951:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 5949:Communication and Technology 5756:Lu, Wen-Cheng (2018-12-01). 5388:10.1207/S15327051HCI16234_12 5331:International Studies Review 4866:10.1016/j.telpol.2016.01.006 4571:, 5(2), pages 204–227, 1991. 4488:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.819 4439:Murray, James (2011-12-18). 4360:Cognitive infocommunications 4008:hospital information systems 3848:Mobile learning for refugees 3842:Mobile learning for refugees 3785:Millennium Development Goals 2619: 2286:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud 1073:Full text web search engines 898:Commercial Internet eXchange 861:Wide area information server 298:Transmission Control Program 7: 5738:. European Commission. 2021 5453:Annals of Internal Medicine 4342: 4255:Progress during the century 4148: 4134: 4085:Human capacity and training 2800:The following is a list of 1657:online auction and shopping 656:upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1) 10: 6091: 5971:Review of Economic Studies 5915: 5905:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113482 5830:10.19173/irrodl.v20i2.3961 5811:Fox, Evan Michael (2019). 5636:The Psychology of Literacy 5376:Human Computer Interaction 4817:10.1016/j.tree.2015.12.013 4781:"free access to the study" 4619:Department for Education, 4400:Market information systems 4243: 4191:The Psychology of Literacy 4113: 4103:Macro-economic environment 4100:Local economic environment 3845: 3741: 3710: 3679: 3648: 3617: 3586: 3555: 3524: 3493: 3462: 3431: 3400: 3369: 3338: 3307: 3276: 3245: 3214: 3183: 3152: 3121: 3090: 3061: 3030: 2999: 2968: 2937: 2906: 2875: 2844: 1712:Outlook (formerly Hotmail) 957:upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3) 187:Network Information Center 5782:10.1007/s11027-018-9787-y 5670:– via ResearchGate. 5517:Warschauer, Mark (2004). 5035:Computers & Education 4853:Telecommunications Policy 3865: 3771:On 21 December 2001, the 1940:peer-to-peer file sharing 1883:peer-to-peer file sharing 1676:classified advertisements 919:allows commercial traffic 826:allows commercial traffic 486:protocol suite formalized 377:Internet Activities Board 31:Internet history timeline 5093:Accounting & Finance 4846:Hilbert, Martin (2016). 4597:, Financial Times, 2000. 3932:, and smart TVs such as 2307:cloud-based file hosting 465:Computer Science Network 208:switched-circuit network 6055:ICT Industry Statistics 5993:10.1111/0034-6527.00327 4555:William Melody et al., 4038:Online research methods 2571:and the integration of 2408:threshold pledge system 2349:music streaming service 1864:mobile internet service 1807:Internet payment system 1600:Internet movie database 710:Border Gateway Protocol 692:Internet protocol suite 300:specification published 4229: 4179:their own local script 4158: 4094:Socio-cultural factors 3875: 3834: 3827: 3804: 2788:in 2007, and some 100 2712:Technological capacity 2569:unified communications 2565:information technology 2095:social networking site 1997:social networking site 788:ARPANET decommissioned 543:split off from ARPANET 24: 6050:ICT Facts and Figures 4380:Gender digital divide 4224: 4156: 4043:Science communication 4004:Health administration 3953:accelerated pluralism 3941:accelerated pluralism 3873: 3832: 3817: 3802: 3760:ICT Development Index 3754:ICT Development Index 2648:into the curriculum. 1770:automatic translation 1714:free web-based e-mail 1300:allows broader access 279:PARC Universal Packet 22: 5690:Ecological Economics 5424:Smithsonian Magazine 4888:10.1787/888933224163 4333:environmental issues 4317:developing countries 4240:Environmental impact 3945:new social movements 3885:One Laptop Per Child 3861:Developing countries 2816:ICT sector in % 2724:in 2007, and some 5 2646:computer programming 2594:of audiovisuals and 2324:Encyclopedia of Life 2269:and virtual bookshop 2053:Anonymous imageboard 2016:Internet voice calls 1921:Anonymous imageboard 843:Archie search engine 599:with 56 kbit/s links 340:public data networks 262:network demonstrated 5774:2018MASGC..23.1351L 5614:Pew Research Center 5592:Pew Research Center 5573:Pew Research Center 5569:"Mobile Fact Sheet" 5554:. 26 December 2005. 4503:"ICT - What is it?" 4415:21st century skills 4169:studied a tribe in 4142:Pew Research Center 4129:Pew Research Center 4097:Trust in technology 4054:Applied metascience 4049:Scholarly databases 2631:National Curriculum 2581:enterprise software 1978:business networking 1845:Anonymous textboard 1401:National LambdaRail 1259:wireless networking 1093:(NANOG) established 560:OSI Reference Model 420:standard introduced 5343:10.1111/misr.12020 5106:10.1111/acfi.13084 5063:"ICT in Education" 4702:www.whitehouse.gov 4641:2018-02-04 at the 4593:2011-07-11 at the 4390:Infocommunications 4327:In problem-solving 4159: 4018:health informatics 3880:Sub-Saharan Africa 3876: 3835: 3805: 2796:Sector in the OECD 2596:telephone networks 2573:telecommunications 2245:Google Street View 1054:Mosaic web browser 976:(ISOC) established 522:Domain Name System 281:development begins 243:(IANA) established 98:concepts conceived 25: 5954:Carnoy, Martin. " 5161:978-92-3-100262-5 4785:"video animation" 4723:on 12 August 2013 4033:Internet research 3751: 3750: 2772:networks was 281 2770:telecommunication 2764:in 2000, and 1.9 2752:networks was 432 2600:computer networks 2554: 2553: 2545:social networking 2478:social networking 2456:social networking 2114:media file series 1826:review aggregator 1163:updated to allow 23:A mindmap of ICTs 6082: 6032: 6030: 6009: 5996: 5986: 5925: 5910: 5909: 5907: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5832: 5808: 5802: 5801: 5768:(8): 1351–1365. 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5681: 5672: 5671: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5631: 5618: 5617: 5605: 5596: 5595: 5586:Perrin, Andrew. 5583: 5577: 5576: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5545: 5539: 5538: 5514: 5493: 5492: 5465:10.7326/m21-3511 5450: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5399: 5382:(2–4): 305–322. 5371: 5365: 5364: 5354: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5225: 5211: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5166: 5165: 5145: 5136: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5108: 5099:(4): 4037–4063. 5084: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5073: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5026: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4905: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4876: 4870: 4869: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4794: 4788: 4770: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4713: 4704: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4689: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4651: 4645: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4617: 4611: 4610:, 2012, page 18. 4604: 4598: 4578: 4572: 4569:Cultural Studies 4553: 4547: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4536:www.computer.org 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4509:. Archived from 4499: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4436: 4060:Models of access 3744: 3736: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3698: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3606: 3605: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3574: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3481: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3450: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3420: 3419: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3358: 3357: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3326: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3296: 3295: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3265: 3264: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3233: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3202: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3109: 3093: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3064: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3049: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3018: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2956: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2925: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2894: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2833: 2832: 2807: 2806: 2627:Dennis Stevenson 2548: 2547: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2459: 2458: 2444: 2442: 2433: 2432: 2430:digital currency 2422: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2389: 2388: 2381: 2379: 2370: 2369: 2362: 2360: 2351: 2350: 2339: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2320: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2259: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2241: 2239: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2211: 2210: 2203: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2163: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2135: 2134: 2127: 2125: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2106: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2066: 2064: 2055: 2054: 2047: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2008: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1989: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1970: 1961: 1960: 1953: 1951: 1942: 1941: 1934: 1932: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1894: 1885: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1866: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1847: 1846: 1839: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1818: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1783: 1781: 1772: 1771: 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6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6065: 6064: 6046: 6041: 6028: 6022: 5984:10.1.1.159.5158 5943: 5941:Further reading 5918: 5913: 5882: 5878: 5861: 5860: 5856: 5809: 5805: 5754: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5682: 5675: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5632: 5621: 5606: 5599: 5584: 5580: 5567: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5515: 5496: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5416: 5412: 5407: 5403: 5372: 5368: 5327: 5323: 5300:10.2307/3235370 5284: 5280: 5271: 5269: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5247: 5245: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5221: 5213: 5212: 5205: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5180: 5169: 5162: 5148:UNESCO (2018). 5146: 5139: 5134: 5130: 5085: 5081: 5071: 5069: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5027: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5010: 5006: 4997: 4996: 4992: 4983: 4981: 4973: 4972: 4965: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4934: 4932: 4927: 4926: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4878: 4877: 4873: 4844: 4840: 4795: 4791: 4771: 4760: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4715: 4714: 4707: 4700: 4696: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4663: 4661: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4643:Wayback Machine 4633: 4629: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4606:Royal Society, 4605: 4601: 4595:Wayback Machine 4579: 4575: 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4516: 4514: 4507:www.tutor2u.net 4501: 4500: 4496: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4452: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4395:Information Age 4355:Cloud computing 4345: 4329: 4310: 4293: 4271: 4257: 4252: 4242: 4163:Sylvia Scribner 4151: 4137: 4116: 4066:Mark Warschauer 4062: 4026: 3966: 3917: 3904: 3868: 3863: 3850: 3844: 3797: 3769: 3756: 3747: 3742: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3711: 3696: 3694: 3685: 3680: 3665: 3663: 3654: 3649: 3634: 3632: 3623: 3618: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3587: 3572: 3570: 3561: 3556: 3541: 3539: 3530: 3525: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3494: 3479: 3477: 3468: 3463: 3448: 3446: 3437: 3432: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3401: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3370: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3339: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3308: 3293: 3291: 3282: 3277: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3246: 3231: 3229: 3220: 3215: 3200: 3198: 3189: 3184: 3169: 3167: 3158: 3153: 3138: 3136: 3127: 3122: 3107: 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1911: 1909: 1907: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1879: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1824:Rotten Tomatoes 1822: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1803: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1775: 1766: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1748: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1729: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1672: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1653: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1638:online retailer 1634: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1596: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1535: 1527: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1509: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1454: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1408: 1399: 1393: 1391: 1389: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1369: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1324: 1315: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1286: 1280:Abilene Network 1274: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1218: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1189: 1181: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1159: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1140: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1089: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1071: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1052: 1046: 1044: 1042: 1029: 1023: 1021: 1019: 1010: 1004: 1002: 1000: 991: 985: 983: 981: 972: 966: 964: 962: 953: 947: 945: 943: 934: 928: 926: 924: 915: 909: 907: 905: 896: 890: 888: 886: 878: 872: 870: 868: 859: 853: 851: 849: 841: 835: 833: 831: 822: 816: 814: 812: 803: 797: 795: 793: 787: 781: 779: 777: 764: 758: 756: 754: 746: 740: 738: 736: 727: 721: 719: 717: 708: 702: 700: 698: 689: 683: 681: 679: 671: 665: 663: 661: 652: 646: 644: 642: 633: 627: 625: 623: 614: 608: 606: 604: 595: 589: 587: 585: 577: 571: 569: 567: 558: 552: 550: 548: 539: 533: 531: 529: 520: 514: 512: 510: 501: 495: 493: 491: 482: 476: 474: 472: 463: 457: 455: 453: 435: 429: 427: 425: 416: 410: 408: 406: 394: 388: 386: 384: 375: 369: 367: 365: 356: 350: 348: 346: 334: 328: 326: 324: 315: 309: 307: 305: 296: 290: 288: 286: 277: 271: 269: 267: 258: 252: 250: 248: 239: 233: 231: 229: 223: 217: 215: 213: 204: 198: 196: 194: 185: 179: 177: 175: 169: 163: 161: 159: 151: 145: 143: 141: 136:planning begins 132: 126: 124: 122: 113: 107: 105: 103: 94: 88: 86: 84: 75: 69: 67: 65: 56: 50: 48: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6088: 6078: 6077: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6045: 6044:External links 6042: 6040: 6039: 6033: 6020: 6017: 6012:Oliver, Ron. " 6010: 5997: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5876: 5854: 5803: 5748: 5723: 5673: 5651: 5644: 5619: 5597: 5578: 5557: 5540: 5533: 5494: 5459:(2): 256–266. 5436: 5410: 5401: 5366: 5321: 5294:(1): 133–160. 5278: 5254: 5230: 5203: 5167: 5160: 5137: 5128: 5079: 5054: 5021: 5004: 4990: 4963: 4941: 4917: 4892: 4871: 4860:(6): 567–581. 4838: 4811:(3): 180–189. 4789: 4758: 4734: 4705: 4694: 4670: 4646: 4627: 4612: 4599: 4573: 4548: 4523: 4494: 4461: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4370:Digital divide 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4337:climate change 4328: 4325: 4308: 4292: 4289: 4269: 4256: 4253: 4241: 4238: 4150: 4147: 4136: 4133: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4035: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4010: 4001: 3999:expert systems 3992: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3965: 3964:In health care 3962: 3930:Nike+ FuelBand 3916: 3913: 3903: 3900: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3846:Main article: 3843: 3840: 3796: 3793: 3768: 3765: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3675: 3660: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3647: 3644: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3582: 3567: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3536: 3532: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3492: 3489: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3461: 3458: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3430: 3427: 3412: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3365: 3350: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3337: 3334: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3303: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3148: 3133: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3114:United Kingdom 3102: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3089: 3086: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3054:Czech Republic 3042: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3011: 3007: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2995: 2980: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2967: 2964: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2902: 2887: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2871: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2819:Relative size 2817: 2814: 2811: 2797: 2794: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2660: 2657: 2621: 2618: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2523: 2504: 2482: 2460: 2434: 2412: 2390: 2371: 2352: 2329: 2310: 2291: 2272: 2249: 2231: 2212: 2193: 2174: 2155: 2136: 2117: 2098: 2079: 2070:The Pirate Bay 2056: 2037: 2019: 2000: 1981: 1962: 1943: 1924: 1905: 1886: 1867: 1848: 1829: 1810: 1791: 1773: 1754: 1736: 1717: 1698: 1679: 1660: 1641: 1622: 1603: 1584: 1557: 1556: 1533: 1515: 1497: 1479: 1460: 1442: 1424: 1406: 1386: 1385: 1367: 1340: 1322: 1317:Dot-com bubble 1303: 1284: 1262: 1243: 1225: 1206: 1187: 1169: 1147: 1144:decommissioned 1128: 1097: 1096: 1077: 1059: 1040: 1017: 998: 979: 960: 941: 936:World Wide Web 922: 903: 884: 866: 847: 829: 824:UUNET/Alternet 810: 791: 775: 752: 734: 715: 696: 677: 659: 640: 621: 602: 583: 565: 546: 527: 508: 489: 470: 443: 442: 423: 404: 382: 363: 344: 322: 303: 284: 265: 246: 227: 211: 192: 173: 157: 139: 120: 101: 82: 63: 34: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6087: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6037: 6034: 6027: 6026: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5935: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5919: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5752: 5737: 5733: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5678: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5656: 5647: 5645:9780674433014 5641: 5637: 5630: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5615: 5611: 5604: 5602: 5593: 5589: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5550: 5544: 5536: 5534:0-262-23224-3 5530: 5526: 5522: 5521: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5425: 5421: 5418:Novak, Matt. 5414: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5352:2027.42/97489 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5220: 5216: 5210: 5208: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5142: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5014: 5008: 5000: 4994: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4951: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4922: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4637: 4631: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4603: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4565:0-86226-179-1 4562: 4558: 4552: 4537: 4533: 4527: 4513:on 2015-11-02 4512: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4489: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4465: 4451:on 2017-09-20 4450: 4446: 4442: 4435: 4431: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313:coase theorem 4305: 4302: 4298: 4297:EU commission 4288: 4285: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4234: 4228: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4143: 4132: 4130: 4125: 4121: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3961: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3888: 3886: 3881: 3872: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3839: 3831: 3826: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3801: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3764: 3761: 3738: 3735: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3707: 3704: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3676: 3673: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3645: 3642: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3614: 3611: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3583: 3580: 3568: 3565: 3564: 3552: 3549: 3537: 3534: 3533: 3521: 3518: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3490: 3487: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3459: 3456: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3428: 3425: 3413: 3410: 3409: 3397: 3394: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3366: 3363: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3335: 3332: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3304: 3301: 3289: 3286: 3285: 3273: 3270: 3258: 3255: 3254: 3242: 3239: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3211: 3208: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3180: 3177: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3149: 3146: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3118: 3115: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3087: 3085: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3058: 3055: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3027: 3024: 3012: 3009: 3008: 2996: 2993: 2992:United States 2981: 2978: 2977: 2965: 2962: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2934: 2931: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2903: 2900: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2872: 2869: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2841: 2838: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2656: 2654: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2641: 2636: 2635:Royal Society 2632: 2628: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2606: 2605:umbrella term 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2546: 2542: 2541:video sharing 2538: 2524: 2519: 2505: 2501: 2500:photo sharing 2497: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2452:photo sharing 2449: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2391: 2386: 2372: 2368:search engine 2367: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2330: 2325: 2311: 2306: 2292: 2287: 2273: 2268: 2264: 2250: 2246: 2232: 2227: 2213: 2209:microblogging 2208: 2194: 2190:virtual globe 2189: 2175: 2170: 2156: 2152:video sharing 2151: 2137: 2133:image hosting 2132: 2118: 2113: 2099: 2094: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2057: 2052: 2038: 2034: 2020: 2015: 2001: 1996: 1982: 1977: 1963: 1958: 1944: 1939: 1925: 1920: 1906: 1902:search engine 1901: 1887: 1882: 1868: 1863: 1849: 1844: 1830: 1825: 1811: 1806: 1792: 1788: 1774: 1769: 1755: 1751: 1750:Google Search 1737: 1733:search engine 1732: 1718: 1713: 1699: 1695:search engine 1694: 1680: 1675: 1661: 1656: 1642: 1637: 1623: 1619:web directory 1618: 1604: 1599: 1585: 1580: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1548: 1534: 1530: 1516: 1512: 1498: 1494: 1480: 1475: 1461: 1457: 1443: 1439: 1425: 1421: 1407: 1402: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1368: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1341: 1337: 1323: 1318: 1304: 1299: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1263: 1258: 1244: 1240: 1226: 1221: 1207: 1202: 1188: 1184: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1148: 1143: 1129: 1125: 1122:connected at 1121: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1102: 1092: 1078: 1074: 1060: 1055: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1018: 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Retrieved 4449:the original 4434: 4335:, including 4330: 4306: 4294: 4286: 4281:digitization 4274: 4258: 4230: 4225: 4210: 4199: 4190: 4167:Michael Cole 4160: 4138: 4117: 4069: 4063: 4027: 3949:Bruce Bimber 3938: 3922: 3918: 3909: 3905: 3896: 3889: 3877: 3855: 3851: 3836: 3818: 3806: 3795:In education 3789: 3770: 3757: 3266: 2799: 2715: 2707: 2690: 2686: 2662: 2659:Monetization 2650: 2638: 2623: 2610: 2589: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2188:Google Earth 2074:torrent file 2033:iTunes Store 1560: 1559: 1558: 1257:IEEE 802.11b 1100: 1099: 1098: 446: 445: 444: 39: 38: 37: 30: 6008:(2): 86–99. 5977:: 135–159. 5267:www.itu.int 5219:www.itu.int 4481:: 718–725. 4291:Implication 4231:Therefore, 4177:, who have 3926:Apple Watch 3915:Limitations 3269:Switzerland 2837:South Korea 2726:zetta bytes 2592:convergence 2404:Kickstarter 2385:Google Docs 2171:link voting 1358:Code Red II 1014:established 673:Morris worm 439:established 398:news using 96:NPL network 6060:Teciza.net 5898:: 113482. 5742:2022-01-08 5696:: 106760. 5429:27 January 5272:2015-09-01 5248:2015-09-01 5224:2015-09-01 5191:unesco.org 5154:. UNESCO. 4984:2015-09-01 4935:2015-09-01 4752:2018-09-24 4688:2018-09-24 4664:2018-09-24 4541:14 March 4517:2015-09-01 4455:2013-08-18 4445:TechTarget 4427:References 4405:Mobile web 4262:moores law 4244:See also: 4233:Warschauer 4212:Warschauer 4195:Warschauer 4175:Vai people 4124:Warschauer 4120:Warschauer 4024:In science 3970:Telehealth 3957:grassroots 3892:M-Learning 3734:Bangladesh 3238:Luxembourg 2766:zettabytes 2762:zettabytes 2585:middleware 1938:BitTorrent 1768:Babel Fish 1674:Craigslist 1476:registered 1354:Code Red I 360:introduced 5979:CiteSeerX 5848:242492985 5839:1492-3831 5798:158412820 5790:1573-1596 5718:224947774 5710:0921-8009 5489:244923066 5473:0003-4819 5361:1521-9488 5316:145159285 5123:257675501 5115:0810-5391 5041:: 68–80. 4321:high-tech 4214:draws on 4161:In 1981, 3934:Google TV 2778:petabytes 2774:petabytes 2750:broadcast 2732:from the 2640:computing 2620:Etymology 2577:telephone 2448:Instagram 2347:DRM-based 2226:WikiLeaks 1957:Knowledge 1693:AltaVista 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