1312:. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature may not show the same infrared image if they have differing emissivity. For example, for any pre-set emissivity value, objects with higher emissivity will appear hotter, and those with a lower emissivity will appear cooler (assuming, as is often the case, that the surrounding environment is cooler than the objects being viewed). When an object has less than perfect emissivity, it obtains properties of reflectivity and/or transparency, and so the temperature of the surrounding environment is partially reflected by and/or transmitted through the object. If the object were in a hotter environment, then a lower emissivity object at the same temperature would likely appear to be hotter than a more emissive one. For that reason, incorrect selection of emissivity and not accounting for environmental temperatures will give inaccurate results when using infrared cameras and pyrometers.
1554:
1788:
1126:, LEDs or bright daylight with the visible light filtered out) can be detected up to approximately 780 nm, and will be perceived as red light. Intense light sources providing wavelengths as long as 1,050 nm can be seen as a dull red glow, causing some difficulty in near-IR illumination of scenes in the dark (usually this practical problem is solved by indirect illumination). Leaves are particularly bright in the near IR, and if all visible light leaks from around an IR-filter are blocked, and the eye is given a moment to adjust to the extremely dim image coming through a visually opaque IR-passing photographic filter, it is possible to see the
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1297:. Thermal radiation is characterized by a particular spectrum of many wavelengths that are associated with emission from an object, due to the vibration of its molecules at a given temperature. Thermal radiation can be emitted from objects at any wavelength, and at very high temperatures such radiation is associated with spectra far above the infrared, extending into visible, ultraviolet, and even X-ray regions (e.g. the
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that can be seen if they are sufficiently bright, though they may still be classified as infrared according to usual definitions. Light from a near-IR laser may thus appear dim red and can present a hazard since it may actually be quite bright. Even IR at wavelengths up to 1,050 nm from pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions.
1978:. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by
1459:, with the fundamental difference that each pixel contains a full LWIR spectrum. Consequently, chemical identification of the object can be performed without a need for an external light source such as the Sun or the Moon. Such cameras are typically applied for geological measurements, outdoor surveillance and
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With 100 W/m2 as a demonstrated passive cooling effect, a surface coverage of 0.3% would then be needed, or 1% of Earth's land mass surface. If half of it would be installed in urban, built areas which cover roughly 3% of the Earth's land mass, a 17% coverage would be needed there, with the remainder
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The foveal sensitivity to several near-infrared laser wavelengths was measured. It was found that the eye could respond to radiation at wavelengths at least as far as 1064 nm. A continuous 1064 nm laser source appeared red, but a 1060 nm pulsed laser source appeared green, which suggests the presence
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appear closer to their true temperature than materials that reflect more of their different-temperature surroundings. In this thermal image, the more reflective ceramic cylinder, reflecting the cooler surroundings, appears to be colder than its cubic container (made of more emissive silicon carbide),
532:
Infrared radiation is generally considered to begin with wavelengths longer than visible by the human eye. There is no hard wavelength limit to what is visible, as the eye's sensitivity decreases rapidly but smoothly, for wavelengths exceeding about 700 nm. Therefore wavelengths just longer than
1774:
In the semiconductor industry, infrared light can be used to characterize materials such as thin films and periodic trench structures. By measuring the reflectance of light from the surface of a semiconductor wafer, the index of refraction (n) and the extinction
Coefficient (k) can be determined via
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can be a relatively inexpensive way to install a communications link in an urban area operating at up to 4 gigabit/s, compared to the cost of burying fiber optic cable, except for the radiation damage. "Since the eye cannot detect IR, blinking or closing the eyes to help prevent or reduce damage may
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operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision
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The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer
4158:
Accordingly, designing and fabricating efficient PDRC with sufficiently high solar reflectance (𝜌¯solar) (λ ~ 0.3–2.5 μm) to minimize solar heat gain and simultaneously strong LWIR thermal emittance (ε¯LWIR) to maximize radiative heat loss is highly desirable. When the incoming radiative heat from
1259:
Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation", but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at
753:
The "thermal imaging" region, in which sensors can obtain a completely passive image of objects only slightly higher in temperature than room temperature – for example, the human body – based on thermal emissions only and requiring no illumination such as the sun or moon or an infrared illuminator.
1802:
equipped with scanning radiometers produce thermal or infrared images, which can then enable a trained analyst to determine cloud heights and types, to calculate land and surface water temperatures, and to locate ocean surface features. The scanning is typically in the range 10.3–12.5 μm (IR4
510:
On the surface of Earth, at far lower temperatures than the surface of the Sun, some thermal radiation consists of infrared in the mid-infrared region, much longer than in sunlight. Black-body, or thermal, radiation is continuous: it radiates at all wavelengths. Of these natural thermal radiation
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Although near-infrared vision (780–1,000 nm) has long been deemed impossible due to noise in visual pigments, sensation of near-infrared light was reported in the common carp and in three cichlid species. Fish use NIR to capture prey and for phototactic swimming orientation. NIR sensation in
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These infrared pictures can depict ocean eddies or vortices and map currents such as the Gulf Stream, which are valuable to the shipping industry. Fishermen and farmers are interested in knowing land and water temperatures to protect their crops against frost or increase their catch from the sea.
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using light radiation from the mid-infrared, 4,000–400 cm. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a
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from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers" since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects
519:
In general, objects emit infrared radiation across a spectrum of wavelengths, but sometimes only a limited region of the spectrum is of interest because sensors usually collect radiation only within a specific bandwidth. Thermal infrared radiation also has a maximum emission wavelength, which is
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by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti, the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices. Reflectography often reveals the artist's use of
1925:. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude, or by carrying the telescope aloft with a balloon or an aircraft. Space telescopes do not suffer from this handicap, and so outer space is considered the ideal location for infrared astronomy.
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detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,000–14,000 nm or 9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on their temperatures, according to the black-body radiation law, thermography makes it
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which retains the rapid pulsations due to the IR transmitter but filters out slowly changing infrared radiation from ambient light. Infrared communications are useful for indoor use in areas of high population density. IR does not penetrate walls and so does not interfere with other devices in
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have less effective filters and can view intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a
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Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye. mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow
2220:, is used for treatment of chemotherapy-induced oral ulceration as well as wound healing. There is some work relating to anti-herpes virus treatment. Research projects include work on central nervous system healing effects via cytochrome c oxidase upregulation and other possible mechanisms.
1863:
In the field of climatology, atmospheric infrared radiation is monitored to detect trends in the energy exchange between the Earth and the atmosphere. These trends provide information on long-term changes in Earth's climate. It is one of the primary parameters studied in research into
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through a wide spectral range at each pixel. Hyperspectral imaging is gaining importance in the field of applied spectroscopy particularly with NIR, SWIR, MWIR, and LWIR spectral regions. Typical applications include biological, mineralogical, defence, and industrial measurements.
5442:
The term "thermograph" is coined on p. 51: " ... I have discovered a process by which the calorific rays in the solar spectrum are made to leave their impress on a surface properly prepared for the purpose, so as to form what may be called a thermograph of the spectrum, ...
1827:
can have a temperature similar to the surrounding land or sea surface and do not show up. However, using the difference in brightness of the IR4 channel (10.3–11.5 μm) and the near-infrared channel (1.58–1.64 μm), low clouds can be distinguished, producing a
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A variety of technologies or proposed technologies take advantage of infrared emissions to cool buildings or other systems. The LWIR (8–15 μm) region is especially useful since some radiation at these wavelengths can escape into space through the atmosphere's
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Infrared heating is also becoming more popular in industrial manufacturing processes, e.g. curing of coatings, forming of plastics, annealing, plastic welding, and print drying. In these applications, infrared heaters replace convection ovens and contact heating.
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Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) dissipates terrestrial heat to the extremely cold outer space without using any energy input or producing pollution. It has the potential to simultaneously alleviate the two major problems of energy crisis and global
284:. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, to assist firefighting, and to detect the overheating of electrical components. Military and civilian applications include
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was translated into
English as "infrared" in 1874, in a translation of an article by Vignaud Dupuy de Saint-Florent (1830–1907), an engineer in the French army, who attained the rank of lieutenant colonel and who pursued photography as a pastime.
259:
Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, military, commercial, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected.
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By covering the Earth with a small fraction of thermally emitting materials, the heat flow away from the Earth can be increased, and the net radiative flux can be reduced to zero (or even made negative), thus stabilizing (or cooling) the
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possible to "see" one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature, therefore thermography allows one to see variations in temperature (hence the name).
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Strong infrared radiation in certain industry high-heat settings may be hazardous to the eyes, resulting in damage or blindness to the user. Since the radiation is invisible, special IR-proof goggles must be worn in such places.
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Recent progress in the design of infrared-sensitive cameras makes it possible to discover and depict not only underpaintings and pentimenti, but entire paintings that were later overpainted by the artist. Notable examples are
328:
There is no universally accepted definition of the range of infrared radiation. Typically, it is taken to extend from the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 700 nm to 1 mm. This range of wavelengths corresponds to a
6087:
4984:
Desmet KD, Paz DA, Corry JJ, Eells JT, Wong-Riley MT, Henry MM, Buchmann EV, Connelly MP, Dovi JV, Liang HL, Henshel DS, Yeager RL, Millsap DS, Lim J, Gould LJ, Das R, Jett M, Hodgson BD, Margolis D, Whelan HT (May 2006).
1745:) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH
1504:. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as
1390:. Thermography (thermal imaging) is mainly used in military and industrial applications but the technology is reaching the public market in the form of infrared cameras on cars due to greatly reduced production costs.
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Astronomers observe objects in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum using optical components, including mirrors, lenses and solid state digital detectors. For this reason it is classified as part of
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If only 1%–2% of the Earth's surface were instead made to radiate at this rate rather than its current average value, the total heat fluxes into and away from the entire Earth would be balanced and warming would
1879:
is utilized in this field of research to perform continuous outdoor measurements. This is a broadband infrared radiometer with sensitivity for infrared radiation between approximately 4.5 μm and 50 μm.
1385:
Infrared radiation can be used to remotely determine the temperature of objects (if the emissivity is known). This is termed thermography, or in the case of very hot objects in the NIR or visible it is termed
1665:, i.e. switched on and off, according to a code which the receiver interprets. Usually very near-IR is used (below 800 nm) for practical reasons. This wavelength is efficiently detected by inexpensive
1822:
are displayed as blue or grey, with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces are shown as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low clouds such as stratus or
1118:'s sensitivity starts around 950 nm and ends between 1,700 and 2,600 nm, depending on the specific configuration). No international standards for these specifications are currently available.
6158:
1921:
The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected
3923:
1301:). Thus, the popular association of infrared radiation with thermal radiation is only a coincidence based on typical (comparatively low) temperatures often found near the surface of planet Earth.
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to heat the occupants. It may also be used in other heating applications, such as to remove ice from the wings of aircraft (de-icing). Infrared radiation is used in cooking, known as broiling or
1030:
These divisions are not precise and can vary depending on the publication. The three regions are used for observation of different temperature ranges, and hence different environments in space.
5746:
Sitzungsberichte der
Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Classe (Proceedings of the Imperial Academy of Philosophy : Mathematical-scientific Class)
4330:
714:
In guided missile technology the 3–5 μm portion of this band is the atmospheric window in which the seekers of passive IR 'heat seeking' missiles are designed to work, homing on to the
2018:
or outline drawn as a guide. Art conservators use the technique to examine how the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between (such alterations are called
4511:
Gorbunov, V.; Fuchigami, N.; Stone, M.; Grace, M.; Tsukruk, V. V. (2002). "Biological
Thermal Detection: Micromechanical and Microthermal Properties of Biological Infrared Receptors".
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such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.
1037:
according to filters used; I, J, H, and K cover the near-infrared wavelengths; L, M, N, and Q refer to the mid-infrared region. These letters are commonly understood in reference to
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1271:
concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 μm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see
1690:
1142:, the part of the infrared spectrum that is used is divided into seven bands based on availability of light sources, transmitting/absorbing materials (fibers), and detectors:
827:
A comparison of a thermal image (top) and an ordinary photograph (bottom). The plastic bag is mostly transparent to long-wavelength infrared, but the man's glasses are opaque.
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phenomena can be spotted. Using color-digitized techniques, the gray-shaded thermal images can be converted to color for easier identification of desired information.
524:. The infrared band is often subdivided into smaller sections, although how the IR spectrum is thereby divided varies between different areas in which IR is employed.
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that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study
1308:
is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a
674:
Water absorption increases significantly at 1,450 nm. The 1,530 to 1,560 nm range is the dominant spectral region for long-distance telecommunications (see
5175:
3331:
3623:
1779:. The reflectance from the infrared light can also be used to determine the critical dimension, depth, and sidewall angle of high aspect ratio trench structures.
2546:
5395:"On chemical action of rays of solar spectrum on preparation of silver and other substances both metallic and nonmetallic and on some photographic processes"
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4346:
2092:
has a pair of infrared sensory pits on its head. There is uncertainty regarding the exact thermal sensitivity of this biological infrared detection system.
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processes, only lightning and natural fires are hot enough to produce much visible energy, and fires produce far more infrared than visible-light energy.
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1914:. To form an image, the components of an infrared telescope need to be carefully shielded from heat sources, and the detectors are chilled using liquid
6450:
5462:
Monatsberichte der Königlich-Preussischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Monthly Reports of the Royal Prussian Academy of Philosophy in Berlin)
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longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room
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5101:
1749:) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in
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of the different objects such as the watch clasp have clearly distinctive characteristics. The contrast level indicates the temperature of the object.
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4200:
337:. Increasingly, terahertz radiation is counted as part of the microwave band, not infrared, moving the band edge of infrared to 0.1 mm (3 THz).
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satellite picture. The main advantage of infrared is that images can be produced at night, allowing a continuous sequence of weather to be studied.
120:). IR is commonly divided between longer-wavelength thermal IR, emitted from terrestrial sources, and shorter-wavelength IR or near-IR, part of the
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4327:
3903:
3265:
Sliney, David H.; Wangemann, Robert T.; Franks, James K.; Wolbarsht, Myron L. (1976). "Visual sensitivity of the eye to infrared laser radiation".
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1843:
The main water vapour channel at 6.40 to 7.08 μm can be imaged by some weather satellites and shows the amount of moisture in the atmosphere.
6356:
6214:
4941:
Hargate, G (2006). "A randomised double-blind study comparing the effect of 1072-nm light against placebo for the treatment of herpes labialis".
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2571:
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Similar uses of infrared are made by conservators and scientists on various types of objects, especially very old written documents such as the
217:
discovered that infrared radiation is a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a
5851:
2520:
2501:
1936:
before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as
913:
4894:
Shcherbakov, Denis; Knörzer, Alexandra; Hilbig, Reinhard; Haas, Ulrich; Blum, Martin (2012). "Near-infrared orientation of
Mozambique tilapia
1905:
with its planet Beta
Pictoris b, the light-blue dot off-center, as seen in infrared. It combines two images, the inner disc is at 3.6 μm.
2662:
2591:
4384:
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wavelengths make insignificant contributions to scenes illuminated by common light sources. Particularly intense near-IR light (e.g., from
2406:
solved part of the blackbody equation, but both solutions diverged in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. This problem was called the "
3244:
2561:
1940:
can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)
1932:
of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect
6030:
Arons, A. B.; Peppard, M. B. (1965). "Einstein's proposal of the photon concept—a translation of the
Annalen der Physik paper of 1905".
2413:
1892: Willem Henri Julius published infrared spectra of 20 organic compounds measured with a bolometer in units of angular displacement.
2185:, shield them from heat damage as they sunbathe in the sun. Additionally, it's hypothesised that thermoreceptors let bloodsucking bugs (
2014:
Infrared reflectography can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a non-destructive manner, in particular the artist's
5246:
4729:
Meuthen, Denis; Rick, Ingolf P.; Thünken, Timo; Baldauf, Sebastian A. (2012). "Visual prey detection by near-infrared cues in a fish".
3782:
2505:
1722:
IR data transmission of encoded audio versions of printed signs is being researched as an aid for visually impaired people through the
3135:
3062:
1553:
833:
NIR and SWIR together is sometimes called "reflected infrared", whereas MWIR and LWIR is sometimes referred to as "thermal infrared".
3515:
3267:
2599:
2472:
6294:
3169:
1951:
will have the peak portion of their spectrum shifted toward longer wavelengths, so they are more readily observed in the infrared.
842:
5022:
2269:. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term "infrared" did not appear until late 19th century. An
3590:
2843:
2814:
2319:
1372:
5273:. Oxford studies in philosophy of science (1. issued as paperback ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 166–167.
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300:, and tracking. Humans at normal body temperature radiate chiefly at wavelengths around 10 μm. Non-military uses include
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491:(5,510 °C, 9,940 °F), is composed of near-thermal-spectrum radiation that is slightly more than half infrared. At
1762:
broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm). The unit for expressing radiation in this application, cm, is the spectroscopic
1339:. Despite a dark back-lit scene, active-infrared night vision delivers identifying details, as seen on the display monitor.
6081:
3219:
2031:, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting.
675:
3615:
2702:
Temperatures of black bodies for which spectral peaks fall at the given wavelengths, according to the wavelength form of
1604:(PDRC) surfaces are able to achieve sub-ambient cooling temperatures under direct solar intensity, enhancing terrestrial
612:
4846:
Matsumoto, Taro; Kawamura, Gunzo (2005). "The eyes of the common carp and Nile tilapia are sensitive to near-infrared".
4359:
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229:
in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has an important effect on Earth's
3766:
3042:"Climate Change and Anthropogenic Greenhouse Warming: A Selection of Key Articles, 1824–1995, with Interpretive Essays"
1577:. One energy advantage is that the IR energy heats only opaque objects, such as food, rather than the air around them.
1515:
Reflected light photograph in various infrared spectra to illustrate the appearance as the wavelength of light changes.
1505:
1065:
Near-infrared: from 0.7 to 1.0 μm (from the approximate end of the response of the human eye to that of silicon).
6956:
6436:
6418:
6152:
5364:
5226:
From p. 176: "As to the infra-red rays, they may be absorbed by means of a weak solution of sulphate of copper, ..."
4159:
the Sun is balanced by the outgoing radiative heat emission, the temperature of the Earth can reach its steady state.
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1601:
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167:
Infrared shares some characteristics with visible light, however. Like visible light, infrared light can be focused,
17:
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on Mauna Kea opened; 32 × 32 and 64 × 64 arrays produced using InSb, HgCdTe and other materials.
3671:
Griffin, Donald R.; Hubbard, Ruth; Wald, George (1947). "The
Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Infra-Red Radiation".
2628:
1696:
3549:
1423:
LWIR hyperspectral imager. Relative radiance spectra from various targets in the image are shown with arrows. The
6142:
2399:
6425:, in Scientific Examination of Art: Modern Techniques in Conservation and Analysis, Sackler NAS Colloquium, 2005
6416:
Techniques and
Applications – Analytical Capabilities of Infrared Reflectography: An Art Historian s Perspective
5482:"Ueber das Verhältnis zwischen dem Emissionsvermögen und dem Absorptionsvermögen der Körper für Wärme und Licht"
1787:
503:
per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 W is infrared radiation, 445 W is visible light, and 32 W is
175:. Infrared or heat-producing radiation has wavelengths longer than visible light, and celestial bodies like the
4650:
4490:
4429:"International Dunhuang Project An Introduction to digital infrared photography and its application within IDP"
3093:
2482:"Vampir" infrared weapon system was introduced as the first portable infrared device for military applications.
2384:, a device which is able to measure small temperature fluctuations, and thus the power of far infrared sources.
718:
of the target aircraft, typically the jet engine exhaust plume. This region is also known as thermal infrared.
104:), so IR is invisible to the human eye. IR is generally understood to include wavelengths from around 750
5481:
1627:. When imagined on a worldwide scale, this cooling method has been proposed as a way to slow and even reverse
5938:
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5807:
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5603:
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5201:
4815:"Sensitivity of tilapia to infrared light measured using a rotating striped drum differs between two strains"
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3492:
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1068:
Short-wave infrared: 1.0 to 3 μm (from the cut-off of silicon to that of the MWIR atmospheric window).
248:, making it a useful frequency range for study of these energy states for molecules of the proper symmetry.
6365:
5995:
5298:
5071:
5528:
5394:
4671:
Brook, P. J. (26 April 1969). "Stimulation of Ascospore Release in Venturia inaequalis by Far Red Light".
4275:
4172:
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measurement, an outdoor scan in winter conditions, ambient temperature −15 °C, image produced with a
333:
range of approximately 430 THz down to 300 GHz. Beyond infrared is the microwave portion of the
6551:
6388:
5778:
5326:
2051:, where in both cases a portrait of a man has been made visible under the painting as it is known today.
2022:
when made by the original artist). This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the
1963:
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5484:[On the relation between bodies' emission capacity and absorption capacity for heat and light].
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1335:
Active-infrared night vision: the camera illuminates the scene at infrared wavelengths invisible to the
49:
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showed that glass, though transparent to sunlight, obstructed radiant heat. In 1800 the astronomer Sir
6183:
3819:
2277:
demonstrated the reflection and focusing of radiant heat via mirrors in the absence of visible light.
1631:, with some estimates proposing a global surface area coverage of 1-2% to balance global heat fluxes.
1098:
Long-wave infrared: 8 to 12, or 7 to 14 μm (this is the atmospheric window covered by HgCdTe and
3820:"Infrared (IR) basics for digital photographers-capturing the unseen (Sidebar: Black Body Radiation)"
2871:
2528:
2524:
2458:
2250:
1776:
1650:
1088:
1073:
297:
149:
77:
31:
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1355:, which creates images based on differences in surface temperature by detecting infrared radiation (
202:. It falls just beyond the red portion of the visible spectrum, hence its name meaning "below red".
6846:
6459:
5529:"On the relation between the radiating and absorbing powers of different bodies for light and heat"
4276:"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach"
4173:"Radiative cooling through the atmospheric window: A third, less intrusive geoengineering approach"
2388:
2175:
2123:
1232:. The S and L bands are based on less well established technology, and are not as widely deployed.
1072:
covers to about 1.8 μm; the less sensitive lead salts cover this region. Cryogenically cooled
334:
6343:
3594:
2442:
published infrared spectra in units of wavelength (micrometers) for several chemical compounds in
2208:
fish may be relevant under poor lighting conditions during twilight and in turbid surface waters.
1645:
IR data transmission is also employed in short-range communication among computer peripherals and
6896:
6273:
6131:. University of California Libraries. Washington, D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington.
5354:
4388:
2583:
2407:
2377:
2246:
1898:
1115:
245:
5327:"Recherches sur plusieurs phénomènes calorifiques entreprises au moyen du thermo-multiplicateur"
3456:
2159:) aid in the identification of blood-rich regions on its warm-blooded victim. The jewel beetle,
5996:"Über einen die Erzeugung und Verwandlung des Lichtes betreffenden heuristischen Gesichtspunkt"
3964:
2270:
1893:
1246:
1139:
309:
5165:
3315:
3240:
2324:
507:
radiation. Nearly all the infrared radiation in sunlight is near infrared, shorter than 4 μm.
5044:
3714:
Ramaswami, Rajiv (May 2002). "Optical Fiber Communication: From Transmission to Networking".
2161:
2117:
1928:
The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark
1738:
1448:
1424:
1406:
1393:
249:
5234:
4782:"Postural control in tilapia under microgravity and the near infrared irradiated conditions"
3790:
2667:
1343:
Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see.
1285:
is energy in transit that flows due to a temperature difference. Unlike heat transmitted by
6856:
6851:
6247:
6039:
6007:
5950:
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4328:
Dangers of Overexposure to ultraviolet, infrared and high-energy visible light | 2013-01-03
4287:
4234:
4184:
4078:
3956:
3876:"How does thermal imaging work? A closer look at what is behind this remarkable technology"
3680:
3398:
3344:
Limits of the eye's overall range of sensitivity extends from about 310 to 1,050 nanometers
3276:
3139:
2672:
2657:
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1654:
1609:
1472:
1456:
1344:
1265:
172:
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129:
3519:
1569:
Infrared radiation can be used as a deliberate heating source. For example, it is used in
1348:
devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.
45:
image of two people taken in long-wavelength infrared (body-temperature thermal) radiation
8:
6891:
6886:
6861:
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6592:
6126:
2274:
2200:
2059:
2047:
1712:
1501:
1493:
317:
125:
6251:
6109:
6043:
6011:
5998:[On heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light].
5954:
5619:
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4859:
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3161:
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6881:
6729:
6702:
6612:
6597:
6206:
6055:
5709:
5422:
5329:[Investigations of several heat phenomena undertaken via a thermo-multiplier].
5093:
5014:
4966:
4871:
4762:
4704:
4600:
4536:
4252:
4144:
4119:
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4043:
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330:
301:
285:
261:
157:
145:
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4638:
3241:"Blackbody Radiation | Astronomy 801: Planets, Stars, Galaxies, and the Universe"
2835:
1990:
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6737:
6733:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6259:
6148:
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4923:
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4696:
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4256:
4149:
4100:
4047:
4022:"Passive daytime radiative cooling: Fundamentals, material designs, and applications"
3762:
3696:
3655:
3406:
3321:
3292:
3195:
3089:
2907:
2804:
2790:
2768:
2750:
2554:
2490:
2001:
1959:
1911:
1856:
1799:
1726:
project. Transmitting IR data from one device to another is sometimes referred to as
1711:
communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330 nm (least
1662:
1621:
1617:
1416:
1268:
1241:
1192:
1084:
845:(CIE) recommended the division of infrared radiation into the following three bands:
628:
57:
image has blue, green, and red corresponding to wavelengths of 3.4, 4.6, and 12
6210:
6059:
5426:
5018:
4970:
4875:
4540:
4455:"Thermal Modeling of Snake Infrared Reception: Evidence for Limited Detection Range"
3758:
3735:
2479:
1083:
Mid-wave infrared: 3 to 5 μm (defined by the atmospheric window and covered by
6871:
6642:
6617:
6485:
6255:
6198:
6047:
6015:
5958:
5819:
5701:
5623:
5579:
5501:
5414:
5151:
5083:
4998:
4950:
4915:
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4826:
4793:
4766:
4746:
4708:
4688:
4634:
4604:
4582:
4520:
4474:
4295:
4242:
4192:
4139:
4131:
4086:
4033:
3978:
3974:
3754:
3723:
3688:
3426:
3284:
2796:
2758:
2742:
2539:
2454:
2439:
2366:
2315:
2238:
2055:
1758:
1677:
1673:
1548:
1105:
Very-long wave infrared (VLWIR) (12 to about 30 μm, covered by doped silicon).
588:
214:
195:
133:
101:
6401:
5913:[On the theory of the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum].
4408:
3357:
2984:
2475:
predicted that the pyroelectric effect could be used to detect infrared radiation.
2424:
and theorem. He solved the problem by quantizing the allowable energy transitions.
304:
analysis, environmental monitoring, industrial facility inspections, detection of
6920:
6833:
6675:
6607:
6422:
6408:
6395:
6372:
6360:
6347:
6334:
4432:
4415:
4334:
4299:
4196:
3927:
3907:
3795:
3487:
3069:
2646:
with new abilities, instead of simply replacing or augmenting existing abilities.
2643:
2610:
2567:
1964: W. G. Evans discovered infrared thermoreceptors in a pyrophile beetle.
2486:
2428:
2421:
2391:
formulated empirically that the power radiated by a blackbody is proportional to
2293:
2169:
via infrared pit organs, where on recently burnt trees, they deposit their eggs.
1971:
1929:
1922:
1869:
1597:
1525:
1484:
1476:
1352:
1038:
520:
inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of object, in accordance with
269:
54:
6383:
4360:"IR Reflectography for Non-destructive Analysis of Underdrawings in Art Objects"
4247:
4222:
4091:
4066:
6866:
6650:
6114:. University of Michigan. Washington, D.C., Carnegie institution of Washington.
5781:[On the energy distribution in the emission spectrum of a black body].
5174:] (in French). Paris, France: Didot Frères, Fils et Cie. pp. 141–145.
4919:
4621:
Campbell, Angela L.; Naik, Rajesh R.; Sowards, Laura; Stone, Morley O. (2002).
4385:"The Mass of Saint Gregory: Examining a Painting Using Infrared Reflectography"
4135:
2731:"Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications"
2677:
2635:
2245:, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the
2170:
1975:
1865:
1682:
1653:, the Infrared Data Association. Remote controls and IrDA devices use infrared
1628:
1570:
1535:
1531:
1511:
1480:
1440:
1351:
The use of infrared light and night vision devices should not be confused with
1331:
1099:
1061:
A third scheme divides up the band based on the response of various detectors:
1042:
180:
124:. Longer IR wavelengths (30–100 μm) are sometimes included as part of the
6384:
Herschel's original paper from 1800 announcing the discovery of infrared light
6202:
5823:
4750:
4007:
3727:
323:
6945:
6876:
6813:
6794:
6698:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6020:
5963:
5583:
5506:
5460:[On the relation between emission and absorption of light and heat].
4812:
4700:
4363:
4120:"A structural polymer for highly efficient all-day passive radiative cooling"
3849:
3215:
2754:
2618:
2606:
2450:
2304:
2041:
2023:
2007:
1944:
1902:
1819:
1815:
1708:
1658:
1624:
1488:
1092:
414:
210:
93:
85:
6504:
5002:
1859:
with molecules of methane, water, and carbon dioxide re-radiating solar heat
1367:
1053:
6752:
6428:
5418:
5088:
5010:
4962:
4927:
4758:
4646:
4596:
4532:
4486:
4478:
4153:
3700:
3692:
3288:
2772:
2575:
2535:
2465:
2403:
2265:
part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a
2192:
2112:
2028:
2015:
1967:
1792:
1562:
1497:
1380:
1326:
1298:
793:
759:
632:
359:
313:
293:
289:
6415:
5779:"Ueber die Energieverteilung im Emissionsspektrum eines schwarzen Körpers"
4831:
4814:
4798:
4781:
4779:
3919:
Frost&Sullivan, Technical Insights, Aerospace&Defence (Feb 2011):
3574:
3539:
3296:
3063:
Article 1: General remarks on the temperature of the earth and outer space
2746:
1455:
Thermal infrared hyperspectral imaging can be similarly performed using a
6925:
6602:
6584:
6480:
2266:
2063:
1876:
1715:) or 1,550 nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard
1640:
1411:
1261:
1127:
616:
504:
462:
398:
218:
42:
5713:
5458:"Ueber den Zusammenhang von Emission und Absorption von Licht und Warme"
4020:
Chen, Meijie; Pang, Dan; Chen, Xingyu; Yan, Hongjie; Yang, Yuan (2022).
3483:"Photoacoustic technique 'hears' the sound of dangerous chemical agents"
3360:[The visibility of the ultraviolet to the wave length of 3130].
3320:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 231.
2928:"Infrared radiation | Definition, Wavelengths, & Facts | Britannica"
2080:
1947:, which are often cloaked in gas and dust. Distant galaxies with a high
6906:
6574:
6569:
6523:
6500:
5604:"Effect of light on selenium during the passage of an electric current"
4780:
Endo, M.; Kobayashi R.; Ariga, K.; Yoshizaki, G.; Takeuchi, T. (2002).
4118:
Wang, Tong; Wu, Yi; Shi, Lan; Hu, Xinhua; Chen, Min; Wu, Limin (2021).
4038:
4021:
3541:
2642:
the ability to sense infrared light, which for the first time provides
2417:
2308:
2297:
2242:
2096:
2089:
2019:
1979:
1974:
to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished
1851:
1763:
1669:
1558:
1309:
1305:
1272:
1251:
1033:
The most common photometric system used in astronomy allocates capital
496:
349:
113:
81:
58:
6051:
5301:[Description of a thermo-multiplier or electric thermoscope].
5097:
4987:"Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation"
4524:
3939:
2173:
on the wings and antennae of butterflies with dark pigmentation, such
1837:
1620:
to lessen heat gain while maintaining strong longwave infrared (LWIR)
1431:
136:
is in the IR band. As a form of electromagnetic radiation, IR carries
6915:
6762:
6538:
6516:
6495:
6470:
5705:
5628:
4692:
4587:
4558:
3921:
World First Thermal Hyperspectral Camera for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
3046:
National Science Digital Library Project Archive PALE:ClassicArticles
2903:
2627:
1978: Infrared imaging astronomy came of age, observatories planned,
2614:
2550:
2381:
2283:
2140:
2095:
Other organisms that have thermoreceptive organs are pythons (family
1996:
1933:
1613:
1605:
1387:
1336:
446:
366:
277:
265:
241:
105:
89:
6184:"Interview with Paul W. Kruse on the Early History of HgCdTe (1980)"
5941:[On the law of energy distribution in the normal spectrum].
5808:"On the division of energy in the emission-spectrum of a black body"
5072:"Experiments on the refrangibility of the invisible rays of the Sun"
4622:
4454:
3358:"Sur la visibilité de l'ultraviolet jusqu'à la longueur d'onde 3130"
2461:
device able to detect aircraft at a range of one mile (1.6 km).
6930:
5742:"Über die Beziehung zwischen der Wärmestrahlung und der Temperatur"
2370:
2166:
1948:
1814:, are often displayed as red or black, lower warmer clouds such as
1574:
500:
484:
305:
281:
237:
184:
141:
121:
6238:
J Cooper (1962). "A fast-response pyroelectric thermal detector".
5911:"Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum"
5744:[On the relation between heat radiation and temperature].
5299:"Description d'un thermo-multiplicateur ou thermoscope électrique"
2602:
develops detection, recognition and identification modeling there.
1672:, which the receiver uses to convert the detected radiation to an
6799:
6785:
5356:
Infrared Thermal Imaging: Fundamentals, Research and Applications
2800:
2254:
2144:
2036:
1807:
1727:
1666:
1111:
807:
782:
747:
708:
668:
605:
230:
4005:
White, Richard P. (2000) "Infrared deicing system for aircraft"
3162:"The Working Principle and Key Applications of Infrared Sensors"
1657:(LEDs) to emit infrared radiation that may be concentrated by a
1371:
Thermography helped to determine the temperature profile of the
1359:) that emanates from objects and their surrounding environment.
1057:
Plot of atmospheric transmittance in part of the infrared region
818:
6823:
6818:
6808:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6741:
6670:
3138:. NASA Infrared Astronomy and Processing Center. Archived from
2956:"What is infrared radiation (IR)? | Definition from TechTarget"
2496:
1950s and 1960s: Nomenclature and radiometric units defined by
2100:
1937:
1915:
1766:. It is the frequency divided by the speed of light in vacuum.
1754:
1750:
1716:
1420:
1294:
1069:
972:
Astronomers typically divide the infrared spectrum as follows:
777:
742:
703:
663:
624:
600:
492:
488:
273:
253:
225:
was eventually found, through Herschel's studies, to arrive on
161:
137:
3264:
2287:
Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by William Herschel.
1685:
to command appliances. Infrared remote control protocols like
1530:
Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a
619:
telecommunication because of low attenuation losses in the SiO
6665:
6561:
6475:
6366:
How to build a USB infrared receiver to control PC's remotely
3913:
1700:
1123:
631:
are sensitive to this area of the spectrum; examples include
382:
354:
226:
191:
187:, indicating the high degree of ubiquity in the environment.
117:
109:
6350:, a standards organization for infrared data interconnection
6147:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2014. p. 406.
4893:
4813:
Kobayashi R.; Endo, M.; Yoshizaki, G.; Takeuchi, T. (2002).
1661:
into a beam that the user aims at the detector. The beam is
582:
6660:
6655:
5359:(2nd ed.). Berlin, Germany: Wiley-VCH. pp. 1–67.
4510:
3901:
Thermische Hyperspektralbildgebung im langwelligen Infrarot
3823:
1686:
1447:
A hyperspectral image is a "picture" containing continuous
1356:
1282:
324:
Definition and relationship to the electromagnetic spectrum
240:
when changing rotational-vibrational movements. It excites
206:
153:
5939:"Ueber das Gesetz der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum"
5883:"Ueber eine Verbesserung der Wien'schen Spectralgleichung"
5271:
Inventing temperature: measurement and scientific progress
3751:
Infrared Radiation. Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
1649:. These devices usually conform to standards published by
37:
6680:
5885:[On an improvement of Wien's spectral equation].
5399:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
5076:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
4728:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3822:. Digital Photography For What It's Worth. Archived from
3518:. Instituts für Umform- und Hochleistungs. Archived from
2639:
2262:
2258:
1943:
Infrared light is also useful for observing the cores of
1824:
1460:
1436:
1034:
594:
575:
222:
199:
176:
97:
6144:
Waste Energy Harvesting: Mechanical and Thermal Energies
5694:
Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
4620:
3650:(Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1992), and Miller and Friedman,
179:
are often the sources of infrared radiation, as well as
6340:
5915:
Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft
5887:
Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft
2066:. Carbon black used in ink can show up extremely well.
3837:
3576:
ISO 20473:2007 – Optics and photonics – Spectral bands
1114:
detectors are sensitive to about 1,050 nm, while
4889:
4887:
4885:
3314:
Lynch, David K.; Livingston, William Charles (2001).
3011:"The Founding Fathers v. The Climate Change Skeptics"
2729:
Vatansever, Fatma; Hamblin, Michael R. (2012-01-01).
2327:
1791:
IR satellite picture of cumulonimbus clouds over the
1681:
adjoining rooms. Infrared is the most common way for
96:
begins with waves that are just longer than those of
6128:
Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part V, VI, VII
6295:"Implant gives rats sixth sense for infrared light"
4983:
4223:"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling"
4067:"Tackling Climate Change through Radiative Cooling"
3940:Mahulikar, S.P.; Sonawane, H.R.; Rao, G.A. (2007).
3307:
3216:"Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5"
2570:
1965: First IR handbook; first commercial imagers (
2237:The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to
754:This region is also called the "thermal infrared".
536:
4882:
3942:"Infrared signature studies of aerospace vehicles"
3670:
2542:missiles were developed using infrared technology.
2527:in Malvern) discovered IR detection properties of
2354:
1707:Infrared lasers are used to provide the light for
1228:The C-band is the dominant band for long-distance
1048:
6111:Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part III, IV
4845:
4724:
4722:
4720:
4718:
2728:
690:; MidIR. Also called intermediate infrared (IIR)
221:. Slightly more than half of the energy from the
6943:
6402:Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings
6380:: detailed explanation of infrared light. (NASA)
5666:Proceedings of the American Metrological Society
5353:Vollmer, Michael; Möllmann, Klaus-Peter (2010).
5199:
4409:Infrared reflectography in analysis of paintings
3540:CIE (International Commission on Illumination).
2139:). By detecting the heat that their prey emits,
1985:
1479:are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum.
1041:and appear, for instance, in the titles of many
6181:
6083:Investigations of Infra-red Spectra: Part I, II
5352:
5042:
4273:
4170:
4019:
3313:
3130:
3128:
2596:Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate
4715:
4452:
2634:2013: On 14 February, researchers developed a
2553:demonstrate the use of HgCdTe as an effective
1255:while in fact, they have the same temperature.
6444:
5572:Journal of the Society of Telegraph Engineers
5324:
5046:The Artist's Complete Health and Safety Guide
4453:Jones, B.S.; Lynn, W.F.; Stone, M.O. (2001).
4387:. The Cleveland Museum of Art. Archived from
3852:. American Technologies Network Corporation.
3475:
3086:Night Vision: Exploring the Infrared Universe
2663:Infrared non-destructive testing of materials
2624:1973: Common module program started by NVESD.
2464:1935: Lead salts – early missile guidance in
2084:Thermographic image of a snake eating a mouse
1676:. That electrical signal is passed through a
236:Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by
6458:
6029:
5190:
5155:
4274:Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018).
4171:Zevenhovena, Ron; Fält, Martin (June 2018).
3419:
3395:Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation
3302:of second harmonic generation in the retina.
3194:(92nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 10.233.
3125:
2147:identify and capture their prey using their
2006:
1293:, thermal radiation can propagate through a
967:
487:, at an effective temperature of 5,780
268:to penetrate dusty regions of space such as
244:modes in a molecule through a change in the
205:It was long known that fires emit invisible
5853:Bolometrisch onderzoek van absorptiespectra
4117:
3349:
3110:. Michigan State University. Archived from
2857:
2594:; U.S. Army's night vision lab formed (now
2307:produces the first thermal image, called a
6520:
6451:
6437:
3787:Passive Solar Heating & Cooling Manual
3258:
2788:
2204:require near-infrared light for ejection.
1133:
308:, remote temperature sensing, short-range
6019:
5962:
5627:
5526:
5505:
5479:
5455:
5232:
5163:
5087:
4830:
4797:
4623:"Biological infrared imaging and sensing"
4586:
4246:
4143:
4090:
4037:
3968:
3789:. Rodale Press, Inc. 1980. Archived from
3713:
3673:Journal of the Optical Society of America
3642:
3640:
3363:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences
3268:Journal of the Optical Society of America
2762:
2457:detector, which helped produce the first
1693:, are used to communicate with infrared.
1076:detectors can cover the region of 1.0–2.5
341:Position in the electromagnetic spectrum
6237:
6177:
6175:
6124:
6107:
6079:
5993:
5392:
5235:"Letter to the Editors: Infrared dating"
5069:
4552:
4550:
4362:. Sensors Unlimited, Inc. Archived from
3817:
3457:"Peaks of Blackbody Radiation Intensity"
2897:
2282:
2079:
1989:
1897:
1850:
1806:Clouds with high and cold tops, such as
1786:
1552:
1510:
1430:
1410:
1400:
1366:
1330:
1245:
1052:
843:International Commission on Illumination
252:examines absorption and transmission of
48:
36:
6125:Coblentz, William Weber (August 1905).
5687:
5659:
4940:
3495:from the original on September 22, 2024
3355:
3159:
3039:
2151:. Comparably, IR-sensitive pits on the
2062:, and the Silk Road texts found in the
1373:Space Shuttle thermal protection system
611:Goes up to the wavelength of the first
541:A commonly used subdivision scheme is:
194:word "infra", meaning "below", and the
14:
6944:
6086:. Carnegie institution of Washington.
5936:
5908:
5880:
5849:
5739:
5602:Smith, Willoughby (20 February 1873).
5296:
4220:
4064:
3873:
3637:
3552:from the original on 22 September 2024
3392:
3386:
3105:
3052:from the original on 29 September 2019
2261:and detected the infrared, beyond the
1769:
1753:in the molecule then it will absorb a
1724:RIAS (Remote Infrared Audible Signage)
916:20473 specifies the following scheme:
836:
635:devices such as night vision goggles.
209:; in 1681 the pioneering experimenter
148:, and has properties corresponding to
6432:
6305:from the original on 17 February 2013
6172:
5601:
5565:
5268:
4943:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
4670:
4616:
4614:
4556:
4547:
4313:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
4164:
3893:
3818:McCreary, Jeremy (October 30, 2004).
3569:
3567:
3542:"infrared radiation IR radiation IRR"
3513:
3192:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
3088:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23.
3080:
3078:
3008:
2950:
2948:
2789:Morozhenko, Vasyl, ed. (2012-02-10).
2232:
2211:
2069:
1130:that consists of IR-glowing foliage.
1035:letters to different spectral regions
5805:
5776:
5216:from the original on 5 February 2021
5167:La Lumiere: Ses causes et ses effets
4267:
4214:
4210:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
4058:
3753:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2007.
3374:from the original on 24 October 2013
3021:from the original on 11 October 2019
2979:
2977:
2975:
2893:
2891:
2784:
2782:
2724:
2722:
2564:demonstrated pyroelectric detection.
2369:discovered the photoconductivity of
2195:victims by sensing their body heat.
2133:), and possibly blood-sucking bugs (
1777:Forouhi–Bloomer dispersion equations
5636:from the original on 3 January 2021
5123:"Herschel Discovers Infrared Light"
3040:Fleming, James R. (17 March 2008).
3009:Calel, Raphael (19 February 2014).
2444:Investigations of Infra-Red Spectra
1616:. PDRC surfaces maximize shortwave
908:
280:objects from the early days of the
24:
6503:
6328:Infrared: A Historical Perspective
5690:"The bolometer and radiant energy"
5393:Herschel, John F. W. (1840).
5200:de Saint-Florent (10 April 1874).
4611:
4111:
4013:
3564:
3463:from the original on 18 March 2011
3437:from the original on 1 August 2021
3075:
2945:
2735:Photonics & Lasers in Medicine
2582:'s landmark text; F4 TRAM FLIR by
1506:terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
1496:' imaging, which is imaging using
25:
6968:
6321:
6240:Journal of Scientific Instruments
5568:"The action of light on selenium"
3648:Principles of Infrared Technology
3160:Chilton, Alexander (2013-10-07).
2972:
2920:
2888:
2779:
2719:
2696:
2223:
2121:), darkly pigmented butterflies (
1739:Infrared vibrational spectroscopy
1634:
1602:passive daytime radiative cooling
1591:Passive daytime radiative cooling
27:Form of electromagnetic radiation
6108:Coblentz, William Weber (1905).
6080:Coblentz, William Weber (1905).
5331:Annales de Chimie et de Physique
5202:"Photography in natural colours"
5049:. Allworth Press. pp. 33–.
4955:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02191.x
4868:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2005.00971.x
4337:. ISHN. Retrieved on 2017-04-26.
3334:from the original on 29 May 2024
3190:Haynes, William M., ed. (2011).
2902:(3rd ed.). Boca Raton, FL:
2900:Infrared and terahertz detectors
2865:"IPCC AR4 SYR Appendix Glossary"
1697:Free space optical communication
1466:
817:
806:
537:Commonly used subdivision scheme
527:
190:Infrared gets its name from the
100:light (the longest waves in the
6287:
6266:
6231:
6220:from the original on 2020-07-30
6191:Journal of Electronic Materials
6161:from the original on 2024-09-22
6135:
6118:
6101:
6090:from the original on 2024-09-22
6073:
5984:
5971:from the original on 2021-02-06
5925:from the original on 2021-02-25
5897:from the original on 2024-09-22
5871:
5860:from the original on 2024-09-22
5843:
5830:from the original on 2021-02-05
5793:from the original on 2021-02-24
5767:
5756:from the original on 2019-04-02
5733:
5720:from the original on 2021-02-05
5676:from the original on 2021-02-05
5650:
5590:from the original on 2021-01-03
5556:
5543:from the original on 2021-02-05
5514:from the original on 2020-09-01
5468:from the original on 2020-09-25
5446:
5433:from the original on 2021-02-05
5386:
5373:from the original on 2024-09-22
5341:from the original on 2021-02-05
5313:from the original on 2021-02-24
5287:
5262:
5249:from the original on 2018-04-15
5178:from the original on 2024-09-22
5144:
5115:
5104:from the original on 2021-02-04
5063:
5036:
5025:from the original on 2020-03-16
4991:Photomedicine and Laser Surgery
4977:
4934:
4839:
4806:
4773:
4664:
4653:from the original on 2020-03-17
4504:
4493:from the original on 2020-03-17
4446:
4421:
4402:
4377:
4352:
4340:
4321:
4316:being installed in rural areas.
4306:from the original on 2022-10-12
4203:from the original on 2022-10-12
3999:
3988:from the original on 2021-03-04
3933:
3867:
3856:from the original on 2015-08-24
3811:
3775:
3759:10.1002/0471743984.vse4181.pub2
3742:
3707:
3664:
3626:from the original on 2024-03-28
3608:
3583:
3533:
3507:
3449:
3247:from the original on 2019-05-01
3233:
3222:from the original on 2019-05-12
3208:
3183:
3172:from the original on 2020-07-11
3153:
3099:
3084:Michael Rowan-Robinson (2013).
3033:
2846:from the original on 2024-09-22
2817:from the original on 2020-10-26
2280:Other important dates include:
1733:
1532:passive missile guidance system
1443:as recorded by a digital camera
1415:Hyperspectral thermal infrared
1362:
1320:
1315:
1049:Sensor response division scheme
639:is another common application.
6274:"History of Army Night Vision"
4459:Journal of Theoretical Biology
3979:10.1016/j.paerosci.2007.06.002
3949:Progress in Aerospace Sciences
3783:"Introduction to Solar Energy"
3491:. August 14, 2012. rdmag.com.
3002:
2828:
2349:
2337:
1846:
1782:
1487:. Cheaper digital cameras and
1110:technical reasons (the common
457:1.24 meV – 1.24 μeV
13:
1:
5850:Julius, Willem Henri (1892).
5783:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
5486:Annalen der Physik und Chemie
5172:Light: Its causes and effects
4639:10.1016/S0968-4328(01)00010-5
3356:Saidman, Jean (15 May 1933).
2712:
2586:; phenomenology pioneered by
1986:Art conservation and analysis
6747:
6725:
6720:
5688:Langley, S. P. (1881).
5660:Langley, S. P. (1880).
4300:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084
4197:10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.084
3716:IEEE Communications Magazine
3616:"Near, Mid and Far-Infrared"
3591:"Near, Mid and Far-Infrared"
3397:. Springer. pp. 21–22.
2431:developed the theory of the
1994:An infrared reflectogram of
1964:motion picture film scanners
1962:is a technique used by some
1883:
781:(−80.15 – −270.15
441:1.7 eV – 1.24 meV
272:, to detect objects such as
7:
6552:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
6389:The thermographic's library
6032:American Journal of Physics
5127:Coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu
4431:. Idp.bl.uk. Archived from
4248:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010
4092:10.1016/j.joule.2019.07.010
3874:Bryant, Lynn (2007-06-11).
3593:. NASA IPAC. Archived from
3516:"Wavelength considerations"
3189:
2650:
2182:Troides rhadamantus plateni
2130:Troides rhadamantus plateni
1954:
1647:personal digital assistants
1519:
1230:telecommunications networks
1091:, HgCdTe, and partially by
615:band, and commonly used in
454:300 MHz – 300 GHz
438:300 GHz – 430 THz
422:430 THz – 750 THz
393:124 keV – 124 eV
10:
6973:
6547:Very-high-energy gamma ray
6398:, collection of thermogram
6260:10.1088/0950-7671/39/9/308
6002:. 4th series (in German).
5945:. 4th series (in German).
5785:. 3rd series (in German).
5566:Smith, Willoughby (1873).
5333:. 2nd series (in French).
5164:Becquerel, Edmond (1867).
5150:In 1867, French physicist
5070:Herschel, William (1800).
4920:10.1016/j.zool.2012.01.005
4136:10.1038/s41467-020-20646-7
2683:Index of infrared articles
2410:and infrared catastrophe".
2271:earlier experiment in 1790
2076:Infrared sensing in snakes
2073:
1887:
1743:near-infrared spectroscopy
1638:
1588:
1584:
1546:
1542:
1523:
1404:
1378:
1324:
1239:
1014:
1001:
988:
954:
943:
932:
644:Short-wavelength infrared
637:Near-infrared spectroscopy
514:
425:3.3 eV – 1.7 eV
409:124 eV – 3.3 eV
406:750 THz – 30 PHz
53:This pseudocolor infrared
29:
6905:
6832:
6761:
6689:
6641:
6583:
6560:
6537:
6466:
6341:Infrared Data Association
6203:10.1007/s11664-015-3737-1
5824:10.1080/14786449708620983
5297:Nobili, Leopoldo (1830).
4751:10.1007/s00114-012-0980-7
3728:10.1109/MCOM.2002.1006983
3431:RP Photonics Encyclopedia
3317:Color and Light in Nature
2898:Rogalski, Antoni (2019).
2551:Honeywell Research Center
2529:Mercury cadmium telluride
2525:Royal Radar Establishment
2459:infrared search and track
2058:, the Roman works in the
1608:to outer space with zero
1089:mercury cadmium telluride
968:Astronomy division scheme
723:Long-wavelength infrared
479:
419:400 nm – 700 nm
390:30 PHz – 30 EHz
78:electromagnetic radiation
32:Infrared (disambiguation)
6957:Electromagnetic spectrum
6460:Electromagnetic spectrum
6182:Marion B. Reine (2015).
6021:10.1002/andp.19053220607
5964:10.1002/andp.19013090310
5584:10.1049/jste-1.1873.0023
5507:10.1002/andp.18601850205
5325:Nobili; Melloni (1831).
5303:Bibliothèque Universelle
5233:Rosenberg, Gary (2012).
5043:Rosso, Monona l (2001).
3850:"How Night Vision Works"
3136:"IR Astronomy: Overview"
3106:Reusch, William (1999).
3015:The Public Domain Review
2985:"What is Infrared (IR)?"
2836:"Definition of INFRARED"
2689:
2355:{\displaystyle E=J(T,n)}
2216:Near-infrared light, or
2176:Pachliopta aristolochiae
2124:Pachliopta aristolochiae
1435:Infrared light from the
683:Mid-wavelength infrared
473:1.24 μeV and below
451:1 mm – 1 meter
403:10 nm – 400 nm
335:electromagnetic spectrum
5856:(in Dutch). J. Müller.
5003:10.1089/pho.2006.24.121
4896:Oreochromis mossambicus
4819:Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi
4786:Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi
4559:"Infrared receptors in
4221:Munday, Jeremy (2019).
4065:Munday, Jeremy (2019).
3899:Holma, H., (May 2011),
3652:Photonic Rules of Thumb
3108:"Infrared Spectroscopy"
2840:www.merriam-webster.com
2704:Wien's displacement law
2557:for infrared detection.
2408:ultraviolet catastrophe
2378:Samuel Pierpont Langley
2247:Royal Society of London
2149:IR-sensitive pit organs
1277:Wien's displacement law
1235:
1134:Telecommunication bands
522:Wien's displacement law
495:, sunlight provides an
435:700 nm – 1 mm
387:10 pm – 10 nm
377:more than 124 keV
256:in the infrared range.
6508:
5812:Philosophical Magazine
5533:Philosophical Magazine
5527:Kirchhoff, G. (1860).
5480:Kirchhoff, G. (1860).
5464:(in German): 783–787.
5419:10.1098/rstl.1840.0002
5191:
5156:
5089:10.1098/rstl.1800.0015
4479:10.1006/jtbi.2000.2256
3749:"Infrared Radiation".
3693:10.1364/JOSA.37.000546
3393:Byrnes, James (2009).
3289:10.1364/JOSA.66.000339
2549:and his colleagues at
2356:
2288:
2085:
2011:
2004:
1906:
1894:far-infrared astronomy
1860:
1796:
1566:
1516:
1444:
1428:
1376:
1340:
1256:
1250:Materials with higher
1140:optical communications
1058:
470:300 MHz and below
310:wireless communication
62:
46:
6507:
6028:English translation:
5994:Einstein, A. (1905).
5804:English translation:
5525:English translation:
5269:Chang, Hasok (2007).
5206:The Photographic News
4832:10.2331/suisan.68.646
4799:10.2331/suisan.68.887
4561:Melanophila acuminata
4124:Nature Communications
4008:U.S. patent 6,092,765
2747:10.1515/plm-2012-0034
2357:
2286:
2162:Melanophila acuminata
2118:Melanophila acuminata
2099:), some boas (family
2083:
2074:Further information:
2010:
1993:
1901:
1854:
1795:of the United States.
1790:
1655:light-emitting diodes
1639:Further information:
1556:
1514:
1434:
1414:
1407:Hyperspectral imaging
1401:Hyperspectral imaging
1394:Thermographic cameras
1370:
1334:
1249:
1219:Ultralong wavelength
1056:
467:1 meter and more
374:more than 30 EHz
276:, and to view highly
264:uses sensor-equipped
250:Infrared spectroscopy
52:
40:
6301:. 14 February 2013.
5937:Planck, Max (1901).
5806:Wien, Willy (1897).
5777:Wien, Willy (1896).
4557:Evans, W.G. (1966).
2673:Infrared thermometer
2668:Infrared solar cells
2658:Black-body radiation
2433:photoelectric effect
2389:Stefan–Boltzmann law
2325:
1473:infrared photography
1457:thermographic camera
1345:Night vision devices
1222:1,625–1,675 nm
1211:1,565–1,625 nm
1200:1,530–1,565 nm
1187:1,460–1,530 nm
1176:1,360–1,460 nm
1165:1,260–1,360 nm
746:(89 – −80
676:transmission windows
499:of just over 1
371:less than 10 pm
130:black-body radiation
84:longer than that of
30:For other uses, see
6593:Extreme ultraviolet
6337:(Omega Engineering)
6252:1962JScI...39..467C
6044:1965AmJPh..33..367A
6012:1905AnP...322..132E
5955:1901AnP...309..553P
5909:Planck, M. (1900).
5881:Planck, M. (1900).
5740:Stefan, J. (1879).
5620:1873Natur...7R.303.
5498:1860AnP...185..275K
5411:1840RSPT..130....1H
4912:2012Zool..115..233S
4860:2005FisSc..71..350M
4743:2012NW.....99.1063M
4731:Naturwissenschaften
4685:1969Natur.222..390B
4579:1964Natur.202..211E
4471:2001JThBi.209..201J
4292:2018Ene...152...27Z
4239:2019Joule...3.2057M
4189:2018Ene...152...27Z
4083:2019Joule...3.2057M
3961:2007PrAeS..43..218M
3685:1947JOSA...37..546G
3403:2009uodm.book.....B
3281:1976JOSA...66..339S
2275:Marc-Auguste Pictet
2201:Venturia inaequalis
2060:Villa of the Papyri
1923:atmospheric windows
1812:cumulonimbus clouds
1803:and IR5 channels).
1770:Thin film metrology
1502:terahertz radiation
1483:often use infrared
1039:atmospheric windows
837:CIE division scheme
559:Photon energy
547:Division name
342:
318:weather forecasting
126:terahertz radiation
72:; sometimes called
6598:Vacuum ultraviolet
6509:
6421:2015-12-22 at the
6407:2015-12-22 at the
6394:2013-06-11 at the
6371:2011-07-19 at the
6359:2011-10-13 at the
6346:2008-05-22 at the
6333:2007-08-07 at the
6000:Annalen der Physik
5943:Annalen der Physik
5456:Kirchhoff (1859).
5239:American Scientist
4414:2015-12-22 at the
4333:2016-08-16 at the
4039:10.1002/eom2.12153
3926:2012-03-10 at the
3906:2011-07-26 at the
3068:2023-06-08 at the
2932:www.britannica.com
2792:Infrared Radiation
2510:Robert Clark Jones
2422:blackbody equation
2380:invents the first
2352:
2289:
2249:. Herschel used a
2233:Scientific history
2218:photobiomodulation
2212:Photobiomodulation
2188:Triatoma infestans
2153:Common Vampire Bat
2136:Triatoma infestans
2105:Common Vampire Bat
2086:
2070:Biological systems
2012:
2005:
1907:
1890:Infrared astronomy
1861:
1800:Weather satellites
1797:
1610:energy consumption
1567:
1517:
1492:technique called '
1445:
1429:
1377:
1341:
1291:thermal convection
1287:thermal conduction
1257:
1059:
790:far-infrared laser
716:infrared signature
629:Image intensifiers
604:(3,591–1,797
360:Photon energy (eV)
340:
302:thermal efficiency
286:target acquisition
262:Infrared astronomy
146:radiation pressure
132:from objects near
128:band. Almost all
63:
47:
6939:
6938:
6643:Visible (optical)
6052:10.1119/1.1971542
5280:978-0-19-533738-9
5056:978-1-58115-204-3
4848:Fisheries Science
4679:(5191): 390–392.
4525:10.1021/bm015591f
4513:Biomacromolecules
3660:978-0-442-01210-6
3620:www.icc.dur.ac.uk
3412:978-1-4020-9252-7
3327:978-0-521-77504-5
3201:978-1-4398-5511-9
2810:978-953-51-0060-7
2521:W. D. Lawson
2502:G. J. Zissis
2398:1880s and 1890s:
2320:blackbody theorem
2157:Desmodus rotundus
2109:Desmodus rotundus
2002:Leonardo da Vinci
1960:Infrared cleaning
1912:optical astronomy
1857:greenhouse effect
1759:organic compounds
1622:thermal radiation
1618:solar reflectance
1534:, which uses the
1242:Thermal radiation
1226:
1225:
1184:Short wavelength
1154:Wavelength range
1085:indium antimonide
1028:
1027:
965:
964:
961:50–1,000 μm
906:
905:
881:1400–3000 nm
800:
799:
767:15–1,000 μm
699:155–413 meV
659:413–886 meV
656:100–214 THz
599:3,864–2,070
477:
476:
88:but shorter than
18:Infrared spectrum
16:(Redirected from
6964:
6530:
6528:
6521:
6514:
6453:
6446:
6439:
6430:
6429:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6235:
6229:
6228:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6188:
6179:
6170:
6169:
6167:
6166:
6139:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6116:
6115:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6096:
6095:
6077:
6071:
6063:
6025:
6023:
5988:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5933:
5931:
5930:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5865:
5847:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5818:(262): 214–220.
5801:
5799:
5798:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5762:
5761:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5725:
5706:10.2307/25138616
5684:
5682:
5681:
5654:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5631:
5629:10.1038/007303e0
5598:
5596:
5595:
5560:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5509:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5450:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5390:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5225:
5223:
5221:
5194:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5159:
5154:coined the term
5152:Edmond Becquerel
5148:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5129:. Archived from
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5091:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5040:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4891:
4880:
4879:
4843:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4777:
4771:
4770:
4726:
4713:
4712:
4693:10.1038/222390a0
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4618:
4609:
4608:
4590:
4588:10.1038/202211a0
4554:
4545:
4544:
4508:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4425:
4419:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4250:
4233:(9): 2057–2060.
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4147:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4094:
4077:(9): 2057–2060.
4062:
4056:
4055:
4041:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3987:
3972:
3955:(7–8): 218–245.
3946:
3937:
3931:
3917:
3911:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3878:. Archived from
3871:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3846:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3799:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3668:
3662:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3571:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3514:Henderson, Roy.
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3488:R&D Magazine
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3433:. RP Photonics.
3427:"Infrared Light"
3423:
3417:
3416:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3103:
3097:
3082:
3073:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2996:
2981:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2952:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2876:
2870:. Archived from
2869:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2726:
2706:
2700:
2644:living creatures
2613:proposed CCD at
2592:A. T. Stair
2498:Fred Nicodemenus
2455:thallous sulfide
2440:William Coblentz
2367:Willoughby Smith
2361:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2316:Gustav Kirchhoff
2239:William Herschel
2198:Some fungi like
2111:), a variety of
2056:Dead Sea Scrolls
1972:flatbed scanners
1930:molecular clouds
1868:, together with
1678:high-pass filter
1674:electric current
1549:Infrared heating
1477:infrared filters
1425:infrared spectra
1375:during re-entry.
1208:Long wavelength
1145:
1144:
1079:
1024:
1010:
997:
975:
974:
919:
918:
909:ISO 20473 scheme
902:
901:0.3–100 THz
897:
887:
886:100–215 THz
882:
872:
871:215–384 THz
867:
866:780–1400 nm
848:
847:
821:
810:
773:1.2–83 meV
770:0.3–20 THz
738:83–155 meV
696:37–100 THz
667:(1,797–693
613:water absorption
565:Characteristics
544:
543:
343:
339:
270:molecular clouds
215:William Herschel
134:room temperature
102:visible spectrum
21:
6972:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6901:
6828:
6803:
6789:
6757:
6685:
6637:
6579:
6556:
6533:
6526:
6519:
6512:
6510:
6462:
6457:
6423:Wayback Machine
6409:Wayback Machine
6396:Wayback Machine
6373:Wayback Machine
6361:Wayback Machine
6348:Wayback Machine
6335:Wayback Machine
6324:
6319:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6279:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6236:
6232:
6223:
6221:
6217:
6186:
6180:
6173:
6164:
6162:
6155:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6123:
6119:
6106:
6102:
6093:
6091:
6078:
6074:
6066:Wayback Machine
5989:
5985:
5974:
5972:
5928:
5926:
5900:
5898:
5876:
5872:
5863:
5861:
5848:
5844:
5833:
5831:
5796:
5794:
5772:
5768:
5759:
5757:
5738:
5734:
5723:
5721:
5679:
5677:
5662:"The bolometer"
5655:
5651:
5639:
5637:
5593:
5591:
5561:
5557:
5546:
5544:
5517:
5515:
5471:
5469:
5451:
5447:
5436:
5434:
5391:
5387:
5376:
5374:
5367:
5344:
5342:
5316:
5314:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5267:
5263:
5252:
5250:
5219:
5217:
5181:
5179:
5149:
5145:
5136:
5134:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5107:
5105:
5068:
5064:
5057:
5041:
5037:
5028:
5026:
4982:
4978:
4939:
4935:
4892:
4883:
4844:
4840:
4811:
4807:
4778:
4774:
4727:
4716:
4669:
4665:
4656:
4654:
4619:
4612:
4555:
4548:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4494:
4451:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4416:Wayback Machine
4407:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4369:
4367:
4358:
4357:
4353:
4345:
4341:
4335:Wayback Machine
4326:
4322:
4309:
4307:
4272:
4268:
4219:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4169:
4165:
4116:
4112:
4063:
4059:
4018:
4014:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3970:10.1.1.456.9135
3944:
3938:
3934:
3928:Wayback Machine
3918:
3914:
3908:Wayback Machine
3898:
3894:
3885:
3883:
3872:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3827:
3816:
3812:
3803:
3801:
3793:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3712:
3708:
3669:
3665:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3565:
3555:
3553:
3538:
3534:
3525:
3523:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3354:
3350:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3312:
3308:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3173:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3104:
3100:
3083:
3076:
3070:Wayback Machine
3055:
3053:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2973:
2964:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2906:. p. 929.
2896:
2889:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2847:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2820:
2818:
2811:
2787:
2780:
2727:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2653:
2611:George E. Smith
2489:grew synthetic
2487:Heinrich Welker
2429:Albert Einstein
2326:
2323:
2322:
2318:formulated the
2296:made the first
2294:Leopoldo Nobili
2257:light from the
2235:
2226:
2214:
2191:) locate their
2171:Thermoreceptors
2078:
2072:
1988:
1957:
1945:active galaxies
1896:
1888:Main articles:
1886:
1870:solar radiation
1849:
1785:
1772:
1748:
1736:
1699:using infrared
1683:remote controls
1643:
1637:
1598:infrared window
1593:
1587:
1571:infrared saunas
1551:
1545:
1528:
1526:Infrared homing
1522:
1481:Digital cameras
1469:
1409:
1403:
1383:
1365:
1353:thermal imaging
1329:
1323:
1318:
1304:The concept of
1244:
1238:
1136:
1100:microbolometers
1077:
1051:
1022:
1008:
996:0.7–2.5 μm
995:
970:
939:0.78–3 μm
911:
900:
895:
885:
880:
870:
865:
839:
831:
830:
829:
828:
824:
823:
822:
813:
812:
811:
780:
745:
735:20–37 THz
706:
666:
662:2,070–966
622:
603:
593:886–1,653
539:
530:
517:
482:
326:
92:. The infrared
61:, respectively.
55:space telescope
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6970:
6960:
6959:
6954:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6912:
6910:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6879:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6838:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6767:
6765:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6723:
6718:
6695:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6647:
6645:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6549:
6543:
6541:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6467:
6464:
6463:
6456:
6455:
6448:
6441:
6433:
6427:
6426:
6414:Molly Faries,
6412:
6399:
6386:
6381:
6378:Infrared Waves
6375:
6363:
6354:SIRC Protocol
6351:
6338:
6323:
6322:External links
6320:
6317:
6316:
6286:
6276:. C5ISR Center
6265:
6246:(9): 467–472.
6230:
6171:
6153:
6134:
6117:
6100:
6072:
6070:
6069:
6038:(5): 367–374.
6026:
6006:(6): 132–148.
5983:
5981:
5980:
5949:(3): 553–563.
5934:
5906:
5870:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5814:. 5th series.
5802:
5766:
5732:
5730:
5729:
5685:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5599:
5555:
5553:
5552:
5535:. 4th series.
5523:
5492:(2): 275–301.
5477:
5445:
5385:
5383:
5382:
5365:
5350:
5322:
5286:
5279:
5261:
5259:
5258:
5228:
5227:
5188:
5187:
5143:
5114:
5062:
5055:
5035:
4976:
4933:
4906:(4): 233–238.
4881:
4854:(2): 350–355.
4838:
4825:(5): 646–651.
4805:
4792:(6): 887–892.
4772:
4737:(12): 1063–6.
4714:
4663:
4633:(2): 211–225.
4610:
4546:
4519:(1): 106–115.
4503:
4465:(2): 201–211.
4445:
4420:
4401:
4376:
4351:
4339:
4320:
4266:
4213:
4163:
4110:
4057:
4012:
3998:
3932:
3912:
3892:
3866:
3836:
3810:
3774:
3768:978-0471743989
3767:
3741:
3722:(5): 138–147.
3706:
3679:(7): 546–553.
3663:
3636:
3607:
3582:
3563:
3532:
3506:
3474:
3448:
3418:
3411:
3385:
3348:
3326:
3306:
3275:(4): 339–341.
3257:
3232:
3207:
3200:
3182:
3152:
3124:
3098:
3074:
3032:
3001:
2971:
2944:
2919:
2912:
2887:
2856:
2842:. 2024-09-18.
2827:
2809:
2778:
2741:(4): 255–266.
2717:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2678:People counter
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2636:neural implant
2632:
2625:
2622:
2603:
2598:(NVESD)), and
2580:Richard Hudson
2568:
2565:
2558:
2543:
2532:
2517:
2494:
2483:
2480:Zielgerät 1229
2476:
2469:
2462:
2453:developed the
2447:
2436:
2425:
2420:published the
2414:
2411:
2396:
2385:
2374:
2363:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2312:
2301:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2224:Health hazards
2222:
2213:
2210:
2071:
2068:
2064:Dunhuang Caves
1987:
1984:
1956:
1953:
1885:
1882:
1866:global warming
1848:
1845:
1784:
1781:
1771:
1768:
1746:
1735:
1732:
1636:
1635:Communications
1633:
1629:global warming
1600:. This is how
1589:Main article:
1586:
1583:
1547:Main article:
1544:
1541:
1524:Main article:
1521:
1518:
1468:
1465:
1463:applications.
1441:remote control
1405:Main article:
1402:
1399:
1379:Main article:
1364:
1361:
1325:Main article:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1240:Main article:
1237:
1234:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1135:
1132:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1096:
1081:
1066:
1050:
1047:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
990:
989:Near-infrared
986:
985:
982:
979:
969:
966:
963:
962:
959:
956:
952:
951:
948:
945:
941:
940:
937:
934:
933:Near-infrared
930:
929:
926:
923:
910:
907:
904:
903:
898:
896:3–1000 μm
893:
889:
888:
883:
878:
874:
873:
868:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
838:
835:
826:
825:
816:
815:
814:
805:
804:
803:
802:
801:
798:
797:
786:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
756:
755:
751:
739:
736:
733:
730:
724:
720:
719:
712:
700:
697:
694:
691:
684:
680:
679:
672:
660:
657:
654:
653:1.4–3 μm
651:
645:
641:
640:
620:
609:
597:
591:
585:
581:0.75–1.4
579:
571:
570:Near-infrared
567:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
538:
535:
529:
526:
516:
513:
481:
478:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
459:
458:
455:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
420:
417:
411:
410:
407:
404:
401:
395:
394:
391:
388:
385:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
363:
362:
357:
355:Frequency (Hz)
352:
347:
325:
322:
122:solar spectrum
74:infrared light
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6969:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6949:
6947:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6878:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6835:
6831:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6697:
6696:
6694:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6586:
6582:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6563:
6559:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6540:
6536:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6506:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6454:
6449:
6447:
6442:
6440:
6435:
6434:
6431:
6424:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6406:
6403:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6304:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6275:
6269:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6234:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6176:
6160:
6156:
6154:9783642546341
6150:
6146:
6145:
6138:
6130:
6129:
6121:
6113:
6112:
6104:
6089:
6085:
6084:
6076:
6067:
6064:Available at
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5992:
5991:
5987:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5935:
5924:
5920:
5917:(in German).
5916:
5912:
5907:
5896:
5892:
5889:(in German).
5888:
5884:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5846:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5770:
5755:
5751:
5748:(in German).
5747:
5743:
5736:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5658:
5657:
5653:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5605:
5600:
5589:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5563:
5559:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5488:(in German).
5487:
5483:
5478:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5389:
5372:
5368:
5366:9783527693290
5362:
5358:
5357:
5351:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5323:
5312:
5308:
5305:(in French).
5304:
5300:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5282:
5276:
5272:
5265:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5168:
5162:
5161:
5160:(infra-red):
5158:
5153:
5147:
5133:on 2012-02-25
5132:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5058:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5039:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4949:(5): 638–41.
4948:
4944:
4937:
4929:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4842:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4617:
4615:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4573:(4928): 211.
4572:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4435:on 2008-12-02
4434:
4430:
4424:
4418:at ColourLex.
4417:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4391:on 2009-01-13
4390:
4386:
4380:
4366:on 2008-12-08
4365:
4361:
4355:
4348:
4343:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4324:
4317:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4217:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4155:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3896:
3882:on 2007-07-28
3881:
3877:
3870:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3826:on 2008-12-18
3825:
3821:
3814:
3800:on 2009-03-18
3797:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3770:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3597:on 2012-05-29
3596:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3577:
3570:
3568:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3522:on 2007-10-28
3521:
3517:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3422:
3414:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3366:(in French).
3365:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3261:
3246:
3242:
3236:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3156:
3142:on 2006-12-08
3141:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3114:on 2007-10-27
3113:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2990:
2989:GeeksforGeeks
2986:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2949:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2915:
2913:9781315271330
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2877:on 2018-11-17
2873:
2866:
2860:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2619:picture phone
2616:
2612:
2608:
2607:Willard Boyle
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:(now part of
2573:
2572:Barnes, Agema
2569:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2451:Theodore Case
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:Lord Rayleigh
2397:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:John Herschel
2302:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2221:
2219:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2113:jewel beetles
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2043:
2042:Woman Ironing
2038:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2024:prime version
2021:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1968:film scanners
1965:
1961:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1903:Beta Pictoris
1900:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1853:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:stratocumulus
1817:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1767:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:optical fiber
1705:
1704:not happen."
1702:
1698:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1625:heat transfer
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1527:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:camera phones
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:Other imaging
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:Conventional
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:lead selenide
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1020:
1017:
1015:Far-infrared
1013:
1007:
1004:
1002:Mid-infrared
1000:
994:
991:
987:
983:
981:Abbreviation
980:
977:
976:
973:
960:
957:
955:Far-infrared
953:
950:3–50 μm
949:
946:
944:Mid-infrared
942:
938:
935:
931:
927:
925:Abbreviation
924:
921:
920:
917:
915:
899:
894:
891:
890:
884:
879:
876:
875:
869:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
851:Abbreviation
850:
849:
846:
844:
834:
820:
809:
795:
791:
787:
784:
779:
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
761:
758:
757:
752:
749:
744:
741:362–193
740:
737:
734:
732:8–15 μm
731:
729:
725:
722:
721:
717:
713:
710:
707:(693–89
705:
702:966–362
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
677:
673:
670:
665:
661:
658:
655:
652:
650:
646:
643:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
618:
614:
610:
607:
602:
598:
596:
592:
590:
587:214–400
586:
584:
580:
578:
577:
572:
569:
568:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
550:Abbreviation
549:
546:
545:
542:
534:
528:Visible limit
525:
523:
512:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
472:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
437:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
421:
418:
416:
413:
412:
408:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
392:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
376:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
345:
344:
338:
336:
332:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
257:
255:
251:
247:
246:dipole moment
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:Edme Mariotte
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:spectral band
91:
87:
86:visible light
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
60:
56:
51:
44:
39:
33:
19:
6690:
6511:
6490:
6411:at ColourLex
6307:. Retrieved
6298:
6289:
6278:. Retrieved
6268:
6243:
6239:
6233:
6222:. Retrieved
6194:
6190:
6163:. Retrieved
6143:
6137:
6127:
6120:
6110:
6103:
6092:. Retrieved
6082:
6075:
6035:
6031:
6003:
5999:
5986:
5973:. Retrieved
5946:
5942:
5927:. Retrieved
5918:
5914:
5899:. Retrieved
5890:
5886:
5873:
5862:. Retrieved
5852:
5845:
5832:. Retrieved
5815:
5811:
5795:. Retrieved
5786:
5782:
5769:
5758:. Retrieved
5749:
5745:
5735:
5722:. Retrieved
5697:
5693:
5678:. Retrieved
5669:
5665:
5652:
5638:. Retrieved
5614:(173): 303.
5611:
5607:
5592:. Retrieved
5578:(4): 31–33.
5575:
5571:
5558:
5545:. Retrieved
5536:
5532:
5516:. Retrieved
5489:
5485:
5470:. Retrieved
5461:
5448:
5435:. Retrieved
5402:
5398:
5388:
5375:. Retrieved
5355:
5343:. Retrieved
5334:
5330:
5315:. Retrieved
5306:
5302:
5289:
5270:
5264:
5251:. Retrieved
5242:
5238:
5218:. Retrieved
5209:
5205:
5180:. Retrieved
5171:
5166:
5146:
5135:. Retrieved
5131:the original
5126:
5117:
5106:. Retrieved
5079:
5075:
5065:
5045:
5038:
5027:. Retrieved
4997:(2): 121–8.
4994:
4990:
4979:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4822:
4818:
4808:
4789:
4785:
4775:
4734:
4730:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4655:. Retrieved
4630:
4626:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4516:
4512:
4506:
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3791:the original
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3509:
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3112:the original
3101:
3085:
3054:. Retrieved
3045:
3035:
3025:16 September
3023:. Retrieved
3014:
3004:
2993:. Retrieved
2991:. 2024-04-30
2988:
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2959:
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2934:. 2024-09-18
2931:
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2879:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2859:
2848:. Retrieved
2839:
2830:
2819:. Retrieved
2801:10.5772/2031
2791:
2738:
2734:
2698:
2588:Fred Simmons
2576:FLIR Systems
2513:
2466:World War II
2443:
2404:Wilhelm Wien
2392:
2300:IR detector.
2279:
2236:
2227:
2215:
2206:
2199:
2197:
2193:warm-blooded
2186:
2180:
2174:
2167:forest fires
2160:
2156:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2108:
2094:
2087:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2029:carbon black
2016:underdrawing
2013:
1995:
1958:
1942:
1927:
1920:
1908:
1874:
1862:
1842:
1834:
1829:
1805:
1798:
1793:Great Plains
1773:
1737:
1734:Spectroscopy
1721:
1706:
1695:
1644:
1594:
1579:
1568:
1529:
1498:far-infrared
1470:
1454:
1446:
1392:
1384:
1381:Thermography
1363:Thermography
1350:
1342:
1327:Night vision
1321:Night vision
1316:Applications
1303:
1299:solar corona
1281:
1258:
1227:
1137:
1120:
1108:
1060:
1032:
1029:
1009:3–25 μm
978:Designation
971:
922:Designation
912:
840:
832:
794:far-infrared
760:Far-infrared
727:
693:3–8 μm
687:
648:
633:night vision
574:
562:Temperature
540:
531:
518:
509:
483:
430:
327:
314:spectroscopy
294:night vision
290:surveillance
258:
235:
204:
189:
166:
112:) to 1
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69:
65:
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6926:Medium wave
6603:Lyman-alpha
6585:Ultraviolet
6524:wavelengths
6517:frequencies
6481:Ultraviolet
6309:14 February
5921:: 237–245.
5893:: 202–204.
5789:: 662–669.
5752:: 391–428.
5700:: 342–358.
5672:: 184–190.
5337:: 198–218.
5309:: 225–234.
5212:: 175–176.
5192:infra-rouge
5157:infra-rouge
5082:: 284–292.
4349:. kodak.com
4347:Digital ICE
2638:that gives
2438:1905–1908:
2267:thermometer
2145:boid snakes
1877:pyrgeometer
1847:Climatology
1783:Meteorology
1670:photodiodes
1641:Consumer IR
1563:hair salons
1262:temperature
1151:Descriptor
1128:Wood effect
1087:, InSb and
984:Wavelength
928:Wavelength
854:Wavelength
776:193–3
726:LWIR, IR-C
686:MWIR, IR-C
647:SWIR, IR-B
617:fiber optic
553:Wavelength
505:ultraviolet
399:Ultraviolet
278:red-shifted
242:vibrational
219:thermometer
181:light bulbs
152:those of a
82:wavelengths
80:(EMR) with
43:false-color
6946:Categories
6907:Wavelength
6763:Microwaves
6575:Hard X-ray
6570:Soft X-ray
6539:Gamma rays
6471:Gamma rays
6280:2020-01-07
6224:2020-01-07
6165:2020-01-07
6094:2020-10-18
5975:2018-04-10
5929:2018-04-10
5901:2018-04-10
5864:2020-10-18
5834:2018-04-10
5797:2018-04-10
5760:2018-04-11
5724:2018-04-09
5680:2018-04-09
5594:2018-04-09
5547:2018-04-11
5518:2018-04-10
5472:2018-04-10
5437:2018-04-09
5377:2018-04-12
5345:2018-04-12
5317:2018-04-12
5253:2018-04-15
5245:(5): 355.
5229:See also:
5182:2018-04-15
5137:2011-11-08
5108:2018-04-11
5029:2019-06-13
4657:2019-06-13
4627:Micrometre
4497:2019-09-06
4439:2011-11-08
4395:2009-02-20
4370:2009-02-20
4310:2022-10-13
4207:2022-10-13
3992:2013-04-12
3910:, Photonik
3886:2007-08-12
3860:2007-08-12
3830:2006-11-07
3804:2007-08-12
3630:2024-03-28
3601:2007-04-04
3556:18 October
3526:2007-10-18
3370:: 1537–9.
3338:12 October
3251:2019-02-12
3226:2009-11-12
3176:2020-07-11
3166:AZoSensors
3146:2006-10-30
3118:2006-10-27
3094:1107024765
3056:1 February
2995:2024-09-22
2965:2024-09-23
2960:Networking
2938:2024-09-20
2881:2008-12-14
2850:2024-09-20
2821:2023-11-15
2795:. InTech.
2713:References
2547:Paul Kruse
2540:Sidewinder
2478:1945: The
2418:Max Planck
2309:thermogram
2298:thermopile
2243:astronomer
2165:, locates
2097:Pythonidae
2020:pentimenti
1980:inpainting
1934:protostars
1764:wavenumber
1741:(see also
1713:dispersion
1565:, c. 2010s
1559:hair dryer
1310:black body
1306:emissivity
1273:black body
1252:emissivity
1023:25 μm
857:Frequency
788:(see also
627:) medium.
573:NIR, IR-A
556:Frequency
497:irradiance
350:Wavelength
266:telescopes
116:(300
108:(400
90:microwaves
6921:Shortwave
6916:Microwave
6496:Microwave
5189:The word
4701:0028-0836
4286:: 27–33.
4257:201590290
4101:201590290
4048:240331557
3965:CiteSeerX
3546:17-21-004
2904:CRC Press
2755:2193-0643
2615:Bell Labs
2562:J. Cooper
2531:(HgCdTe).
2493:crystals.
2382:bolometer
2141:crotaline
2090:pit viper
2048:Blue Room
1997:Mona Lisa
1884:Astronomy
1663:modulated
1614:pollution
1606:heat flow
1557:Infrared
1388:pyrometry
1337:human eye
1269:radiation
1173:Extended
1162:Original
447:Microwave
367:Gamma ray
331:frequency
238:molecules
185:organisms
183:and many
173:polarized
169:reflected
156:and of a
144:, exerts
6952:Infrared
6931:Longwave
6691:Infrared
6491:Infrared
6419:Archived
6405:Archived
6392:Archived
6369:Archived
6357:Archived
6344:Archived
6331:Archived
6303:Archived
6299:Wired UK
6215:Archived
6211:95341284
6159:Archived
6088:Archived
6060:27091754
5969:Archived
5923:Archived
5895:Archived
5858:Archived
5828:Archived
5791:Archived
5754:Archived
5718:Archived
5714:25138616
5674:Archived
5634:Archived
5588:Archived
5541:Archived
5539:: 1–21.
5512:Archived
5466:Archived
5431:Archived
5427:98119765
5405:: 1–59.
5371:Archived
5339:Archived
5311:Archived
5247:Archived
5220:15 April
5214:Archived
5176:Archived
5102:Archived
5023:Archived
5019:22442409
5011:16706690
4971:26977101
4963:16780494
4928:22770589
4876:24556470
4759:23086394
4651:Archived
4647:11567889
4597:14156319
4563:De Geer"
4541:21737304
4533:11866562
4491:Archived
4487:11401462
4412:Archived
4331:Archived
4304:Archived
4201:Archived
4154:33446648
4053:warming.
3983:Archived
3924:Archived
3904:Archived
3854:Archived
3736:29838317
3701:20256359
3654:, 2004.
3646:Miller,
3624:Archived
3550:Archived
3493:Archived
3461:Archived
3435:Archived
3372:Archived
3332:Archived
3245:Archived
3220:Archived
3170:Archived
3066:Archived
3050:Archived
3019:Archived
2844:Archived
2815:Archived
2773:23833705
2651:See also
2578:Inc.));
2555:compound
2512:defined
2506:R. Clark
2371:selenium
1955:Cleaning
1949:redshift
1808:cyclones
1719:fibers.
1575:grilling
1536:emission
1520:Tracking
1485:blockers
1449:spectrum
1417:emission
1095:, PbSe).
485:Sunlight
431:Infrared
306:grow-ops
282:universe
158:particle
142:momentum
66:Infrared
6522:longer
6515:higher
6486:Visible
6248:Bibcode
6040:Bibcode
6008:Bibcode
5951:Bibcode
5640:9 April
5616:Bibcode
5494:Bibcode
5407:Bibcode
4908:Bibcode
4900:Zoology
4856:Bibcode
4767:4512517
4739:Bibcode
4709:4293713
4681:Bibcode
4605:2553265
4575:Bibcode
4467:Bibcode
4288:Bibcode
4235:Bibcode
4185:Bibcode
4145:7809060
4079:Bibcode
3957:Bibcode
3681:Bibcode
3467:27 July
3441:20 July
3399:Bibcode
3297:1262982
3277:Bibcode
2764:3699878
2600:Rachets
2545:1960s:
2473:Yeou Ta
2255:refract
2103:), the
2037:Picasso
1938:planets
1838:El Niño
1816:stratus
1728:beaming
1667:silicon
1585:Cooling
1543:Heating
1216:U band
1205:L band
1181:S band
1170:E band
1159:O band
1112:silicon
623:glass (
515:Regions
415:Visible
274:planets
254:photons
231:climate
196:English
6824:L band
6819:S band
6814:C band
6809:X band
6795:K band
6781:Q band
6776:V band
6771:W band
6676:Orange
6671:Yellow
6651:Violet
6562:X-rays
6476:X-rays
6209:
6151:
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5608:Nature
5425:
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4177:Energy
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4106:Earth.
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4026:EcoMat
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2560:1962:
2536:Falcon
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2241:, the
2101:Boidae
1916:helium
1755:photon
1751:dipole
1717:silica
1701:lasers
1421:Specim
1295:vacuum
1193:C band
1124:lasers
1116:InGaAs
1078:
1070:InGaAs
1043:papers
1021:above
625:silica
493:zenith
480:Nature
316:, and
298:homing
162:photon
160:, the
138:energy
6909:types
6834:Radio
6730:Bands
6703:Bands
6666:Green
6501:Radio
6218:(PDF)
6207:S2CID
6197:(9).
6187:(PDF)
6056:S2CID
5990:See:
5877:See:
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4967:S2CID
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4763:S2CID
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4601:S2CID
4537:S2CID
4253:S2CID
4227:Joule
4097:S2CID
4071:Joule
4044:S2CID
4032:(1).
3986:(PDF)
3945:(PDF)
3732:S2CID
2875:(PDF)
2868:(PDF)
2690:Notes
2251:prism
1836:Even
1494:T-ray
1439:of a
1264:will
1148:Band
463:Radio
383:X-ray
227:Earth
198:word
192:Latin
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6804:band
6790:band
6748:LWIR
6726:MWIR
6721:SWIR
6661:Cyan
6656:Blue
6311:2013
6149:ISBN
5642:2018
5361:ISBN
5275:ISBN
5222:2018
5051:ISBN
5007:PMID
4959:PMID
4924:PMID
4755:PMID
4697:ISSN
4643:PMID
4593:PMID
4529:PMID
4483:PMID
4150:PMID
3763:ISBN
3697:PMID
3656:ISBN
3558:2022
3501:2012
3469:2016
3443:2021
3407:ISBN
3380:2014
3340:2013
3322:ISBN
3293:PMID
3196:ISBN
3090:ISBN
3058:2022
3027:2019
2908:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2769:PMID
2751:ISSN
2640:rats
2629:IRTF
2617:for
2609:and
2590:and
2538:and
2504:and
2491:InSb
2402:and
2179:and
2143:and
2127:and
2088:The
2045:and
1976:scan
1970:and
1892:and
1855:The
1775:the
1691:SIRC
1687:RC-5
1659:lens
1651:IrDA
1561:for
1357:heat
1283:Heat
1275:and
1266:emit
1236:Heat
1018:FIR
1005:MIR
992:NIR
958:FIR
947:MIR
936:NIR
892:IR-C
877:IR-B
862:IR-A
841:The
792:and
764:FIR
346:Name
233:.
207:heat
171:and
154:wave
150:both
140:and
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6892:SLF
6887:ULF
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6857:UHF
6852:SHF
6847:EHF
6842:THF
6753:FIR
6699:NIR
6681:Red
6633:UVA
6628:UVB
6623:UVC
6618:NUV
6613:MUV
6608:FUV
6256:doi
6199:doi
6048:doi
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5502:doi
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2743:doi
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2000:by
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