1802:
725:
713:
764:
752:
689:
677:
701:
41:
29:
409:
196:
To help define the boundaries, these canals are often further approximated as boxes with six sides. Not including the two rings, the remaining four sides are usually called the "anterior wall", "inferior wall ("floor")", "superior wall ("roof")", and "posterior wall". These consist of the following:
380:
It is of an oval form, the long axis of the oval being vertical; it varies in size in different subjects, and is much larger in the male than in the female. It is bounded, above and laterally, by the arched lower margin of the transversalis fascia; below and medially, by the
646:
sexual activity or manual manipulation—partially or fully retract into the inguinal canal for a short period of time. In juveniles and adults with inguinal injury, retraction can be prolonged and potentially lead to overheating-related infertility.
866:"Ethnicity-related differences in inguinal canal dimensions between African and Caucasian populations and their potential impact on the mesh size for open and laparoscopic groin hernia repair in low-resource countries in Africa"
620:
Abdominal contents (potentially including intestine) can be abnormally displaced from the abdominal cavity. Where these contents exit through the inguinal canal, having passed through the
185:. The canals are approximately 4 to 6 cm long, angled anteroinferiorly and medially. In males, its diameter is normally 2 cm (±1 cm in standard deviation) at the deep inguinal ring.
354:). Traditionally, either one of these two sites was claimed as its location. However, this claim is based upon the study's dissection of 52 cadavers, and may not reflect the live
712:
334:
However, the surface anatomy of the point is disputed. In a recent study, it was found to be in a region between the mid-inguinal point (situated midway between the
126:
831:
456:
1302:
at the
University of Michigan Health System - "The Coverings of the Inguinal Canal, External & Internal Oblique & Transversus Abdominis Removed"
1175:
724:
631:
A hernia that exits the abdominal cavity directly through the deep layers of the abdominal wall, thereby bypassing the inguinal canal, is known as a
628:. This can also cause infertility. This condition is far more common in males than in females, owing to the inguinal canal's small size in females.
1327:
1527:
1234:
Adam
Mitchell; Drake, Richard; Gray, Henry David; Wayne Vogl (2010). Gray's anatomy for students. Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. pp. 286.
1276:
1258:
102:
763:
467:. It has the following boundaries—medial crura by pubic crest, lateral crura by pubic tubercle and inferiorly by inguinal ligament.
331:
The surface marking of the deep inguinal ring is classically described as half an inch above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament.
1201:
155:
1279:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The inguinal canal and derivation of the layers of the spermatic cord."
1261:
at Human
Anatomy Online, SUNY Downstate Medical Center - "The inguinal canal and derivation of the layers of the spermatic cord."
921:
1288:
1150:
1726:
1320:
1768:
1753:
1532:
1299:
1282:
1425:
1376:
1239:
1125:
1054:
1023:
991:
955:
33:
Front of abdomen, showing surface markings for arteries and inguinal canal. (Inguinal canal is tube at lower left.)
162:
1736:
1313:
665:
Thus lymphatic spread from a testicular tumour is to the para-aortic nodes first, and not the inguinal nodes.
1408:
347:
335:
121:
1264:
1179:
676:
491:
390:
170:
1273:
at the SUNY Downstate
Medical Center - "Anterior Abdominal Wall: Borders of the Superficial Inguinal Ring"
1381:
382:
1792:
1165:
James Harmon, M.D., Ph.D., Lecture 13. Human Gross
Anatomy. University of Minnesota. September 4, 2008.
1587:
1522:
780:
751:
558:
525:
517:
236:
718:
The relations of the femoral and abdominal inguinal rings, seen from within the abdomen. Right side.
1270:
1252:
731:
625:
583:
445:
85:
809:
The diameter has been estimated to be ±2.2cm ±1.08cm in
Africans, and 2.1 cm ±0.41cm in Europeans.
1398:
1046:
1040:
983:
976:
1763:
1479:
1415:
632:
587:
397:
133:
109:
97:
1305:
700:
1719:
1690:
1758:
1673:
1668:
1486:
374:
362:
251:
1070:
Koliyadan S, Narayan G, Balasekran P (2004). "Surface marking of the deep inguinal ring".
688:
8:
1714:
1678:
1450:
742:
603:
543:
437:
432:. It is a triangular opening that forms the exit of the inguinal canal, which houses the
1801:
1630:
1602:
1597:
1554:
1544:
1517:
1403:
1095:
898:
865:
639:
621:
554:
547:
532:
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510:
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484:
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433:
264:
945:
925:
1775:
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1539:
1507:
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1235:
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1087:
1050:
1019:
987:
951:
903:
885:
839:
655:
506:
343:
278:
182:
1285:
at the
University of Michigan Health System - "The Male & Female Inguinal Canal"
1099:
1822:
1731:
1685:
1549:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1445:
1420:
1079:
893:
877:
282:
230:
54:
50:
400:, is continued around the cord and testis, enclosing them in a distinct covering.
1386:
785:
738:
659:
643:
615:
339:
287:
255:
215:
90:
502:
The classic description of the contents of the spermatic cords in the male are:
1806:
1607:
1352:
598:. This way, each testicle descends through the abdominal wall into the scrotum
480:
475:
The structures which pass through the canals differ between males and females:
464:
441:
386:
351:
166:
158:
1293:
1816:
1706:
1393:
889:
881:
259:
114:
1748:
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907:
843:
536:
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53:
has been opened; on the right side, only the layers superficial to the
1168:
211:
Musculoaponeurotic arches of internal oblique and transverse abdominal
188:
A first-order approximation is to visualize each canal as a cylinder.
139:
1592:
1083:
946:
Adam
Mitchell; Drake, Richard; Gray, Henry David; Wayne Vogl (2005).
651:
1013:
579:
428:) is an anatomical structure in the anterior wall of the mammalian
181:
The inguinal canals are situated just above the medial half of the
1120:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 198.
1018:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 102.
654:
under normal conditions. It becomes dilated in a condition called
262:, reflected part of inguinal ligament, medial third of canal only)
1340:
790:
735:
595:
591:
562:
429:
46:
973:
769:
Anterior abdominal wall. Intermediate dissection. Anterior view.
57:
have been removed. (Right inguinal canal visible at upper left.)
1344:
1336:
1335:
832:"Anatomy, Abdomen and Pelvis: Inguinal Region (Inguinal Canal)"
1296:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University)
982:. Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
173:. The inguinal canals are larger and more prominent in males.
864:
Mitura, Kryspin; Kozieł, Sławomir; Pasierbek, Michał (2018).
234:
fleshy part of internal oblique (lateral third of canal only)
73:
1042:
Gray's Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery
396:
From its circumference, a thin funnel-shaped membrane, the
40:
28:
1069:
830:
Tuma, Faiz; Lopez, Richard A.; Varacallo, Matthew (2023).
408:
1159:
505:
3 arteries: artery to vas deferens (or ductus deferens),
1145:(12th ed.). Elsevier Australia. pp. 226–227.
914:
658:. Abdominal contents may protrude through the ring in
1790:
1115:
863:
550:(N.B. outside spermatic cord but travels next to it)
1208:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
1111:
1109:
1226:
Moore & Agur, Essential Clinical Anatomy (2007)
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
969:
967:
975:
829:
546:(L1/2), sympathetic and visceral afferent fibres,
361:Some sources state that it is at the layer of the
161:on each side of the body (one on each side of the
1106:
1814:
1032:
1000:
964:
939:
1038:
950:. Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. p. 260.
857:
594:, and through the inguinal canals to reach the
565:, but does not formally run through the canal.
448:(in women). At the other end of the canal, the
1014:Arthur F., II Dalley; Anne M. R. Agur (2005).
870:Videosurgery and Other Miniinvasive Techniques
463:, 1 centimeter above and superolateral to the
209:Medial crus of aponeurosis of external oblique
1321:
1199:
403:
373:The deep inguinal ring is an opening in the
974:Dalley, Arthur F.; Moore, Keith L. (2006).
1328:
1314:
1140:
539:(ductus deferens), testicular lymphatics;
39:
27:
897:
638:In males with strong presentation of the
323:) is the entrance to the inguinal canal.
682:The spermatic cord in the inguinal canal
609:
582:descends from the starting point on the
407:
1815:
49:. On the left side, the cavity of the
1309:
298:
1267:at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
1255:at the SUNY Downstate Medical Center
1134:
668:
823:
626:indirect or oblique inguinal hernia
457:aponeurosis of the external oblique
13:
1533:Crura of superficial inguinal ring
1176:"Anatomy Tables - Inguinal Region"
14:
1834:
1246:
1045:. Churchill-Livingstone. p.
1800:
762:
750:
723:
711:
699:
687:
675:
542:3 nerves: genital branch of the
1220:
1193:
624:, the condition is known as an
309:internal or deep abdominal ring
1141:Sinnatamby, Chummy S. (2011).
1116:Kyung Won, PhD. Chung (2005).
1063:
803:
568:
368:
267:(lateral third of canal only)
165:), which in males, convey the
1:
1289:Diagram at nurseminerva.co.uk
816:
412:The superficial inguinal ring
348:anterior superior iliac spine
336:anterior superior iliac spine
290:(lateral third of canal only)
1118:Gross Anatomy (Board Review)
492:round ligament of the uterus
436:, the genital branch of the
391:round ligament of the uterus
285:(medial third of canal only)
239:(medial third of canal only)
176:
171:round ligament of the uterus
7:
978:Clinically oriented anatomy
948:Gray's anatomy for students
774:
706:The abdominal inguinal ring
606:(which later obliterates).
590:near the kidneys, down the
586:(para-aortically) from the
573:
483:and its coverings, and the
470:
383:inferior epigastric vessels
326:
10:
1839:
1426:Abdominal internal oblique
1377:Abdominal external oblique
613:
422:subcutaneous inguinal ring
342:) and the midpoint of the
1699:
1656:
1647:
1618:
1580:
1573:
1523:Superficial inguinal ring
1500:
1441:
1434:
1369:
1360:
1351:
838:. StatPearls Publishing.
781:Superficial inguinal ring
757:Superficial inguinal ring
578:During development, each
526:internal spermatic fascia
418:superficial inguinal ring
404:Superficial inguinal ring
346:(i.e. midway between the
237:superficial inguinal ring
132:
120:
108:
96:
84:
72:
67:
62:
38:
26:
21:
1300:Atlas image: abdo_wall65
1283:Atlas image: abdo_wall63
1277:Anatomy figure: 36:01-13
1271:Anatomy photo:35:09-0101
1259:Anatomy figure: 36:01-03
1253:Anatomy photo:36:01-0102
1039:Susan Standring (2004).
1016:Grant's Atlas of Anatomy
882:10.5114/wiitm.2018.72579
796:
650:The superficial ring is
642:, the testes can—during
584:posterior abdominal wall
459:, immediately above the
191:
455:It is found within the
313:abdominal inguinal ring
16:Human abdominal anatomy
1764:Puboprostatic ligament
1480:Interfoveolar ligament
1416:Tendinous intersection
633:direct inguinal hernia
588:labioscrotal swellings
426:external inguinal ring
413:
398:infundibuliform fascia
317:internal inguinal ring
275:inferior wall (floor):
134:Anatomical terminology
1720:Rectoprostatic fascia
1202:"Retractile testicle"
922:"Gross Anatomy Image"
610:Clinical significance
411:
206:superior wall (roof):
1759:Pubovesical ligament
1382:Transverse abdominal
561:to descend into the
531:3 other structures:
452:forms the entrance.
389:in the male and the
375:transversalis fascia
363:transversalis fascia
252:transversalis fascia
213:Transversalis fascia
169:and in females, the
154:is a passage in the
1715:Rectovaginal fascia
1451:Panniculus adiposus
1200:Mayo Clinic Staff.
745:view from the left)
604:processus vaginalis
557:passes through the
544:genitofemoral nerve
438:genitofemoral nerve
385:. It transmits the
321:annulus abdominalis
1631:Iliopectineal arch
1588:Quadratus lumborum
1555:Reflected ligament
1545:Pectineal ligament
1528:Intercrural fibers
1518:Deep inguinal ring
1265:Anatomy image:7362
640:cremasteric reflex
622:deep inguinal ring
555:ilioinguinal nerve
548:ilioinguinal nerve
533:pampiniform plexus
518:external spermatic
516:3 fascial layers:
511:cremasteric artery
496:ilioinguinal nerve
485:ilioinguinal nerve
450:deep inguinal ring
434:ilioinguinal nerve
414:
305:deep inguinal ring
299:Deep inguinal ring
265:deep inguinal ring
79:canalis inguinalis
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1776:Anococcygeal body
1742:Piriformis fascia
1643:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1540:Inguinal ligament
1508:Inguinal triangle
1492:Linea semilunaris
1475:Transverse fascia
1339:and ligaments of
1152:978-0-7295-3752-0
669:Additional images
656:athletic pubalgia
507:testicular artery
344:inguinal ligament
296:
295:
279:inguinal ligament
183:inguinal ligament
148:
147:
143:
1830:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1732:Obturator fascia
1654:
1653:
1578:
1577:
1550:Lacunar ligament
1468:Fascia of Scarpa
1463:Membranous layer
1456:Fascia of Camper
1446:Abdominal fascia
1439:
1438:
1399:Rectus abdominis
1367:
1366:
1358:
1357:
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1323:
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1227:
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1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1178:. Archived from
1172:
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1113:
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1103:
1084:10.1002/ca.10257
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1011:
998:
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933:
924:. Archived from
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850:
827:
810:
807:
766:
754:
727:
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703:
691:
679:
601:
559:superficial ring
490:in females: the
444:(in men) or the
283:lacunar ligament
243:(inguinal canal)
231:external oblique
200:
199:
140:edit on Wikidata
137:
51:tunica vaginalis
43:
31:
19:
18:
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1769:Inferior fascia
1754:Superior fascia
1695:
1635:
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1387:Conjoint tendon
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786:Inguinal hernia
777:
770:
767:
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746:
739:inguinal hernia
728:
719:
716:
707:
704:
695:
694:Inguinal fossae
692:
683:
680:
671:
660:inguinal hernia
618:
616:Inguinal hernia
612:
599:
576:
571:
473:
406:
393:in the female.
371:
340:pubic symphysis
329:
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288:iliopubic tract
286:
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256:conjoint tendon
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248:posterior wall:
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216:conjoint tendon
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167:spermatic cords
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1691:Rectococcygeus
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1294:inguinalregion
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1247:External links
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1143:Last's Anatomy
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730:Diagram of an
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553:Note that the
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481:spermatic cord
479:in males: the
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469:
465:pubic tubercle
446:round ligament
442:spermatic cord
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387:spermatic cord
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352:pubic tubercle
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152:inguinal canal
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1674:Pubococcygeus
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1669:Iliococcygeus
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1679:Puborectalis
1626:Iliac fascia
1512:
1409:Arcuate line
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1205:
1195:
1184:. Retrieved
1180:the original
1170:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1117:
1078:(7): 554–7.
1075:
1071:
1065:
1041:
1034:
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977:
947:
941:
930:. Retrieved
926:the original
916:
876:(1): 74–81.
873:
869:
859:
847:. Retrieved
835:
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541:
537:vas deferens
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151:
149:
103:A04.5.01.026
78:
1664:Levator ani
1603:Psoas minor
1598:Psoas major
1404:Pyramidalis
1212:10 February
1206:Mayo Clinic
569:Development
522:cremasteric
461:pubic crest
369:Description
227:aponeurosis
68:Identifiers
1487:Linea alba
1186:2007-11-20
932:2007-11-20
836:StatPearls
817:References
614:See also:
494:, and the
440:, and the
1711:Visceral
1686:Coccygeus
1593:Iliopsoas
1574:Posterior
1421:Cremaster
1361:Anterior/
1072:Clin Anat
890:1895-4588
358:anatomy.
177:Structure
55:cremaster
1817:Category
1727:Parietal
1501:Inguinal
1100:30726776
1092:15376291
908:29643962
844:29261933
775:See also
732:indirect
652:palpable
580:testicle
574:In males
471:Contents
350:and the
338:and the
327:Location
156:anterior
1823:Abdomen
1807:Anatomy
1608:Iliacus
1363:lateral
1341:abdomen
1337:Muscles
899:5890843
849:18 June
791:Tucking
736:scrotal
596:scrotum
592:abdomen
563:scrotum
430:abdomen
356:in vivo
163:midline
91:D007264
63:Details
47:scrotum
1793:Portal
1700:Fascia
1657:Muscle
1649:Pelvis
1619:Fascia
1581:Muscle
1435:Fascia
1370:Muscle
1345:pelvis
1238:
1149:
1124:
1098:
1090:
1053:
1022:
990:
954:
906:
896:
888:
842:
743:median
644:supine
600:behind
524:, and
1749:Floor
1096:S2CID
797:Notes
192:Walls
138:[
127:19928
74:Latin
1343:and
1236:ISBN
1214:2018
1147:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1088:PMID
1051:ISBN
1047:1098
1020:ISBN
988:ISBN
952:ISBN
904:PMID
886:ISSN
851:2023
840:PMID
602:the
416:The
303:The
150:The
115:2381
98:TA98
86:MeSH
45:The
1080:doi
984:217
894:PMC
878:doi
424:or
229:of
122:FMA
110:TA2
1819::
1204:.
1108:^
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1076:17
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1002:^
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874:13
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