36:
1144:) - a situation that can arise in viral infections of host cells. They were named "natural killer" because of the initial notion that they do not require activation in order to kill cells that are "missing self". The MHC makeup on the surface of damaged cells is altered and the NK cells become activated by recognizing this. Normal body cells are not recognized and attacked by NK cells because they express intact self MHC antigens. Those MHC antigens are recognized by killer cell
169:
72:
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919:
779:. Most leukocytes differ from other cells of the body in that they are not tightly associated with a particular organ or tissue; thus, their function is similar to that of independent, single-cell organisms. Most leukocytes are able to move freely and interact with and capture cellular debris, foreign particles, and invading microorganisms (although
1011:. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of phagocyte, normally representing 50–60% of the total circulating leukocytes, and are usually the first cells to arrive at the site of an infection. The bone marrow of a normal healthy adult produces more than 100 billion neutrophils per day, and more than 10 times that many per day during
1951:. Proteolytic cascades are important components of the invertebrate immune system because they are turned on more rapidly than other innate immune reactions because they do not rely on gene changes. Proteolytic cascades function in both vertebrate and invertebrates, even though different proteins are used throughout the cascades.
2079:. Some of these travel through the plant and signal other cells to produce defensive compounds to protect uninfected parts, e.g., leaves. Salicylic acid itself, although indispensable for expression of SAR, is not the translocated signal responsible for the systemic response. Recent evidence indicates a role for
2009:
Like invertebrates, plants neither generate antibody or T-cell responses nor possess mobile cells that detect and attack pathogens. In addition, in case of infection, parts of some plants are treated as disposable and replaceable, in ways that few animals can. Walling off or discarding a part of a
468:
is one of the first responses of the immune system to infection or irritation. Inflammation is stimulated by chemical factors released by injured cells. It establishes a physical barrier against the spread of infection and promotes healing of any damaged tissue following pathogen clearance.
1876:
do not possess lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral immune system, and it is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates. Nevertheless, invertebrates possess mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity.
1076:
968:
945:. Macrophages are the most efficient phagocytes and can phagocytose substantial numbers of bacteria or other cells or microbes. The binding of bacterial molecules to receptors on the surface of a macrophage triggers it to engulf and destroy the bacteria through the generation of a "
914:
or by cell injury due to an infection, phagocytic cells are responsible for their removal from the affected site. By helping to remove dead cells preceding growth and development of new healthy cells, phagocytosis is an important part of the healing process following tissue injury.
2013:
Most plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals sent throughout a plant. Plants use PRRs to recognize conserved microbial signatures. This recognition triggers an immune response. The first plant receptors of conserved microbial signatures were identified in rice
2028:, 2000). Plants also carry immune receptors that recognize variable pathogen effectors. These include the NBS-LRR class of proteins. When a part of a plant becomes infected with a microbial or viral pathogen, in case of an incompatible interaction triggered by specific
899:. The lysosome contains enzymes and acids that kill and digest the particle or organism. In general, phagocytes patrol the body searching for pathogens, but are also able to react to a group of highly specialized molecular signals produced by other cells, called
1118:
proteins and free radicals that are highly effective in killing parasites, but may also damage tissue during an allergic reaction. Activation and release of toxins by eosinophils are, therefore, tightly regulated to prevent any inappropriate tissue destruction.
302:
can prevent the colonization of pathogenic bacteria by secreting toxic substances or by competing with pathogenic bacteria for nutrients or cell surface attachment sites. The flushing action of tears and saliva helps prevent infection of the eyes and mouth.
277:
Anatomical barriers include physical, chemical and biological barriers. The epithelial surfaces form a physical barrier that is impermeable to most infectious agents, acting as the first line of defense against invading organisms.
282:(shedding) of skin epithelium also helps remove bacteria and other infectious agents that have adhered to the epithelial surface. Lack of blood vessels, the inability of the epidermis to retain moisture, and the presence of
510:, like cytokines and chemokines, which are responsible for the clinical signs of inflammation. PRR activation and its cellular consequences have been well-characterized as methods of inflammatory cell death, which include
840:
Mast cells are a type of innate immune cell that resides in connective tissue and in mucous membranes. They are intimately associated with wound healing and defense against pathogens, but are also often associated with
653:
of the immune system that helps, or "complements", the ability of antibodies to clear pathogens or mark them for destruction by other cells. The cascade is composed of many plasma proteins, synthesized in the
1989:
Members of every class of pathogen that infect humans also infect plants. Although the exact pathogenic species vary with the infected species, bacteria, fungi, viruses, nematodes, and insects can all cause
2487:
Arai S, Meagher R, Swearingen M, Myint H, Rich E, Martinson J, Klingemann H (2008). "Infusion of the allogeneic cell line NK-92 in patients with advanced renal cell cancer or melanoma: a phase I trial".
1810:, thus inhibiting type I IFN production. Influenza A also blocks protein kinase R activation and establishment of the antiviral state. The dengue virus also inhibits type I IFN production by blocking
1775:, which are translocated in the nucleus, where they induce IFN production with the presence of a particular transcription factor and activate transcription factor 2. IFN is secreted through secretory
2395:
Monga I, Kaur K, Dhanda S (March 2022). "Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells".
1865:
of the host's own DNA marks it as "self" and prevents it from being attacked by endonucleases. Restriction endonucleases and the restriction modification system exist exclusively in prokaryotes.
941:
vessels and entering the areas between cells in pursuit of invading pathogens. In tissues, organ-specific macrophages are differentiated from phagocytic cells present in the blood called
1140:
cells or virus-infected cells, recognizing such cells by a condition known as "missing self". This term describes cells with abnormally low levels of a cell-surface marker called MHC I (
1967:
from blood cells and mobile plasma proteins make up the clotting system, where the transglutaminase polymerizes 210 kDa subunits of a plasma-clotting protein. On the other hand, in the
1963:, a gel-like fluid surrounds pathogen invaders, similar to the way blood does in other animals. Various proteins and mechanisms are involved in invertebrate clotting. In crustaceans,
1881:(PRRs) are proteins used by nearly all organisms to identify molecules associated with microbial pathogens. TLRs are a major class of pattern recognition receptor, that exists in all
991:. Neutrophil granules contain a variety of toxic substances that kill or inhibit growth of bacteria and fungi. Similar to macrophages, neutrophils attack pathogens by activating a
557:, and attract phagocytes, especially neutrophils. Neutrophils then trigger other parts of the immune system by releasing factors that summon additional leukocytes and lymphocytes.
1669:. They inhibit phagocytosis by affecting the phagocytes receptors used to engulf bacteria. They may also mimic host cells so the immune system does not recognize them as foreign.
2558:
Gong JH, Maki G, Klingemann HG (April 1994). "Characterization of a human cell line (NK-92) with phenotypical and functional characteristics of activated natural killer cells".
891:, wrapping the membrane around the particle until it is enveloped (i.e., the particle is now inside the cell). Once inside the cell, the invading pathogen is contained inside a
937:
Macrophages, from the Greek, meaning "large eaters", are large phagocytic leukocytes, which are able to move beyond the vascular system by migrating through the walls of
4071:
1756:(CARD) and the CARD-containing adaptor MAVS changes. In parallel, when TLRs in the endocytic compartments recognize a virus the activation of the adaptor protein
3910:
2783:"Activation of the human complement alternative pathway by Listeria monocytogenes: evidence for direct binding and proteolysis of the C3 component on bacteria"
1971:
clotting system, components of proteolytic cascades are stored as inactive forms in granules of hemocytes, which are released when foreign molecules, like
3546:
2523:
Tonn T, Becker S, Esser R, Schwabe D, Seifried E (August 2001). "Cellular immunotherapy of malignancies using the clonal natural killer cell line NK-92".
2036:(HR), in which cells at the site of infection undergo rapid apoptosis to prevent spread to other parts of the plant. HR has some similarities to animal
3550:
2067:(SAR) is a type of defensive response that renders the entire plant resistant to a broad spectrum of infectious agents. SAR involves the production of
791:
are less mobile). Unlike many other cells, most innate immune leukocytes cannot divide or reproduce on their own, but are the products of multipotent
1178:, γδ T cells exhibit characteristics that place them at the border between innate and adaptive immunity. γδ T cells may be considered a component of
1998:
responses that lead to the formation of defensive chemical compounds that fight infection or make the plant less attractive to insects and other
506:(PAMPs). At the onset of an infection, burn, or other injuries, these cells undergo activation (one of their PRRs recognizes a PAMP) and release
3306:"Inhibition of the type I interferon response in human dendritic cells by dengue virus infection requires a catalytically active NS2B3 complex"
1210:
overlaps with the immune system. Some products of the coagulation system can contribute to non-specific defenses via their ability to increase
1740:(dsRNA), MDA5 and RIG-I receptors are located in the cytoplasm and recognize long dsRNA and phosphate-containing dsRNA respectively. When the
3505:
Cerenius L, Kawabata S, Lee BL, Nonaka M, Söderhäll K (October 2010). "Proteolytic cascades and their involvement in invertebrate immunity".
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Innate immune system cells prevent free growth of microorganisms within the body, but many pathogens have evolved mechanisms to evade it.
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The innate immune response to infectious and sterile injury is modulated by neural circuits that control cytokine production period. The
260:
act as a physical and chemical barrier to infectious agents; via physical measures such as skin and mucus, and chemical measures such as
1732:, play a central role in antiviral host defense and a cell's antiviral state. Viral components are recognized by different receptors:
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Phagocytosis of the hosts' own cells is common as part of regular tissue development and maintenance. When host cells die, either by
2045:
742:
136:
826:, and dendritic cells, and function within the immune system by identifying and eliminating pathogens that might cause infection.
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1190:. The various subsets may be considered part of the innate immune system where a restricted TCR or NK receptors may be used as a
108:
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2015:
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produced by macrophages and other cells of the innate immune system mediate the inflammatory response. These cytokines include
17:
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1911:
component of the innate immune response found among all classes of life and represent the main form of invertebrate systemic
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503:
89:
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Dendritic cells (DCs) are phagocytic cells present in tissues that are in contact with the external environment, mainly the
522:. These cell death pathways help clear infected or aberrant cells and release cellular contents and inflammatory mediators.
115:
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cascades that degrade proteins and control many of the mechanisms of the innate immune system of invertebrates—including
1792:
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due to the presence of granules in their cytoplasm, or as polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) due to their distinctive lobed
2305:
122:
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Lotze MT, Tracey KJ (April 2005). "High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal".
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protein, which can bind to host and viral RNA, interact with immune signaling proteins or block their activation by
953:. Pathogens also stimulate the macrophage to produce chemokines, which summon other cells to the site of infection.
1783:) or nearby cells (paracrine). This induces hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes to be expressed. This leads to
1198:
produced by microbes, and highly restricted intraepithelial Vδ1 T cells will respond to stressed epithelial cells.
1141:
3035:
Kobayashi H (2005). "Airway biofilms: implications for pathogenesis and therapy of respiratory tract infections".
3954:
3676:"FLS2: an LRR receptor-like kinase involved in the perception of the bacterial elicitor flagellin in Arabidopsis"
2003:
1984:
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image of normal circulating human blood. One can see red blood cells, several knobby white blood cells including
104:
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Rodriguez-Madoz JR, Belicha-Villanueva A, Bernal-Rubio D, Ashour J, Ayllon J, Fernandez-Sesma A (October 2010).
192:. The innate immune system is an alternate defense strategy and is the dominant immune system response found in
2446:
93:
1136:(NK cells) do not directly attack invading microbes. Rather, NK cells destroy compromised host cells, such as
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heat, either increased local temperature, such as a warm feeling around a localized infection, or a systemic
3374:"The interplay of restriction-modification systems with mobile genetic elements and their prokaryotic hosts"
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recruit immune cells to infection sites by producing chemical factors, including chemical mediators called
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Breuer K, Foroushani AK, Laird MR, Chen C, Sribnaia A, Lo R, Winsor GL, Hancock RE, Brinkman FS, Lynn DJ.
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is induced. Both pathways converge in the recruitment and activation of the IKKε/TBK-1 complex, inducing
472:
The process of acute inflammation is initiated by cells already present in all tissues, mainly resident
1677:
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Basophils and eosinophils are cells related to the neutrophil. When activated by a pathogen encounter,
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Le Bon A, Tough DF (August 2002). "Links between innate and adaptive immunity via type I interferon".
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Some viruses evade this by producing molecules that interfere with IFN production. For example, the
1194:. For example, according to this paradigm, large numbers of Vγ9/Vδ2 T cells respond within hours to
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Klingemann HG (2010). "Development and testing of NK cell lines". In Lotze MT, Thompson AW (eds.).
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2059:, are widely present in plants and detect pathogens. These proteins contain domains similar to the
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García-Sastre A, Egorov A, Matassov D, Brandt S, Levy DE, Durbin JE, et al. (December 1998).
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mechanisms are important in the plant systemic response, as they can block virus replication. The
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887:', pathogens or particles. To engulf a particle or pathogen, a phagocyte extends portions of its
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1635:, or wearing a protective capsule, which prevents lysis by complement and by phagocytes, as in
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869:, causing the characteristic signs of inflammation, and recruits neutrophils and macrophages.
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that inhibits cytokine release by interacting with alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (
1211:
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883:
The word 'phagocyte' literally means 'eating cell'. These are immune cells that engulf, or '
294:, movement due to peristalsis or cilia, respectively, helps remove infectious agents. Also,
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3717:"VPEgamma exhibits a caspase-like activity that contributes to defense against pathogens"
2312:. Computing Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences: Academic Electronic Press. Archived from
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Rojo E, Martín R, Carter C, Zouhar J, Pan S, Plotnikova J, et al. (November 2004).
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3167:"Induction of type I interferon by RNA viruses: cellular receptors and their substrates"
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Elements of the complement cascade can be found in many non-mammalian species including
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1994:. As with animals, plants attacked by insects or other pathogens use a set of complex
1700:, protecting them from immune cells and proteins; biofilms are present in the chronic
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2912:"Anti-immunology: evasion of the host immune system by bacterial and viral pathogens"
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3265:"Influenza A virus lacking the NS1 gene replicates in interferon-deficient systems"
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The parts of the innate immune system display specificity for different pathogens.
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492:. These cells present receptors contained on the surface or within the cell, named
445:
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245:
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3566:"A receptor kinase-like protein encoded by the rice disease resistance gene, Xa21"
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Song WY, Wang GL, Chen LL, Kim HS, Pi LY, Holsten T, et al. (December 1995).
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3549:. Stanford University Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Archived from
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849:. When activated, mast cells rapidly release characteristic granules, rich in
689:
The three different complement systems are classical, alternative and lectin.
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identify and remove foreign substances present in organs, tissues, blood and
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2832:"NK cells use perforin rather than granulysin for anticryptococcal activity"
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Ma LL, Wang CL, Neely GG, Epelman S, Krensky AM, Mody CH (September 2004).
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is stimulated in leaves damaged by insects, and involves the production of
1873:
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inhibit bacterial growth by binding iron, an essential bacterial nutrient.
1247:
1222:. In addition, some of the products of the coagulation system are directly
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205:
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3216:"Ubiquitin in the activation and attenuation of innate antiviral immunity"
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exists in most life forms. Some invertebrates, including various insects,
1273:
is a prototypical neural circuit that controls cytokine production in the
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2020:
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1779:, where it can activate receptors on both the cell it was released from (
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Imler JL, Hoffmann JA (July 2001). "Toll receptors in innate immunity".
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In the hemolymph, which makes up the fluid in the circulatory system of
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2602:"Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway"
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inhibits the ability of the phagocyte to respond to chemokine signals.
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Beck G, Habicht GS (November 1996). "Immunity and the invertebrates".
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The inflammatory response is characterized by the following symptoms:
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in the dermis, produces an environment unsuitable for the survival of
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but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively referred to as
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Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walters P (2002).
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are located in the endosomal membrane and recognize double-stranded
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cell line does not express KIR and is developed for tumor therapy.
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995:. The main products of the neutrophil respiratory burst are strong
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swelling of affected tissues, such as the upper throat during the
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903:. The phagocytic cells of the immune system include macrophages,
854:
842:
704:
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437:
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utilize a modified form of the complement response known as the
678:
form holes in the plasma membrane of the pathogen, resulting in
184:
is one of the two main immunity strategies (the other being the
4573:
4449:
4113:
2730:
Agrawal P, Nawadkar R, Ojha H, Kumar J, Sahu A (16 June 2017).
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in transmission of the signal to distal portions of the plant.
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increased production of mucus, which can cause symptoms like a
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Natural killer cells - Basic
Science and Clinical applications
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1293:) expressed on cytokine-producing cells. The motor arc of the
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Like other 'unconventional' T cell subsets bearing invariant
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498:(PRRs), which recognize molecules that are broadly shared by
384:
295:
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197:
193:
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database of proteins and their interactions in innate immune
3783:
Linden JC, Stoner RJ, Knutson KW, Gardner-Hughes CA (2000).
3621:"Plant and animal sensors of conserved microbial signatures"
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organisms), utilize a unique defense mechanism, called the
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bacteria, making up a substantial portion of the mammalian
1629:
One strategy is intracellular replication, as practised by
1042:
720:
716:
317:
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Croize J, Arvieux J, Berche P, Colomb MG (December 1993).
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1102:-releasing basophils are important in the defense against
3816:
Baulcombe D (September 2004). "RNA silencing in plants".
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2441:(Fourth ed.). New York and London: Garland Science.
2303:
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Immunology
Section of Microbiology and Immunology On-line
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1114:. Upon activation, eosinophils secrete a range of highly
562:
2729:
2191:(Fifth ed.). New York and London: Garland Science.
1857:, that attack and destroy specific regions of the viral
1148:
receptors (KIR) that slow the reaction of NK cells. The
756:
215:
The major functions of the innate immune system are to:
2732:"Complement Evasion Strategies of Viruses: An Overview"
2434:
2370:
Janeway CA, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik MJ (2005).
1064:. Dendritic cells are very important in the process of
685:
rid the body of neutralised antigen-antibody complexes.
3714:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2522:
4097:
3869:
3359:
Access
Excellence Classic Collection Background Paper
1693:
utilize mechanisms that directly kill the phagocyte.
1186:
to produce junctional diversity and develop a memory
3371:
3115:
2961:"Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited"
2185:, Paul C, Travers M, Walport M, Shlomchik M (2001).
1885:(animals with a body-cavity), including humans. The
2691:
2147:"Immune response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
2052:that regulates cell disassembly during cell death.
96:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4079:
2829:
2709:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 172.
2557:
669:"tag" pathogens for destruction by other cells by
3673:
3164:
2525:Journal of Hematotherapy & Stem Cell Research
1791:, which inhibits viral protein synthesis, or the
693:Classical: starts when antibody binds to bacteria
4642:
3116:Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (February 2006).
630:possible dysfunction of involved organs/tissues.
3563:
3500:
3498:
3213:
2394:
1752:recognize a virus the conformation between the
1060:, but dendritic cells are not connected to the
525:Chemical factors produced during inflammation (
2909:
1845:to protect themselves from pathogens, such as
1201:
4065:
3904:
3618:
3466:
3214:Heaton SM, Borg NA, Dixit VM (January 2016).
1985:Plant disease resistance § Immune system
1068:, and serve as a link between the innate and
666:trigger the recruitment of inflammatory cells
583:, due to locally increased blood circulation;
3495:
2958:
2304:Stvrtinová V, Jakubovský J, Hulín I (1995).
2270:Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary
1083:
857:, along with various hormonal mediators and
3772:Chitosan#Agricultural and horticultural use
3423:
3077:
2551:
2326:
775:White blood cells (WBCs) are also known as
233:, activate cells, and promote clearance of
4072:
4058:
3911:
3897:
3118:"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity"
2965:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
2584:
1053:. They are named for their resemblance to
330:, desquamation, flushing, organic acids,
3815:
3740:
3691:
3544:
3397:
3372:Oliveira PH, Touchon M, Rocha EP (2014).
3329:
3297:
3280:
3239:
3190:
3133:
3034:
2984:
2927:
2847:
2806:
2757:
2747:
2674:
2625:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
1230:, a protein produced by platelets during
675:, or coating, the surface of the pathogen
156:Learn how and when to remove this message
3540:
3538:
3536:
3111:
3109:
3011:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
2455:
2363:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
1919:produce antimicrobial peptides known as
1277:. Action potentials transmitted via the
1250:are involved in the coagulation system.
1242:by acting as a cationic detergent. Many
1074:
966:
917:
865:into the environment. Histamine dilates
746:
167:
4579:Megakaryocyte–erythroid progenitor cell
3419:
3417:
3007:
3001:
2910:Finlay BB, McFadden G (February 2006).
2872:
2461:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
1934:
1304:
1122:
1037:), and the inner mucosal lining of the
682:of the pathogen cell, causing its death
623:, or affecting the whole body, such as
209:
14:
4643:
3619:Ronald PC, Beutler B (November 2010).
3256:
2903:
2648:
2599:
2423:
2310:Pathophysiology: Principles of Disease
2164:
2055:"Resistance" (R) proteins, encoded by
1954:
504:pathogen-associated molecular patterns
272:
4053:
3892:
3674:Gómez-Gómez L, Boller T (June 2000).
3533:
3106:
3071:
2606:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1824:
1299:cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
1281:to the spleen mediate the release of
3460:
3414:
3220:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
3165:Baum A, García-Sastre A (May 2010).
3158:
2704:
2388:
2284:
2206:
1696:Bacteria and fungi may form complex
1264:
730:
634:
94:adding citations to reliable sources
65:
29:
3785:"Organic disease control elicitors"
2878:
2272:(3rd ed.). Elsevier, Inc. 2007
2010:plant helps stop infection spread.
1849:. In this system, bacteria produce
696:Alternative: starts "spontaneously"
24:
3352:
3037:Treatments in Respiratory Medicine
1795:family, which degrades viral RNA.
1018:
27:Immunity strategy in living beings
25:
4667:
3863:
3446:10.1038/scientificamerican1196-60
2959:Finlay BB, Falkow S (June 1997).
2466:(6th ed.). Garland Science.
2374:(6th ed.). Garland Science.
2245:
2032:, the plant produces a localized
1621:
743:Cells of the innate immune system
662:. The proteins work together to:
615:pain, either local pain, such as
3049:10.2165/00151829-200504040-00003
3014:(30th ed.). W.B. Saunders.
2799:10.1128/iai.61.12.5134-5139.1993
2397:Briefings in Functional Genomics
2248:"Innate (Non-Specific) Immunity"
2044:-1-like proteolytic activity of
1868:
1142:major histocompatibility complex
764:
760:
70:
34:
3809:
3776:
3765:
3708:
3667:
3612:
3557:
3365:
3346:
3207:
3028:
2952:
2823:
2774:
2723:
2642:
2593:
2578:
2516:
2480:
2254:. University of South Carolina.
2004:plant defense against herbivory
1939:In invertebrates, PRRs trigger
1843:restriction modification system
1793:2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase
802:The innate leukocytes include:
454:
305:
81:needs additional citations for
3883:Innate Immune System Animation
3507:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
2977:10.1128/mmbr.61.2.136-169.1997
2320:
2258:
2139:
1829:
1338:Intracellular and cytoplasmic
956:
926:
312:Additional defense mechanisms
290:. In the gastrointestinal and
13:
1:
3924:Pattern recognition receptors
3693:10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80265-8
3590:10.1126/science.270.5243.1804
3481:10.1016/S0962-8924(01)02004-9
3092:10.1016/s0952-7915(02)00354-0
3080:Current Opinion in Immunology
2438:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2133:
1879:Pattern recognition receptors
1712:infections characteristic of
1155:
1033:(where they are often called
872:
829:
495:pattern recognition receptors
4270:Extramedullary hematopoiesis
2881:"Immune Evasion by bacteria"
2651:"Reflex control of immunity"
2065:Systemic acquired resistance
1861:of invading bacteriophages.
1787:protein production, such as
1665:, causing infections of the
1192:pattern recognition receptor
767:, and many small disc-shape
753:scanning electron microscope
7:
2849:10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3357
2600:Tracey KJ (February 2007).
2101:
2040:, such as a requirement of
1202:Other vertebrate mechanisms
10:
4672:
3885:XVIVO Scientific Animation
3798:(5): 32–34. Archived from
3792:Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech
3519:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.04.006
3135:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.015
2929:10.1016/j.cell.2006.01.034
2655:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2329:Nature Reviews. Immunology
1982:
1754:caspase-recruitment domain
1728:(IFN), secreted mainly by
1719:
1632:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
1159:
1126:
1087:
1022:
960:
949:", causing the release of
930:
876:
833:
740:
734:
638:
458:
4603:
4563:
4537:
4509:
4476:
4436:Antigen-presenting cells
4429:
4364:
4355:
4291:
4282:
4262:
4224:
4199:
4190:
4161:
4121:
4112:
4088:
4026:
4008:
3968:
3930:
3742:10.1016/j.cub.2004.09.056
3183:10.1007/s00726-009-0374-0
2736:Frontiers in Microbiology
2537:10.1089/15258160152509145
2502:10.1080/14653240802301872
1978:
1855:restriction endonucleases
1380:
1084:Basophils and eosinophils
440:& active selection).
298:traps infectious agents.
182:nonspecific immune system
43:This article needs to be
4524:Nucleated red blood cell
4080:Myeloid blood cells and
3547:"Plant immune responses"
3008:Dorland WA, ed. (2003).
2749:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01117
2306:"Inflammation and Fever"
2128:Endothelial cell tropism
1709:Burkholderia cenocepacia
975:Neutrophils, along with
793:hematopoietic stem cells
4626:Hematopoietic stem cell
4545:Leukocyte extravasation
4414:Foreign-body giant cell
3950:Formyl peptide receptor
3645:10.1126/science.1189468
2649:Tracey KJ (June 2009).
2266:"Mucociliary escalator"
2034:hypersensitive response
1663:opportunistic pathogens
1070:adaptive immune systems
951:reactive oxygen species
907:, and dendritic cells.
389:Mucociliary escalator,
3469:Trends in Cell Biology
3378:Nucleic Acids Research
3282:10.1006/viro.1998.9508
2787:Infection and Immunity
2108:Antimicrobial peptides
1907:are an evolutionarily
1905:Antimicrobial peptides
1703:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
1684:Streptococcus pyogenes
1653:gastrointestinal flora
1393:Listeria monocytogenes
1240:Gram-positive bacteria
1176:Natural Killer T cells
1094:Eosinophil granulocyte
1080:
972:
923:
895:, which merges with a
772:
723:, and some species of
597:or joints affected by
508:inflammatory mediators
339:Gastrointestinal tract
252:adaptive immune system
186:adaptive immune system
173:
105:"Innate immune system"
18:Innate immune response
3355:"Restriction Enzymes"
2836:Journal of Immunology
1915:. Several species of
1766:transcription factors
1672:Staphylococcus aureus
1647:species are normally
1551:Entamoeba histolytica
1212:vascular permeability
1078:
970:
921:
750:
446:active transportation
266:host defence peptides
171:
4621:Hematopoietic system
4409:Langhans giant cells
3920:Innate immune system
3545:Schneider D (2005).
3322:10.1128/jvi.01051-10
3232:10.1084/jem.20151531
2409:10.1093/bfgp/elac002
2118:Innate lymphoid cell
1935:Proteolytic cascades
1305:Pathogen-specificity
1253:Increased levels of
1244:acute-phase proteins
1134:Natural killer cells
1123:Natural killer cells
1090:Basophil granulocyte
1066:antigen presentation
1005:free oxygen radicals
804:natural killer cells
699:Lectin: starts when
599:rheumatoid arthritis
444:(mechanism by which
256:antigen presentation
178:innate immune system
172:Innate immune system
90:improve this article
4384:Alveolar macrophage
3983:RIG-I-like receptor
3960:Complement receptor
3932:Membrane-bound_PRRs
3838:10.1038/nature02874
3830:2004Natur.431..356B
3733:2004CBio...14.1897R
3637:2010Sci...330.1061R
3631:(6007): 1061–1064.
3582:1995Sci...270.1804S
3576:(5243): 1804–1806.
3438:1996SciAm.275e..60B
3426:Scientific American
3384:(16): 10618–10631.
3310:Journal of Virology
2589:. pp. 169–175.
2069:chemical messengers
1973:lipopolysaccharides
1955:Clotting mechanisms
1837:(and perhaps other
1734:Toll-like receptors
1521:Leishmania donovani
1514:Plasmodium malariae
1295:inflammatory reflex
1271:inflammatory reflex
1184:rearrange TCR genes
1162:gamma/delta T cells
1129:Natural killer cell
1106:and play a role in
651:biochemical cascade
581:redness of the skin
425:Blood–brain barrier
381:Respiratory airways
273:Anatomical barriers
4555:Intrinsic immunity
4419:Touton giant cells
3955:Scavenger receptor
3940:Toll-like receptor
3390:10.1093/nar/gku734
2891:on 10 October 2006
2462:Janeway C (2005).
2061:NOD Like Receptors
1825:Beyond vertebrates
1690:Bacillus anthracis
1655:. Species such as
1414:yes (specifically
1216:chemotactic agents
1208:coagulation system
1108:allergic reactions
1081:
973:
924:
773:
309:Anatomical barrier
235:antibody complexes
227:complement cascade
210:Beyond vertebrates
174:
4636:
4635:
4599:
4598:
4472:
4471:
4399:Epithelioid cells
4278:
4277:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4186:
4185:
4047:
4046:
3978:NOD-like receptor
3824:(7006): 356–363.
3727:(21): 1897–1906.
3316:(19): 9760–9774.
2793:(12): 5134–5139.
2716:978-0-7817-9543-2
2123:NOD-like receptor
2050:cysteine protease
1887:complement system
1667:peritoneal cavity
1619:
1618:
1265:Neural regulation
1180:adaptive immunity
1001:hydrogen peroxide
993:respiratory burst
947:respiratory burst
861:, or chemotactic
731:White blood cells
647:complement system
641:Complement system
635:Complement system
452:
451:
430:endothelial cells
322:Sweat (including
292:respiratory tract
246:white blood cells
244:, by specialized
166:
165:
158:
140:
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
4663:
4570:Precursor cells
4496:Promegakaryocyte
4362:
4361:
4289:
4288:
4214:Promegakaryocyte
4197:
4196:
4119:
4118:
4110:
4109:
4095:
4094:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4051:
4050:
3970:Cytoplasmic_PRRs
3945:Mannose receptor
3913:
3906:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3878:
3858:
3857:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3789:
3780:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3744:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3686:(6): 1003–1011.
3671:
3665:
3664:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3542:
3531:
3530:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3432:(5): 60–63, 66.
3421:
3412:
3411:
3401:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3333:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3284:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3194:
3177:(5): 1283–1299.
3162:
3156:
3155:
3137:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2931:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2887:. Archived from
2876:
2870:
2869:
2851:
2842:(5): 3357–3365.
2827:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2761:
2751:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2702:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2629:
2618:10.1172/JCI30555
2597:
2591:
2590:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2432:
2421:
2420:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2316:on 18 June 2007.
2301:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2243:
2204:
2202:
2179:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2143:
2096:methyl jasmonate
1965:transglutaminase
1947:coagulation and
1901:(proPO) system.
1899:prophenoloxidase
1815:phosophorylation
1789:protein kinase R
1484:Salmonella typhi
1312:
1311:
1287:neurotransmitter
1220:phagocytic cells
1196:common molecules
1170:(TCRs), such as
1168:T cell receptors
1035:Langerhans cells
997:oxidizing agents
816:phagocytic cells
610:productive cough
356:digestive enzyme
306:
284:sebaceous glands
262:clotting factors
161:
154:
150:
147:
141:
139:
98:
74:
66:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4660:
4656:Insect immunity
4641:
4640:
4637:
4632:
4595:
4559:
4538:Immune response
4533:
4511:Red blood cells
4505:
4468:
4445:Langerhans cell
4440:Dendritic cells
4425:
4351:
4274:
4250:
4234:Proerythroblast
4220:
4182:
4166:Monocytopoiesis
4157:
4101:
4084:
4078:
4048:
4043:
4027:Other/ungrouped
4022:
4004:
3964:
3926:
3917:
3866:
3861:
3814:
3810:
3805:on 6 July 2007.
3802:
3787:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3766:
3721:Current Biology
3713:
3709:
3672:
3668:
3617:
3613:
3562:
3558:
3553:on 9 June 2007.
3543:
3534:
3513:(10): 575–583.
3503:
3496:
3465:
3461:
3422:
3415:
3370:
3366:
3351:
3347:
3302:
3298:
3261:
3257:
3212:
3208:
3163:
3159:
3114:
3107:
3076:
3072:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2957:
2953:
2908:
2904:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2873:
2828:
2824:
2779:
2775:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2705:Doan T (2008).
2703:
2692:
2667:10.1038/nri2566
2647:
2643:
2598:
2594:
2583:
2579:
2556:
2552:
2521:
2517:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2433:
2424:
2393:
2389:
2382:
2368:
2364:
2341:10.1038/nri1594
2325:
2321:
2302:
2285:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2244:
2207:
2199:
2180:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2151:medlineplus.gov
2145:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2104:
2018:, 1995) and in
1987:
1981:
1957:
1937:
1871:
1832:
1827:
1802:virus produces
1730:dendritic cells
1722:
1714:cystic fibrosis
1678:M. tuberculosis
1624:
1558:Giardia lamblia
1307:
1267:
1226:. For example,
1204:
1164:
1158:
1131:
1125:
1096:
1088:Main articles:
1086:
1027:
1021:
1019:Dendritic cells
983:, are known as
965:
959:
935:
929:
889:plasma membrane
881:
875:
838:
832:
789:dendritic cells
745:
739:
733:
658:, primarily by
643:
637:
478:dendritic cells
463:
457:
406:Mucus, saliva,
359:
275:
162:
151:
145:
142:
99:
97:
87:
75:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4618:
4613:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4567:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4491:Megakaryoblast
4488:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4433:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4286:
4284:Myeloid tissue
4280:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4229:Erythropoiesis
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4209:Megakaryoblast
4204:Thrombopoiesis
4200:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4126:Granulopoiesis
4122:
4116:
4107:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4077:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4054:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4041:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3980:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3865:
3864:External links
3862:
3860:
3859:
3808:
3775:
3764:
3707:
3680:Molecular Cell
3666:
3611:
3556:
3532:
3494:
3475:(7): 304–311.
3459:
3413:
3364:
3345:
3296:
3275:(2): 324–330.
3255:
3206:
3157:
3128:(4): 783–801.
3105:
3086:(4): 432–436.
3070:
3043:(4): 241–253.
3027:
3020:
3000:
2971:(2): 136–169.
2951:
2922:(4): 767–782.
2902:
2871:
2822:
2773:
2722:
2715:
2690:
2661:(6): 418–428.
2641:
2612:(2): 289–296.
2592:
2577:
2566:(4): 652–658.
2550:
2531:(4): 535–544.
2515:
2496:(6): 625–632.
2479:
2472:
2454:
2447:
2422:
2403:(3): 159–176.
2387:
2380:
2362:
2335:(4): 331–342.
2319:
2283:
2257:
2205:
2197:
2163:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2073:salicylic acid
1983:Main article:
1980:
1977:
1969:horseshoe crab
1956:
1953:
1936:
1933:
1870:
1867:
1847:bacteriophages
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1808:ubiquitination
1721:
1718:
1623:
1622:Immune evasion
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1576:Extracellular
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1545:
1539:Extracellular
1536:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1508:
1502:Intracellular
1499:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1463:Staphylococcus
1457:
1451:Extracellular
1448:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1387:
1381:Intracellular
1378:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1306:
1303:
1297:is termed the
1266:
1263:
1203:
1200:
1160:Main article:
1157:
1154:
1146:immunoglobulin
1127:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1085:
1082:
1062:nervous system
1025:Dendritic cell
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
1015:inflammation.
961:Main article:
958:
955:
931:Main article:
928:
925:
877:Main article:
874:
871:
834:Main article:
831:
828:
806:, mast cells,
735:Main article:
732:
729:
709:
708:
697:
694:
687:
686:
683:
676:
667:
639:Main article:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
617:painful joints
613:
602:
591:
584:
549:, cause local
547:pain receptors
543:prostaglandins
459:Main article:
456:
453:
450:
449:
442:P-glycoprotein
427:
421:
420:
417:
411:
410:
404:
398:
397:
387:
377:
376:
341:
335:
334:
320:
314:
313:
310:
274:
271:
270:
269:
258:
248:
238:
223:
164:
163:
78:
76:
69:
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4668:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:Immune system
4649:
4648:
4646:
4639:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4591:Myelomonocyte
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4562:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4501:Megakaryocyte
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Kupffer cells
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Metamyelocyte
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:Hematopoiesis
4087:
4083:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4039:
4035:
4034:Immunophilins
4032:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4010:Secreted_PRRs
4007:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3967:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3909:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3812:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3773:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3552:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3463:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3418:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3368:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3251:
3247:
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3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3161:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3021:0-7216-0146-4
3017:
3013:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2955:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2906:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2777:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2475:
2473:0-443-07310-4
2469:
2465:
2464:Immunobiology
2458:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2381:0-443-07310-4
2377:
2373:
2372:Immunobiology
2366:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2198:0-8153-4101-6
2194:
2190:
2189:
2188:Immunobiology
2184:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2090:jasmonic acid
2086:
2085:RNA silencing
2082:
2078:
2077:jasmonic acid
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:plant disease
1986:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:Invertebrates
1869:Invertebrates
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1627:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1470:Streptococcus
1467:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1407:Mycobacterium
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:Main examples
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:acetylcholine
1280:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1224:antimicrobial
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:in that they
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1091:
1079:An eosinophil
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
969:
964:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
920:
916:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
880:
870:
868:
867:blood vessels
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
827:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
744:
738:
728:
726:
725:invertebrates
722:
718:
714:
706:
702:
698:
695:
692:
691:
690:
684:
681:
677:
674:
673:
668:
665:
664:
663:
661:
657:
652:
648:
642:
629:
626:
622:
618:
614:
611:
607:
603:
600:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
578:
577:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:blood vessels
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
486:Kupffer cells
483:
479:
475:
470:
467:
462:
448:is mediated)
447:
443:
439:
435:
432:(via passive
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
416:
413:
412:
409:
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
379:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
340:
337:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
308:
307:
304:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
267:
263:
259:
257:
253:
250:activate the
249:
247:
243:
239:
237:or dead cells
236:
232:
228:
225:activate the
224:
222:
218:
217:
216:
213:
211:
207:
206:invertebrates
203:
199:
195:
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187:
183:
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160:
157:
149:
138:
135:
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128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107: –
106:
102:
101:Find sources:
95:
91:
85:
84:
79:This article
77:
73:
68:
67:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4638:
4550:Phagocytosis
4519:Reticulocyte
4293:Granulocytes
4244:Reticulocyte
4136:Promyelocyte
4099:Myelopoiesis
3919:
3875:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3800:the original
3795:
3791:
3778:
3767:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3551:the original
3510:
3506:
3472:
3468:
3462:
3429:
3425:
3381:
3377:
3367:
3358:
3348:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3272:
3268:
3258:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3174:
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2150:
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2054:
2019:
2012:
2008:
1988:
1958:
1949:melanization
1938:
1926:
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1817:using NS2B3
1797:
1762:dimerization
1723:
1707:
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1322:Phagocytosis
1308:
1268:
1252:
1248:inflammation
1234:, can cause
1205:
1174:-restricted
1165:
1132:
1097:
1028:
1009:hypochlorite
985:granulocytes
974:
971:A neutrophil
936:
922:A macrophage
909:
882:
839:
801:
774:
710:
688:
671:
644:
575:
551:vasodilation
545:) sensitize
539:leukotrienes
524:
493:
471:
466:Inflammation
464:
461:Inflammation
455:Inflammation
348:gastric acid
328:cathelicidin
280:Desquamation
276:
229:to identify
214:
181:
177:
175:
152:
143:
133:
126:
119:
112:
100:
88:Please help
83:verification
80:
52:
44:
4404:giant cells
4394:Osteoclasts
4374:Histiocytes
4366:Macrophages
4176:Promonocyte
4038:Cyclophilin
3226:(1): 1–13.
3171:Amino Acids
2879:Kennedy A.
2490:Cytotherapy
2021:Arabidopsis
1941:proteolytic
1863:Methylation
1839:prokaryotic
1830:Prokaryotes
1800:Influenza A
1742:cytoplasmic
1726:interferons
1658:B. fragilis
1649:mutualistic
1644:Bacteroides
1595:Histoplasma
1416:neutrophils
1279:vagus nerve
1259:transferrin
1255:lactoferrin
1232:coagulation
1228:beta-lysine
1214:and act as
977:eosinophils
963:Neutrophils
957:Neutrophils
933:Macrophages
927:Macrophages
905:neutrophils
885:phagocytose
847:anaphylaxis
824:neutrophils
820:macrophages
808:eosinophils
797:bone marrow
795:present in
781:macrophages
757:lymphocytes
707:on bacteria
660:hepatocytes
621:sore throat
595:common cold
516:necroptosis
482:histiocytes
474:macrophages
402:Nasopharynx
362:thiocyanate
344:Peristalsis
202:prokaryotes
190:vertebrates
4645:Categories
4328:Eosinophil
4311:Neutrophil
4301:Myeloblast
4239:Normoblast
4131:Myeloblast
3872:"InnateDB"
3353:Peters P.
2895:25 October
2707:Immunology
2448:0815332181
2156:7 November
2134:References
2081:jasmonates
2071:, such as
2063:and TLRs.
2038:pyroptosis
2000:herbivores
1961:arthropods
1883:coelomates
1744:receptors
1638:Salmonella
1433:Rickettsia
1400:Legionella
1364:rhinovirus
1327:complement
1156:γδ T cells
1110:, such as
1051:intestines
999:including
873:Phagocytes
859:chemokines
830:Mast cells
814:; and the
785:mast cells
777:leukocytes
765:neutrophil
741:See also:
672:opsonizing
625:body aches
606:runny nose
531:bradykinin
520:PANoptosis
512:pyroptosis
490:mast cells
391:surfactant
360:flushing,
352:bile acids
332:skin flora
146:March 2024
116:newspapers
55:March 2024
4611:Phagocyte
4478:Platelets
4457:Monoblast
4389:Microglia
4357:Monocytes
4340:Mast cell
4306:Band cell
4171:Monoblast
4151:Band cell
4141:Myelocyte
4018:Collectin
2246:Mayer G.
2183:Janeway C
2113:Apoptosis
2030:elicitors
1996:metabolic
1945:hemolymph
1928:cecropins
1922:defensins
1909:conserved
1853:, called
1821:complex.
1785:antiviral
1781:autocrine
1477:Neisseria
1349:influenza
1188:phenotype
1104:parasites
1100:histamine
1058:dendrites
981:basophils
943:monocytes
939:capillary
912:apoptosis
901:cytokines
893:phagosome
879:Phagocyte
863:cytokines
851:histamine
836:Mast cell
812:basophils
769:platelets
737:Leukocyte
680:cytolysis
559:Cytokines
535:serotonin
527:histamine
500:pathogens
434:diffusion
395:defensins
374:lysozymes
370:gut flora
366:defensins
324:dermcidin
300:Gut flora
221:cytokines
4584:CFU-GEMM
4345:CFU-Mast
4321:CFU-Baso
4316:Basophil
4104:CFU-GEMM
3846:15372043
3751:15530390
3702:10911994
3661:18311102
3653:21097929
3606:10548988
3527:20541942
3489:11413042
3408:25120263
3340:20660196
3269:Virology
3250:26712804
3201:19882216
3152:14357403
3144:16497588
3100:12088676
3065:31788349
3057:16086598
2946:15418509
2938:16497587
2866:43258057
2858:15322199
2768:28670306
2742:: 1117.
2685:19461672
2636:17273548
2560:Leukemia
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2510:18836917
2417:35265979
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2102:See also
2092:response
2002:. (see:
1913:immunity
1835:Bacteria
1819:protease
1777:vesicles
1698:biofilms
1542:protozoa
1505:protozoa
1454:bacteria
1384:bacteria
1332:NK cells
1315:Pathogen
1238:of many
1055:neuronal
897:lysosome
818:include
761:monocyte
703:bind to
408:lysozyme
288:microbes
254:through
231:bacteria
4486:CFU-Meg
4333:CFU-Eos
4263:General
3854:4421274
3826:Bibcode
3759:3231431
3729:Bibcode
3633:Bibcode
3625:Science
3598:8525370
3578:Bibcode
3570:Science
3454:8875808
3434:Bibcode
3399:4176335
3331:2937777
3291:9878611
3241:4710203
3192:2860555
2995:9184008
2885:Crohnie
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2759:5472698
2676:4535331
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2276:11 June
2057:R genes
2042:caspase
1975:enter.
1851:enzymes
1724:Type I
1720:Viruses
1588:Candida
1571:no/yes
1359:measles
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855:heparin
843:allergy
705:mannose
701:lectins
553:of the
438:osmosis
130:scholar
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1687:, and
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989:nuclei
787:, and
713:plants
569:, and
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518:, and
488:, and
419:Tears
204:, and
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4604:Other
4564:Other
4529:CFU-E
4430:Other
3988:RIG-I
3850:S2CID
3803:(PDF)
3788:(PDF)
3755:S2CID
3657:S2CID
3602:S2CID
3148:S2CID
3061:S2CID
2942:S2CID
2862:S2CID
2353:S2CID
1895:worms
1891:crabs
1812:IRF-3
1750:RIG-I
1579:fungi
1354:mumps
1341:virus
1236:lysis
1150:NK-92
1138:tumor
1116:toxic
1043:lungs
1013:acute
717:birds
656:liver
649:is a
627:; and
619:or a
608:or a
588:fever
567:HMGB1
385:lungs
296:mucus
242:lymph
208:(see
198:fungi
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137:JSTOR
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3998:LGP2
3993:MDA5
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3747:PMID
3698:PMID
3649:PMID
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3523:PMID
3485:PMID
3450:PMID
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3336:PMID
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3122:Cell
3096:PMID
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3016:ISBN
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2897:2006
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