328:
65:
1094:
473:
80:
29:
350:. The benefit they derive from their catch varies considerably; in some species, it might include a small part of their nutrient intake and in others it might be an indispensable source of nutrients. As a rule, however, such animal food, however valuable it might be as a source of certain critically important minerals, is not the plants' major source of
418:
soluble minerals, such as potassium and trace elements that are in short supply in environments where the plants flourish. This gives them a decisive advantage over other plants, whereas in nutrient-rich soils they tend to be out-competed by plants adapted to aggressive growth where nutrient supplies are not the major constraints.
357:
Insectivorous plants might consume insects and other animal material trapped adventitiously. However, most species to which such food represents an important part of their intake are specifically, often spectacularly, adapted to attract and secure adequate supplies. Their prey animals typically, but
421:
Technically these plants are not strictly insectivorous, as they consume any animal that they can secure and consume; the distinction is trivial, however, because not many primarily insectivorous organisms exclusively consume insects. Most of those that do have such a restrictive diet, such as
417:
species, exploit the prey organisms mainly in a mutualistic relationship with other creatures, such as resident organisms that contribute to the digestion of prey. In particular, animal prey organisms supply carnivorous plants with nitrogen, but they also are important sources of various other
164:
Although individually small, insects exist in enormous numbers. Insects make up a very large part of the animal biomass in almost all non-marine, non-polar environments. It has been estimated that the global insect biomass is in the region of 10 kg (one
366:. Plants highly adapted to reliance on animal food use a variety of mechanisms to secure their prey, such as pitfalls, sticky surfaces, hair-trigger snaps, bladder-traps, entangling furriness, and lobster-pot trap mechanisms. Also known as
430:, are specialized to exploit particular species, not insects in general. Indeed, much as large mantids and spiders will do, the larger varieties of pitcher plants have been known to consume
177:) organisms. Many creatures depend on insects as their primary diet, and many that do not (and are thus not technically insectivores) nevertheless use insects as a
327:
883:
704:
157:
have been reclassified; those that have not yet been reclassified and found to be truly related to each other remain in the order
863:
779:
745:
654:
624:
549:
1465:
1320:
477:
1310:
1305:
920:
831:
806:
1315:
889:
153:. This order is now abandoned, as not all insectivorous mammals are closely related. Most of the Insectivora
712:
439:
1300:
929:
616:
466:
1439:
566:
456:
142:
44:
teeth as they are unnecessary for any large, insectivorous animal subsisting on soft insects such as
1470:
1419:
370:, they appear adapted to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients, especially
1064:
913:
608:
537:
500:
108:
1347:
581:
541:
322:
531:
8:
1434:
1288:
585:
1460:
1429:
1079:
1424:
1069:
859:
827:
802:
796:
775:
741:
650:
620:
545:
339:
567:"Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica"
1293:
1074:
906:
589:
402:
332:
261:
is perhaps the largest insectivore. Insects also can be insectivores; examples are
64:
1401:
1273:
1252:
769:
735:
677:
644:
146:
1376:
1352:
1335:
1130:
879:
435:
278:
84:
1454:
1386:
1381:
1340:
1330:
1278:
1093:
1043:
1038:
957:
386:
382:
37:
130:. The same tooth arrangement is however also suited for eating animals with
1406:
1283:
1171:
992:
982:
427:
410:
218:
158:
57:
1227:
1212:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1176:
1135:
1125:
972:
962:
461:
451:
398:
214:
174:
150:
131:
20:
472:
1391:
1247:
1242:
1232:
1155:
1145:
1033:
1007:
997:
564:
431:
423:
406:
390:
258:
170:
123:
41:
558:
1396:
1325:
1268:
1237:
1217:
1202:
1150:
1140:
1120:
1115:
1102:
1012:
1002:
987:
977:
937:
898:
593:
363:
347:
306:
262:
234:
206:
127:
115:
96:
49:
1222:
1110:
414:
371:
343:
310:
294:
286:
282:
274:
246:
242:
238:
230:
73:
69:
33:
1362:
1048:
1028:
952:
302:
298:
290:
270:
222:
194:
178:
166:
119:
60:
in self-defence; accordingly, they have not been greatly reduced.
45:
134:, thus the ability to eat insects is an extension of piscivory.
28:
1367:
1357:
642:
394:
359:
351:
266:
254:
226:
202:
189:
Examples of insectivores include different kinds of species of
138:
100:
794:
79:
210:
53:
613:
The
Biomechanics of Insect Flight: Form, function, evolution
824:
Human
Biology and Behaviour: An anthropological perspective
305:. There is some suggestion that the earliest primates were
198:
190:
154:
413:. The list is far from complete, and some plants, such as
354:, which they generally derive mainly from photosynthesis.
375:
257:. Even large mammals are recorded as eating insects; the
250:
126:, with numerous sharp conical teeth, much like a modern
281:. Insectivory also features to various degrees amongst
122:
400 million years ago, the first amphibians were
821:
565:
Sahney, S.; Benton, M.J.; Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010).
849:
847:
845:
843:
678:""Long-beaked Echidna (Zaglossus bruijni)" (entry)"
795:Jones, S.; Martin, R.; Pilbeam, D., eds. (1994).
761:
498:
181:supplement, particularly when they are breeding.
1452:
840:
733:
440:first well-known treatise on carnivorous plants
815:
529:
914:
801:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
798:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution
702:
921:
907:
878:
872:
670:
646:Field Guide to the Cascades & Olympics
643:Whitney, Stephen R.; Sandelin, R. (2004).
638:
636:
888:. London, UK: John Murray. Archived from
853:
56:is very different. The aardwolf uses its
326:
78:
63:
27:
19:For the now-abandoned mammal taxon, see
767:
649:. The Mountaineers Books. p. 317.
633:
346:from trapping and consuming animals or
316:
114:The first vertebrate insectivores were
1453:
928:
606:
902:
826:. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co.
533:The Insects: An outline of entomology
530:Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2005).
342:are plants that derive some of their
711:. www.animalinfo.org. Archived from
434:such as small rodents and lizards.
13:
854:Slack, Adrian; Gate, Jane (2000).
774:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 92.
737:The Economic Importance of Insects
684:. West of Scotland & Ayr Group
609:"Flight and the Pterygote Insecta"
14:
1482:
381:Insectivorous plants include the
1092:
822:Weiss, M.L.; Mann, A.E. (1985).
471:
109:human practice of eating insects
788:
173:of 10 (one billion billion, or
36:skull exhibits greatly reduced
727:
696:
600:
523:
492:
107:, which can also refer to the
87:, a large insectivorous mammal
1:
486:
476:The dictionary definition of
7:
1466:Animals by eating behaviors
445:
184:
137:At one time, insectivorous
99:animal or plant that eats
16:Organism which eats insects
10:
1487:
617:Princeton University Press
499:Miller, George A. (2009).
467:List of feeding behaviours
358:not exclusively, comprise
320:
18:
1440:Category:Eating behaviors
1415:
1261:
1185:
1164:
1101:
1090:
1057:
1021:
945:
936:
768:Stetoff, Rebecca (2006).
740:. Springer. p. 198.
457:Consumer-resource systems
143:scientifically classified
103:. An alternative term is
734:Hill, Dennis S. (1997).
409:and many members of the
169:tons) with an estimated
1420:Antipredator adaptation
607:Dudley, Robert (2002).
378:and rock outcroppings.
511:. Princeton University
336:
88:
76:
61:
892:on 23 September 2006.
330:
82:
67:
31:
885:Insectivorous Plants
542:Blackwell Publishing
340:Insectivorous plants
323:Insectivorous plants
317:Insectivorous plants
1435:Carnivorous protist
1289:Intraguild predator
586:2010Geo....38.1079S
385:, several types of
1430:Carnivorous fungus
1080:Sexual cannibalism
1065:Animal cannibalism
930:Feeding behaviours
856:Carnivorous Plants
368:carnivorous plants
337:
89:
77:
62:
1448:
1447:
1425:Carnivorous plant
1301:Aquatic predation
1088:
1087:
1070:Human cannibalism
865:978-0-262-69089-8
781:978-0-7614-1816-0
771:The Primate Order
747:978-0-412-49800-8
707:Proteles cristata
703:Holekamp, Kay E.
656:978-0-89886-808-1
626:978-0-691-09491-5
619:. pp. 3–35.
580:(12): 1079–1082.
551:978-1-4051-1113-3
374:, such as acidic
1478:
1294:Pursuit predator
1096:
1075:Self-cannibalism
943:
942:
923:
916:
909:
900:
899:
894:
893:
876:
870:
869:
851:
838:
837:
819:
813:
812:
792:
786:
785:
765:
759:
758:
756:
754:
731:
725:
724:
722:
720:
715:on 17 April 2010
700:
694:
693:
691:
689:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
640:
631:
630:
604:
598:
597:
594:10.1130/G31182.1
571:
562:
556:
555:
527:
521:
520:
518:
516:
496:
475:
403:waterwheel plant
279:praying mantises
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1411:
1402:Surplus killing
1274:Ambush predator
1257:
1181:
1160:
1097:
1084:
1053:
1017:
932:
927:
897:
877:
873:
866:
852:
841:
834:
820:
816:
809:
793:
789:
782:
766:
762:
752:
750:
748:
732:
728:
718:
716:
701:
697:
687:
685:
676:
675:
671:
661:
659:
657:
641:
634:
627:
605:
601:
569:
563:
559:
552:
544:. p. 455.
528:
524:
514:
512:
497:
493:
489:
448:
333:Drosera species
325:
319:
187:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1484:
1474:
1473:
1471:Insect ecology
1468:
1463:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1377:Hypercarnivore
1374:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1353:Cattle feeding
1350:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1336:Feeding frenzy
1333:
1328:
1323:
1321:Suction feeder
1318:
1313:
1308:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1131:Seed predation
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
949:
947:
940:
934:
933:
926:
925:
918:
911:
903:
896:
895:
871:
864:
839:
832:
814:
807:
787:
780:
760:
746:
726:
695:
682:animalinfo.org
669:
655:
632:
625:
599:
557:
550:
522:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
469:
464:
459:
454:
447:
444:
436:Charles Darwin
387:pitcher plants
321:Main article:
318:
315:
313:insectivores.
186:
183:
85:giant anteater
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Mesocarnivore
1385:
1383:
1382:Hypocarnivore
1380:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1341:Filter feeder
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1331:Bottom feeder
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1279:Apex predator
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:cannibalistic
1056:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:Breastfeeding
1042:
1040:
1039:Placentophagy
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:Egg predation
956:
954:
951:
950:
948:
944:
941:
939:
935:
931:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
905:
904:
901:
891:
887:
886:
881:
875:
867:
861:
858:. MIT Press.
857:
850:
848:
846:
844:
835:
833:0-673-39013-6
829:
825:
818:
810:
808:0-521-32370-3
804:
800:
799:
791:
783:
777:
773:
772:
764:
749:
743:
739:
738:
730:
714:
710:
708:
699:
683:
679:
673:
658:
652:
648:
647:
639:
637:
628:
622:
618:
614:
610:
603:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
568:
561:
553:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:
526:
510:
506:
504:
503:insectivorous
501:"Article for
495:
491:
482:at Wiktionary
481:
480:
474:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
449:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:hunting wasps
425:
419:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:Venus flytrap
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
335:
334:
329:
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
86:
81:
75:
71:
66:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
1407:Trophallaxis
1311:Pivot feeder
1306:Lunge feeder
1284:Egg predator
1172:Phagocytosis
1022:reproductive
993:Myrmecophagy
983:Molluscivore
967:
890:the original
884:
874:
855:
823:
817:
797:
790:
770:
763:
751:. Retrieved
736:
729:
717:. Retrieved
713:the original
706:
698:
686:. Retrieved
681:
672:
660:. Retrieved
645:
612:
602:
577:
573:
560:
532:
525:
513:. Retrieved
508:
502:
494:
478:
420:
411:Bromeliaceae
399:bladderworts
380:
367:
356:
338:
331:
275:robber flies
215:nightingales
188:
163:
159:Eulipotyphla
136:
132:exoskeletons
118:. When they
113:
104:
92:
90:
58:canine teeth
25:
1228:Planktivore
1213:Detritivore
1208:Coprophagia
1198:Bacterivore
1193:Microbivory
1177:Myzocytosis
1136:Nectarivore
1126:Graminivore
973:Lepidophagy
968:Insectivore
963:Hematophagy
705:"Aardwolf (
479:insectivore
462:Insectivora
452:Entomophagy
432:vertebrates
424:parasitoids
391:butterworts
263:dragonflies
175:quintillion
151:Insectivora
105:entomophage
97:carnivorous
93:insectivore
42:carnassials
21:Insectivora
1455:Categories
1392:Parasitism
1326:Bait balls
1316:Ram feeder
1248:Plastivore
1243:Lithotroph
1233:Saprophagy
1156:Osteophagy
1146:Palynivore
1103:Herbivores
1034:Paedophagy
1008:Spongivore
998:Ophiophagy
938:Carnivores
880:Darwin, C.
538:Malden, MA
487:References
438:wrote the
407:brocchinia
364:arthropods
362:and other
285:, such as
259:sloth bear
235:armadillos
207:chameleons
171:population
124:piscivores
116:amphibians
70:robber fly
1461:Carnivory
1397:Scavenger
1269:Predation
1238:Xenophagy
1218:Geophagia
1203:Fungivore
1151:Xylophagy
1141:Mellivory
1121:Frugivore
1116:Florivore
1013:Vermivore
1003:Piscivore
988:Mucophagy
978:Man-eater
442:in 1875.
348:protozoan
344:nutrients
307:nocturnal
287:marmosets
247:aardwolfs
243:pangolins
239:aardvarks
231:anteaters
128:crocodile
72:eating a
50:dentition
1348:Browsing
1223:Omnivore
1165:Cellular
1111:Folivore
882:(1875).
446:See also
422:certain
415:Roridula
372:nitrogen
311:arboreal
295:tarsiers
291:tamarins
283:primates
271:ladybugs
223:echidnas
219:swallows
185:Examples
74:hoverfly
46:termites
34:aardwolf
1363:Grazing
1262:Methods
1049:Weaning
1029:Oophagy
953:Avivore
753:1 April
719:1 April
688:1 April
662:1 April
582:Bibcode
574:Geology
515:1 April
509:WordNet
395:sundews
360:insects
303:aye-aye
299:galagos
267:hornets
255:spiders
227:numbats
203:lizards
195:opossum
179:protein
167:billion
149:called
139:mammals
120:evolved
101:insects
1368:Forage
1358:Fodder
1186:Others
862:
830:
805:
778:
744:
653:
623:
548:
401:, the
352:energy
277:, and
253:, and
211:geckos
205:(e.g.
145:in an
48:. The
38:molars
946:adult
570:(PDF)
199:frogs
147:order
141:were
95:is a
54:shrew
52:of a
32:This
1253:Pica
860:ISBN
828:ISBN
803:ISBN
776:ISBN
755:2010
742:ISBN
721:2010
690:2010
664:2010
651:ISBN
621:ISBN
546:ISBN
517:2010
426:and
376:bogs
301:and
251:bats
191:carp
155:taxa
83:The
40:and
590:doi
213:),
91:An
1457::
842:^
709:)"
680:.
635:^
615:.
611:.
588:.
578:38
576:.
572:.
540::
536:.
507:.
405:,
397:,
393:,
389:,
309:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
273:,
269:,
265:,
249:,
245:,
241:,
237:,
233:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
217:,
209:,
201:,
197:,
193:,
161:.
111:.
68:A
922:e
915:t
908:v
868:.
836:.
811:.
784:.
757:.
723:.
692:.
666:.
629:.
596:.
592::
584::
554:.
519:.
505:"
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
