Institutional Revolutionary Party

1583:

that Mexico would be capitalist in its economic model; that the masses of workers and peasants would be kept in check – as separate units and not allowed to merge into a single sector that would have too much strength; that the state and the party would be the agent for this control; and that the state and private entrepreneurs would compete in the mixed economy. So long as there was general prosperity, the system was stable economically and politically. Political balance meant that sectors had a voice within the party, but the party and the state were the arbiters of the system. Those supporting the system received material rewards that the state distributed. In this period, there was a continuing rapprochement with the United States, which built on their alliance in World War II. Although there was rhetoric about economic nationalism and defense of Mexican sovereignty, there was broad-based cooperation between the two countries.

1895:

This situation became so desperate that Lopez Portillo ordered the suspension on payments of external debt and the nationalization of the banking industry in 1982 consistent with the Socialist goals of the PRI. Capital fled Mexico at a rate never seen before in history. The Mexican government provided subsidies to staple food products and rail travel; this diminished the consequences of the crises on the populace. Job growth stagnated and millions of people migrated North to escape the economic stagnation. López Portillo's reputation plummeted and his character became the butt of jokes from the press. In his last presidential address on 1 September 1982, he nationalized foreign banks. During his campaign, López Portillo promised to defend the peso "como un perro" ("like a dog"), López Portillo refused to devalue the currency saying "The president who devalues, devalues himself."

1910: 1227:

conservative in his views, ending land reform for all practical purposes and cracking down on organized labor. Under Cárdenas, unions went on strike and were not suppressed by the government. As Cárdenas increasingly diverged in his thinking and practice from Calles, Calles sought to regain control. Cárdenas, however, had outmaneuvered Calles politically, gaining allies among labor unions and peasants as well as the Catholic Church. Calles had attempted to strictly enforce the anticlerical provisions of the Constitution, which led directly to conflict with the Catholic Church and its loyalists, so that in the conflict between the two generals, the Church sided with Cárdenas. Cárdenas had Calles arrested along with many of his allies, exiling the former president to the United States.

1367: 1086:. Calles was ineligible to run for president, since he had just completed a four-year term, because of the prohibition in the 1917 Constitution of re-election directly after serving a term as president. Calles sought to stop the violent struggle for power between the victorious factions of the Revolution, particularly around the presidential elections and to guarantee the peaceful transmission of power for members of the party. A conclave of revolutionary generals including Calles met to create a national party, forging together their various regional strongholds. They were not primarily concerned with ideology, but rather to hold power. Formally, the PNR was a political party, but it has been labeled a "confederation of 1191: 2850: 1113: 1241: 1691: 3753: 3718: 996: 808:) of the president pointing to the next PRI candidate for the presidency, meaning the president choosing his successor. Right up to the moment the president considered optimal, several pre-candidates would attempt to demonstrate their loyalty to the President and their high competence in their respective positions, usually as prominent members of the cabinet. Until the 2000 election, the party had no direct input into the president's decision, although he could consult with constituencies. The president's decision was a closely-kept secret, even from the victor. 8625: 388: 1702:(1964–1970) ordered the army to occupy the university to suppress the mobilization and minimize the disruption of the Olympic Games. Orderly large-scale protests in downtown Mexico City showed the discontent of students and their largely middle-class supporters. As the opening ceremonies of the Olympics approached, the government sought help from the United States in dealing with the protests. Unaccustomed to this type of protest, the Mexican government made an unusual move by asking the United States for assistance, through 1852:(14,900 m/d) at the beginning of his administration to 1,500,000 barrels per day (240,000 m/d) at the end of his administration and Mexico became the fourth largest oil producer in the world. The price for a barrel of oil also increased from three dollars in 1970 to 35 dollars in 1981. The government attempted to develop heavy industry. However, waste became the rule as centralized resource allocation and distribution systems were accompanied by inefficiently located factories incurring high transport costs. 1487: 686: 1891:

Resources, Industrial Support, Fisheries and Human Settlements and Public Works. Mexico then obtained high economic growth, a recuperation of salaries and an increase in spending on education and infrastructure. This way, social and regional inequalities started to diminish. The attempted industrialization had not been responsive to consumer needs. Therefore, unprecedented urbanization and overcrowding followed and so, substandard pre-fabricated apartment blocs had to be built in large cities.

5274: 5227: 4747: 4664: 1413:'s term of office. The sectoral representation in the party continued for the workers, peasants, and the popular sector, but the military was no longer represented by its own sector. The Mexican president was at the apex of the political system with the PRI. To reach the top of the government, as the candidate and then president of the republic, the path was only through membership and leadership in the party and government service. Within the party, there were factions, the 1808: 38: 5180: 5133: 5089: 5020: 4983: 4946: 4911: 4874: 4837: 4588: 4510: 4436: 4361: 4286: 4212: 4140: 4071: 4001: 3939: 3877: 3815: 1005: 1187:, the 1929 campaign saw the PNR's "initiation into the technology of electoral fraud, a 'science' that later became its highly refined speciality." Tactics included breaking up political meetings and insults, to the extreme of murder of Vasconcelos supporters. Ortiz Rubio won the election in a landslide, but the results would likely have been different were the election clean. The party did largely contain the political violence of former revolutionary generals. 1957: 928: 1776:, to succeed him as president. Echeverría's administration (1970–76) increased social spending, through external debt, at a time when oil production and prices were surging. However, the growth of the economy came accompanied by inflation and then by a plummeting of oil prices and increases in interest rates. Investment started fleeing the country and the peso became overvalued, to prevent a devaluation and further fleeing of investments, the 895: 1449:("cowboy") unions turned out the labor vote at election time, a guaranteed base of support for the party. During prosperous years, CTM could argue for benefits of the rank-and-file, such as higher wages, networking to provide jobs for union loyalists, and job security. The principle of no-reelection did not apply to the CTM, so that the party loyalist Velázquez provided decades of continuity even as the presidency changed every six years. 1250: 5337: 976:

not-consecutive. With that change, Obregón ran in the 1928 election and won; but before his inauguration he was assassinated by a religious fanatic. Given that Calles had just served as president, even with the constitutional change to allow a form of re-election, he was ineligible to run. The founding of a national political party that had an existence beyond elections became the mechanism to control the power through peaceful means.

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fiscal declaration. A revised, less comprehensive version of the law was accepted but it does not oblige politicians to make the three items. While it was completely legal for the deputies from the PRI to vote against such a law, some news media outlets interpreted the votes against the promulgation of such law as the political party protecting itself from the findings that could surface if such declarations were to be made.

3549: 3443: 3401: 3367: 3333: 3300: 3267: 3233: 3195: 3161: 3119: 3085: 3043: 1610: 2655: 2736:, which had already cost over 50,000 lives, would make Mexicans question on why they should "pay the price for a US drug habit". Peña Nieto denied, however, that his party would tolerate corruption, and stated he would not make deals with the cartels. In spite of Peña's words, a poll from 20 September 2016, revealed that 83% of Mexican citizens perceived the PRI as the most corrupt political party in Mexico. 1378:

the basic structure was retained. Cárdenas's calculation that the military's incorporation into the PRM would undermine its power was essentially correct, since it disappeared as a separate sector of the party, but was absorbed into the "popular" sector. The organizational change in the PNR to the PRM, and later the PRM to the PRI, were "imposed by Mexican presidents without any discussion within the party."

2989:(considered close to the National Action Party) for President, who finished in second place. The party recorded its worst result by vote share in its history, although narrowly managed to avoid its worst seat results thanks to a slight gain made in the Senate. It was also the first time in its history that the party failed to win at least 10 constituency seats in the Chamber of Deputies. 1314:, (CNC); and the middle class sector by the Federation of Unions of Workers in Service to the State (FSTSE). The party incorporated the majority of Mexicans through their mass organizations, but absent from the structure for ideological reasons were two important groups, private business interests and adherents of the Catholic Church. Those two came together in 1939 to form the 3621: 3586: 3513: 3481: 1722:

officials themselves – began to question the efficiency and morality of an authoritarian state that required violence against middle-class students to maintain its position of authority and legitimacy to govern." Intellectuals were alienated from the regime, after decades of cooperation with the government and receiving benefits for that service. The poet and essayist

959:. Bonillas had zero revolutionary credentials and no power base of his own, with the implication that Carranza intended to hold onto power after the end of his term. This would have been a violation of the no re-election principle of post-revolutionary Mexico, which had its origins in the 19th century. With the support of the revolutionary army, the Sonoran generals' 2814:(who is the cousin of Enrique Peña Nieto and whom several of his relatives have also been governors of said entity). The article claims it has been the most corrupt election in modern Mexican history, and directly blames the PRI. Despite all the evidence, Alfredo del Mazo was declared winner of the election by the electoral tribunals, and served a term as governor. 1760:, putting the long-term future of Mexican industry in doubt. Meanwhile, ubiquitous poverty combined with a dearth of agricultural investment and infrastructure caused continuous migration from rural to urban areas; in 1971, Mexican agriculture was in such a state that the country had become a net importer of food. Overvaluation of the peso led to a decline in the 1999:, obtaining 50.89% of the votes (according to official figures) versus 32% of Cárdenas. The official results were delayed, with the Secretary of the Interior (until then, the organizer of elections) blaming it on a computer system failure. Cárdenas claimed to have won and claimed such computer failure was caused by a manipulation of the system to count votes. 1560:, whose strength was in Mexico's north, garnered a majority of votes in an election, the PRI often used its control of local government to rig election results in its favor. Voter apathy was characteristic in this period, with low turnout in elections. The PRI co-opted criticism by incorporating sectors of society into its hierarchy. PRI-controlled 2938:, which was previously implicated in Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, suggesting a "modus operandi" in Mexico similar to the one in the United States. The information indicated they worked together at least until January 2018. An investigation was requested. The PRI has denied ever contracting Cambridge Analytica. 968:

only a few years after the apparent end of the Mexican Revolution, raising the specter of renewed violence. Calles succeeded Obregón in 1924, and shortly thereafter he began enforcing the restrictions on the Catholic Church in the year of 1917 Constitution, resulting in a huge rebellion by those opposed to such restrictions, known as the

1663:

demanded redress from the government. Rather than give into such demands, President Díaz Ordaz sent in riot troops to suppress the strike with brute force and arrest leaders. Two hundred doctors were fired. Díaz Ordaz's hard line on this strike by a sector of the middle class presaged even harsher suppression during the summer of 1968.

1461:), which was integral in the continued success of the PRI towards the end of the 20th century. In essence, given the PRI's overwhelming dominance, and its control of the electoral apparatus, the president chose his successor. The PRI's dominance was near-absolute at all other levels as well. It held an overwhelming majority in the 1428:

influence, along with the other sectors. The structure of the party remained sectoral, but the Alemanistas abandoned the goal that had been "the preparation of the people for the implementation of a workers' democracy and for the arrival of a socialist regime." The party slogan was changed from the PRM's "or a workers' democracy" (

5321:

fictional stand-in for Enrique Peña Nieto) from a political party (serving as a fictional stand-in for the PRI), and how he makes a deal with TV MX (which serves as a stand-in to Televisa) to manipulate the diffusion of news towards his benefit, in order to save his political career. The director made it based on the perceived

1887:, the Permanent Conference of Political Parties of Latin America and the Caribbean, an organization created "to defend democracy and all lawful political institutions and to support their development and improvement to strengthen the principle of self determination of the peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean". 2834:, because it favors the discretional usage of the army forces. The CNDH said it "endangered citizens by giving a blank check to the army" and the president to order an attack towards any group of people they consider a danger without requiring an explanation. This could include people such as social activists. 1359:

the party, Cárdenas saw it as a way to assert civilian control. He is quoted as saying, "We did not put the Army in politics. It was already there. In fact it had been dominating the situation, and we did well to reduce its voice to one in four." In general, the corporatist model is most often associated with

1601:) in 1962, metaphorically the death of the ideals of the Mexican Revolution. The fictional Cruz had been a revolutionary soldier, corrupt politician, and businessman, now on his deathbed. Considered a landmark in Latin American literature, it highlighted aspects of Mexican history and its political system. 2908:'s Baker Institute, suggesting that both vote buyouts and computer hackings were possible, citing the 1988 previous electoral fraud committed by the PRI. Bloomberg's article also suggested Meade could also receive unfair help from the over-budget amounts of money spent in publicity by incumbent president 1109:, the interim president of Mexico, for disrespecting Morones personally. It was a political gaffe for Calles, and he withdrew from the organizing committee of the party, but he turned it to his advantage in the long run, appearing to be a referee or arbiter in the party, and impartial senior statesman. 2922:

2 billion on publicity during his first five years as president, the largest publicity budget ever spent by a Mexican president. Additionally, the article noted the concerns of news journalists, 68 percent of whom claimed to not believe they had enough freedom of speech. To support the statement, the

2822:

Law 3 of 3 Anticorruption controversy: In early 2016, a controversy arose when all the Senate disputes from the PRI, voted against the "Ley 3 de 3 (Law 3 of 3)", a law that would have obligated every politician to announce three items: a public patrimonial declaration, an interests declaration, and a

2763:

PRI corrupt ex-governors declared criminals by the Mexican government: During Peña Nieto's government multiple members of the PRI political party were declared criminals by the Mexican government, which surprised the public given they were elected as PRI members and state governors within the Mexican

1937:, in which his administration was criticised for its slow and clumsy reaction, added more woe to the problems. As a result of the crisis, black markets supplied by goods stolen from the public sector appeared. Galloping inflation continued to plague the country, hitting a record high in 1987 at 159%. 1636:

was appointed president of the party and undertook serious reforms in 1964–65. PRI legislators were attempting to negate the principle of no-reelection for members of congress, which many of supported. Madrazo went further in reform attempts, seeking to democratize the electoral process for municipal

1427:

was the PRI's candidate in the 1946 elections, but he did not run unopposed. Alemán and his circle had hoped to abandon sectoral representation in the party and separate the party as an organism of the state, but there was considerable pushback from the labor sector and the CTM, which would have lost

1377:

But Cárdenas was emphatically opposed to fascism; however, he created the PRM and organized the Mexican state on authoritarian lines. That reorganization can be seen as the enduring legacy of the Cárdenas presidency. Although the PRM was reorganized into the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1946,

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on 23 June 2012, part of the reason why Peña Nieto and the PRI were voted back to the presidency after a 12-year struggle lay in the disappointment of PAN rule. Buffeted by China's economic growth and the economic recession in the United States, the annual growth of Mexico's economy between 2000 and

2620:

The PRI regained the governorship of Yucatán in 2007, and was the party with the most mayorships and state congresspeople in the elections in Yucatán (tying with the PAN in the number of deputies), Chihuahua, Durango, Aguascalientes, Veracruz, Chiapas and Oaxaca. The PRI obtained the most mayorships

2088:

at the time party president attempted a "democratic experiment" to open up the party at the level of candidates for gubernatorial and municipal elections, which would bar precandidates from campaigning for the nomination, but without a democratic tradition within the party and as basic a fact as the

1444:

became even more closely identified with the party. The more radical left of the labor movement, under Vicente Lombardo Toledano, split from the PRI, the Partido Popular. Although the party gave voice to workers' demands, since it was outside the umbrella of the PRI and lost power and influence. The

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By incorporating the military into the PRM structure, Cárdenas's aim was to make it politically dependent on the party rather than allow it to be a separate group outside the party and potentially a politically interventionist force. Although some critics questioned the military's incorporation into

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was held, the first political test of the newly founded party. Calles made a speech in June 1929 saying that while the Revolution had produced achievements in the economic and social spheres that in the political sphere it was a failure. He called for a "struggle of ideas" that invited the formation

1027:

The party had two names before taking its third and current name, but its core has remained the same. It has been characterized as "in the 1960s as 'strongly dominant party', in the 1970s a 'pragmatic hegemonic state', and in the 1990s as a 'single party'". The close relationship between the PRI and

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were worried about the PRI's return to power and that it could dissuade many from returning to their homeland. The vast majority of the 400,000 voters outside of Mexico voted against Peña Nieto, and said they were "shocked" that the PRI – which largely convinced them to leave Mexico – had returned.

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and after ruling for most of the past century in Mexico, the PRI returned to the presidency as it had brought hopes to those who gave the PRI another chance and fear to those who worry about the old PRI tactics of making deals with the cartels in exchange for relative peace. According to an article

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as cabinet members and Clouthier as cabinet coordinator. The purpose of this cabinet was to vigilate the actions of the government. Clouthier died next October in an accident with Javier Calvo, a federal deputy. The accident has been claimed by the PAN as a state assassination since then. That same

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helped the economy to recover and López Portillo promised to "administer the abundance." The development of the promising oil industry was financed through external debt which reached 59 billion dollars (compared to 25 billion during Echeverría). Oil production increased from 94,000 barrels per day

1662:

The improvement of the economy had a disparate impact in different social sectors and discontent started growing within the middle class as well as the popular classes. The doctors' strike in 1965 was a manifestation of middle-class discontent. Seeking better wages and workplace conditions, doctors

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rarely challenged the ideals of the Mexican Revolution. In this way, PRI rule was supported by a broad national consensus that held firm for decades, even as polarizing forces gradually worked to divide the nation in preparation for the crises of the 1970s and 1980s. The consensus specifically held

1548:

A major impact of Mexico's economic growth was urban population growth, transforming the country from a largely rural one to urban. The middle class grew substantially. The overall population of Mexico grew substantially with a greater proportion being under the age of 16. These factors combined to

1527:

policies implemented in the 1930s effectively closed off Mexico to foreign trade and speculation, so that the economy was fueled primarily by state investment and businesses were heavily reliant on government contracts. As a result of these policies, Mexico's capitalist impulses were channeled into

1452:

The PRI won every presidential election from 1929 to 1982, by well over 70 percent of the vote – margins that were usually obtained by massive electoral frauds. Toward the end of his term, the incumbent president in consultation with party leaders, selected the PRI's candidate in the

911:

When it was founded in 1929, the party structure created a means to control political power and to perpetuate it with regular elections validating the party's choice. Before the party was founded, political parties were not generally the means in which to achieve the presidency. The creation of the

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coalition, the PRI suffered a monumental legislative defeat, scoring the lowest number of seats in the party's history. Presidential candidate José Antonio Meade also only scored 16.4% of the votes, finishing in third place, while the party only managed to elect 42 deputies (down from 203 of 2015)

5822: 1894:

All this prosperity ended when the over-supply of oil in early 1982 caused oil prices to plummet and severely damaged the national economy. Interest rates skyrocketed in 1981 and external debt reached 86 billion dollars and exchange rates went from 26 to 70 pesos per dollar and inflation of 100%.

1842:

Although López Portillo's term started with economic difficulties, the discovery of significant oil reserves in Mexico allowed him to borrow funds from foreign banks to be repaid in dollars against future revenues to allocate funds for social spending immediately. The discovery of significant oil

1721:

Political life in Mexico was changed that day. 2 October 1968, the date of what is known as the Tlatelolco massacre, is a turning point in Mexican history. That date "marks a psychological departure in which Mexicans – particularly urban, well-educated citizens, intellectuals, and even government

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and workers in the Laborist Party. "The PNR is the instrument of political action by means of which Mexico's great campesino and worker masses fight to keep control of the public power in their hands, a control wrested from the landowning and privileged minorities through the great armed movement

967:

As Obregón's four-year term was ending, Calles made a bid for the presidency. De la Huerta, a fellow Sonoran, challenged Calles with a massive and bloody uprising, supported by other revolutionary generals opposed to Calles. The De la Huerta rebellion was crushed, but the outbreak of violence was

1890:

Social programs were also created through the Alliance for Production, Global Development Plan, el COPLAMAR, Mexican Nourishing System, to attain independence on food, to reform public administration. López Portillo also created the secretaries of Programming and Budgeting, Agriculture and Water

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towards the PRI, and the concept of the "cortinas de humo (smoke screens)" was explored in the Mexican black-comedy film, whose plot directly criticizes both the PRI and Televisa. Taking place in a Mexico with a tightly controlled media landscape, the plot centers around a corrupt politician (a

2601:

and evaluated by the Mexican Election Tribunal amidst a controversy, was Calderón. On 20 November that year, a group of young PRI politicians launched a movement that was set to reform and revolutionize the party. The PRI candidate failed to win a single state in the 2006 presidential election.

576:, and telecommunication industries. Furthermore his administration carried out extensive land reform and oversaw the largest campaign of land expropriation in Latin American history. With his term expiring in 1940 Cárdenas left office as the final military general of the revolution and returned 1718:

metropolis. They killed and wounded a large but unknown number of protesters. Despite that the Olympics went forward on schedule, with the president of the Olympic Committee declaring that the protests were against the Mexican government and not the Olympics themselves, so the games proceeded.

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slated for October, the government poured huge resources into preparing facilities. Mexico wanted to showcase its economic achievements and sought the international focus on the country. Maintaining an image of a prosperous and well-ordered Mexico was important for the Mexican government. In a

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large personal fortunes through their control over state-funded programs. State monopoly over key industries like electricity and telecommunication allowed a small clique of businessmen to dominate their sectors of the economy by supplying government-owned companies with goods and commodities.

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faced multiple scandals and allegations of corruption. Reforma, which has conducted polls of presidential approval since 1995, revealed that Peña Nieto had received the lowest presidential approval in modern history since it had begun polling on the subject in 1995; he had received a mere 12%

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alleged that these signs were "not as bad as they look", since Mexico was more democratic, it contained a competitive export market, had a well-run economy despite the crisis, and there were tentative signs that the violence in the country may be plummeting. But if voters wanted the PRI back,

1717:

After weeks of huge and largely peaceful demonstrations in Mexico City in August and September by students and middle-class Mexicans, the government cracked down on 2 October, with army and special tactical units opening fire on a relatively small demonstration in Tlatelolco, a section of the

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had no idea that Cárdenas would take his own path as he settled into the presidency. He had campaigned widely throughout the country, making a national reputation for himself and forming personal connections throughout the country outside the corridors of power. Calles had become increasingly

6069:

History books will tell you that for seven decades, from the end of the Mexican Revolution until the presidential election in 2000, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) ruled Mexico. Mis-ruled, however, is really a more accurate verb.The PRI, screened by a cleverly executed political

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Perhaps the PRI's greatest achievement – as well as the strategy that allowed it to retain power for so long – was that it found a way to institutionalize the Mexican Revolution. … as paradoxical as the project might sound. Calles decided to institutionalize the Revolution and subsume its

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Obregón sought to run again for the presidency in 1928 to succeed Calles, but because of the principle of no-re-election in the Mexican Constitution, the two Sonorans sought a loophole to allow the former president to run. The Constitution was amended to allow re-election if the terms were

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with the promise of stabilizing the economy. External debt reached the level of $ 25 billion. Unable to contain the fleeing of dollars, Echeverría allowed the peso to float for the first time on 31 August 1976, then again later and the peso lost half of its value. Echeverría designated

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Montiel won the right to run against Madrazo for the candidacy but withdrew when it was made public that he and his French wife owned large properties in Europe. Madrazo and Everardo Moreno contended in the primaries which was won by the first. Madrazo then represented the PRI and the

2315:

The favorites in the primaries were Labastida and Madrazo, and the latter initiated a campaign against the first, perceived as Zedillo's candidate since many former secretaries of the interior were chosen as candidates by the president. His campaign, produced by prominent publicist

2244:, was accused in 1999 of drug trafficking. When the evidence against him became strong enough to warrant an arrest, he disappeared from the public eye two days before the end of his term, being absent at the ceremony at which he was to hand the office over to his elected successor, 886:("hauling"), the practice of trucking PRI-supporters to rallies to cheer the candidate and to polling places to cast votes – in exchange for gifts of some kind. The party would shift voting booths from one place to another, making it difficult for people to cast their votes. 1822:

faced no real opposition, not even the National Action Party, which did not field a candidate in this election due to an ideological split. The lack of the appearance of democracy in the national elections undermined the legitimacy of the system. He proposed a reform called

1344:(CNC), or National Peasant Confederation, which Cárdenas saw as a force against landowners, but it became the vehicle for patron-client / state-campesino relationships. Whether the intention or not of Cárdenas, the CNC became a means to channel and control the peasantry. 6265:

disruptive energy into a mammoth bureaucracy. Institutionalizing became the PRI's most cunning strategy of survival. Whenever it faced opposition from the outside, the party would respond by incorporating the rebellious group or individual into its massive bureaucracy.

2942:

acquired the 57-page proposal of Cambridge Analytica's outlining a strategy of collaboration to benefit the PRI by hurting MORENA's candidate López Obrador. The political party rejected Cambridge Analytica's offer but paid the firm to not help the other candidates.

1751:

By the early 1970s, fundamental issues were emerging in the industrial and agricultural sectors of Mexico's economy. Regional underdevelopment, technological shortages, lack of foreign competition, and uneven distribution of wealth led to chronic underproduction of

817:(the unveiling), that is, the announcement of the president's choice, would occur at the PRI's National Assembly (which would typically take place in November of the year previous to the elections), with losing pre-candidates learning only then themselves. Once the 1835:. This law also created positions in the lower chamber of congress for opposition parties through proportionality of votes, relative majority, uninominal and plurinominal. As a result, in 1979, the first independent (non-PRI) communist deputies were elected to the 1629:, president of the party, had been in favor of primaries, but Alemán's viewpoint prevailed and PRI candidates were chosen in closed party assemblies. Sánchez was replaced as titular head of the party, and the president of the republic remained firmly in control. 924:, who were important for the post-revolutionary history of Mexico. Their collective and then internecine struggles for power in the decade after the end of the military phase of the Mexican Revolution had a direct impact on the formation of the party in 1929. 1532:, which helped to urbanize the mostly-agrarian country, funded generous welfare subsidies for the working class, and fueled considerable advances in communication and transportation infrastructure. This period of commercial growth created a significant urban 532:

which improved the quality of life of most people and created political stability during the early decades of the party's rule, issues such as inequality, corruption, and a lack of political freedoms cultivated growing opposition against the PRI. Amid the

489:. The party was created with the intent of providing a political space in which all the surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution could participate to solve the severe political crisis caused by the assassination of president-elect 1294:

Cárdenas's intention was to establish the broad-based political alliances necessary for the party's long-term survival, as a national party with territorial presence in state and municipal governments, and organization of mass interest groups, via

1351:(CNOP), which was formed in 1943 to integrate sectors of the urban middle class into the party. Unlike the peasantry or labor, the popular sector was a more ill-defined segment, but it did include the large Federation of Unions of Civil Servants ( 6005: 1552:

The general economic prosperity served to legitimize PRI hegemony in the eyes of most Mexicans, and for decades the party faced no real opposition on any level of government. On the rare occasions when an opposition candidate, usually from the

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2012 was 1.8%. Poverty grew worse, and without a ruling majority in Congress, the PAN presidents were unable to pass structural reforms, leaving monopolies and Mexico's educational system unchanged. In 2006, Felipe Calderón chose to make the

1337:, who remained head of the CTM until his death at age 97. Within the party structure and the government, labor has had a continuous, formalized, visual corporate role, but with Velazquez's death in 1997, organized labor has fractured. 1299:. The structure he established has remained intact. He created sectors of the party and structured them into mass organizations to represent different interest groups within the party, to protect the interests of workers and peasants. 963:

successfully challenged Carranza's attempt to perpetuate his power; Carranza was killed as he was fleeing the country. De la Huerta became interim president of Mexico and Obregón was elected president for a four-year term, 1920–1924.

1333:, formed a rival labor confederation, the CTM in 1936, which became the mass organization of labor within the PRM. Lombardo stepped down from the leadership of the CTM in 1941, after Cárdenas left the presidency. He was replaced by 2021:, Mexico's president at the time of the 1988 election, admitted in 2004 that, on the evening of the election, he received news that Cárdenas was going to win by a majority, and that he and others rigged the election as a result. 1163:, who was the brother-in-law of Calles's son, and was involved with Calles family businesses, but his political views were too far to the right of the PNR to be considered. Ideology trumped family connections. The choice fell to 1624:

When Alemán became president in 1946, the PRI had begun experiments in internal primaries, but Alemán cracked down on this democratic opening and had congress pass a law against parties holding primaries. Revolutionary general

1932:

reforms, causing the number of state-owned industries to decline from 1155 to a mere 412. After the 1982 default, crisis lenders were unwilling to loan Mexico and this resulted in currency devaluations to finance spending.

1764:

industry (which had previously compensated for failures in industry and agriculture) meant that by the early 1970s, the economy had begun to falter, and they believed the only sure source of capital was external borrowing.

2866:

announced he would compete in the 2018 presidential election, representing the PRI. He was reported to have been handpicked directly by president Peña Nieto through the traditional and now controversial practice known as

5945: 1389:, with PRM victory coming via fraud after a violent campaign period. Cárdenas is said to have secured the support of the CTM and the CNC for Ávila Camacho by personally guaranteeing their interests would be respected. 1586:

Cracks appeared in the system. There was significant labor unrest with strikes by railway workers, electricians, and even medical doctors that were brutally suppressed. Culturally the mood was changing as well, with

620:

famously described Mexico under the PRI as being "the perfect dictatorship", stating: "I don't believe that there has been in Latin America any case of a system of dictatorship which has so efficiently recruited the

1983:) of the PRI, which criticized the federal government for reducing spending on social programs to increase payments on foreign debt. The members of the Democratic Current were expelled from the party and formed the 1146:

of Emilio Portes Gil, the current interim president. CROM's political arm, the Laborist Party, was not part of the coalition. The party developed a written set of principles and a platform that drew support from

2809:

published an article accusing the PRI of breaking at least 16 state laws during the elections, which were denounced 619 times. They said that all of them were broken in order to favor PRI candidate for governor

2592:

of the ruling PAN ran a more successful campaign, later surpassing Madrazo as the second favorite. Gordillo, also the teachers' union leader, resentful against Madrazo, helped a group of teachers constitute the

2587:

AMLO was by then the favorite in the polls, with many followers within the PRI. Madrazo, second at the polls, then released TV spots against AMLO with little success; his campaign was managed again by Alazraki.

1637:

candidates, which sectoral leaders and local PRI bossed opposed because it would undermine their hold on local elections. It was implemented in just seven states. Madrazo was forced to resign. Madrazo died in

2093:

resisted any attempts to reform the party. At the end of 1994, after the assassination of Colosio who had been designated the PRI presidential candidate, the party did move toward greater internal democracy.

1549:

decrease the pull of the past. The policies promoting industrial growth helped fuel the growth of Mexico's north as a center of economic dynamism, with the city of Monterrey becoming Mexico's second-largest.

1439:

In practice after Cárdenas left office, the party became more centrist, and his more radical agrarian policies were abandoned. With Lombardo Toledano's replacement as leader of the CTM, labor under the CTM's

8522: 2327:

The growth of the PAN and PRD parties culminated in 2000, when the PAN won the presidency, and again in 2006 (won this time by the PAN with a small margin over the PRD.) Many prominent members of the PAN

1710:(CIA) of the US to obtain information from Mexico. The CIA responded by sending military radios, weapons and ammunition. The LITEMPO had previously provided the Díaz Ordaz government with 1,000 rounds of 7260: 6002: 549:

killed hundreds of unarmed demonstrators in Mexico City. Subsequently, a series of economic crises beginning in the 1970s drastically lowered the living standards of much of the country's population.

5307:

in Mexico under the PRI regime. It was notably the first film to criticize the PRI explicitly by name and carried some controversy and censorship attempts from the Mexican government because of it.

648:

finishing in third place without carrying a single state, the PRI continued to control most state governments through the 2000s and performed strongly at local levels. As a result, the PRI won the

8130: 5518: 2682:

the centerpiece of his presidency. Nonetheless, with over 60,000 dead and a lack of any real progress, Mexican citizens became tired of a fight they had first supported, and not by majority.

2267:

Prior to the 2000 general elections, the PRI held its first primaries to elect the party's presidential candidate. The primary candidates, nicknamed "los cuatro fantásticos" (Spanish for

6141: 2324:" with "madrazo" being an offensive slang term for a "strike" and "dedazo" a slang used to describe the unilaterally choosing of candidates by the president (literally "finger-strike"). 8213: 2728:

Voters who favored Peña Nieto, however, believed that the PRI "had changed" and that more jobs would be created under the new regime. Moreover, some U.S. officials were concerned that

6190:, its nationalization of petroleum, as well as its foreign policy of supporting the Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War, came closest to the social-democratic model of European states. 5986: 7547: 2181:

did not work and elections were just a ritual to simulate the appearance of a democracy. However, the three major parties now make the same claim against each other (PRD against

493:

in 1928. Although Calles himself fell into political disgrace and was exiled in 1936, the party continued ruling Mexico until 2000, changing names twice until it became the PRI.

1445:

leadership of component unions became advocates of PRI policy at the expense of the rank and file in exchange for political backing from the party and financial benefits. These

633:; the perfect dictatorship is Mexico. Because it is a camouflaged dictatorship." The phrase became popular in Mexico and around the world until the PRI fell from power in 2000. 2874:

There were concerns about the possibility of fraud in the presidential election following allegations of electoral fraud concerning the election of Enrique Peña Nieto's cousin

8375:: " We are a nationalist party that is, proud of the ideological principles of the Mexican Revolution, promotes the modernization of Mexico with democracy and social justice. 1472:

The political stability and economic prosperity in the late 1940s and the 1950s benefited the party, so that in general Mexicans did not object to the lack of real democracy.

2732:

meant the return to the old and corrupt practices of the PRI regime, where the government made deals with and overlooked the cartels in exchange for peace. They worried that

2826:

In November 2017, Aristegui Noticias reported that "the PRI and their allies were seeking to approve the "Ley de Seguridad Interior (Law of Internal Security)". The Mexican

2627:

The PRI benefited from both the growing unpopularity of Felipe Calderón's administration as president due to the notorious increase in the homicide rate as a result of his

8079: 2501:, left his post to seek a nomination as the party's candidate in the 2006 presidential election. According to the statutes, the presidency of the party would then go to 5689: 712:

due to its dominance of domestic politics and the inextricable connection between the party and the identity of the Mexican nation-state for much of the 20th century.

2707:

to have carried out a "shambolic campaign". Thus, Peña Nieto won by default, having been perceived (per the magazine) as the "least bad choice" for reform in Mexico.

6070:

propaganda operation that combined nationalist passion, socialist rhetoric and fraudulent elections, ran an autocratic, endemically corrupt, crony-ridden government.

1855:

Mexico increased its international presence during López Portillo: in addition to becoming the world's fourth oil exporter, Mexico restarted relations with the post

504:

belonged to the PRI until 1976, and all state governors were also from the PRI until 1989. Throughout the seven decades that the PRI governed Mexico, the party used

7943: 5783: 3058:

claimed victory for himself and refused to recognize the official results, claiming that the elections were rigged; then he unsuccessfully attempted to organize an

1183:. Vasconcelos had considerable support among university students, the middle class, intellectuals, and some workers from Mexico's northeast. According to historian 8667: 8530: 1207:(named after the title Calles gave himself as "Maximum Chief of the Revolution"), Calles remained the dominant leader of the country and Ortiz Rubio (1929–32) and 2927:, who was controversially fired shortly after revealing the Mexican White House scandals concerning a conflict of interest regarding a house owned by Peña Nieto. 2402:

After much restructuring, the party was able to make a recovery, winning the greatest number of seats (5% short of a true majority) in Congress in 2003: at these

8292: 6115: 5677:... Mexico spent most of the twentieth century governed by the Institutional Revolutionary Party or PRI, a bigtent, catch-all alliance that included everyone ... 2624:

In 2009, the PRI regained plurality control of the Mexican congress; this was the first time the congress had fallen to PRI control since PAN's victory in 2000.

2136:, as the new PRI candidate, who was subsequently elected. The 1994 elections were the first Mexican presidential election monitored by international observers. 1079:

was interim president of Mexico from December 1928 until February 1930, while a political rather than military solution was sought for presidential succession.

528:

were characterized by massive irregularities and fraudulent practices denounced by both domestic and international observers. While Mexico benefited from an

5422: 2216:

became more evident, as the drug trade saw a massive increase, which worsened corruption in the party and at all spheres of Government. In 1984, journalist

8368: 2367:) were once members of the PRI, including many presidential candidates from the opposition (Clouthier, López Obrador, Cárdenas, González Torres, Campa and 1698:

They protested lack of democracy and social justice in Mexico. Middle-class university students had largely been apolitical up until this point. President

2894:. Cited was the controversial law of internal security that the PRI senators approved as the means to diminish the protests towards such electoral fraud. 2580:

During his campaign Madrazo declared that the PRI and PRD were "first cousins"; to this Emilio Chuayffet Chemor responded that if that were the case then

5911: 5386:"El Partido Revolucionario Institucional. Algunas Notas sobre su Pasado Inmediato para su Comprensión en un Momento de Reorientación. Los Años Recientes" 916:

had laid bare the problem of presidential succession with no institutional structures. Obregón was one of three revolutionary generals from Sonora, with

2498: 1793:, as his successor for the term 1976–82, hoping that the new administration would have a tighter control on inflation and to preserve political unity. 985: 835:

was also a delicate moment, for party unity depended on the losers acceding to the president's choice without public rancor or dissent. When President

7670: 8186: 8138: 7729: 7332: 1875:

in its rebellion against the United States supported government. López Portillo also proposed the Plan Mundial de Energéticos in 1979 and summoned a

7834: 1105:. Calles went to the Laborist Party convention and addressed the membership in a conciliatory fashion, but Morones launched into a diatribe against 794:

There is a lexicon of terms used to describe people and practices of the PRI, that were fully operative until the 1990s. The most important was the

2597:. Divisions within the party and a successful campaign of the PAN candidate caused Madrazo to fall to third place. The winner, as announced by the 1737:

as the PRI candidate in the 1970 election. As the Minister of the Interior, Echeverría was operationally responsible for the Tlatelolco massacre.

5642:

Changing Patterns: Latin America's Vital Media: a Report of The Freedom Forum Media Studies Center at Columbia University in the City of New York

739:; many educated Mexicans and urban dwellers in the 21st century worried that its return to power would lead to regression to its worst excesses. 2158:(PAN) became a stronger party after 1976 when it obtained the support from businessmen after recurring economic crises. Consequently, the PRI's 1578:(state-owned plots of land that peasants could farm but not own), and generous financial support of universities and the arts ensured that most 7191: 6083: 6053: 823:

occurred, in general the members of the PRI would demonstrate their enthusiasm for the candidate and their loyalty to the party, known as the

8390: 6180:

control of the ruling party has consistently swung from left to right and back again, making the PRI's ideology difficult to pinpoint. The

8660: 7806: 5458: 561: 199: 8441: 2803:

were highly controversial, with multiple media outlets feeling there was electoral fraud committed by the PRI. In November 2017, magazine

8018: 7372: 584:, presided over a rightward shift that escalated in the 1980s. At the start of the decade, the party moved to the centre-right and later 7356: 2232:

as head of the Instituto Nacional de Combate a las Drogas, was arrested after it was discovered that he had been collaborating with the

1381:

Cárdenas followed the pattern of Calles and Obregón before him, designating his choice in the upcoming elections; for Cárdenas this was

8833: 2341: 8633: 2796:, along their unknown multiple allies who enabled their corruption. All of them supported Peña Nieto during his presidential campaign. 1167:, a revolutionary general who had been out the country, serving as Mexico's ambassador to Brazil, so had no political base in Mexico. 8259: 1497:

Starting with the Alemán administration (1946–1952) until 1970, Mexico embarked on a sustained period of economic growth, dubbed the

1322: 1094: 1055:

had ended in 1920, Mexico continued to encounter political unrest. A grave political crisis caused by the July 1928 assassination of

344: 8645: 1222:. Cárdenas was originally from the southern state of Michoacan, but he joined the Revolution in the north, serving with Calles. The 2509:

instead to become president of the party. After what was perceived an imposition of Madrazo as candidate a group was formed called

1676: 1287:. That same year Cárdenas put his own stamp on the party, reorganizing it in 1938 as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Spanish: 7755: 2729: 1839:. Within the PRI, party president Carlos Sansores pushed for what he called "transparent democracy", but the effort went nowhere. 1746: 8653: 8310: 8160: 8000: 7396: 2225: 1179:, but running against him as the candidate for the Anti-Reelectionist Party was the high-profile former Secretary of Education, 8838: 6526: 2202: 1201:

In the first years of the party's existence, the PNR was the only political machine in existence. During this period, known as

8553: 6586:

Aguilar García, Javier, "Luis Napoleón Morones", in Encyclopedia of Mexico, p. 953. Chicago: Fitzroy and Dearborn 1997, p. 953

1311: 8853: 8329: 6846: 6797: 6719: 6508: 5894: 5693: 1909: 8104: 6968: 8843: 8807: 8036: 7058:

Schmidt, Henry (Summer 1985). "The Mexican Foreign Debt and the Sexennial Transition from López Portillo to de la Madrid".

2632: 1872: 6142:

Decision of the Congress regarding Membership: XXII Congress of the Socialist International, São Paulo, 27–29 October 2003

2120:("the perfect dictatorship"). Despite that perception, a major blow came with the assassination of the 1994 PRI candidate 1675:

riot police used violence to tamp down the incident. However, the crackdown had the opposite effect, with students at the

8676: 7953: 7891: 6028: 2206: 445: 403: 7781: 7458: 7210: 6990: 5536: 5404: 2955:

and 14 senators (down from 61 in 2012). The PRI was also defeated in each of the nine elections for state governor; the

2386:, after getting only 36.1% of the popular vote. It was to be the first Presidential electoral defeat of the PRI. In the 660:

regained the presidency. However, dissatisfaction with corruption in Peña Nieto's administration, the escalation of the

8738: 5656: 5370: 3025: 2871:(literally, "the finger strike", evoking an image of the incumbent president directly pointing towards his successor). 2691:

claimed, it was because "the alternatives weak". The magazine also alleged that Mexico's preferences should have gone

2283: 2163: 2029: 1984: 1769: 1396:, the Institutional Revolutionary Party, pairing seemingly contradictory terms of "institutional" and "revolutionary." 1366: 1262:, President of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, being chosen under the PNR since it was not until 1938 that he founded the PRM 1120: 601: 358: 8503: 8347: 8240: 6646:

Davis, Diane, "Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares" (CNOP). Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 289-94.

6609: 3210:

claimed victory and refused to recognize the official results, claiming that massive electoral fraud had taken place.

6250: 6213: 6166: 6036: 5921: 5670: 5623: 5603: 5577: 5432: 5029: 4678: 4601: 4523: 4445: 4370: 4296: 4221: 4149: 4080: 4010: 3948: 3886: 3824: 3762: 3134:

refused to recognize the official results, claiming that a massive electoral fraud had taken place. He later fled to

1093:

The new party-in-formation did not contain any labor elements. At the time, the strongest labor organization was the

861: 649: 8848: 8769: 7700: 7644: 5280: 5220: 4753: 4657: 3631: 2982: 2696: 2581: 2547: 2517:(Spanish: "Everybody United Against Madrazo" or "TUCOM") which was formed by governors and former state governors: 2344: 2186: 1307: 723:-ridden government". The elites of the PRI controlled the police and the judicial system, and were susceptible to 448:

that was founded in 1929 and held uninterrupted power in the country for 71 years, from 1929 to 2000, first as the

251: 173: 3412:

All of the opposition parties claimed that the election was rigged and refused to recognize the official results;

2224:(Buendía had been investigating possible ties between Drug cartels, the CIA and the FSD itself). In 1997, general 8707: 7917: 2570: 2525: 330: 8365: 2715:

When the PRI lost the presidency in 2000, few expected that the "perfect dictatorship", a description coined by

2557: 8712: 8697: 7438: 6784:

Crandall, R. (2004). "Mexico's Domestic Economy". In Crandall, Russell; Paz, Guadalupe; Roett, Riordan (eds.).

5350: 2964: 2956: 2887: 2753: 2155: 2140: 2004: 1680: 1667: 1557: 1315: 912:

party in the wake of the assassination of revolutionary general, former president, and in 1928 president-elect

852: 701:(the Tricolor) because of its use of the Mexican national colors of green, white and red as they appear on the 5615:

Presidents, Parties, and Prime Ministers: How the Separation of Powers Affects Party Organization and Behavior

2190: 2049: 500:

for the majority of the twentieth century; besides holding the Presidency of the Republic, all members of the

6354: 5240: 5193: 5146: 5099: 5055: 4992: 4955: 4920: 4883: 4846: 4807: 4713: 4630: 4554: 4476: 4402: 4327: 4252: 4178: 4108: 4039: 3973: 3911: 3849: 3787: 3727: 3690: 3603: 3568: 3531: 3495: 3463: 3425: 3383: 3349: 3315: 3282: 3249: 3215: 3177: 3143: 3101: 3096:

As PNR. Revolutionary general. First president to serve a six-year term; chosen by Calles as party candidate

3067: 2978: 2947: 2844: 2649: 2610: 2430:

members of the city assembly. The PRI recouped some significant losses on the state level (most notably, the

2411: 2407: 2387: 2375: 2262: 2133: 2121: 2103: 2033: 1992: 1951: 1904: 1802: 1790: 1462: 1219: 1171: 669: 653: 641: 637: 611: 577: 525: 521: 517: 7680: 2743:

Low levels of presidential approval and allegations of presidential corruption: The government of President

1626: 1392:

In the final year of Ávila Camacho's term the party assembly decided on a new name, pushed by the circle of

1306:), "popular", mainly teachers and civil servants; and the military. The labor section was organized via the 4867: 4064: 3207: 2621:

in Zacatecas and the second-most deputies in the congressional elections of Zacatecas and Baja California.

2221: 855:

which followed is widely considered to have been fraudulent, and was confirmed as such by former president

316: 191: 7484: 7340: 6379: 5718: 2248:. Villanueva remained a fugitive from justice for many months, until being captured and arrested in 2001. 1291:, PRM) whose aim was to establish a democracy of workers and socialism. However, this was never achieved. 48: 8784: 8743: 8293:"Exigen al INAI investigar a Cambridge Analytica, Facebook y desarrolladoras de Apps en México – Proceso" 2598: 2594: 2360: 2245: 2074: 1934: 1707: 874:(alchemists) referred to PRI specialists in vote-rigging. To achieve a complete sweep of elections – the 856: 8278: 7612: 2769: 2462:

of Tijuana for 15 years. Six out of eight gubernatorial elections held during 2005 were won by the PRI:

8748: 7839: 7423: 6380:"Discurso de Plutarco Elías Calles al abrir las sesiones ordinarias del Congreso. Informe Presidencial" 5865: 5569: 2760:(2000–2006) and Felipe Calderón (2006–2012), had higher presidential approvals than the PRI presidents. 1925: 1726:, who would later win the Nobel Prize in Literature, resigned as Mexican Ambassador to India. Novelist 7175: 135: 8675: 8469:"La Ley de Herodes (2000) – Luis Estrada | Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related" 7524: 7170: 5595: 4976: 4279: 3808: 3388: 3148: 2379: 2309: 2275: 2198: 2129: 2090: 2053: 1996: 1593: 1493:

was the first civilian president following the Mexican Revolution and son of a revolutionary general.

1490: 1424: 1393: 1330: 840: 593: 516:, and political repression to maintain political power. In particular, the presidential elections of 203: 60: 5860: 5497: 1963:, seen here in 2002, split from the PRI, running unsuccessfully for president in 1988, 1994 and 2000 1269: 939:

and whose assassination in 1928 touched off a political crisis leading to the formation of the party

8717: 8214:"Con su enorme presupuesto de publicidad, el gobierno mexicano controla los medios de comunicación" 5537:"Se transforma el PRI en "socialdemócrata" por acuerdo de su comisión de deliberación – la Jornada" 5312: 4904: 4133: 3413: 3320: 2781: 2506: 2419: 2348: 2025: 1968: 1960: 1828: 1819: 1811: 1786: 1684: 844: 70: 2700: 2356: 2333: 2056:, Francisco Villarreal Torres, Rogelio Sada Zambrano, María Elena Álvarez Bernal, Moisés Canales, 1972: 1208: 1131: 1072: 1043: 1014: 917: 898: 476: 90: 8764: 7811: 7782:"Former governor of Mexico's Veracruz state extradited from Guatemala to face corruption charges" 6099:

Justice was available, if purchased with a bribe. PRI cronies owned the police and the judiciary.

5722: 5449: 5300: 2427: 2289: 1832: 1529: 1268:

Cárdenas became perhaps Mexico's most popular 20th-century president, most renowned for the 1938

1190: 1102: 743: 272: 124: 8416: 8054: 3746: 3106: 1644:

Only in 2000 did the PRI choose its presidential candidate through a primary, but its candidate

1410: 1382: 1370: 581: 80: 8774: 8080:"Más poder al Presidente y a las Fuerzas Armadas: las entrañas de la Ley de Seguridad Interior" 7233: 7134: 2960: 2606: 2541: 2403: 2065: 2061: 1876: 1156: 1139: 7382: 6836: 6692:

Weston, "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 400, fn. 53 quoting Brandenburg, Frank.

6240: 6203: 5884: 5613: 3932: 3220: 3131: 2368: 1703: 1386: 848: 7353: 7013:, Michael Meyer and William Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, pp. 610–611 6879:

Castañeda, V. Émilio, "'The Death of Artemio Cruz': The False Gods and the Death of Mexico".

6022: 5587: 5563: 3490:

First PRI presidential candidate chosen by a primary. First loss in a presidential election.

3420:

both claimed victory. First election where the PRI candidate received under 70% of the vote.

2875: 2811: 2486:. The PRI then controlled the states on the country's northern border with the US except for 1920:

When López Portillo left office in December 1982, the economy was in shambles. He designated

6708:

The Rightward Drift of Mexico's Former Revolutionaries: The Case of Antonio Díaz Soto y Gama

5173: 4830: 4581: 3994: 3573: 3536: 3254: 2909: 2863: 2849: 2744: 2667: 1699: 665: 657: 8722: 8523:"Mexican Film 'La dictadura perfecta' ("The Perfect Dictatorship") Depicts Mexican Reality" 6181: 5304: 5186: 4594: 3870: 3711: 3561: 3455: 3182: 3072: 2970:

Amid the party's worsening electoral performance, it has attempted to redefine itself as a

2551: 2502: 2455: 2151: 2085: 1976: 1690: 1520: 1514: 1259: 1215: 1194: 1112: 732: 569: 538: 236: 8377:

That is why we are part of the social-democratic current of contemporary political parties

7862: 7103: 6144:– "Change of Status{:] To full membership Mexico: Institutional Revolutionary Party, PRI" 2584:(AMLO), candidate of the PRD, would also be a first cousin and he might win the election. 2128:

in 1928, which led to Calles forming the PRN to deal with the political vacuum. President

1991:) in 1987. The following year, the FDN elected Cárdenas as presidential candidate for the 8: 7675: 7552: 7310: 5139: 4939: 4516: 4205: 3752: 3717: 3608: 3523: 3468: 3354: 3030: 2986: 2935: 2574: 2561: 2293: 2279: 2194: 2070: 2018: 1921: 1913: 1671:

relatively low-level conflict in late July 1968 between young people in Mexico City, the

1657: 1645: 1638: 1537: 1502: 1240: 1176: 1164: 1116: 1082:

The intent to found the party was to institutionalize the power of particular victors of

1060: 1056: 1038:"Today we have the chance, unique in many years, to go from the category of a country of 1018: 960: 944: 932: 921: 851:

left the PRI to form a separate party, and Cárdenas challenged Salinas at the polls. The

836: 585: 557: 542: 490: 408: 7009:

Camp, Roderic Ai. "The Time of the Technocrats and Deconstruction of the Revolution" in

5913:

Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order

5233: 4670: 3596: 3055: 2951: 2537: 2475: 1417:, bureaucrats with specialized knowledge and training, especially with the economy, and 1180: 241: 8812: 8638: 8624: 8589: 7948: 7075: 6884: 6786: 6711: 5554: 5322: 3059: 2914: 2805: 2752:(1994-2000), also from the PRI. It also revealed that both presidents elected from the 2716: 2692: 2459: 2303: 2189:'s PRD, and the PRI against the PAN at the local level and local elections such as the 2144: 2113: 1836: 1683:(IPN) putting aside their traditional rivalries and joining together in protest in the 1083: 1052: 995: 952: 936: 775: 617: 565: 486: 398: 387: 217: 7418: 5126: 4503: 3287: 2589: 1773: 1734: 1441: 1334: 600:. Subsequently, many left-wing members of the party abandoned the PRI and founded the 8478: 7443: 7404: 6842: 6793: 6715: 6246: 6209: 6162: 6032: 5965: 5917: 5890: 5842: 5803: 5764: 5666: 5619: 5599: 5573: 5428: 5396: 5267: 4740: 2971: 2799:

State of Mexico allegations of electoral fraud (2017): The 2017 elections within the

2785: 2447: 2178: 2174: 1860: 1761: 1633: 1613: 1363:, whose rise in Germany and Italy in the 1930s coincided with Cárdenas's presidency. 1106: 1076: 948: 625:, bribing it with great subtlety. The perfect dictatorship is not communism, nor the 8779: 8442:"Se define PRI como socialdemócrata, de centro izquierda, feminista y ambientalista" 6657:

Mexican Militarism: The Political Rise and fall of the Revolutionary Army, 1919–1940

6534: 2217: 2125: 1385:. In the 1940 election, Ávila Camacho's main rival was former revolutionary general 913: 8789: 7377: 7067: 6925:, Michael Meyer and William Beezley. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, p. 598 6610:

https://web.archive.org/web/20050217055354/http://ueinternational.org/vol2spec.html

5957: 5834: 5795: 5756: 3417: 2924: 2733: 2720: 2679: 2628: 2614: 2467: 2415: 2391: 2329: 2237: 2036:, demanding that the electoral packages be opened. In 1989, Clouthier presented an 2008: 2000: 1856: 1753: 1541: 1454: 1064: 956: 801: 766:, as the term "revolution" may imply the destruction of institutions. According to 747: 715:

According to Austin Bay, for more than seven decades, the PRI ran Mexico under an "

661: 534: 501: 436: 424: 207: 7506: 6116:"Mexico elections: Voters could return Institutional Revolutionary Party to power" 4706: 3054:

As PNR, first election after the formation of the party. The opposition candidate

2818:

The Chamber of Deputies also suffered from controversies from members of the PRI:

2233: 246: 8802: 8581: 8372: 7360: 6976: 6156: 6024:

Downsizing the State: Privatization and the Limits of Neoliberal Reform in Mexico

6009: 5013: 4354: 3500: 3430: 2905: 2891: 2879: 2800: 2749: 2531: 2494: 2487: 2451: 2317: 2299: 2229: 2201:

privatized many outmoded industries, including banks and businesses, entered the

2170: 2159: 1924:

as the PRI candidate, the first of a series of economists to rule the country, a

1781: 1569: 1509:. From 1940 to 1970 GDP increased sixfold while the population only doubled, and 1498: 1486: 1481: 1466: 1326: 1098: 903: 736: 645: 529: 513: 497: 7397:"Integrantes del Tucom, de políticos pobres a precandidatos que gastan millones" 6954: 5838: 2739:

The return of the PRI brought some perceived negative consequences, among them:

2032:. Clouthier and his followers then set up other protests, among them one at the 1956: 685: 8599: 5295: 4673:. First time not obtaining at least 100 seats or 10% of the constituency vote. 2931: 2896: 2521: 2352: 2045: 1777: 1727: 1711: 1588: 1421:, the seasoned politicians, many of whom had regional roots in state politics. 1318:, which grew to be the major opposition party, winning the presidency in 2000. 1258:

Emblem of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (1938–1946) which was founded by

1184: 702: 622: 8330:"Mexico's Hardball Politics Get Even Harder as PRI Fights to Hold On to Power" 5961: 5946:"The Fingerprints of Fraud: Evidence from Mexico's 1988 Presidential Election" 5744: 5385: 2212:

In the final decades of the PRI regime, the connections between the party and

767: 8827: 7617: 7589: 5969: 5846: 5807: 5768: 5760: 5400: 5342: 2789: 2773: 2724: 2673: 2364: 2337: 2041: 1929: 1757: 1579: 1524: 1273: 597: 589: 7152: 2723:

published an article in July 2012 noting that many immigrants living in the

2435: 1160: 1013:

Emblem of the National Revolutionary Party (1929–1938) which was founded by

894: 7705: 7279: 5457:. Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. 2831: 2793: 2463: 2241: 1883:

in 1981 to seek solutions to social problems. In 1979, the PRI founded the

1864: 1561: 1554: 1533: 1510: 1284: 969: 783: 630: 546: 8584:"Mexican Presidential Candidates: Changes & Portents for the Future". 7867: 7671:"Mexico Elections: PRI Could Return To Power With Pena Nieto As President" 5502: 3634:

coalition. First time PRI made a coalition with PAN. First woman nominee.

3244:

First Mexican presidential elections in which women were allowed to vote.

2390:

of the same date, the party won with 38.1%, or 33 out of 128 seats in the

1807: 1540:

bureaucrats and office workers, and allowed high-ranking PRI officials to

1321:

The most powerful labor union prior to the formation of the party was the

8468: 7584: 6120: 5662: 5082: 4429: 2757: 2659: 2383: 2213: 2182: 2057: 1723: 1296: 1063:

led to the founding on 4 March 1929 of the National Revolutionary Party (

955:. Carranza had attempted to impose his own candidate for the presidency, 771: 505: 168: 139: 8241:"Cambridge Analytica trabajó con el PRI: Channel 4 News • Forbes México" 8161:"PRI prepara un fraude electoral en 2018, alertan académicos y expertos" 6888: 5273: 5226: 4746: 4663: 2458:

respectively. The PAN had held control of the president's office of the

1004: 972:(1926–29). The Cristero War was ongoing when elections were to be held. 8593: 7215: 7079: 6743:

quoted in Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucial (PRI)", p. 1058.

6161:. Vol. 1: The Left. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage. p. 765. 2900:

also supported that possible outcome, with Tony Payan, director of the

2765: 2143:, caused the PRI to lose its absolute majority in both chambers of the 935:

in a business suit, tailored to show that he lost his right arm in the

728: 709: 156: 6328:

Garrido, Luis Javier, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)" in

6276:

Garrido, Luis Javier, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)" in

2320:, had the motto "Dale un Madrazo al dedazo" or "Give a Madrazo to the 1329:, an ally of Obregón and Calles. A dissident within the CROM, Marxist 927: 889: 8131:"Código Alfa: La estrategia del dedazo en la precandidatura de Meade" 5639: 3454:

Chosen as the PRI candidate after the 23 March 1994 assassination of

1617: 1506: 1280: 1126:

The PNR incorporated other political parties under its umbrella, the

779: 774:

nature of the party; the PRI subsumed the "disruptive energy" of the

716: 509: 7807:"Mexico: Ex-governor flees to Texas to evade corruption allegations" 7071: 5592:

Mexico: Migration, U.S. Economic Issues and Counter Narcotic Efforts

5179: 5132: 5088: 5019: 4982: 4945: 4910: 4873: 4836: 4587: 4509: 4435: 4360: 4285: 4211: 4139: 4070: 4000: 3938: 3876: 3814: 2505:

as party secretary. The rivalry between Madrazo and Gordillo caused

1880: 1211:(1932-34), have been considered in practice subordinates of Calles. 37: 8473: 7944:"'Ni libre, ni auténtica', la elección en Edomex: Ni un Fraude Más" 7759: 6995: 5823:"The sui generis Impact of the Russian Revolution on Latin America" 5799: 5476: 5317: 2777: 2483: 2431: 2124:, the first high-level assassination since that of president-elect 2109: 2069:

year, the PRI lost its first state government with the election of

1848: 1651: 1249: 1203: 1039: 759: 720: 553: 226: 222: 8391:"El PRI busca una salida socialdemócrata a su crisis de identidad" 8277:

Peinado, Fernando; Palomo, Elvira; Galán, Javier (22 March 2018).

6560:

Charles H. Weston, Jr. "The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas",

5989:(Vargas Llosa, 20 years after "Mexico is a perfect dictatorship"). 2934:

story claiming the existence of proof of ties between the PRI and

2699:– engaged in "disgraceful behaviour". The conservative candidate, 1347:

The so-called "popular" sector of the party was organized via the

552:

Throughout its nine-decade existence, the party has represented a

8348:"El PRI se queda sin nada: Morena gana 5 gubernaturas y el PAN 3" 7701:"US concerned Mexico's new president may go easy on drug cartels" 7031:

Young, Dolly J. "Mexican Literary Reactions to Tlatelolco 1968".

6155:

Purdy, Elizabeth (2005). "Mexico". In Carlisle, Rodney P. (ed.).

5749:

EIAL - Estudios Interdisciplinarios de América Latina y el Caribe

2901: 2479: 2443: 1884: 1844: 1609: 1572:; the PRI held rural farmers in check through its control of the 1360: 1087: 770:, the concept of institutionalizing the revolution refers to the 763: 724: 568:. It experienced a sharp, leftward turn during the presidency of 262: 8037:"Nuevamente el PRI vota en contra de de los ciudadanos: PAN BCS" 7192:"Ex-President in Mexico Casts New Light on Rigged 1988 Election" 7104:"Prelude to Disaster: José López Portillo and the Crash of 1976" 5745:"Tzvi Medin y su Ideología y praxis política de Lázaro Cárdenas" 2654: 7250:

Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)", p. 1061.

6912:

Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)", p. 1060.

6812:

Smith, Peter H. "Mexico Since 1946", in Bethell, Leslie (ed.),

6752:

Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)", p. 1059.

6683:

Garrido, "Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI)", p. 1058.

2912:(who also campaigned with the PRI). A December 2017 article in 2471: 2439: 2089:

lack of lists of party membership meant the experiment failed.

1868: 1574: 1453:

next election in a procedure known as "the tap of the finger" (

1353:

Federación de Sindicatos de Trabajadores al Servicio del Estado

1277: 560:. Formed from an amalgamation of the various ideologies of the 7476: 6943:

Sherman, "The Mexican 'Miracle' and its Collapse", pp. 598–602

5910:

Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E. (2014).

5519:"Autoridad y Memoria: El Partido Revolucionario Institucional" 2150:

After several decades in power the PRI had become a symbol of

1940: 1827:

which gave official registry to opposition groups such as the

1825:

Ley Federal de Organizaciones Políticas y Procesos Electorales

1046:, during his last Address to the Congress on 1 September 1928. 8554:"Mexican filmmaker Luis Estrada's satirical agenda hits home" 8279:"The distorted online networks of Mexico's election campaign" 8019:"Ley #3de3 avanza en comisiones del Senado; PAN vota a favor" 7892:"En México se acumulan los gobernadores corruptos, e impunes" 6365:

Ames, Barry. "Bases of Support for Mexico's Dominant Party."

5481: 2890:

party, warned about the possibility of the PRI committing an

1898: 1028:

the Mexican state has been examined by a number of scholars.

573: 309: 291: 285: 6633:

Stanford, Lois, "Confederación Nacional Campesina (CNC)" in

6227:

Don't revolutions, by definition, do away with institutions?

5987:

Vargas Llosa a 20 años de "México es una dictadura perfecta"

1747:

Economic history of Mexico § Deterioration in the 1970s

880:("full car") – the party used the campaign mechanism of the 592:

state-run companies, establishing closer relations with the

479:, Mexico's paramount leader at the time and self-proclaimed 113: 6921:

Sherman, John. "The Mexican 'Miracle' and Its Collapse" in

6788:

Mexico's Democracy at Work: Political and Economic Dynamics

6407:. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers 1998, p. 18 6184:

regime , with its policies of land reform, support for the

5474: 4756:. First time not obtaining at least 10 constituency seats. 3135: 2919: 2827: 2438:). On 6 August 2004, in two closely contested elections in 1399: 758:

The name "Institutional Revolutionary Party" appears as an

626: 610:, PRD) in 1989 following the controversial, and fraudulent 303: 7756:"Why Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto is so unpopular" 5516: 2838: 7669:

Castillo, E. Eduardo; Corcoran, Katherine (1 July 2012).

7373:"Los 'cuatro fantásticos' del PRI, listos para las urnas" 7336: 6816:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. pp. 329–332 6509:"The Mexican Revolution - Consolidation (1920–40) Part 2" 3378:

Last election where the PRI faced no serious opposition.

2930:

In April 2018, Forbes republished a British news program

2097: 297: 107: 7975: 7918:"Conoce a los 11 exgobernadores más corruptos de México" 7548:"Mexico elections: Enrique Peña Nieto pledges a new era" 5543: 5420: 3698: 3130:

As PRM. Revolutionary general. The opposition candidate

1409:

The party's name was changed in 1946, the final year of

689:

Central offices of the Institutional Revolutionary Party

8187:"Mexico's Presidential Election Could Get Really Dirty" 4811: 3172:

First civilian president since the Mexican Revolution.

1796: 727:. During its time in power, the PRI became a symbol of 101: 8001:"Aprueba el Senado versión 'light' de la 'Ley 3 de 3'" 7129: 7127: 7125: 7123: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7115: 7113: 6671:

Weston, "Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas", p. 395.

6351:

Popular Participation in the Mexican 'One-Party System

6319:. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, pp. 471–475. 6291:

Perpetuating Power: How Mexican Presidents Were Chosen

5909: 5903: 3138:

and unsuccessfully tried to organize an armed revolt.

2251: 1928:

who turned his back on populist policies to implement

1641:

in 1969, which at the time was considered suspicious.

943:

In 1920, the Sonorans staged a coup against President

5447: 2985:

coalition, the party supported independent candidate

2710: 2695:, but the candidate that represented that movement – 2015:) also claimed to have won, although not as vocally. 1818:

In the 1976 election, the PRI presidential candidate

564:, the party originated as a centre-left party on the 8618: 7645:"Immigrants express shock at return of Mexico's PRI" 7585:"Mexico's presidential election: Back to the future" 6659:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1968. 5332: 2748:

approval rating. The second-lowest approval was for

2410:, remaining as the largest single party in both the 2080: 1155:

One possible presidential candidate for the PNR was

672:with the worst performance in the party's history. 537:

dissidents, primarily students protested during the

378: 7835:"PGR e Interpol capturan a Roberto Borge en Panamá" 7730:"PRI, el más corrupto según encuesta de percepción" 7507:"Concluye cómputo municipal y distrital en Chiapas" 7110: 6551:, 5th edition. Oxford University Press 2007, p. 137 5640:Jon Vanden Heuvel, Everette E. Dennis, ed. (1995). 2997: 2256: 1632:During the early presidency of Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, 1404: 890:

Presidential succession before the party, 1920–1928

8504:"'La dictadura perfecta': más allá de la película" 8311:"Niega PRI haber contratado a Cambridge Analytica" 8276: 7311:"El de Buendía, el primer crimen de narcopolítica" 6785: 2513:(Spanish: "Democratic Unity"), although nicknamed 1349:Confederación Nacional de Organizaciones Populares 986:President of the Institutional Revolutionary Party 7333:"Cartel worker reportedly spied on DEA in Mexico" 7261:"Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta"" 6961: 6306:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 2004, p. 56 5383: 2631:, as well as internal conflicts in the left-wing 1666:With the choice of capital for the venue for the 1517:parity was maintained at a stable exchange rate. 8825: 7668: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7571: 7228: 7226: 6444:Plutarco Elías Calles and the Mexican Revolution 5552:Eluniversal.com.mx, Septiembre de 2006, México. 5424:El constitucionalismo en el continente americano 1945: 1652:Political impact of the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre 693:The adherents of the PRI are known in Mexico as 8602:"Mexico Since 1946", in Bethell, Leslie (ed.), 8260:"Cambridge Analytica, sigan la ruta del dinero" 7525:"Mexico's ruling party loses midterm elections" 6003:Vargas Llosa: "México es la dictadura perfecta" 5612:Samuels, David J.; Shugart, Matthew S. (2010), 5517:Juan Jose de la Cruz Arana (16 February 2012). 5316:(2014), dealt with the political favoritism of 2240:, a member of the PRI and outgoing governor of 1740: 782:and incorporating its enemies into the party's 572:who instituted extensive reforms including the 556:, typically following from the policies of the 437:[paɾˈtiðoreβolusjoˈnaɾjojnstitusjoˈnal] 134:Av. Insurgentes Norte 59 col. Buenavista 06359 8490:The first film to criticize the PRI by name... 8105:"Meade es el dedazo de siempre, dice Barrales" 7638: 7636: 6991:"1968: Student riots threaten Mexico Olympics" 6792:. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Reiner Publishers. 5878: 5876: 5742: 5611: 5475:José Antonio Aguilar Rivera (31 August 2016). 2788:(no family relation between both Duarte), and 8661: 8606:. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991. 7694: 7692: 7690: 7568: 7439:"Madrazo Set to Win PRI Presidential Primary" 7381:(in Spanish). 4 November 1999. Archived from 7223: 6834: 6637:.Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 286–289. 6533:(in Spanish). 13 October 2000. Archived from 6446:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield 2007, 149. 6315:Benjamin, Thomas. "Rebuilding the Nation" in 6245:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 135. 6208:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 135. 6185: 5654: 3630:Vote totals are only for the PRI line of the 2764:government, among them Tomas Yarrington from 2638: 2162:wing separated and formed its own party, the 1175:of new parties. The PNR had as its candidate 881: 875: 869: 830: 824: 818: 812: 795: 605: 480: 8238: 6595:Carr, Barry. "Vicente Lombardo Toledano" in 6431:El Partido de la Revolución Institucionizada 5889:. University of Toronto Press. p. 155. 2422:the PRI obtained only one borough mayorship 2406:, the party won 224 out of 500 seats in the 1979:) formed the "Democratic Current" (Spanish: 472:) and finally as the PRI beginning in 1946. 7633: 6599:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp.754-56 6109: 6107: 5873: 5618:, Cambridge University Press, p. 141, 5498:"La muerte del nacionalismo revolucionario" 5495: 2719:, would return again in only 12 years. The 2340:), most of the PRD (most notably all three 2028:then complained before the building of the 1941:Transition to multi-party system: 1988–2000 1604: 8668: 8654: 8623: 8588:, vol. 16, no. 4, 1984, pp. 588–605, 8328:Ahmed, Azam; Hakim, Danny (24 June 2018). 8327: 7687: 7403:(in Spanish). 25 July 2005. Archived from 7253: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 6280:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1059. 5421:Daniel Bonilla Maldonado (18 April 2016). 5393:Convergencia: Revista de Ciencias Sociales 3640: 2882:, in December 2017. The Mexican newspaper 2703:, was deemed worthy but was considered by 2609:the party won 106 out of 500 seats in the 1975:and son of the former president of Mexico 1899:First of the technocratic presidents, 1982 1568:unions") maintained a tight grip over the 1302:The PRM had four sectors: labor, peasant ( 386: 8551: 7863:"Corrupción envuelve a 11 exgobernadores" 7048:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 427. 6838:Opening Mexico: The Making Of A Democracy 6332:. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, p. 1058 6304:Opening Mexico: The Making of a Democracy 5886:Class and Race Formation in North America 5861:"Meade, the King of the Mexican Sandwich" 5853: 5820: 5784:"The Political Legacy of Lázaro Cárdenas" 2397: 1863:to visit Mexico, welcomed U.S. president 1323:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 1095:Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers 8501: 7189: 6908: 6906: 6783: 6777: 6242:New Tendencies in Mexican Art: The 1990s 6205:New Tendencies in Mexican Art: The 1990s 6104: 5743:Pérez Montfort, Ricardo (30 June 2022). 5477:"Nota sobre el nacionalismo claudicante" 2857: States governed by the PRI in 2024 2848: 2653: 2132:designated Colosio's campaign director, 1955: 1908: 1806: 1689: 1608: 1485: 1400:PRI and Dominant-party state (1946–1988) 1365: 1189: 1111: 1075:, Mexico's president from 1924 to 1928. 979: 926: 893: 708:Some scholars characterise the PRI as a 684: 8366:Declaración de Principios del PRI, 2013 8257: 7727: 7698: 7605: 7545: 7284:Law and Business Review of the Americas 7277: 7086: 7057: 6969:"Documents link past presidents to CIA" 6870:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946" pp. 336–337. 6835:Preston, Julia; Dillon, Samuel (2005). 6679: 6677: 6501: 6113: 6084:"A New PRI or the Old PRI in Disguise?" 6054:"A New PRI or the Old PRI in Disguise?" 6020: 5882: 5427:. Siglo del Hombre. pp. 219, 220. 2839:Second time in opposition: 2018–present 2828:National Human Rights Commission (CNDH) 2454:won the races for the governorship and 1694:Armored cars in the Zócalo, summer 1968 1432:) to the PRI's "emocracy and justice" ( 535:global climate of social unrest in 1968 8826: 8448:(in Mexican Spanish). 13 December 2021 8382: 7889: 7728:Digital, Milenio (20 September 2016). 7642: 7208: 7044:Schmidt, Samuel. "Luis Echeverría" in 6861:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946" pp. 334–335 6405:Mexico" From Corporatism to Pluralism? 5782:Jr, Charles H. Weston (January 1983). 5585: 3645: 2830:had previously said that law violated 2228:, who had been appointed by president 2203:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 2154:and electoral fraud. The conservative 2098:Political turmoil and decline of power 1780:borrowed 360 million dollars from the 1101:, the political wing of which was the 664:, and rising crime led to PRI nominee 578:political power to civilian leadership 541:Tensions escalated culminating in the 8649: 8388: 8211: 7779: 7753: 7347: 7101: 6952: 6903: 6883:, vol. 30, no. 2, 1986, pp. 139–147. 6705: 6238: 6201: 6154: 5976: 5943: 5713: 5711: 5561: 5288: 4784: 3667: 636:Despite losing the presidency in the 574:nationalization of Mexico's petroleum 435: 7613:"Mexico's election: The PRI is back" 7487:from the original on 12 October 2007 7308: 6674: 6293:. New York: The New Press 2000, p 74 5464:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5410:from the original on 9 October 2022. 2886:, which is officially linked to the 2643: 2633:Partido de la Revolucion Democratica 2116:called the government under the PRI 1873:Sandinista National Liberation Front 1797:Election of 1976, PRI runs unopposed 1312:National Confederation of Campesinos 742:The PRI became a full member of the 607:Partido de la Revolución Democrática 429:Partido Revolucionario Institucional 29:Partido Revolucionario Institucional 8552:Linthicum, Kate (3 November 2014). 8502:Maraboto, Mario (28 October 2014). 8041:El Informante – Baja California Sur 7890:Malkin, Elisabeth (19 April 2017). 6900:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 344. 6825:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 334. 6761:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 343. 6734:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 335. 6081: 6051: 6029:Pennsylvania State University Press 5682: 5658:Dopeworld: Adventures in Drug Lands 4762: 2992: 2918:reported Peña Nieto spending about 2635:(PRD) that deteriorated its image. 2252:First time in opposition: 2000–2012 2207:North American Free Trade Agreement 2139:A number of factors, including the 1528:massive industrial development and 1214:Calles chose revolutionary general 1051:Even though the armed phase of the 13: 8739:Party of the Democratic Revolution 8575: 7952:. 16 November 2017. Archived from 7459:"AMLO, 'primo hermano': Chuayffet" 7419:"Montiel deja vía libre a Madrazo" 7135:"Biography of José López Portillo" 7022:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946", p. 361 6934:Smith, "Mexico Since 1946" p. 359. 6302:Preston, Julia and Samuel Dillon, 5781: 5708: 5565:Urban Protest in Mexico and Brazil 5451:Constitucionalismo en el siglo XXI 2923:cited award-winning news reporter 2711:Aftermath of the return of the PRI 2164:Party of the Democratic Revolution 1475: 1430:Por una democracia de trabajadores 1230: 1159:, former governor of the state of 1042:, to a Nation of Institutions." - 1031: 947:, the civilian First Chief of the 789: 602:Party of the Democratic Revolution 539:Olympic games held in Mexico City. 14: 8865: 8834:Institutional Revolutionary Party 8703:Institutional Revolutionary Party 8610: 8389:Reina, Elena (16 December 2021). 8137:. 4 December 2017. Archived from 7339:. 29 October 2008. Archived from 7190:Thompson, Ginger (9 March 2004). 6975:. 20 October 2006. Archived from 6367:American Political Science Review 5950:American Political Science Review 2081:Attempt at internal reform, 1990s 1310:(CTM); the peasant sector by the 1289:Partido de la Revolución Mexicana 862:American Political Science Review 746:in 2003. It is also considered a 466:Partido de la Revolución Mexicana 421:Institutional Revolutionary Party 26:Institutional Revolutionary Party 8680: 8634:"Mexican Democracy's Lost Years" 8545: 8520: 8514: 8495: 8466: 8460: 8434: 8409: 8358: 8340: 8321: 8303: 8285: 8270: 8258:Murillo, Javier (6 April 2018). 8251: 8232: 8212:Ahmed, Azam (25 December 2017). 8205: 8179: 8153: 8123: 8097: 8072: 8047: 8029: 8011: 7993: 7968: 7936: 7910: 7883: 7855: 7827: 7799: 7773: 7747: 7721: 7662: 7539: 7517: 7499: 7469: 7451: 7431: 7411: 7389: 7365: 7278:Poitras, Guy (27 October 2017). 6433:. Mexico City: Siglo XXI p. 103. 6114:Jackson, Allison (1 July 2012). 5944:Cantú, Francisco (August 2019). 5335: 5272: 5225: 5178: 5131: 5087: 5018: 4981: 4944: 4909: 4872: 4835: 4745: 4662: 4586: 4508: 4434: 4359: 4284: 4210: 4138: 4069: 3999: 3937: 3875: 3813: 3751: 3716: 3619: 3584: 3547: 3511: 3479: 3441: 3399: 3365: 3331: 3298: 3265: 3231: 3193: 3159: 3117: 3083: 3041: 2998:Presidential elections 1929–2024 2257:Loss of the presidency of Mexico 2236:. In another infamous incident, 2177:and violence, was used when the 1405:Change in structure and ideology 1342:Confederación Nacional Campesina 1340:Peasants were organized via the 1308:Confederation of Mexican Workers 1248: 1239: 1003: 994: 839:(in office: 1982 to 1988) chose 174:Confederation of Mexican Workers 36: 8708:Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 8055:"Aristegui Noticias on Twitter" 7325: 7302: 7271: 7267:(in Spanish). 1 September 1990. 7244: 7234:"Biography of Manuel Clouthier" 7202: 7183: 7171:"Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas Solórzano" 7163: 7145: 7051: 7038: 7025: 7016: 7003: 6983: 6953:Doyle, Kate (10 October 2003). 6946: 6937: 6928: 6915: 6894: 6873: 6864: 6855: 6828: 6819: 6806: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6737: 6728: 6699: 6686: 6665: 6649: 6640: 6627: 6614: 6602: 6589: 6580: 6567: 6554: 6541: 6519: 6488: 6475: 6462: 6449: 6436: 6423: 6410: 6397: 6372: 6359: 6335: 6322: 6309: 6296: 6283: 6270: 6232: 6195: 6147: 6135: 6075: 6045: 6014: 5992: 5937: 5814: 5775: 5736: 5648: 5633: 5263: 5216: 5169: 5122: 5078: 5046: 5009: 4972: 4935: 4900: 4863: 4826: 4736: 4701: 4653: 4624: 4577: 4546: 4499: 4468: 4425: 4393: 4350: 4319: 4275: 4244: 4201: 4170: 4129: 4100: 4060: 4031: 3990: 3965: 3928: 3903: 3866: 3841: 3804: 3779: 3742: 3707: 2571:Ecologist Green Party of Mexico 2526:governor of the State of Mexico 1935:An earthquake in September 1985 1465:, as well as every seat in the 1270:expropriating the oil interests 1069:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 475:The PNR was founded in 1929 by 462:Party of the Mexican Revolution 454:Partido Nacional Revolucionario 8239:Forbes Staff (30 March 2018). 7754:Ortiz, Erik (31 August 2016). 7513:(in Spanish). 12 October 2007. 7427:(in Spanish). 21 October 2005. 7209:Rascón, Marco (18 July 2006). 7033:Latin American Research Review 6841:. Macmillan. pp. 54–184. 5916:. Cambridge University Press. 5529: 5510: 5496:Laura Rojas (17 August 2014). 5489: 5468: 5448:Francisco Paoli Bolio (2017). 5441: 5414: 5384:Carlos Báez Silva (May 2001). 5377: 5363: 5351:History of democracy in Mexico 2957:National Regeneration Movement 2730:Peña Nieto's security strategy 2680:battle against organized crime 2378:of 2 July 2000, its candidate 2306:and Secretary of the Interior) 2220:was murdered by agents of the 2141:1994 economic crisis in Mexico 1706:, a spy-program to inform the 1681:National Polytechnic Institute 1668:1968 Mexico City Olympic Games 1469:and every state governorship. 1136:Partido Socialists del Sureste 1119:, candidate of the PNR in the 735:, economic mismanagement, and 1: 8839:1929 establishments in Mexico 7699:Carroll, Rory (2 July 2012). 7643:Watson, Julie (2 July 2012). 7102:Doyle, Kate (14 March 2004). 6355:Northwestern University Press 5821:Dominguez, Francisco (2018). 5356: 2959:won four, PAN three, and the 2845:2018 Mexican general election 2650:2012 Mexican general election 2263:2000 Mexican general election 2134:Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon 2104:1994 Mexican general election 1952:1988 Mexican general election 1946:Left-wing splits from the PRI 1905:1982 Mexican general election 1803:1976 Mexican general election 1220:1934 Mexican general election 1218:as the PNR candidate for the 1172:1929 Mexican general election 1144:Partido Socialista Fronterizo 554:very wide array of ideologies 496:The PRI governed Mexico as a 8854:Parties of one-party systems 7546:Sanchez, Raf (2 July 2012). 7465:(in Spanish). 15 March 2006. 7354:Mario Villanueva Madrid Case 7106:. National Security Archive. 7011:The Oxford History of Mexico 6957:. National Security Archive. 6923:The Oxford History of Mexico 6706:Lucas, Jeffrey Kent (2010). 6317:The Oxford History of Mexico 6001:(Madrid). 1990 September 1. 5827:Journal of Global Faultlines 5050:First loss of supermajority 4291:First loss of supermajority 2222:Federal Security Directorate 2193:). Two other PRI presidents 2147:for the first time in 1997. 1741:Economic crisis of the 1970s 753: 450:National Revolutionary Party 7: 8844:Political parties in Mexico 8785:Progressive Social Networks 8677:Political parties in Mexico 8043:(in Spanish). 18 June 2016. 8025:(in Spanish). 14 June 2016. 8007:(in Spanish). 15 June 2016. 6694:The Making of Modern Mexico 6564:vol. 39, no. 3 (Jan. 1963). 6527:"The Foundation of the PRI" 6082:Bay, Austin (4 July 2012). 6052:Bay, Austin (4 July 2012). 5839:10.13169/jglobfaul.4.2.0123 5655:Niko Vorobyov, ed. (2019). 5328: 5303:, is a political satire of 5281:Fuerza y Corazón por México 5221:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 4754:Fuerza y Corazón por México 4658:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 3632:Fuerza y Corazón por México 2983:Fuerza y Corazón por México 2754:National Action Party (PAN) 2697:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2599:Federal Electoral Institute 2582:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2515:Todos Unidos Contra Madrazo 2345:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 2191:2007 Yucatán state election 2075:governor of Baja California 2050:Diego Fernández de Cevallos 1989:Frente Democrático Nacional 1708:Central Intelligence Agency 1283:companies in the run-up to 857:Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado 697:and the party is nicknamed 675: 612:1988 presidential election. 252:Fuerza y Corazón por México 10: 8870: 8749:Solidarity Encounter Party 7238:Memoria Política de México 7139:Memoria Política de México 6496:Mexico: Biography of Power 6384:Memoria Política de México 5883:Russell, James W. (2009). 5570:Cambridge University Press 2842: 2647: 2639:Return to power: 2012–2018 2607:2006 legislative elections 2260: 2101: 1993:1988 presidential election 1949: 1902: 1800: 1744: 1730:denounced the repression. 1655: 1479: 1128:Partido Radical Tabasqueño 1121:1929 presidential election 983: 859:and in an analysis by the 853:1988 presidential election 843:as the candidate in 1988, 680: 670:2018 presidential election 588:pursuing policies such as 8808:List of political parties 8798: 8757: 8731: 8690: 8604:Mexico Since Independence 8371:27 September 2017 at the 7035:, 20, no 2. (1985), 71–85 6955:"The Tlatelolco Massacre" 6814:Mexico Since Independence 6655:quoted in Edwin Lieuwen, 6608:Fidel Velázquez obituary 5962:10.1017/S0003055419000285 5596:Stanford University Press 5586:Storrs, K. Larry (2005), 5017: 5012: 4977:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 4787: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4661: 4656: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4507: 4502: 4433: 4428: 4358: 4353: 4283: 4280:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 4278: 4209: 4204: 4137: 4132: 4068: 4063: 3998: 3993: 3936: 3931: 3874: 3869: 3812: 3807: 3750: 3745: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3389:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 3206:The opposition candidate 2434:of former PAN stronghold 2380:Francisco Labastida Ochoa 2310:Humberto Roque Villanueva 2284:Secretary of the Interior 2276:Francisco Labastida Ochoa 2199:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 2130:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 2091:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 2054:Fernando Canales Clariond 2052:, Jesús González Schmal, 2030:Secretary of the Interior 1997:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1985:National Democratic Front 1867:and broke relations with 1599:La Muerte de Artemio Cruz 1594:The Death of Artemio Cruz 1331:Vicente Lombardo Toledano 951:faction that had won the 841:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 650:2009 legislative election 616:In 1990, Peruvian writer 558:President of the Republic 446:political party in Mexico 394: 376: 371: 357: 343: 329: 315: 278: 269:International affiliation 268: 258: 232: 216: 204:Revolutionary nationalism 190: 179: 167: 155: 145: 130: 120: 96: 86: 76: 66: 61:Carolina Viggiano Austria 54: 49:Alejandro Moreno Cárdenas 44: 35: 23: 7976:"Discusión en el senado" 6369:, issue 64 (March 1970). 6158:Encyclopedia of Politics 5761:10.61490/eial.v33i1.1753 5562:Bruhn, Kathleen (2008), 5313:The Perfect Dictatorship 2770:Eugenio Hernández Flores 2507:Mariano Palacios Alcocer 2205:and also negotiated the 2026:Rosario Ibarra de Piedra 2024:Clouthier, Cárdenas and 1877:North-South World Summit 1859:-Spain in 1977, allowed 1829:Mexican Democratic Party 1685:Mexican Student Movement 1605:Attempts at party reform 1090:" ("political bosses"). 8849:Socialist International 8770:Social Democratic Party 8281:– via elpais.com. 7812:The Dallas Morning News 7176:Encyclopædia Britannica 6891:accessed 10 April 2019. 6346:Padgett, Vincent Leon, 6008:24 October 2011 at the 5723:Socialist International 5588:"Mexico-U.S. Relations" 5310:A latter Estrada film, 5094:First loss of majority 4868:Luis Echeverría Álvarez 4397:First loss of majority 4065:Luis Echeverría Álvarez 3641:Congressional elections 3208:Miguel Henríquez Guzmán 2768:(along his predecessor 2290:Roberto Madrazo Pintado 2226:Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo 2013:Partido Acción Nacional 1833:Mexican Communist Party 1627:Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada 1530:social welfare programs 744:Socialist International 719:, endemically corrupt, 644:presidential candidate 485:(Supreme Chief) of the 273:Socialist International 259:Continental affiliation 218:Political position 16:Mexican political party 8775:Social Encounter Party 8084:Aristegui Noticias.com 7780:McDonnell, Patrick J. 7046:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6635:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6597:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6429:Garrido, Javier Luis. 6330:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6278:Encyclopedia of Mexico 6186: 5395:. Convergencia: 5, 6. 2961:Social Encounter Party 2859: 2663: 2662:as president of Mexico 2542:governor of Tamaulipas 2398:As an opposition party 2376:presidential elections 2371:, among many others). 2246:Joaquín Hendricks Díaz 2066:Luis Felipe Bravo Mena 2062:Carlos Castillo Peraza 2012: 1964: 1917: 1815: 1695: 1621: 1494: 1458: 1374: 1198: 1140:Felipe Carrillo Puerto 1123: 1068: 1049: 940: 908: 882: 876: 870: 831: 825: 819: 813: 805: 796: 690: 606: 598:free-market capitalism 481: 465: 453: 428: 8698:National Action Party 7280:"The Rise of the Pan" 7153:"¿Qué es la COPPPAL?" 6881:The Centennial Review 6483:Plutarco Elías Calles 6470:Plutarco Elías Calles 6457:Plutarco Elías Calles 6239:Gallo, Rubén (2004). 6202:Gallo, Rubén (2004). 6021:MacLeod, Dag (2005). 5719:"Full Member Parties" 5690:"¿Qué es la COPPPAL?" 5371:"Padrón de afiliados" 3562:Compromiso por México 2979:2024 general election 2948:2018 general election 2876:Alfredo del Mazo Maza 2862:On 27 November 2017, 2852: 2701:Josefina Vázquez Mota 2658:Enrique Peña Nieto's 2657: 2357:Jorge González Torres 2334:Addy Joaquín Coldwell 2156:National Action Party 2118:la dictadura perfecta 2005:National Action Party 1981:Corriente Democrática 1973:Governor of Michoacán 1959: 1912: 1810: 1768:Díaz Ordaz chose his 1693: 1612: 1558:National Action Party 1489: 1434:Democracia y justicia 1369: 1316:National Action Party 1209:Abelardo L. Rodríguez 1193: 1152:that began in 1910." 1132:Tomás Garrido Canabal 1115: 1097:(CROM) controlled by 1073:Plutarco Elías Calles 1044:Plutarco Elías Calles 1035: 1015:Plutarco Elías Calles 980:Founding of the Party 930: 918:Plutarco Elías Calles 899:Plutarco Elías Calles 897: 688: 477:Plutarco Elías Calles 237:Compromiso por México 91:Plutarco Elías Calles 7359:5 April 2011 at the 6770:Preston and Dillon, 6714:. pp. 171–203. 6416:Preston and Dillon, 6289:Castañeda, Jorge G. 5187:Commitment to Mexico 4595:Commitment to Mexico 3871:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 3809:Miguel Alemán Valdés 3747:Manuel Ávila Camacho 3456:Luis Donaldo Colosio 3183:Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 3149:Miguel Alemán Valdés 3107:Manuel Ávila Camacho 2904:'s Mexico Center at 2552:governor of Coahuila 2503:Elba Esther Gordillo 2499:president of the PRI 2456:municipal presidency 2388:senatorial elections 2122:Luis Donaldo Colosio 2086:Luis Donaldo Colosio 1791:Secretary of Finance 1770:government secretary 1714:ammunition in 1963. 1648:lost that election. 1521:Economic nationalist 1491:Miguel Alemán Valdés 1411:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1383:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1371:Manuel Ávila Camacho 1134:; the Yucatán-based 582:Manuel Ávila Camacho 233:National affiliation 162:Red Jóvenes x México 112:18 January 1946 (as 81:Rubén Moreira Valdez 8527:Atención San Miguel 8264:elfinanciero.com.mx 8141:on 28 December 2017 7676:The Huffington Post 7649:The Huffington Post 7553:The Daily Telegraph 7447:. 14 November 2005. 7385:on 23 January 2009. 7343:on 29 October 2008. 6979:on 23 January 2009. 6537:on 19 October 2009. 6468:quoted in Buchenau, 6088:Real Clear Politics 6058:Real Clear Politics 5523:Distintas Latitudes 5140:Alliance for Mexico 4940:Miguel de la Madrid 4905:José López Portillo 4517:Alliance for Mexico 4206:Miguel de la Madrid 4134:José López Portillo 3933:Adolfo López Mateos 3646:Chamber of Deputies 3469:Francisco Labastida 3414:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 3355:Miguel de la Madrid 3344:Elected unopposed. 3321:José López Portillo 3221:Adolfo López Mateos 3132:Juan Andreu Almazán 3031:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 2974:party since 2021. 2936:Cambridge Analytica 2878:as governor of the 2782:César Duarte Jáquez 2611:Chamber of Deputies 2575:Alliance for Mexico 2562:governor of Hidalgo 2428:first-past-the-post 2424:(jefe delegacional) 2412:Chamber of Deputies 2408:Chamber of Deputies 2369:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 2349:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 2294:governor of Tabasco 2280:governor of Sinaloa 2195:Miguel de la Madrid 2185:'s PAN and PAN vs. 2071:Ernesto Ruffo Appel 2038:alternative cabinet 2034:Chamber of Deputies 2019:Miguel de la Madrid 1969:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 1961:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 1922:Miguel de la Madrid 1914:Miguel de la Madrid 1820:José López Portillo 1812:José López Portillo 1787:José López Portillo 1677:National University 1658:Tlatelolco massacre 1646:Francisco Labastida 1503:import substitution 1463:Chamber of Deputies 1387:Juan Andreu Almazán 1177:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1165:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1117:Pascual Ortiz Rubio 1019:President of Mexico 961:Plan of Agua Prieta 945:Venustiano Carranza 922:Adolfo de la Huerta 849:Porfirio Muñoz Ledo 845:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 837:Miguel de la Madrid 800:, with the finger ( 623:intellectual milieu 543:Tlatelolco massacre 317:Chamber of Deputies 71:Manuel Añorve Baños 8813:Politics of Mexico 8744:New Alliance Party 8713:Citizens' Movement 8639:The New York Times 8417:"La muerte acecha" 8364:Artículo 1° de la 8334:The New York Times 8218:The New York Times 8193:. 18 December 2017 8167:. 25 December 2017 8111:. 27 November 2017 7956:on 20 January 2018 7896:The New York Times 7527:. CNN. 7 July 2009 7309:Becerril, Andres. 7196:The New York Times 6712:Edwin Mellen Press 6622:Politics in Mexico 6575:Politics in Mexico 6549:Politics in Mexico 6547:Camp, Roderic Ai. 6442:Buchenau, Jürgen. 6031:. pp. 37–38. 5869:. 11 January 2018. 5549:Multiple sources: 5323:media manipulation 5289:In popular culture 5174:Enrique Peña Nieto 4831:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 4582:Enrique Peña Nieto 3995:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 3574:José Antonio Meade 3537:Enrique Peña Nieto 3524:Alianza por México 3255:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 2965:Citizens' Movement 2940:The New York Times 2915:The New York Times 2910:Enrique Peña Nieto 2864:José Antonio Meade 2860: 2745:Enrique Peña Nieto 2717:Mario Vargas Llosa 2668:Enrique Peña Nieto 2664: 2613:and 35 out of 128 2595:New Alliance Party 2511:Unidad Democrática 2426:out of 16, and no 2342:Mexico City mayors 2304:governor of Puebla 2269:The Fantastic Four 2114:Mario Vargas Llosa 1965: 1918: 1871:and supported the 1837:Congress of Mexico 1816: 1700:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz 1696: 1622: 1495: 1375: 1325:(CROM), headed by 1199: 1124: 1084:Mexican Revolution 1053:Mexican Revolution 953:Mexican Revolution 941: 937:Mexican Revolution 909: 776:Mexican Revolution 691: 666:José Antonio Meade 658:Enrique Peña Nieto 618:Mario Vargas Llosa 566:political spectrum 562:Constitutionalists 487:Mexican Revolution 399:Politics of Mexico 359:State legislatures 106:30 March 1938 (as 8821: 8820: 8558:Los Angeles Times 8479:All Media Network 7786:Los Angeles Times 7444:Los Angeles Times 6999:. 2 October 1968. 6848:978-0-374-52964-2 6799:978-1-58826-300-1 6721:978-0-7734-3665-7 6515:. 9 October 2008. 6494:Krauze, Enrique. 6403:Grayson, George, 5896:978-0-8020-9678-4 5555:PRI: ¿ave fénix?" 5286: 5285: 5268:Claudia Sheinbaum 4760: 4759: 4741:Claudia Sheinbaum 3638: 3637: 2981:, as part of the 2972:social democratic 2950:, as part of the 2734:Mexico's drug war 2644:Return of the PRI 2534:(federal senator) 2448:Ulises Ruiz Ortiz 2446:, PRI candidates 2179:political machine 2175:voter suppression 1995:which was won by 1861:Pope John Paul II 1733:Díaz Ordaz chose 1639:an airplane crash 1634:Carlos A. Madrazo 1614:Carlos A. Madrazo 1157:Aarón Sáenz Garza 1107:Emilio Portes Gil 1077:Emilio Portes Gil 1047: 1021:from 1924 to 1928 949:Constitutionalist 748:social democratic 417: 416: 404:Political parties 200:Constitutionalism 100:4 March 1929 (as 56:Secretary-General 8861: 8790:Force for Mexico 8685: 8684: 8683: 8670: 8663: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8630: 8627: 8622: 8621: 8619:Official website 8582:Camp, Roderic A. 8569: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8529:. Archived from 8518: 8512: 8511: 8499: 8493: 8492: 8487: 8485: 8467:Crow, Jonathan. 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8438: 8432: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8386: 8380: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8325: 8319: 8318: 8317:. 31 March 2018. 8307: 8301: 8300: 8289: 8283: 8282: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8209: 8203: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8183: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8157: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8135:SDP Noticias.com 8127: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8101: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8090: 8076: 8070: 8069: 8067: 8065: 8051: 8045: 8044: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8015: 8009: 8008: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7931: 7929: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7905: 7903: 7887: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876: 7859: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7792: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7768: 7766: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7725: 7719: 7718: 7716: 7714: 7696: 7685: 7684: 7683:on 2 April 2014. 7679:. Archived from 7666: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7655: 7640: 7631: 7630: 7628: 7626: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7581: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7521: 7515: 7514: 7503: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7481:elmovimiento.org 7473: 7467: 7466: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7435: 7429: 7428: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7407:on 29 June 2011. 7393: 7387: 7386: 7369: 7363: 7351: 7345: 7344: 7329: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7257: 7251: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7230: 7221: 7220: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7149: 7143: 7142: 7131: 7108: 7107: 7099: 7084: 7083: 7055: 7049: 7042: 7036: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6965: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6944: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6817: 6810: 6804: 6803: 6791: 6781: 6775: 6768: 6762: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6744: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6710:. Lewiston, NY: 6703: 6697: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6672: 6669: 6663: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6638: 6631: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6593: 6587: 6584: 6578: 6571: 6565: 6558: 6552: 6545: 6539: 6538: 6531:mx.geocities.com 6523: 6517: 6516: 6505: 6499: 6492: 6486: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6460: 6453: 6447: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6421: 6414: 6408: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6376: 6370: 6363: 6353:. Evanston, IL: 6347: 6342: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6313: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6236: 6230: 6229: 6224: 6222: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6177: 6175: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6111: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6094: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6066: 6064: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6018: 6012: 5996: 5990: 5985:2010 October 7. 5980: 5974: 5973: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5880: 5871: 5870: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5696:on 25 March 2012 5692:. Archived from 5686: 5680: 5679: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5608: 5582: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5463: 5456: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5390: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5367: 5345: 5340: 5339: 5338: 5276: 5260: 5234:Todos por México 5229: 5213: 5182: 5166: 5135: 5119: 5091: 5075: 5043: 5022: 5006: 4985: 4969: 4948: 4932: 4913: 4897: 4876: 4860: 4839: 4823: 4767: 4766: 4763:Senate elections 4749: 4733: 4698: 4671:Todos por México 4666: 4650: 4621: 4590: 4574: 4543: 4512: 4496: 4465: 4438: 4422: 4390: 4363: 4347: 4316: 4288: 4272: 4241: 4214: 4198: 4167: 4142: 4126: 4097: 4073: 4057: 4028: 4003: 3987: 3962: 3941: 3925: 3900: 3879: 3863: 3838: 3817: 3801: 3776: 3755: 3739: 3720: 3704: 3650: 3649: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3597:Todos por México 3591: 3588: 3587: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3418:Manuel Clouthier 3406: 3403: 3402: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3338: 3335: 3334: 3305: 3302: 3301: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3056:José Vasconcelos 3048: 3045: 3044: 3002: 3001: 2993:Election results 2952:Todos por México 2925:Carmen Aristegui 2856: 2812:Alfredo del Mazo 2721:Associated Press 2548:Enrique Martínez 2538:Tomás Yarrington 2493:Later that year 2476:Estado de México 2420:Federal District 2392:Senate of Mexico 2382:was defeated by 2330:Manuel Clouthier 2238:Mario Villanueva 2145:federal congress 2001:Manuel Clouthier 1252: 1243: 1181:José Vasconcelos 1037: 1007: 998: 957:Ignacio Bonillas 907:magazine in 1924 901:on the cover of 885: 879: 873: 834: 828: 822: 816: 799: 662:Mexican drug war 609: 596:, and embracing 580:. His successor 484: 439: 434: 390: 385: 382: 380: 366: 352: 338: 324: 308: 302: 296: 290: 284: 242:Todos por México 208:Social democracy 183: 169:Trade union wing 115: 109: 103: 57: 40: 21: 20: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8803:Portal:Politics 8794: 8753: 8727: 8686: 8681: 8679: 8674: 8628: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8600:Smith, Peter H. 8578: 8576:Further reading 8573: 8572: 8562: 8560: 8550: 8546: 8536: 8534: 8533:on 13 July 2018 8519: 8515: 8500: 8496: 8483: 8481: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8435: 8425: 8423: 8421:Diario Presente 8415: 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8387: 8383: 8373:Wayback Machine 8363: 8359: 8352:Animal Político 8346: 8345: 8341: 8326: 8322: 8309: 8308: 8304: 8299:. 2 April 2018. 8291: 8290: 8286: 8275: 8271: 8256: 8252: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8210: 8206: 8196: 8194: 8185: 8184: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8165:Regeneracion.mx 8159: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8142: 8129: 8128: 8124: 8114: 8112: 8103: 8102: 8098: 8088: 8086: 8078: 8077: 8073: 8063: 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7100: 7087: 7072:10.2307/1052037 7060:Mexican Studies 7056: 7052: 7043: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7008: 7004: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6967: 6966: 6962: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6833: 6829: 6824: 6820: 6811: 6807: 6800: 6782: 6778: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6751: 6747: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6729: 6722: 6704: 6700: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6675: 6670: 6666: 6654: 6650: 6645: 6641: 6632: 6628: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6572: 6568: 6559: 6555: 6546: 6542: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6493: 6489: 6480: 6476: 6467: 6463: 6454: 6450: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6424: 6415: 6411: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6386: 6378: 6377: 6373: 6364: 6360: 6345: 6336: 6327: 6323: 6314: 6310: 6301: 6297: 6288: 6284: 6275: 6271: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6237: 6233: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6200: 6196: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6112: 6105: 6092: 6090: 6080: 6076: 6062: 6060: 6050: 6046: 6039: 6019: 6015: 6010:Wayback Machine 5997: 5993: 5981: 5977: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5881: 5874: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5819: 5815: 5780: 5776: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5699: 5697: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5653: 5649: 5638: 5634: 5626: 5606: 5580: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5515: 5511: 5494: 5490: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5341: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5291: 5261: 5258: 5214: 5211: 5167: 5164: 5127:Felipe Calderón 5120: 5117: 5076: 5073: 5044: 5041: 5014:Ernesto Zedillo 5007: 5004: 4970: 4967: 4933: 4930: 4898: 4895: 4861: 4858: 4824: 4821: 4765: 4734: 4731: 4699: 4696: 4651: 4648: 4622: 4619: 4575: 4572: 4544: 4541: 4504:Felipe Calderón 4497: 4494: 4466: 4463: 4423: 4420: 4391: 4388: 4355:Ernesto Zedillo 4348: 4345: 4317: 4314: 4273: 4270: 4242: 4239: 4199: 4196: 4168: 4165: 4127: 4124: 4098: 4095: 4058: 4055: 4029: 4026: 3988: 3985: 3963: 3960: 3926: 3923: 3901: 3898: 3864: 3861: 3839: 3836: 3802: 3799: 3777: 3774: 3740: 3737: 3712:Lázaro Cárdenas 3705: 3702: 3648: 3643: 3624: 3620: 3589: 3585: 3552: 3548: 3516: 3512: 3501:Roberto Madrazo 3484: 3480: 3446: 3442: 3431:Ernesto Zedillo 3404: 3400: 3370: 3366: 3336: 3332: 3303: 3299: 3288:Luis Echeverría 3270: 3266: 3236: 3232: 3198: 3194: 3164: 3160: 3122: 3118: 3088: 3084: 3073:Lázaro Cárdenas 3046: 3042: 3000: 2995: 2967:each with one. 2906:Rice University 2892:electoral fraud 2880:state of Mexico 2858: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2801:state of Mexico 2750:Ernesto Zedillo 2713: 2652: 2646: 2641: 2590:Felipe Calderón 2532:Enrique Jackson 2495:Roberto Madrazo 2488:Baja California 2452:Jorge Hank Rhon 2400: 2318:Carlos Alazraki 2300:Manuel Bartlett 2265: 2259: 2254: 2230:Ernesto Zedillo 2171:electoral fraud 2166:(PRD) in 1989. 2106: 2100: 2083: 1987:(FDN, Spanish: 1977:Lázaro Cárdenas 1954: 1948: 1943: 1907: 1901: 1805: 1799: 1782:Federal Reserve 1774:Luis Echeverría 1749: 1743: 1735:Luis Echeverría 1679:(UNAM) and the 1660: 1654: 1607: 1570:working classes 1499:Mexican Miracle 1484: 1482:Mexican Miracle 1478: 1476:Mexican Miracle 1442:Fidel Velázquez 1407: 1402: 1335:Fidel Velázquez 1327:Luis N. Morones 1266: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1260:Lázaro Cárdenas 1255: 1254: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1233: 1231:PRM (1938–1946) 1216:Lázaro Cárdenas 1195:Lázaro Cárdenas 1099:Luis N. Morones 1034: 1032:PNR (1929–1938) 1025: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1000: 999: 988: 982: 892: 792: 790:Party practices 756: 737:electoral fraud 683: 678: 646:Roberto Madrazo 594:Catholic Church 570:Lázaro Cárdenas 514:electoral fraud 498:one-party state 460:), then as the 432: 413: 377: 367: 364: 353: 350: 339: 336: 325: 322: 306: 300: 294: 288: 282: 250: 245: 240: 212: 206: 202: 181: 121:Split from 111: 105: 55: 31: 30: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8867: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8780:México Posible 8777: 8772: 8767: 8765:Humanist Party 8761: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8735: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8673: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8631: 8612: 8611:External links 8609: 8608: 8607: 8597: 8577: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8544: 8521:Ríos, Sandra. 8513: 8494: 8459: 8433: 8408: 8395:El País México 8381: 8357: 8354:. 2 July 2018. 8339: 8320: 8302: 8297:proceso.com.mx 8284: 8269: 8250: 8231: 8204: 8178: 8152: 8122: 8096: 8071: 8046: 8028: 8010: 7992: 7967: 7935: 7909: 7882: 7854: 7826: 7798: 7772: 7746: 7720: 7686: 7661: 7632: 7604: 7593:. 23 June 2012 7567: 7538: 7516: 7498: 7468: 7450: 7430: 7410: 7388: 7364: 7346: 7324: 7301: 7270: 7252: 7243: 7222: 7201: 7182: 7162: 7144: 7109: 7085: 7066:(2): 227–285. 7050: 7037: 7024: 7015: 7002: 6982: 6960: 6945: 6936: 6927: 6914: 6902: 6893: 6872: 6863: 6854: 6847: 6827: 6818: 6805: 6798: 6776: 6772:Opening Mexico 6763: 6754: 6745: 6736: 6727: 6720: 6698: 6685: 6673: 6664: 6648: 6639: 6626: 6613: 6601: 6588: 6579: 6566: 6553: 6540: 6518: 6500: 6487: 6474: 6461: 6448: 6435: 6422: 6418:Opening Mexico 6409: 6396: 6371: 6358: 6334: 6321: 6308: 6295: 6282: 6269: 6251: 6231: 6214: 6194: 6167: 6146: 6134: 6103: 6074: 6044: 6037: 6013: 5991: 5975: 5956:(3): 710–726. 5936: 5922: 5902: 5895: 5872: 5852: 5833:(2): 123–137. 5813: 5800:10.2307/981231 5794:(3): 383–405. 5774: 5735: 5707: 5681: 5671: 5647: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5609: 5604: 5598:, p. 56, 5583: 5578: 5572:, p. 18, 5559: 5542: 5528: 5509: 5488: 5467: 5440: 5433: 5413: 5376: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5330: 5327: 5299:, directed by 5293:The 1999 film 5290: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5215: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5136: 5129: 5124: 5121: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5016: 5011: 5010:Supermajority 5008: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4973:Supermajority 4971: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4942: 4937: 4936:Supermajority 4934: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4901:Supermajority 4899: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4864:Supermajority 4862: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4833: 4828: 4827:Supermajority 4825: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4710: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4660: 4655: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4623: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4432: 4427: 4424: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4392: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4357: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245:Supermajority 4243: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4208: 4203: 4202:Supermajority 4200: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4171:Supermajority 4169: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4130:Supermajority 4128: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4101:Supermajority 4099: 4094: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4074: 4067: 4062: 4061:Supermajority 4059: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4033: 4032:Supermajority 4030: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3991:Supermajority 3989: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3966:Supermajority 3964: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3935: 3930: 3929:Supermajority 3927: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3904:Supermajority 3902: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3873: 3868: 3867:Supermajority 3865: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3842:Supermajority 3840: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3805:Supermajority 3803: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780:Supermajority 3778: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3749: 3744: 3743:Supermajority 3741: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3724: 3723: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3708:Supermajority 3706: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3628: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3609:Xóchitl Gálvez 3606: 3600: 3599: 3593: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3545: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3488: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3410: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3342: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3204: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3170: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3128: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3052: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2987:Xóchitl Gálvez 2932:Channel 4 News 2897:Bloomberg News 2853: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2824: 2816: 2815: 2797: 2761: 2712: 2709: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2573:(PVEM) in the 2566: 2565: 2555: 2545: 2535: 2529: 2522:Arturo Montiel 2399: 2396: 2353:Marcelo Ebrard 2313: 2312: 2307: 2297: 2287: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2218:Manuel Buendía 2169:Critics claim 2126:Alvaro Obregón 2099: 2096: 2082: 2079: 2046:Shadow Cabinet 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1900: 1897: 1798: 1795: 1778:Bank of Mexico 1742: 1739: 1728:Carlos Fuentes 1712:.223 Remington 1656:Main article: 1653: 1650: 1620:PRI politician 1606: 1603: 1589:Carlos Fuentes 1480:Main article: 1477: 1474: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1257: 1256: 1247: 1246: 1238: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1185:Enrique Krauze 1103:Laborist Party 1061:Álvaro Obregón 1033: 1030: 1012: 1011: 1002: 1001: 993: 992: 991: 990: 989: 981: 978: 933:Álvaro Obregón 914:Alvaro Obregón 891: 888: 877:carro completo 791: 788: 755: 752: 682: 679: 677: 674: 656:its candidate 638:2000 elections 491:Álvaro Obregón 415: 414: 412: 411: 406: 401: 395: 392: 391: 374: 373: 369: 368: 363: 361: 355: 354: 349: 347: 341: 340: 335: 333: 327: 326: 321: 319: 313: 312: 280: 276: 275: 270: 266: 265: 260: 256: 255: 234: 230: 229: 220: 214: 213: 211: 210: 196: 194: 188: 187: 184: 177: 176: 171: 165: 164: 159: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 132: 128: 127: 125:Laborist Party 122: 118: 117: 98: 94: 93: 88: 84: 83: 78: 77:Chamber Leader 74: 73: 68: 64: 63: 58: 52: 51: 46: 42: 41: 33: 32: 28: 25: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8866: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8829: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8797: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8730: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8678: 8671: 8666: 8664: 8659: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8632: 8626: 8620: 8615: 8614: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8559: 8555: 8548: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8517: 8509: 8508:Forbes Mexico 8505: 8498: 8491: 8480: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8463: 8447: 8443: 8437: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8361: 8353: 8349: 8343: 8335: 8331: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8280: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8254: 8246: 8245:forbes.com.mx 8242: 8235: 8219: 8215: 8208: 8192: 8191:Bloomberg.com 8188: 8182: 8166: 8162: 8156: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8126: 8110: 8106: 8100: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8024: 8023:El Financiero 8020: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7897: 7893: 7886: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7843:. 5 June 2017 7842: 7841: 7836: 7830: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7761: 7757: 7750: 7735: 7731: 7724: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7665: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7637: 7621:. 2 July 2012 7620: 7619: 7618:The Economist 7614: 7608: 7592: 7591: 7590:The Economist 7586: 7580: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7572: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7542: 7526: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7502: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7434: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7392: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7362: 7358: 7355: 7350: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7328: 7312: 7305: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7274: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7229: 7227: 7219:(in Spanish). 7218: 7217: 7212: 7205: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7159:(in Spanish). 7158: 7154: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7105: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7019: 7012: 7006: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6964: 6956: 6949: 6940: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6909: 6907: 6897: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6867: 6858: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6831: 6822: 6815: 6809: 6801: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6780: 6773: 6767: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6731: 6723: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6689: 6680: 6678: 6668: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6643: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6598: 6592: 6583: 6576: 6570: 6563: 6557: 6550: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6497: 6491: 6484: 6478: 6471: 6465: 6458: 6452: 6445: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6341: 6340: 6331: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6305: 6299: 6292: 6286: 6279: 6273: 6266: 6254: 6252:9781403982650 6248: 6244: 6243: 6235: 6228: 6217: 6215:9781403982650 6211: 6207: 6206: 6198: 6191: 6188: 6183: 6170: 6168:9781412904094 6164: 6160: 6159: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6108: 6100: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6038:0-271-04669-4 6034: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5940: 5925: 5923:9781139991384 5919: 5915: 5914: 5906: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5887: 5879: 5877: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5678: 5674: 5672:9781317755098 5668: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5651: 5644:. p. 20. 5643: 5636: 5627: 5625:9781139489379 5621: 5617: 5616: 5610: 5607: 5605:9781594546501 5601: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5581: 5579:9781139470636 5575: 5571: 5567: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5532: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5505: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5471: 5460: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5436: 5434:9789586653862 5430: 5426: 5425: 5417: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5343:Mexico portal 5333: 5326: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5235: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5209: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5015: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4779:No. of seats 4773:Constituency 4768: 4755: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707:Va por México 4704: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4589: 4583: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4549: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4471: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4396: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4356: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4268: 4265: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4237: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4135: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4002: 3996: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3909: 3906: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3872: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3782: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3748: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3662:No. of seats 3656:Constituency 3651: 3633: 3629: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3557: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3470: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3409: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3341: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3241: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3051: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2968: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2870: 2865: 2851: 2846: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2819: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2790:Roberto Borge 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2774:Javier Duarte 2771: 2767: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2725:United States 2722: 2718: 2708: 2706: 2705:The Economist 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689:The Economist 2685: 2684:The Economist 2681: 2676: 2675: 2674:The Economist 2671:published by 2669: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2585: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2365:Roberto Campa 2362: 2358: 2355:), the PVEM ( 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2338:Demetrio Sodi 2335: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2270: 2264: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2234:Juárez Cartel 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2187:López Obrador 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1938: 1936: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1850: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1758:capital goods 1755: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1719: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1595: 1590: 1584: 1581: 1580:intellectuals 1577: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1525:protectionist 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1448: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1425:Miguel Alemán 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1397: 1395: 1394:Miguel Alemán 1390: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1274:United States 1271: 1261: 1251: 1242: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1205: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1150: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1041: 1029: 1020: 1016: 1006: 997: 987: 977: 973: 971: 965: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 938: 934: 929: 925: 923: 919: 915: 906: 905: 900: 896: 887: 884: 878: 872: 866: 864: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 827: 821: 815: 809: 807: 803: 798: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 751: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 713: 711: 710:"state party" 706: 704: 700: 696: 687: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 619: 614: 613: 608: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 545:in which the 544: 540: 536: 531: 530:economic boom 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 494: 492: 488: 483: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 438: 430: 426: 422: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 396: 393: 389: 384: 375: 370: 362: 360: 356: 348: 346: 345:Governorships 342: 334: 332: 328: 320: 318: 314: 311: 305: 299: 293: 287: 281: 277: 274: 271: 267: 264: 261: 257: 253: 248: 247:Va por México 243: 238: 235: 231: 228: 224: 221: 219: 215: 209: 205: 201: 198: 197: 195: 193: 189: 185: 178: 175: 172: 170: 166: 163: 160: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 99: 95: 92: 89: 85: 82: 79: 75: 72: 69: 67:Senate Leader 65: 62: 59: 53: 50: 47: 43: 39: 34: 22: 19: 8702: 8637: 8629:(in Spanish) 8603: 8585: 8561:. Retrieved 8557: 8547: 8535:. Retrieved 8531:the original 8526: 8516: 8507: 8497: 8489: 8482:. Retrieved 8477:(synopsis). 8472: 8462: 8450:. Retrieved 8445: 8436: 8424:. Retrieved 8420: 8411: 8399:. Retrieved 8397:(in Spanish) 8394: 8384: 8376: 8360: 8351: 8342: 8333: 8323: 8314: 8305: 8296: 8287: 8272: 8263: 8253: 8244: 8234: 8222:. Retrieved 8220:(in Spanish) 8217: 8207: 8195:. Retrieved 8190: 8181: 8169:. Retrieved 8164: 8155: 8143:. Retrieved 8139:the original 8134: 8125: 8113:. Retrieved 8109:El Universal 8108: 8099: 8087:. Retrieved 8083: 8074: 8062:. Retrieved 8058: 8049: 8040: 8031: 8022: 8013: 8004: 7995: 7983:. Retrieved 7979: 7970: 7958:. Retrieved 7954:the original 7947: 7938: 7926:. Retrieved 7921: 7912: 7900:. Retrieved 7898:(in Spanish) 7895: 7885: 7873:. Retrieved 7866: 7857: 7845:. Retrieved 7840:El Universal 7838: 7829: 7817:. Retrieved 7810: 7801: 7789:. Retrieved 7785: 7775: 7763:. Retrieved 7749: 7737:. Retrieved 7733: 7723: 7711:. Retrieved 7706:The Guardian 7704: 7681:the original 7674: 7664: 7652:. Retrieved 7648: 7623:. Retrieved 7616: 7607: 7595:. Retrieved 7588: 7558:. Retrieved 7551: 7541: 7529:. Retrieved 7519: 7511:El Universal 7510: 7501: 7489:. Retrieved 7480: 7471: 7462: 7453: 7442: 7433: 7424:El Universal 7422: 7413: 7405:the original 7400: 7391: 7383:the original 7376: 7367: 7349: 7341:the original 7327: 7315:. Retrieved 7304: 7292:. Retrieved 7287: 7283: 7273: 7264: 7255: 7246: 7237: 7214: 7204: 7195: 7185: 7174: 7165: 7156: 7147: 7138: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7045: 7040: 7032: 7027: 7018: 7010: 7005: 6994: 6985: 6977:the original 6973:El Universal 6972: 6963: 6948: 6939: 6930: 6922: 6917: 6896: 6880: 6875: 6866: 6857: 6837: 6830: 6821: 6813: 6808: 6787: 6779: 6774:, pp. 53–54. 6771: 6766: 6757: 6748: 6739: 6730: 6707: 6701: 6693: 6688: 6667: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6642: 6634: 6629: 6624:, pp. 154-55 6621: 6616: 6604: 6596: 6591: 6582: 6574: 6569: 6562:The Americas 6561: 6556: 6548: 6543: 6535:the original 6530: 6521: 6512: 6503: 6498:. pp. 429-31 6495: 6490: 6482: 6477: 6469: 6464: 6456: 6451: 6443: 6438: 6430: 6425: 6417: 6412: 6404: 6399: 6387:. Retrieved 6383: 6374: 6366: 6361: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6329: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6303: 6298: 6290: 6285: 6277: 6272: 6263: 6256:. Retrieved 6241: 6234: 6226: 6219:. Retrieved 6204: 6197: 6179: 6172:. Retrieved 6157: 6149: 6137: 6125:. Retrieved 6119: 6098: 6091:. Retrieved 6087: 6077: 6068: 6061:. Retrieved 6057: 6047: 6023: 6016: 5998: 5994: 5982: 5978: 5953: 5949: 5939: 5927:. Retrieved 5912: 5905: 5885: 5866:El Universal 5864: 5855: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5791: 5788:The Americas 5787: 5777: 5755:(1): 69–77. 5752: 5748: 5738: 5726:. Retrieved 5698:. 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Excelsior 7294:19 November 7157:COPPPAL.org 6258:13 December 6221:13 December 6121:Global Post 5663:Hachette UK 5325:in Mexico. 5296:Herod's Law 5279:Coalition: 5264:Opposition 5232:Coalition: 5217:Opposition 5185:Coalition: 5157:18,560,755 5151:18,477,441 5138:Coalition: 5123:Opposition 5110:11,681,395 5104:11,622,012 5083:Vicente Fox 5079:Opposition 5066:13,755,787 5060:13,699,799 5034:11,266,155 4997:17,195,536 4888:13,406,825 4851:11,154,003 4785:Presidency 4752:Coalition: 4737:Opposition 4705:Coalition: 4702:Opposition 4669:Coalition: 4654:Opposition 4612:11,638,556 4606:11,604,665 4593:Coalition: 4565:15,513,478 4559:15,166,531 4547:Opposition 4534:12,809,365 4528:12,765,938 4515:Coalition: 4500:Opposition 4487:11,689,110 4481:11,629,727 4469:Opposition 4430:Vicente Fox 4426:Opposition 4413:13,800,306 4407:13,720,453 4381:11,438,719 4375:11,305,957 4338:17,236,836 4332:16,851,082 4307:14,145,234 4301:14,051,349 4232:10,981,938 4226:11,575,063 4189:14,289,793 4183:14,501,988 4113:12,868,104 4044:11,125,770 3668:Presidency 3595:Coalition: 3560:Coalition: 3541:19,226,284 3522:Coalition: 3473:13,579,718 3435:17,181,651 3359:16,748,006 3325:16,727,993 3292:11,970,893 2758:Vicente Fox 2660:investiture 2577:coalition. 2384:Vicente Fox 2183:Vicente Fox 2058:Vicente Fox 1724:Octavio Paz 1591:publishing 1297:corporatism 1224:Jefe Máximo 871:alquimistas 772:corporatist 768:Rubén Gallo 699:El tricolor 668:losing the 590:privatizing 506:corporatism 482:Jefe Máximo 365:184 / 1,123 249:(2020–2023) 244:(2017–2018) 239:(2011–2015) 180:Membership 140:Mexico City 8828:Categories 8452:18 January 8426:16 January 8401:12 January 8005:La Jornada 7654:31 January 7491:24 January 7463:La Jornada 7401:La Jornada 7216:La Jornada 6513:Mexconnect 6093:31 January 5728:11 January 5357:References 5305:corruption 5251:6,530,305 5204:9,013,658 5198:3,855,984 4960:9,263,810 4814:7,837,364 4724:6,623,796 4689:8,715,899 4683:2,715,123 4641:9,310,523 4635:4,351,824 4456:6,196,171 4450:6,166,358 4263:9,276,934 4257:9,276,934 4154:9,418,178 4015:8,342,114 3978:7,807,912 3953:6,178,434 3916:6,467,493 3891:5,562,761 3854:2,713,419 3829:2,031,783 3792:1,687,284 3613:5,736,759 3578:9,289,378 3505:9,301,441 3393:9,687,926 3259:8,368,446 3225:6,767,754 3187:2,713,419 3153:1,786,901 3111:2,476,641 3077:2,225,000 3035:1,947,848 3008:Candidate 2843:See also: 2766:Tamaulipas 2648:See also: 2436:Nuevo León 2261:See also: 2152:corruption 2102:See also: 1950:See also: 1930:neoliberal 1926:technocrat 1903:See also: 1801:See also: 1754:investment 1745:See also: 1161:Nuevo León 1149:agraristas 1142:; and the 1071:, PNR) by 984:See also: 931:President 829:. 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