4817:
2079:(2012) likewise argued that the "Insular Celtic languages were subject to strong influences from an unknown, presumably non-Indo-European substratum" and found the syntactic parallelisms between Insular Celtic and Afro-Asiatic languages to be "probably not accidental". He argued that their similarities arose from "a large linguistic macro-area, encompassing parts of NW Africa, as well as large parts of Western Europe, before the arrival of the speakers of Indo-European, including Celtic".
3062:
2086:, "has never found much favour with scholars of the Celtic languages". The theory was criticised by Kim McCone in 2006, Graham Isaac in 2007, and Steve Hewitt in 2009. Isaac argues that the 20 points identified by Gensler are trivial, dependencies, or vacuous. Thus, he considers the theory to be not just unproven but also wrong. Instead, the similarities between Insular Celtic and Afro-Asiatic could have evolved independently.
1781:
properties inherent in these verb forms is non-past but otherwise indefinite with respect to time, being compatible with a variety of non-past times, and context indicates the time. The sense can be completely tenseless, for example when asserting that something is always true or always happens. This
1703:
form which is required when the verb is preceded in the clause by certain other preverbal particles, in particular interrogative or negative preverbal particles. In these examples, in the first column we have a verb in clause-initial position. In the second column a negative particle immediately
1992:"and then", which is attested in Gaulish. Schrijver's argument is supported and expanded by Schumacher (2004), who points towards further evidence, viz., typological parallels in non-Celtic languages, and especially a large number of verb forms in all Brythonic languages that contain a particle
2041:, prepositions with fused inflected pronouns ("conjugated prepositions" or "prepositional pronouns"), and oblique relatives with pronoun copies. Such resemblances were noted as early as 1621 with regard to Welsh and the
1900:
Today, however, most
Celticists agree that Cowgill (1975), following an idea present already in Pedersen (1913, 340 ff.), found the correct solution to the origin of the absolute/conjunct distinction: an
1334:
In order to show that shared innovations are from a common descent it is necessary that they do not arise because of language contact after initial separation. A language area can result from widespread
2075:
Others have suggested that rather than the Afro-Asiatic influencing
Insular Celtic directly, both groups of languages were influenced by a now lost substrate. This was suggested by Jongeling (2000).
1349:
has provided a list of changes which affected both branches of
Insular Celtic but for which there is no evidence that they should be dated to a putative Proto-Insular Celtic period. These are:
1777:
The verb forms in the above examples happen to be the same with any subject personal pronouns, not just with the particular persons chosen in the example. Also, the combination of
4268:
3022:
1854:"primary endings" (used in present and future tenses) while the conjunct endings derive from the "secondary endings" (used in past tenses). Thus Old Irish absolute
2312:
328:) could have occurred independently in the predecessors of Gaulish and Brittonic, or have spread through language contact between those two groups. Further, the
2014:
word orders, as in other Indo-European languages. The absolute/conjunct distinction may thus be an artifact of the VSO word order that arose in
Insular Celtic.
274:
The proponents of the
Insular hypothesis (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) point to shared innovations among these – chiefly:
1695:
form, which must be used when the verb is in clause-initial position (or preceded in the clause by certain preverbal particles). Then following it is the
2437:
2193:
Steve Hewitt, "The
Question of a Hamito-Semitic Substratum in Insular Celtic and Celtic from the West", Chapter 14 in John T. Koch, Barry Cunliffe,
1782:
verb form has erroneously been termed 'future' in many pedagogical grammars. A correct, neutral term 'INDEF1' has been used in linguistics texts.
2065:
267:, among others, all of which are long extinct. This linguistic division of Celtic languages into Insular and Continental contrasts with the
2102:
All other research into
Pictish has been described as a postscript to Buchanan's work. This view may be something of an oversimplification:
2576:
Rekonstruktion und relative
Chronologie: Akten Der VIII. Fachtagung Der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31. Augustâ4. September 1987
1785:
In Middle Welsh, the distinction is seen most clearly in proverbs following the formula "X happens, Y does not happen" (Evans 1964: 119):
4850:
2436:, Papers from the Workshop within the Framework of the XIII International Congress of Celtic Studies, Bonn, 26â27 July 2007, p. 25-80
2287:"A Typological Evaluation of Celtic/Hamito-Semitic Syntactic Parallels", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1993
4753:
2720:
2691:
2299:
Theo
Vennemann, "Etymologische Beziehungen im Alten Europa". Der GinkgoBaum: Germanistisches Jahrbuch fĂŒr Nordeuropa 13. 39-115, 1995
1683:
In
Scottish Gaelic this distinction is still found in certain verb-forms across almost all verbs (except for a very few). This is a
2168:
4773:
4763:
155:. All surviving Celtic languages are in the Insular group, including Breton, which is spoken on continental Europe in Brittany,
2266:
4793:
4778:
4768:
4783:
3167:
2392:
1850:
The older analysis of the distinction, as reported by Thurneysen (1946, 360 ff.), held that the absolute endings derive from
1466:
293:
4788:
2309:
5382:
4251:
4064:
2621:
2602:
2583:
2543:
2516:
2497:
2490:
Flexion und Wortbildung: Akten der V. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Regensburg, 9.â14. September 1973
2144:
5343:
4998:
642:
3243:
2653:
360:(and, orthographically orthodox in modern form but counterintuitively written Cruthin) (Q-Celtic) cognate forms.
1921:
after vowels, came in second position in the sentence. If the first word in the sentence was another particle, *
4843:
2420:
17:
4234:
4886:
4507:
2450:
2334:
2023:
2003:
1851:
1434:
forms depending on whether they appear in absolute initial position in the sentence (Insular Celtic having
248:
160:
695:
687:
683:
679:
345:
337:
325:
321:
5195:
5021:
3707:
2967:
2031:
2011:
2007:
1435:
591:
286:
297:
4278:
4153:
3758:
3727:
3107:
2574:
McCone, Kim (1992). "Relative Chronologie: Keltisch". In R. Beekes; A. Lubotsky; J. Weitenberg (eds.).
4836:
4239:
4074:
3702:
1778:
4039:
5232:
5175:
4919:
4579:
4013:
3989:
3315:
2488:(1975). "The origins of the Insular Celtic conjunct and absolute verbal endings". In H. Rix (ed.).
2049:
1447:
378:
363:
Under the Insular hypothesis, the family tree of the insular Celtic languages is thus as follows:
268:
174:
Six Insular Celtic languages are extant (in all cases written and spoken) in two distinct groups:
4290:
3938:
3484:
3198:
3017:
2907:
1431:
77:
5348:
4758:
4677:
4640:
3712:
2997:
2992:
2616:. Innsbruck: Institut fĂŒr Sprachen und Literaturen der UniversitĂ€t Innsbruck. pp. 97â114.
2027:
1929:
came after that and thus before the verb, but if the verb was the first word in the sentence, *
1427:
240:
2382:
2222:
2132:
352:
in the 16th century, had suggested the Brythonic or P-Celtic language was a descendant of the
5325:
4874:
4524:
4339:
4084:
3984:
3355:
3193:
3172:
1235:
545:
398:
278:
4926:
4667:
4539:
4273:
3923:
3320:
3238:
3047:
2972:
2614:
Die keltischen PrimÀrverben. Ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon
2006:
cannot be shown to have any absolute/conjunct distinction. However, they seem to show only
1439:
1068:
A significant difference between Goidelic and Brittonic languages is the transformation of
313:
252:
1976:
particle remains uncertain. Cowgill suggests it might be a semantically degraded form of *
8:
5337:
5227:
5220:
5203:
4969:
4933:
4816:
4554:
4423:
4353:
4334:
4313:
4246:
4069:
3943:
3763:
3748:
3743:
3697:
3672:
3345:
3233:
3218:
3032:
2851:
2646:
2251:
2230:
1684:
656:
182:
103:
3953:
5290:
5126:
5084:
4720:
4451:
4344:
4308:
4229:
4184:
4079:
3905:
3796:
3753:
3682:
3489:
3264:
3027:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2912:
2769:
2725:
2364:
1443:
1157:
535:
474:
388:
204:
164:
108:
2160:
2076:
2037:, singular verbs with plural post-verbal subjects, a genitive construction similar to
1346:
123:
4942:
4910:
4896:
4584:
4559:
4549:
4285:
4258:
4139:
3994:
3979:
3974:
3933:
3928:
3833:
3722:
3677:
3667:
3659:
3330:
3284:
3274:
3115:
2942:
2922:
2881:
2617:
2598:
2579:
2549:
2539:
2522:
2512:
2493:
2466:
2416:
2388:
2350:
2140:
2053:
1869:
1047:
264:
260:
5208:
5183:
5151:
5132:
5093:
5069:
5011:
4987:
4859:
4613:
4574:
4529:
4516:
4436:
4415:
4318:
4263:
3948:
3768:
3687:
3499:
3279:
3213:
3103:
2982:
2977:
2947:
2917:
2871:
2833:
2699:
2462:
2346:
2048:
The hypothesis that the Insular Celtic languages had features from an Afro-Asiatic
627:
523:
498:
353:
329:
317:
304:
The proponents assert that a strong partition between the Brittonic languages with
256:
192:
136:
82:
5296:
27:
Group of Celtic languages of Brittany, Great Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man
5251:
5145:
5105:
5006:
4656:
4594:
4534:
4497:
4469:
4431:
4396:
4376:
4159:
4149:
4134:
4021:
3828:
3692:
3455:
3310:
3269:
3259:
3098:
3037:
2957:
2952:
2937:
2932:
2845:
2316:
2042:
2038:
1480:
612:
426:
349:
333:
219:
187:
72:
5363:
5319:
5272:
5243:
5099:
5036:
4949:
4695:
4685:
4661:
4608:
4564:
4479:
4459:
4441:
4386:
4381:
4349:
4194:
4174:
3999:
3900:
3879:
3874:
3511:
3445:
3440:
3429:
3410:
3404:
3400:
3208:
3203:
3162:
3089:
3075:
2987:
2962:
2927:
2886:
2876:
2812:
2799:
2739:
2683:
2675:
2666:
2639:
2485:
2083:
2069:
2061:
1704:
precedes the verb, which makes the verb use the verb form or verb forms of the
1451:
1061:
1055:
558:
411:
244:
209:
197:
1379:
Loss of case inflection of personal pronouns (historical case-inflected forms)
5376:
5302:
5140:
4492:
4464:
4371:
4363:
4105:
4057:
3843:
3791:
3520:
3460:
3450:
3350:
3325:
3111:
2578:. Institut fĂŒr Sprachwissenschaft der UniversitĂ€t Innsbruck. pp. 12â39.
2553:
2526:
1474:
441:
214:
144:
2288:
2030:
which are rare in other Indo-European languages. These similarities include
1489:"carry" is as follows; the conjunct forms are illustrated with the particle
5119:
5049:
4810:
4603:
4391:
3915:
3869:
3808:
3717:
3494:
3472:
3465:
2902:
2827:
2817:
2749:
2057:
1477:
1336:
341:
3094:
4725:
4710:
4111:
4030:
3838:
3823:
3813:
3786:
3612:
3565:
3477:
3223:
2840:
2744:
2631:
1984:"is", while Schrijver (1994) has argued it is derived from the particle *
152:
57:
3380:
3146:
2536:
Language in Pictland : the case against 'non-Indo-European Pictish'
4648:
4636:
4089:
4053:
3853:
3818:
3778:
3370:
3132:
3123:
2034:
5331:
5284:
5112:
5042:
4048:
3155:
2226:
117:
3360:
3061:
5278:
4828:
4705:
4169:
3622:
3577:
3541:
3529:
3375:
3335:
3150:
3142:
3137:
3119:
3042:
2779:
2774:
2759:
2561:
McCone, Kim (1991). "The PIE stops and syllabic nasals in Celtic".
2056:
in 1899. The theory has been supported by several linguists since:
1902:
1470:
309:
296:
as found extensively in Old Irish and less so in Middle Welsh (see
168:
140:
61:
49:
45:
3390:
1937:
was cliticized to it. Under this theory, then, Old Irish absolute
1402:
Creation of particles expressing sentence affirmation and negation
678:
This table lists cognates showing the development of Proto-Celtic
5215:
5188:
5030:
4903:
4715:
4690:
4569:
4544:
4179:
4144:
4117:
4044:
4026:
3617:
3553:
3177:
2807:
2784:
2321:
Das Alte Ăgypten und seine Nachbarn: Festschrift Helmut Satzinger
1340:
357:
305:
148:
53:
2423:. Department of Old Irish, National University of Ireland, 2006.
2409:
The origins and development of the Insular Celtic verbal complex
5256:
4700:
4487:
4269:
Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles
4189:
4164:
4128:
4122:
4035:
3958:
3884:
3803:
3305:
2789:
2734:
2451:"The Question of a Hamito-Semitic Substratum in Insular Celtic"
2335:"The Question of a Hamito-Semitic Substratum in Insular Celtic"
1438:
or VSO word order) or whether they are preceded by a preverbal
156:
3589:
3395:
3340:
3228:
2822:
2764:
2754:
2712:
2662:
2184:
in The Celtic Languages in Contact, Hildegard Tristram, 2007.
1687:
language. The example given in the first column below is the
65:
3848:
3385:
3365:
3300:
3128:
2139:. Vol. III: GâL. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
1423:
1457:
Forms that appear in sentence-initial position are called
965:
895:
825:
755:
1952:
1938:
1878:
1855:
1670:
1660:
1645:
1635:
1620:
1610:
1592:
1582:
1567:
1557:
1542:
1532:
1490:
1484:
1312:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
316:(Q-Celtic) on the other, may be superficial, owing to a
2221:
J. Morris Jones, "Pre-Aryan Syntax in Insular Celtic",
1426:
shows a peculiar feature unknown in any other attested
2026:, shares some structural characteristics with various
1892:
1872:
3581:
2371:âą ĐĐŸĐżŃĐŸŃŃ ŃĐ·ŃĐșĐŸĐČĐŸĐłĐŸ ŃĐŸĐŽŃŃĐČĐ° âą 8 (2012) âą Pp. 153â168.
2052:(Iberian and Berber languages) was first proposed by
1766:
1758:
1748:
1740:
1730:
1722:
1021:
1015:
993:
923:
868:
853:
798:
783:
3967:
2538:. Studia Hameliana, 2. Utrecht: De Keltische Draak.
1985:
1977:
1969:
1958:
1944:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1884:
1861:
1329:
1086:, before an originally voiceless stop or fricative,
1834:
1819:
1804:
1789:
1318:
1243:
1220:
1193:
1179:
1165:
1076:
1069:
957:
887:
817:
747:
2323:, Krems: Ăsterreichisches Literaturforum, 245-302
2017:
1831:"An infant grows, his swaddling-clothes grow not"
1343:, and absence of sharp sociolinguistic division.
694:Cognates showing the development of Proto-Celtic
320:phenomenon. They add the identical sound shift (
5374:
2082:The Afro-Asiatic substrate theory, according to
1461:, those that appear after a particle are called
1411:Use of ordinal numbers in the sense of "one of".
356:language. Indeed, the tribe of the Pritani has
2278:Gaeilge theilinn (1959) and subsequent articles
1291:
2595:Studies in British Celtic historical phonology
2509:Alba : Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages
2380:
2263:Das nicht-indogermanische Substrat im Irischen
1801:"The furrows last, he who made them lasts not"
1417:
686:in Gaulish and the Brittonic languages but to
312:) on one side and the Goidelic languages with
5199:? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)
4844:
3545:
2647:
2507:Cowan, Edward J.; McDonald, R Andrew (2000).
2506:
2107:
1442:. The situation is most robustly attested in
1278:
979:
909:
839:
769:
698:in Gaulish, Brittonic and Goidelic languages
3533:
1272:
986:
916:
846:
776:
230:
3593:
3557:
1846:"A naked boy plays, a hungry boy plays not"
1304:
1250:
1227:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1007:
1001:
972:
938:
931:
902:
861:
832:
791:
762:
4851:
4837:
3569:
2661:
2654:
2640:
2611:
2374:
1028:
945:
875:
805:
2592:
2411:, Maynooth studies in Celtic linguistics
2289:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8p00g5sd
2137:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
1082:to a denasalised vowel with lengthening,
243:together in those places, having a later
2387:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 535â.
2072:(1995); and Ariel Shisha-Halevy (2003).
1446:, but it has remained to some extent in
2533:
2492:. Wiesbaden: Reichert. pp. 40â70.
2484:
2103:
1860:"s/he carries" was thought to be from *
1450:and traces of it are present in Middle
298:Morphology of the Proto-Celtic language
14:
5375:
3510:
2573:
2560:
2448:
2332:
2210:Antiquae linguae Britannicae rudimenta
2106:offers a short account of the debate;
1399:Creation of preposed definite articles
1142:the nasal is retained before a vowel,
283:shared use of certain verbal particles
4832:
4742:
4634:
4413:
4215:
3647:
3427:
3073:
2710:
2635:
2310:Celtic Syntax, Egyptian-Coptic Syntax
1603:
1525:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1405:Creation of periphrastic construction
1060:
1054:
713:
710:
707:
702:
4858:
2267:Zeitschrift fĂŒr celtische Philologie
2130:
1816:"Wealth perishes, fame perishes not"
1467:Dependent and independent verb forms
5281:(Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)
4635:
2171:from the original on 1 August 2023.
1376:Creation of conjugated prepositions
239:is the theory that these languages
24:
2110:may be helpful for a broader view.
1753:"he doesn't drink/will not drink"
294:absolute and conjunct verb endings
183:Brittonic (or Brythonic) languages
25:
5394:
4065:Festival Interceltique de Lorient
2182:Insular Celtic as a Language Area
1330:Insular Celtic as a language area
332:had a similar divergence between
163:, although once widely spoken in
5344:Scottish Gaelic-medium education
4815:
3428:
3060:
2467:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00141.x
2455:Language and Linguistics Compass
2384:The Handbook of Language Contact
2381:Raymond Hickey (24 April 2013).
2369:Journal of Language Relationship
2365:The substratum in Insular Celtic
2351:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00141.x
2339:Language and Linguistics Compass
2248:Handbook of the Cornish Language
2064:(1927); Heinrich Wagner (1959);
1877:"s/he carries"), while conjunct
1388:Creation of the conditional mood
1042:
708:Gaulish and Brittonic languages
2511:. East Linton: Tuckwell Press.
2442:
2434:The Celtic Languages in Contact
2426:
2401:
2357:
2326:
2302:
2293:
2281:
2272:
1382:Creation of the equative degree
1356:The lenition of voiceless stops
1087:
520:
495:
5293:(Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)
2256:
2240:
2215:
2202:
2187:
2175:
2153:
2124:
2096:
2018:Possible pre-Celtic substratum
1771:"they don't buy/will not buy"
1393:Morphosyntactic and Syntactic
13:
1:
5364:extinct or ancestor languages
4784:Celtic place names in Galicia
4414:
2117:
4216:
2721:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups
2432:"Celtic and Afro-Asiatic" in
2004:Continental Celtic languages
1905:particle, reconstructed as *
249:Continental Celtic languages
161:Continental Celtic languages
7:
3708:Welsh literature in English
3648:
3074:
2800:Modern Celtic ethnic groups
2711:
2612:Schumacher, Stefan (2004).
2534:Forsyth, Katherine (1997).
2161:"The language of the Picts"
1893:
1873:
1735:"I don't put/will not put"
1418:Absolute and dependent verb
1317:"strait" (vs. Middle Welsh
690:in the Goidelic languages.
348:. Some historians, such as
10:
5399:
3728:Scottish Gaelic literature
3108:Brigantia (ancient region)
2477:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1959:
1945:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1885:
1862:
1408:Creation of object markers
5357:
5312:
5265:
5242:
5179:? (possibly hypothetical)
5167:
5083:
5061:
5020:
4997:
4979:
4968:
4959:
4884:
4866:
4806:
4749:
4743:
4738:
4676:
4647:
4630:
4593:
4515:
4506:
4478:
4450:
4422:
4409:
4362:
4327:
4301:
4222:
4211:
4098:
4075:Hebridean Celtic Festival
4012:
3914:
3893:
3862:
3777:
3736:
3703:Welsh-language literature
3658:
3654:
3643:
3605:
3519:
3436:
3423:
3293:
3252:
3186:
3082:
3069:
3058:
2895:
2864:
2798:
2719:
2706:
2673:
2593:Schrijver, Peter (1995).
2135:. In John T. Koch (ed.).
2108:Cowan & McDonald 2000
1943:comes from Proto-Celtic *
1716:
1713:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1396:Rigidisation of VSO order
1385:Creation of the imperfect
655:
641:
625:
610:
603:
590:
556:
549:
539:
518:
511:
493:
486:
473:
439:
424:
409:
402:
392:
382:
372:
237:Insular Celtic hypothesis
231:Insular Celtic hypothesis
179:Insular Celtic languages
116:
97:
73:Linguistic classification
71:
39:
34:
5383:Insular Celtic languages
4508:Ancient Celtic languages
2363:Ranko MatasoviÄ (2012).
2131:Eska, Joseph F. (2006).
2089:
1883:was thought to be from *
133:Insular Celtic languages
5187:? (possibly related to
4779:Gaulish words in French
4764:Celtic words in English
3018:Scottish New Zealanders
2908:Anglo-Celtic Australian
2563:Studia Celtica Japonica
2022:Insular Celtic, unlike
1953:
1939:
1879:
1856:
1835:
1820:
1805:
1790:
1671:
1661:
1646:
1636:
1621:
1611:
1593:
1583:
1568:
1558:
1543:
1533:
1491:
1485:
1430:: verbs have different
1319:
1313:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1268:
1245:
1239:
1222:
1216:
1195:
1189:
1181:
1178:"he/she is born" (<
1175:
1167:
1161:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1078:
1071:
995:
966:
959:
925:
896:
889:
855:
826:
819:
785:
756:
749:
5349:Welsh-medium education
4999:Southwestern Brittonic
3713:Early Irish literature
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3546:
3534:
2998:Scotch-Irish Canadians
2993:Scotch-Irish Americans
2449:Hewitt, Steve (2009).
2333:Hewitt, Steve (2009).
2028:Afro-Asiatic languages
1913:after consonants and *
1897:"s/he was carrying").
1767:
1759:
1749:
1745:"he drinks/will drink"
1741:
1731:
1723:
1483:of the Old Irish verb
1428:Indo-European language
1373:Morphological Changes
1305:
1290:"nail" (vs. Old Welsh
1279:
1273:
1251:
1242:"finds a place" (<
1228:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1008:
1002:
987:
980:
973:
946:
939:
932:
917:
910:
903:
876:
869:
862:
847:
840:
833:
806:
799:
792:
777:
770:
763:
643:Southwestern Brittonic
344:, which changed it to
279:inflected prepositions
5326:Skol Veythrin Karenza
5266:Celtic-speaking areas
5191:or pre-Indo-European)
4340:Scottish independence
4085:Celtic Media Festival
3968:National music scenes
3194:Proto-Celtic religion
2896:Related ethnic groups
2597:. Amsterdam: Rodopi.
1968:The identity of the *
1714:Absolute/Independent
1353:Phonological Changes
1339:, perhaps because of
1271:"butter" (vs. Breton
1264:before a voiced stop
269:P/Q Celtic hypothesis
4664:(Medieval Welsh law)
4274:Scottish nationalism
3924:Ancient Celtic music
3239:Romano-Celtic temple
3048:Welsh New Zealanders
2973:Irish New Zealanders
2195:Celtic from the West
1599:s/he does not carry
1362:Lowering/a-affection
1303:"tongue" (vs. Welsh
1260:the nasal passes to
1204:the nasal passes to
1114:"hundred" vs. Welsh
379:Primitive Irish
370:Insular Celtic
5338:Bunscoill Ghaelgagh
5313:Immersive education
4354:Irish republicanism
4335:Breton independence
4314:Scottish devolution
4247:Cornish nationalism
4070:Pan Celtic Festival
3944:Scottish folk music
3698:Scottish literature
3219:Celtic Christianity
3023:Scottish Travellers
3008:Scottish Argentines
2852:Scottish Travellers
2231:David Brynmor Jones
2133:"Galatian language"
2032:verbâsubjectâobject
1852:Proto-Indo-European
1763:"they buy/will buy"
1717:Conjunct/Dependent
1436:verbâsubjectâobject
1422:The Insular Celtic
1359:Raising/i-affection
711:Goidelic languages
699:
657:Brythonic languages
292:differentiation of
5291:Cape Breton Island
5127:Early Modern Irish
4887:Continental Celtic
4345:Welsh independence
4309:Cornish devolution
4230:Breton nationalism
4080:Celtic Connections
3683:Cornish literature
3028:Ulster Protestants
3013:Scottish Canadians
3003:Scottish Americans
2913:Anglo-Irish people
2315:2011-07-21 at the
2024:Continental Celtic
1891:(compare Sanskrit
1768:cha cheannaich iad
1677:they do not carry
1469:for details). The
693:
475:Goidelic languages
205:Goidelic languages
5370:
5369:
5163:
5162:
5079:
5078:
5022:Western Brittonic
4911:Cisalpine Gaulish
4826:
4825:
4802:
4801:
4734:
4733:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4585:Cisalpine Gaulish
4405:
4404:
4291:national identity
4286:Welsh nationalism
4279:national identity
4259:Irish nationalism
4207:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4140:Cornish wrestling
4008:
4007:
3929:Breton Folk music
3894:Regional cultures
3737:National cultures
3723:Gaelic literature
3678:Breton literature
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3419:
3418:
3331:Chief of the Name
3199:Celtic polytheism
3116:Sub-Roman Britain
3056:
3055:
2943:Irish Australians
2923:Cornish Americans
2882:Scottish diaspora
2394:978-1-118-44869-4
2054:John Morris-Jones
1951:, while conjunct
1779:tenseâaspectâmood
1775:
1774:
1681:
1680:
1652:you do not carry
1574:you do not carry
1192:"ignorant" (<
1051:⟨u⟩
1048:Welsh orthography
1039:
1038:
675:
674:
666:
665:
652:
651:
638:
637:
592:Western Brittonic
587:
586:
578:
577:
569:
568:
546:Middle Welsh
470:
469:
461:
460:
452:
451:
399:Middle Irish
135:are the group of
130:
129:
16:(Redirected from
5390:
5152:Galwegian Gaelic
5133:Classical Gaelic
5094:Classical Gaelic
4988:Common Brittonic
4977:
4976:
4966:
4965:
4860:Celtic languages
4853:
4846:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4819:
4740:
4739:
4632:
4631:
4614:Galwegian Gaelic
4513:
4512:
4411:
4410:
4319:Welsh devolution
4213:
4212:
3965:
3964:
3954:Sean-nĂłs singing
3949:Welsh folk music
3939:Irish folk music
3906:Highland culture
3688:Irish literature
3668:Arthurian Legend
3656:
3655:
3645:
3644:
3597:
3585:
3573:
3561:
3549:
3537:
3517:
3516:
3508:
3507:
3485:Neo-Christianity
3425:
3424:
3356:Gaelic astrology
3316:Celtic festivals
3214:Celtic mythology
3187:Ancient religion
3104:Iron Age Britain
3071:
3070:
3064:
3043:Welsh Argentines
2983:Irish Uruguayans
2978:Irish Travellers
2948:Irish Brazilians
2938:Irish Argentines
2918:Breton Americans
2872:Cornish diaspora
2834:Irish Travellers
2708:
2707:
2700:Celtic languages
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2608:
2589:
2570:
2557:
2530:
2503:
2471:
2470:
2446:
2440:
2430:
2424:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2378:
2372:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2330:
2324:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2235:The Welsh People
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2128:
2111:
2100:
1996:(from an older *
1991:
1990:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1859:
1845:
1830:
1815:
1800:
1770:
1762:
1760:ceannaichidh iad
1752:
1744:
1734:
1727:"I put/will put"
1726:
1711:
1710:
1674:
1664:
1649:
1639:
1627:we do not carry
1624:
1614:
1596:
1586:
1571:
1561:
1546:
1536:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1488:
1322:
1316:
1308:
1295:
1282:
1276:
1254:
1248:
1231:
1225:
1198:
1184:
1170:
1154:, and a liquid:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1081:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1045:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1005:
998:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
949:
942:
935:
928:
920:
913:
906:
899:
892:
879:
872:
865:
858:
850:
843:
836:
829:
822:
809:
802:
795:
788:
780:
773:
766:
759:
752:
739:Scottish Gaelic
733:Primitive Irish
700:
697:
692:
689:
685:
681:
606:
605:
552:
551:
542:
541:
522:
514:
513:
497:
489:
488:
405:
404:
395:
394:
385:
384:
375:
374:
367:
366:
347:
339:
330:Italic languages
327:
323:
318:language contact
247:than any of the
137:Celtic languages
126:
32:
31:
21:
5398:
5397:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5353:
5308:
5261:
5252:Beurla Reagaird
5238:
5176:Ancient Belgian
5159:
5146:Scottish Gaelic
5106:Primitive Irish
5075:
5057:
5016:
4993:
4972:
4955:
4880:
4862:
4857:
4827:
4822:
4798:
4745:
4730:
4672:
4668:Early Scots law
4657:Early Irish law
4643:
4618:
4595:Scottish Gaelic
4589:
4530:Proto-Brittonic
4502:
4498:Beurla Reagaird
4474:
4470:Scottish Gaelic
4446:
4418:
4401:
4397:Columba Project
4377:Celtic Congress
4358:
4323:
4297:
4218:
4199:
4160:Gaelic handball
4150:Gaelic football
4135:Cornish hurling
4094:
4004:
3963:
3910:
3889:
3875:Gaelic clothing
3858:
3773:
3732:
3693:Manx literature
3650:
3627:
3606:Other claimants
3601:
3506:
3456:Celtic Congress
3432:
3415:
3311:Celtic calendar
3289:
3248:
3182:
3078:
3065:
3052:
3038:Welsh Americans
2958:Irish Catholics
2953:Irish Canadians
2933:Irish Americans
2891:
2865:Celtic diaspora
2860:
2794:
2723:
2715:
2702:
2669:
2660:
2630:
2624:
2605:
2586:
2546:
2519:
2500:
2486:Cowgill, Warren
2480:
2475:
2474:
2447:
2443:
2431:
2427:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2379:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2331:
2327:
2317:Wayback Machine
2307:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2245:
2241:
2220:
2216:
2207:
2203:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2077:Ranko MatasoviÄ
2043:Hebrew language
2039:construct state
2020:
1549:I do not carry
1448:Scottish Gaelic
1420:
1347:Ranko MatasoviÄ
1332:
1208:before another
1050:
715:
704:
676:
667:
653:
639:
588:
579:
570:
471:
462:
453:
427:Scottish Gaelic
350:George Buchanan
334:Latino-Faliscan
245:common ancestor
233:
228:
220:Scottish Gaelic
171:, are extinct.
165:mainland Europe
122:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5396:
5386:
5385:
5368:
5367:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5335:
5329:
5323:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5288:
5282:
5276:
5273:Lower Brittany
5269:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5233:Paleo-Hispanic
5224:
5212:
5200:
5192:
5180:
5171:
5169:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:
5143:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5097:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5034:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4991:
4983:
4981:
4974:
4963:
4961:Insular Celtic
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4946:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4920:Hispano-Celtic
4916:
4915:
4914:
4900:
4892:
4890:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4833:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4736:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4686:Gaelic warfare
4682:
4680:
4674:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4662:Cyfraith Hywel
4659:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4609:Deeside Gaelic
4606:
4600:
4598:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4587:
4582:
4580:Hispano-Celtic
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4535:Proto-Goidelic
4532:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4456:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4407:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4387:Celtic society
4384:
4382:Celtic Revival
4379:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4350:United Ireland
4347:
4342:
4337:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4195:Welsh handball
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4175:Highland games
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4018:
4016:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3971:
3969:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3920:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3901:Gaelic culture
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3880:Highland dress
3877:
3872:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:Pictish stones
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3783:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3563:
3551:
3539:
3526:
3524:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3448:
3446:Celtic nations
3443:
3441:Celtic Revival
3437:
3434:
3433:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3209:Celtic Animism
3206:
3204:Celtic deities
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3163:Cisalpine Gaul
3160:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3135:
3126:
3101:
3092:
3090:Gaelic Ireland
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3067:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2988:Manx Americans
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Irish Chileans
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2928:English people
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2887:Welsh diaspora
2884:
2879:
2877:Irish diaspora
2874:
2868:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2843:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2704:
2703:
2684:Celtic studies
2676:Celtic nations
2674:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2658:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2609:
2603:
2590:
2584:
2571:
2558:
2544:
2531:
2517:
2504:
2498:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2461:(4): 972â995.
2441:
2425:
2400:
2393:
2373:
2356:
2345:(4): 972â995.
2325:
2301:
2292:
2280:
2271:
2255:
2250:, London 1904
2246:Henry Jenner,
2239:
2214:
2201:
2186:
2174:
2152:
2145:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2084:Raymond Hickey
2070:Theo Vennemann
2062:Julius Pokorny
2019:
2016:
1848:
1847:
1832:
1817:
1802:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1728:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1643:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1618:
1615:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1580:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1521:English Gloss
1519:
1516:
1515:English Gloss
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1233:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1186:
1172:
1164:"woman" (<
1066:
1065:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1026:
1013:
999:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
954:
953:
950:
943:
936:
929:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
884:
883:
880:
873:
866:
859:
851:
844:
837:
830:
823:
814:
813:
810:
803:
796:
789:
781:
774:
767:
760:
753:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
718:
717:
712:
709:
706:
673:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
660:
659:
654:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
636:
635:
632:
631:
624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
609:
604:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
585:
584:
581:
580:
576:
575:
572:
571:
567:
566:
563:
562:
555:
550:
548:
540:
538:
536:Old Welsh
532:
531:
528:
527:
517:
512:
510:
507:
506:
503:
502:
492:
487:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
472:
468:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
455:
454:
450:
449:
446:
445:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
408:
403:
401:
393:
391:
389:Old Irish
383:
381:
373:
371:
365:
302:
301:
290:
284:
281:
232:
229:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
217:
212:
202:
201:
200:
195:
190:
176:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
99:
95:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
88:Insular Celtic
75:
69:
68:
43:
37:
36:
35:Insular Celtic
26:
18:Insular Celtic
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5395:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5365:
5361:
5356:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5303:Y Fro Gymraeg
5301:
5298:
5297:GĂ idhealtachd
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5283:
5280:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5268:
5264:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5154:
5153:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5128:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5052:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5019:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4990:
4989:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:Reconstructed
4978:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4871:
4869:
4867:Reconstructed
4865:
4861:
4854:
4849:
4847:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4831:
4818:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4795:
4794:â in Portugal
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4774:â in Galician
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4629:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4408:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Celtic League
4370:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4364:Pan-Celticism
4361:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4330:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4240:reunification
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4210:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3854:Triple spiral
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Bardic Poetry
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3642:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:Celtic League
3518:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:Celtic League
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3451:Pan-Celticism
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3351:Gaelicisation
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Celticisation
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:Iron Age Gaul
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3112:Roman Britain
3109:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Irish Mexican
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:Celtic tribes
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2625:
2623:3-85124-692-6
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2604:90-5183-820-4
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2585:3-85124-613-6
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2545:9789080278554
2541:
2537:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2518:9781862321519
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2499:3-920153-40-5
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2396:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2296:
2290:
2284:
2275:
2269:16, 17 and 18
2268:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2208:John Davies,
2205:
2199:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2148:
2146:1-85109-440-7
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1926:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1709:
1708:conjugation.
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1510:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:conjugational
1429:
1425:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1321:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1249:) (vs. Welsh
1247:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1226:) (vs. Welsh
1224:
1219:"peak" (<
1218:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:. Otherwise:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1102:"fish hook",
1100:
1094:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
997:
992:
989:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
964:
961:
956:
955:
951:
948:
944:
941:
937:
934:
930:
927:
922:
919:
915:
912:
908:
905:
901:
898:
894:
891:
886:
885:
881:
878:
874:
871:
867:
864:
860:
857:
852:
849:
845:
842:
838:
835:
831:
828:
824:
821:
816:
815:
811:
808:
804:
801:
797:
794:
790:
787:
782:
779:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751:
746:
745:
741:
738:
736:Modern Irish
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
701:
691:
671:
670:
662:
661:
658:
648:
647:
644:
634:
633:
630:
629:
623:
622:
619:
618:
615:
614:
608:
607:
601:
600:
597:
596:
593:
583:
582:
574:
573:
565:
564:
561:
560:
554:
553:
547:
544:
543:
537:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
516:
515:
509:
508:
505:
504:
501:
500:
491:
490:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
466:
465:
457:
456:
448:
447:
444:
443:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
422:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
407:
406:
400:
397:
396:
390:
387:
386:
380:
377:
376:
369:
368:
364:
361:
359:
355:
351:
343:
336:, which kept
335:
331:
319:
315:
311:
307:
299:
295:
291:
288:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
184:
181:
180:
178:
177:
175:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
145:Great Britain
142:
138:
134:
125:
121:
119:
115:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
100:
96:
89:
86:
85:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:Indo-European
76:
74:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5359:
5231:? (possibly
5226:
5219:? (possibly
5214:
5207:? (possibly
5202:
5194:
5182:
5174:
5150:
5131:
5125:
5120:Middle Irish
5118:
5111:
5104:
5092:
5068:
5050:Middle Welsh
5048:
5041:
5029:
4986:
4960:
4948:
4941:
4932:
4925:
4918:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4885:
4875:Proto-Celtic
4873:
4811:Celts portal
4769:â in Spanish
4604:Arran Gaelic
4525:Proto-Celtic
4493:Bungi Creole
4392:Celtic unity
4328:Independence
4127:
4110:
3934:Gaelic music
3870:Celtic Dress
3819:High crosses
3809:Celtic cross
3787:Bell shrines
3718:Irish annals
3500:Neo-Druidism
3495:Celtic Wicca
3466:Celtic union
3430:Modern Celts
3321:Celtic women
3224:Celtic Rites
3173:Transylvania
3033:Ulster Scots
2903:Anglo-Celtic
2750:Celtiberians
2695:
2687:
2679:
2667:modern Celts
2613:
2594:
2575:
2566:
2562:
2535:
2508:
2489:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2433:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2407:Kim McCone,
2403:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2359:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2320:
2304:
2295:
2283:
2274:
2262:
2258:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2164:
2155:
2136:
2126:
2104:Forsyth 1997
2098:
2081:
2074:
2066:Orin Gensler
2058:Henry Jenner
2047:
2021:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:comes from *
1946:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1899:
1886:
1863:
1849:
1843:mab newynawc
1840:
1836:
1825:
1821:
1810:
1806:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1732:cha chuir mi
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:independent
1688:
1682:
1589:s/he carries
1462:
1458:
1456:
1421:
1345:
1337:bilingualism
1333:
1261:
1236:Middle Irish
1209:
1205:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1083:
1067:
1043:
677:
626:
611:
557:
519:
494:
440:
425:
410:
362:
342:Osco-Umbrian
303:
273:
236:
234:
173:
132:
131:
98:Subdivisions
87:
42:distribution
29:
4973:(Brythonic)
4927:Celtiberian
4726:Trimarcisia
4711:GallĂłglaigh
4540:Celtiberian
4264:Isle of Man
4223:Nationalism
4112:Bataireacht
4031:Calan Gaeaf
3990:Isle of Man
3834:Leaf-crowns
3824:Insular art
3797:Dragonesque
3759:Isle of Man
3613:Nova Scotia
3566:Isle of Man
3490:Neopaganism
3234:Monasticism
2745:Caledonians
1961:nī-s bereti
1839:mab noeth,
1811:ny threingk
1299:Old Irish:
1286:Old Irish:
1267:Old Irish:
1215:Old Irish:
1188:Old Irish:
1182:gan-iÌŻe-tor
1174:Old Irish:
1062:[ÉȘ]
1056:[i]
314:Celtiberian
253:Celtiberian
153:Isle of Man
58:Isle of Man
5299:(Scotland)
5275:(Brittany)
5228:Tartessian
5204:Lusitanian
4934:Gallaecian
4789:â in Italy
4691:Ceathairne
4555:Gallaecian
4185:Road bowls
4090:Eisteddfod
4058:Calan Awst
4054:Lughnasadh
3660:Literature
3523:definition
3346:Clan chief
3133:Roman Gaul
3124:Hen Ogledd
2850:including
2832:including
2421:0901519464
2223:Appendix B
2118:References
2050:substratum
2035:word order
1828:y gadachan
1794:y rycheu,
1724:cuiridh mi
1706:dependent
1697:dependent
1667:they carry
1657:3rd person
1632:2nd person
1607:1st person
1579:3rd person
1554:2nd person
1529:1st person
1518:Old Irish
1512:Old Irish
1481:indicative
1277:, Cornish
1090:Old Irish
289:word order
151:, and the
139:spoken in
40:Geographic
5362:indicate
5332:Gaelscoil
5328:(Cornish)
5287:(Ireland)
5285:Gaeltacht
5221:Tyrsenian
5113:Old Irish
5043:Old Welsh
4970:Brittonic
4721:Redshanks
4696:Ceithearn
4424:Brittonic
4416:Languages
4049:Calan Mai
4040:GƔyl Fair
4014:Festivals
3829:Interlace
3253:Mythology
3244:Practices
3156:Gallaecia
2770:Galatians
2554:906776861
2527:906858507
2438:full text
2252:full text
2227:John Rhys
2165:ORKNEYJAR
1868:(compare
1841:ny chware
1798:a'e goreu
1750:chan ĂČl e
1701:conjunct
1693:absolute
1647:nĂ beirid
1642:you carry
1564:you carry
1526:singular
1507:Conjunct
1504:Absolute
1454:as well.
1444:Old Irish
1274:aman(en)n
1176:gainethar
1158:Old Irish
1108:"tooth",
1096:"death",
118:Glottolog
104:Brittonic
5377:Category
5322:(Breton)
5279:Y Wladfa
5196:Ligurian
5085:Goidelic
4943:Lepontic
4897:Galatian
4706:Gaesatae
4597:dialects
4560:Lepontic
4550:Galatian
4452:Goidelic
4302:Autonomy
4217:Politics
4170:Rounders
4022:Calendar
3995:Scotland
3980:Cornwall
3975:Brittany
3863:Clothing
3814:Knotwork
3792:Brooches
3764:Scotland
3749:Cornwall
3744:Brittany
3623:Y Wladfa
3578:Scotland
3542:Cornwall
3530:Brittany
3381:SeanchaĂ
3376:Tanistry
3336:Derbfine
3265:Scottish
3151:Brittany
3147:Domnonée
3143:Armorica
3138:Britonia
3120:Dumnonia
3095:DĂĄlriata
2780:Lepontii
2775:Helvetii
2760:Gallaeci
2569:: 37â69.
2415:, 2006,
2313:Archived
2169:Archived
2068:(1993);
2060:(1904);
1947:bereti-s
1903:enclitic
1894:a-bharat
1870:Sanskrit
1837:Chwaryit
1807:Trenghit
1796:ny phara
1742:ĂČlaidh e
1672:nĂ berat
1622:nĂ beram
1617:we carry
1471:paradigm
1463:conjunct
1459:absolute
1440:particle
1240:ro-geinn
1053:denotes
863:ceathair
856:kÊ·etwar-
820:kÊ·etwar-
727:Cornish
721:Gaulish
310:P-Celtic
265:Lepontic
261:Galatian
251:such as
169:Anatolia
141:Brittany
124:insu1254
109:Goidelic
62:Scotland
50:Cornwall
46:Brittany
5360:Italics
5334:(Irish)
5305:(Wales)
5216:Rhaetic
5189:Rhaetic
5184:Camunic
5168:Unknown
5070:Pictish
5062:Pictish
5031:Cumbric
5012:Cornish
4904:Gaulish
4759:Deities
4716:Hobelar
4678:Warfare
4641:Warfare
4575:Pictish
4570:Cumbric
4545:Gaulish
4517:Extinct
4437:Cornish
4235:history
4180:Hurling
4154:Ladies'
4145:Curling
4118:Camogie
4045:Beltane
4027:Samhain
3985:Ireland
3754:Ireland
3649:Culture
3618:England
3554:Ireland
3512:Nations
3411:Coinage
3401:Warfare
3294:Society
3285:Cornish
3275:British
3178:Galatia
3168:Balkans
3076:Studies
2813:Cornish
2808:Bretons
2785:Noricum
2740:Britons
2713:Peoples
2478:Sources
2319:", in:
1954:nĂ beir
1874:bharati
1864:bÊ°ereti
1826:ny thyf
1824:maban,
1809:golut,
1637:beirthe
1604:plural
1594:nĂ beir
1544:nĂ biur
1539:I carry
1501:
1495:"not".
1475:present
1473:of the
1368:Syncope
1365:Apocope
1341:exogamy
1323:"wide")
1006:(older
952:"five"
926:kÊ·enkÊ·e
890:kÊ·enkÊ·e
882:"four"
870:ceithir
812:"head"
786:kÊ·ennos
750:kÊ·ennos
730:Breton
714:English
705:Celtic
628:Cornish
524:Cumbric
499:Pictish
358:Qritani
306:Gaulish
257:Gaulish
241:evolved
193:Cornish
167:and in
149:Ireland
54:Ireland
5340:(Manx)
5257:Shelta
5209:Italic
5007:Breton
4754:Tribes
4701:Fianna
4488:Shelta
4432:Breton
4252:status
4190:Shinty
4165:Gouren
4129:Cnapan
4123:Cammag
4036:Imbolc
3959:Carnyx
3885:Tartan
3804:Carnyx
3571:Mannin
3547:Kernow
3535:Breizh
3405:Gaelic
3361:FĂĄinne
3306:Brehon
3280:Breton
3229:Druids
3083:Places
2790:Volcae
2735:Belgae
2696:·
2694:
2688:·
2686:
2680:·
2678:
2620:
2601:
2582:
2552:
2542:
2525:
2515:
2496:
2419:
2391:
2237:, 1900
2212:, 1621
2143:
1940:beirid
1887:bÊ°eret
1857:beirid
1792:Pereid
1662:berait
1612:bermai
1584:beirid
1569:nĂ bir
1486:beirid
1478:active
1320:eh-ang
1301:tengae
1280:amanyn
1262:in, im
1252:gannaf
1196:anwiss
1132:, and
1035:"who"
841:peswar
834:pedwar
827:petuar
757:pennos
724:Welsh
716:Gloss
703:Proto-
613:Breton
354:Picts'
340:, and
263:, and
188:Breton
159:. The
157:France
83:Celtic
64:, and
56:, the
5320:Diwan
5244:Mixed
5100:Irish
5037:Welsh
4950:Noric
4744:Lists
4565:Noric
4480:Mixed
4460:Irish
4442:Welsh
4106:Bando
4099:Sport
4000:Wales
3916:Music
3849:Torcs
3839:Mazes
3769:Wales
3595:Cymru
3590:Wales
3473:Music
3396:Vates
3391:TĂșath
3341:Druid
3270:Welsh
3260:Irish
2846:Scots
2828:Irish
2823:Gaels
2818:Welsh
2765:Gauls
2755:Gaels
2726:Names
2698:
2690:
2682:
2663:Celts
2090:Notes
1822:Tyuit
1813:molut
1465:(see
1452:Welsh
1306:tafod
1293:eguin
1288:ingen
1246:ganne
1244:*
1223:banno
1221:*
1194:*
1180:*
1166:*
1123:angad
1117:angau
1099:Ă©cath
1077:*
1070:*
996:kÊ·eis
994:*
960:kÊ·eis
958:*
947:queig
924:*
897:pempe
888:*
877:kiare
854:*
848:pevar
818:*
807:kione
800:ceann
793:ceann
784:*
748:*
742:Manx
696:*/kÊ·/
680:*/kÊ·/
559:Welsh
412:Irish
210:Irish
198:Welsh
66:Wales
5141:Manx
4639:and
4465:Manx
4352:and
3583:Alba
3559:Ăire
3478:Rock
3386:Sept
3366:Fili
3301:Bard
3099:Alba
2841:Manx
2665:and
2618:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2580:ISBN
2550:OCLC
2540:ISBN
2523:OCLC
2513:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2010:and
1980:esti
1972:(e)s
1933:(e)s
1925:(e)s
1880:beir
1559:biri
1534:biru
1424:verb
1229:bann
1217:benn
1190:ainb
1168:benÄ
1135:cant
1129:dant
1030:quoi
940:cĂČig
933:cĂșig
918:pemp
911:pymp
904:pump
778:penn
771:penn
442:Manx
338:/kÊ·/
322:/kÊ·/
235:The
215:Manx
4649:Law
4637:Law
3779:Art
3371:Law
2463:doi
2347:doi
2265:in
2225:of
2012:SOV
2008:SVO
2000:).
1988:eti
1699:or
1691:or
1685:VSO
1314:ing
1269:imb
1162:ben
1111:cét
1105:dét
1088:cf.
1059:or
1046:In
1023:cia
1009:cia
988:piv
981:piw
974:pwy
967:pis
764:pen
688:/k/
684:/p/
682:to
346:/p/
326:/p/
324:to
287:VSO
5379::
3149:/
3145:/
3131:/
3122:/
3118:/
3114:/
3110:/
3106:/
3097:/
2565:.
2548:.
2521:.
2457:.
2453:.
2367:.
2341:.
2337:.
2233:,
2229:,
2167:.
2163:.
2045:.
1998:-t
1994:-d
1965:.
1909:es
1492:nĂ
1238::
1212::
1206:en
1160::
1150:,
1146:,
1144:iÌŻ
1126:,
1120:,
1093:Ă©c
1079:am
1075:,
1072:an
1017:cĂČ
1012:)
1003:cé
300:).
271:.
259:,
255:,
147:,
143:,
60:,
52:,
48:,
5235:)
5223:)
5211:)
5130:/
4852:e
4845:t
4838:v
4156:)
4152:(
4056:/
4047:/
4038:/
4029:/
3598:)
3592:(
3586:)
3580:(
3574:)
3568:(
3562:)
3556:(
3550:)
3544:(
3538:)
3532:(
3407:)
3403:(
2728:)
2724:(
2655:e
2648:t
2641:v
2626:.
2607:.
2588:.
2567:4
2556:.
2529:.
2502:.
2469:.
2465::
2459:3
2413:6
2397:.
2353:.
2349::
2343:3
2308:"
2198:3
2149:.
1917:s
1309:)
1296:)
1283:)
1255:)
1232:)
1210:n
1199:)
1185:)
1171:)
1152:m
1148:w
1084:Ă©
1020:/
521:â
496:â
308:(
20:)
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