Insurgency - Knowledge

81: 2804: 3625:." There are many selective incentives that encourage insurgency and violent movements against autocratic political regimes. For example, the supply of safety as a material good can be provided by the insurgents, which abolishes the exploitation of the government and thus forms one of the main incentives. The revolutionary power can help manifest a social-political network that in return provides access to political opportunities to diverse candidates, who share a collective identity and cultural homogeneity. Also, civil wars and insurgencies can provide employment and access to services and resources that were once taken over by the autocratic regimes. 3677:(armed groups which affect the outcome, such as militias) and fourth forces (unarmed groups which affect the outcome, such as international media), who may be distinct from the core insurgents and the recognized government. While overt state sponsorship becomes less common, sponsorship by transnational groups is more common. "The nesting of insurgency within complex conflicts associated with state weakness or failure..." (See the discussion of failed states below.) Metz suggests that contemporary insurgencies have far more complex and shifting participation than traditional wars, where discrete belligerents seek a clear strategic victory. 4440: 4210:

administrator" force, often multinational, which does what some call "nation-building", but, most importantly, connects the nation to the core and empowers the natives to communicate—that communication can be likened to swarm coordination. If the state is occupied, or in civil war, another paradigm comes into play: the leviathan, a first-world military force that takes down the opposition regular forces. Leviathan is not constituted to fight local insurgencies, but major forces. Leviathan may use extensive

38: 3541: 3389: 3893: 3885: 4311:, but, rather assuming the civilizations must clash, these civilizations simply can be recognized as actors in a multinational world. In the case of Iraq, Cordesman observes that the burden is on the Islamic civilization, not unilaterally the West, if for no other reason that the civilization to which the problematic nation belongs will have cultural and linguistic context that Western civilization cannot hope to equal. 3827:

concepts associated with insurgency fit, should not ignore those ideas in their planning. Additionally, the recommendations can be applied to the strategic campaign, even if it is politically unfeasible to use precise terminology. Insurgent groups often struggle to maintain coherency and authority due to their decentralized nature, and thus rely heavily upon ethnic, religious, or ideological bounds to avoid splintering.

4160: 6064: 3595:

Walter adds that if there is a conflict between the government and the insurgents in the form of a civil war, that can bring about a new government that is accountable to a wider range of people, who have to commit to a compromise in political bargains. According to Walter, the presence of strong influential institutions can be beneficial to prevent the repetition of civil wars, but

4937:, U.S. State Department. "Following the U.S. announcement of its intention to establish an official blockade of Confederate ports, foreign governments began to recognize the Confederacy as a belligerent in the Civil War. Great Britain granted belligerent status on May 13, 1861, Spain on June 17, and Brazil on August 1. Other foreign governments issued statements of neutrality." 4339:

examples include the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. As the European countries intervenes in the conflicts, creating asymmetry between the government forces and rebels, asymmetric conflict is the most common form of subnational conflicts and the most civil conflicts where the western countries are likely to be involved. Such interventions and their impacts can be seen in the

3716:

have traditionally provided another means to tell the two apart. Insurgencies normally field fighting forces orders of magnitude larger than those of terrorist organizations." Insurgencies have a political purpose, and may provide social services and have an overt, even legal, political wing. Their covert wing carries out attacks on military forces with tactics such as

3704:

generally for a political or ideological (whether secular or religious) purpose. Terrorism is a criminal act, but it is more than mere criminality. To overcome the problem of terrorism it is necessary to understand its political nature as well as its basic criminality and psychology. The United Nations needs to address both sides of this equation.

3872:

society, while Eizenstat addresses the "gaps" that form cracks in societal stability. McCormick's model shows the interplay among the actors: insurgents, government, population and external organizations. Barnett discusses the relationship of the country with the outside world, and Cordesman focuses on the specifics of providing security.

4920:"In supporting Lincoln on this issue, the Supreme Court upheld his theory of the Civil War as an insurrection against the United States government that could be suppressed according to the rules of war. In this way the United States was able to fight the war as if it were an international war, without actually having to recognize the 3580:, wars have a rationalist explanation behind them, which explains why leaders prefer to gamble in wars and avoid peaceful bargains. Fearon states that intermediate bargains can be a problem because countries cannot easily trade territories with the spread of nationalism. Furthermore, wars can take the form of 4362:

share local information with government forces, which would allow government forces to effectively use their asymmetric advantage to target rebels. Taking the role of civilians in this framework into consideration, the government and rebels will divert resources to provide services to civilians so as

3900:

Kilcullen describes a framework for counterinsurgency. He gives a visual overview of the actors in his model of conflicts, which he represents as a box containing an "ecosystem" defined by geographic, ethnic, economic, social, cultural, and religious characteristics. Inside the box are, among others,

3665:

in 1977 and 1999 in Pakistan, the initial actions focused internally on the government rather than on seeking broad support. While Tomes' definition fits well with Mao's Phase I, it does not deal well with larger civil wars. Mao does assume terrorism is usually part of the early phases, but it is not

3567:

and Stathis Kalyvas, a central objective in insurgencies is to achieve control over civilians. To exercise control armed groups apply a variety of practices, including different types of violence, dispute resolution, taxation, regulation of movement, access to aid and services, and social strictures.

4155:

McCormick's model is designed as a tool for counterinsurgency (COIN), but develops a symmetrical view of the required actions for both the Insurgent and COIN forces to achieve success. In this way the counterinsurgency model can demonstrate how both the insurgent and COIN forces succeed or fail. The

4314:

The heart of strengthening weak nations must come from within, and that heart will fail if they deny that the real issue is the future of their civilization, if they tolerate religious, cultural or separatist violence and terrorism when it strikes at unpopular targets, or if they continue to try to

3938:

As in swarming, in Kilcullen's view unity of effort "depends less on a shared command and control hierarchy, and more on a shared diagnosis of the problem (i.e., the distributed knowledge of swarms), platforms for collaboration, information sharing and deconfliction. Each player must understand the

3562:

James Fearon and David Laitin define insurgency as "a technology of military conflict characterized by small, lightly armed bands practicing guerrilla warfare from rural base areas." Austin Long defines insurgency as "the use of political and military means by irregular forces to change an existing

4390:

Projects that address the needs of the civilians in the local communities and conditioned on information sharing by the community are more effective in reducing rebel violence. In practice, these may be smaller projects that are developed through consultation with local communities, which are also

4298:

This pillar most engages military commanders' attention, but of course military means are applied across the model, not just in the security domain, while civilian activity is critically important in the security pillar also ... all three pillars must develop in parallel and stay in balance, while

3749:

While not every insurgency involves terror, most involve an equally hard to define tactic, subversion. "When a country is being subverted it is not being outfought; it is being out-administered. Subversion is literally administration with a minus sign in front." The exceptional cases of insurgency

3473:

warfare, as well as other political, economic and social actions of various kinds. Due to the blending of insurgents with the civilian population, insurgencies tend to involve considerable violence against civilians (by the state and the insurgents). State attempts to quell insurgencies frequently

3875:

Recent studies have tried to model the conceptual architecture of insurgent warfare using computational and mathematical modelling. A recent study by Juan Camilo Bohorquez, Sean Gourley, Alexander R. Dixon, Michael Spagat, and Neil F. Johnson entitled "Common Ecology Quantifies Human Insurgency",

3779:

parliamentary democracy by political, industrial or violent means." While insurgents do not necessarily use terror, it is hard to imagine any insurgency meeting its goals without undermining aspects of the legitimacy or power of the government or faction it opposes. Rosenau mentions a more recent

3715:

Strategic Essay Contest, by Michael F. Morris, said "may pursue political, even revolutionary, goals, but their violence replaces rather than complements a political program." Morris made the point that the use, or non-use, of terrorism does not define insurgency, "but that organizational traits

4273:

It is well to understand that counterterrorism, as used by Cordesman, does not mean using terrorism against the terrorism, but an entire spectrum of activities, nonviolent and violent, to disrupt an opposing terrorist organization. The French general, Joseph Gallieni, observed, while a colonial

3703:

Without attempting a comprehensive definition of terrorism, it would be useful to delineate some broad characteristics of the phenomenon. Terrorism is, in most cases, essentially a political act. It is meant to inflict dramatic and deadly injury on civilians and to create an atmosphere of fear,

3676:

Steven Metz observes that past models of insurgency do not perfectly fit modern insurgency, in that current instances are far more likely to have a multinational or transnational character than those of the past. Several insurgencies may belong to more complex conflicts, involving "third forces

3594:

Institutions are responsible for checking the government, creating multiple peaceful routes to help the government solve problems, making the government committed to political terms that entails preserving peace, and creating an atmosphere where rebels do not need to form militias. Furthermore,

4338:

in their review as conflicts where "the government forces have a clear advantage over rebels in coercive capacity." In this kind of conflicts, rebel groups can reintegrate into the civilian population after an attack if the civilians are willing to silently accept them. Some of the most recent

4209:

In Thomas Barnett's paradigm, the world is divided into a "connected core" of nations enjoying a high level of communications among their organizations and individuals, and those nations that are disconnected internally and externally. In a reasonably peaceful situation, he describes a "system

3871:

Social scientists, soldiers, and sources of change have been modeling insurgency for nearly a century if one starts with Mao. Counterinsurgency models, not mutually exclusive from one another, come from Kilcullen, McCormick, Barnett and Eizenstat. Kilcullen describes the "pillars" of a stable

3826:

There may be utility in examining a war not specifically on the tactic of terror but in co-ordination among multiple national or regional insurgencies. It may be politically infeasible to refer to a conflict as an "insurgency" rather than by some more charged term, but military analysts, when

4230:

Other than brief "Leviathan" takedowns, security building appears to need to be regional, with logistical and other technical support from more developed countries and alliances (e.g., ASEAN, NATO). Noncombat military assistance in closing the security gap begins with training, sometimes in

3955:

Capacity: the survival needs of water, electrical power, food and public health, closely followed by education, communications and a working economic system. "An inability to do so creates a capacity gap, which can lead to a loss of public confidence and then perhaps political upheaval.

3960:

In Afghanistan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, segments of the population are cut off from their governments because of endemic insecurity. And in postconflict Iraq, critical capacity gaps exist despite the country's relative wealth and strategic

3951:

Security: protection "... against internal and external threats, and preserving sovereignty over territory. If a government cannot ensure security, rebellious armed groups or criminal nonstate actors may use violence to exploit this security gap—as in Haiti, Nepal, and

4278:

A country is not conquered and pacified when a military operation has decimated its inhabitants and made all heads bow in terror; the ferments of revolt will germinate in the mass and the rancours accumulated by the brutal action of force will make them grow again

3780:

definition that suggests subversion includes measures short of violence, which still serve the purposes of insurgents. Rarely, subversion alone can change a government; this arguably happened in the liberalization of Eastern Europe. To the Communist government of

3812:. Rather, he said the slogan "war on terror" is directed at "radical Islamism, a movement that makes use of culture for political objectives." He suggested it might be deeper than the ideological conflict of the Cold War, but it should not be confused with 3876:

suggests a common structure for 9 contemporary insurgent wars, supported on statistical data of more than 50,000 insurgent attacks. The model explains the recurrent statistical pattern found in the distribution of deaths in insurgent and terrorist events.

4357:

framework to describe asymmetric conflicts on a local level. Three parties are involved in framework: government forces, rebels and civilians. Government forces and rebels attack each other and may inadvertently harm civilians whereas civilians can

3939:

others' strengths, weaknesses, capabilities and objectives, and inter-agency teams must be structured for versatility (the ability to perform a wide variety of tasks) and agility (the ability to transition rapidly and smoothly between tasks)."

4590:

Alignments during the heaviest fighting years of the Iraq War were very complex, with some militias supporting the new Iraq government-US coalition, and some receiving third-state state sponsorship such as Saudi-supported Sunni group the

4234:

Anthony Cordesman notes that security requirements differ by region and state in region. Writing on the Middle East, he identified different security needs for specific areas, as well as the US interest in security in those areas.

3673:'s definition of counterinsurgency: "an interlocking system of actions—political, economic, psychological, military—that aims at the overthrow of the established authority in a country and its replacement by another regime." 3925:(between agencies or among government and non-government actors) means little in this environment." Unity of command is one of the axioms of military doctrine that change with the use of swarming:. In Edwards' 3972:

Note the similarity between Eizenstat's gaps and Kilcullen's three pillars. In the table below, do not assume that a problematic state is unable to assist less developed states while closing its own gaps.

4156:

model's strategies and principle apply to both forces, therefore the degree the forces follow the model should have a direct correlation to the success or failure of either the Insurgent or COIN force.

3481:

Where a revolt takes the form of armed rebellion, it may not be viewed as an insurgency if a state of belligerency exists between one or more sovereign states and rebel forces. For example, during the

3735:

specifically recommended acts of terror, as a means of accomplishing something that fits the concept of opening the security gap. Mao considered terrorism to be part of forming a guerrilla movement.

4394:

Innovations that increase the value of projects to local civilians, such as including development professionals in project design and implementation, will enhance the effect of violence-reducing.

4303:

Anthony Cordesman, while speaking of the specific situation in Iraq, makes some points that can be generalized to other nations in turmoil. Cordesman recognizes some value in the groupings in

3591:

has presented a theory that explains the role of strong institutions in preventing insurgencies that can result in civil wars. Walter believes that institutions can contribute to four goals.

4533: 4619: 4293:

Human security, building a framework of human rights, civil institutions and individual protections, public safety (fire, ambulance, sanitation, civil defense) and population security.

3816:'s "clash of civilizations." Addressing Huntington's thesis, Fukuyama stressed that the US and its allies need to focus on specific radical groups rather than clash with global Islam. 3474:

lead to the infliction of indiscriminate violence, whereas rebel control of territory frequently involves violence against the civilian population. Insurgency sets itself apart from

3753:

While the term "subversion" is less commonly used by current U.S. spokesmen, that may be due to the hyperbolic way it was used in the past, in a specifically anticommunist context.

3727:

Mao considered terrorism a basic part of his first part of the three phases of revolutionary warfare. Several insurgency models recognize that completed acts of terrorism widen the

6005:

Berman, Eli; Callen, Michael; Felter, Joseph H.; Shapiro, Jacob N. (2011-08-01). "Do Working Men Rebel? Insurgency and Unemployment in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Philippines".

3918:

The counterinsurgency strategy can be described as efforts to end the insurgency by a campaign developed in balance along three "pillars": security, political, and economical.

3760:

did in April 1962, when he declared that urgent action was required before the "enemy's subversive politico-military teams find fertile spawning grounds for their fish eggs."

3493:

as a sovereign state, but it was recognized as a belligerent power, and thus Confederate warships were given the same rights as United States warships in foreign ports.

2204: 5457: 5947: 5541: 3610:

explains that participants in high-risk activism are very aware of the costs and benefits of engaging in civil wars. Wood suggests that "participants in the 1964

3563:

political order. These forces typically mingle with civilians in order to hide from the forces defending the political order." According to Matthew Adam Kocher,

3490: 5725: 3947:

Insurgencies, according to Stuart Eizenstat grow out of "gaps". To be viable, a state must be able to close three "gaps", of which the first is most important:

4454:

Before one counters an insurgency, one must understand what one is countering. Typically the most successful counter-insurgencies have been the British in the

3830:

While it may be reasonable to consider transnational insurgency, Anthony Cordesman points out some of the myths in trying to have a worldwide view of terror:

4283:

Both Kilcullen and Eizenstat define a more abstract goal than does Cordesman. Kilcullen's security pillar is roughly equivalent to Eizenstat's security gap:

3633:

Insurgencies differ in their use of tactics and methods. In a 2004 article, Robert R. Tomes spoke of four elements that "typically encompass an insurgency":

2614: 3823:

wrote "We must distinguish Al Qa'eda and the broader militant movements it symbolises – entities that use terrorism – from the tactic of terrorism itself."

3466:) where they gradually expand territorial control and military forces. Insurgency frequently hinges on control of and collaboration with local populations. 5678: 5821: 4935:

Bureau of Public Affairs: Office of the Historian -> Timeline of U.S. Diplomatic History -> 1861–1865:The Blockade of Confederate Ports, 1861–1865

4466:, U.S. forces successfully quelled the Filipino insurgents by 1902, albeit with tactics considered unacceptable by the majority of modern populations. 4409:

These implications are tested by empirical evidences from conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq and several other subnational conflicts. Further research on

3964:

Legitimacy: closing the legitimacy gap is more than an incantation of "democracy" and "elections", but a government that is perceived to exist by the

3699:

for the Policy Working Group on the United Nations and Terrorism. Reporting to the Secretary-General in 2002, the Working Group stated the following:

2803: 3915:

Often, but not always, states or groups that aid one side or the other are outside the box. Outside-the-box intervention has dynamics of its own.

5247: 4231:

specialized areas such as intelligence. More direct, but still noncombat support, includes intelligence, planning, logistics and communications.

3462:

adversary. Due to this asymmetry, insurgents avoid large-scale direct battles, opting instead to blend in with the civilian population (often in

3599:

are less likely to accept the emergence of strong institutions because of their resulting constraint of governmental corruption and privileges.

2573: 4214:

at the tactical level, but its dispatch is a strategic decision that may be made unilaterally, or by an established group of the core such as

4269:, the US must deal with the strategic importance of a region whose petroleum and growing gas exports fuel key elements of the global economy. 5848: 4959: 3417: 3901:

governments, counterinsurgent forces, insurgent leaders, insurgent forces, and the general population, which is made up of three groups:

2699: 5484: 4827: 4402:

If either side of the government forces or rebels causes casualties among civilians, civilians will reduce their support for that side.

4384:

The government and rebels have an incentive to provide services to civilians, which increases with the value of the information shared.

2278: 5029: 5510:

Fjelde, Hanne; Nilsson, Desirée (September 2018). "The rise of rebel contenders: Barriers to entry and fragmentation in civil wars".

4373:

Information can be shared anonymously without endangering the civilians who do so and civilians are assumed to respond to incentives.

3125: 5927: 5738: 3819:

Fukuyama argued that political means, rather than direct military measures, are the most effective ways to defeat that insurgency.

1024: 5427: 5334: 3478:

by aiming for political control rather than resorting to indiscriminate violence, however, it may incorporate terrorist tactics.

2704: 1456: 4917: 4287:

Military security (securing the population from attack or intimidation by guerrillas, bandits, terrorists or other armed groups)

2694: 6047:

Thomas Willis, "Lessons from the past: successful British counterinsurgency operations in Malaya 1948–1960", July–August 2005,

4290:

Police security (community policing, police intelligence or "Special Branch" activities, and paramilitary police field forces).

2732: 2669: 2235: 4666: 5350: 5049: 4955: 4914: 4845: 4684: 4565: 3712: 3076: 3316: 2659: 2654: 2536: 4340: 3500:

is one example of a recognized government versus multiple groups of insurgents. Other historic insurgencies, such as the

2770: 2674: 2664: 2568: 1812: 80: 5466: 5910: 5407: 4545: 4405:

Innovations that make anonymous tips to the government easier, of which are often technical, can reduce rebel violence.

3217: 2649: 2007: 1785: 395: 5823:

The Indirect Approach: the role of Aviation Foreign Internal Defense in Combating Terrorism in Weak and Failing States

5182: 3524:. Multipolarity extends the definition of insurgency to situations where there is no recognized authority, as in the 3165: 2624: 2542: 1461: 4560: 4399:

Security provided by the government and service provision (i.e. development spending) are complementary activities.

4126: 3754: 3529: 3410: 1539: 4250:, the US must largely compartment security cooperation with Israel and cooperation with friendly Arab states like 2689: 3785: 2629: 1884: 1522: 1309: 129: 5283: 5065: 5953: 5687: 5547: 5320: 4555: 3708:

Yet another conflict of definitions involves insurgency versus terrorism. The winning essay of the 24th Annual

3497: 3135: 2683: 2527: 1648: 3750:

without subversion are those where there is no accepted government that is providing administrative services.

3691:

Many insurgencies include terrorism. While there is no accepted definition of terrorism in international law,

5830: 5285: 5199: 3486: 2065: 1512: 5268: 4783: 3289: 3244: 3207: 3195: 3140: 2312: 2002: 701: 461: 17: 5705: 4710:"International System and Technologies of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold War Shaped Internal Conflict" 4376:

Neither side of government forces and rebels will actively target civilians with coercion or intimidation.

3968:, has minimal corruption, and has a working law enforcement and judicial system that enforce human rights. 3834:

Cooperation can be based on trust and common values: one man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter.

6095: 6068: 4870:

French Revolutionary Warfare from Indochina to Algeria: The Analysis of a Political and Military Doctrine

4463: 4243:, the US focus should be on security cooperation in achieving regional stability and in counterterrorism. 4184:

All of these interact, and the different elements have to assess their best options in a set of actions:

3764: 3646:

multifaceted attempts to cultivate support in the general population, often by undermining the new regime

3532:, where it broke into quasi-autonomous smaller states, fighting among one another in changing alliances. 3403: 3351: 2423: 2392: 2321: 2110: 2012: 1199: 996: 867: 405: 4550: 3849:

Internal instability and security issues do not require compartmentation and secrecy at national level.

3229: 3224: 2737: 2225: 2210: 1476: 31: 5253: 3496:

Sometimes there may be two or more simultaneous insurgencies (multipolar) occurring in a country. The

2619: 5311: 4570: 4486: 4481: 3336: 3130: 3088: 2639: 2417: 2408: 1586: 1094: 438: 312: 146: 4523: 4434: 2037: 1904: 1451: 1144: 957: 805: 4973:"How "Free" Is Free Riding in Civil Wars? Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem" 5863: 4506: 3965: 3279: 2934: 2763: 2595: 2460: 2337: 2327: 2100: 1990: 1972: 1728: 1287: 1209: 1154: 1034: 747: 410: 289: 4421:

and to have better informed decisions made at the tactical, strategic and public policy levels.

3621:

ran high risks of bodily harm in challenging the long-standing practices of racial exclusion in

4308: 3618: 2939: 2838: 2549: 2505: 2240: 2189: 2135: 1857: 1832: 1554: 1466: 1339: 1214: 810: 787: 213: 112: 5284:

Secretary General's Policy Working Group on the United Nations and Terrorism (December 2004),

3643:

used to foster insecurity among the population and drive them to the insurgents for protection

5493: 4592: 4501: 4089: 3311: 3259: 3239: 3177: 3157: 3152: 2986: 2866: 2861: 2833: 2828: 2342: 2180: 2155: 1446: 1379: 1332: 981: 944: 907: 825: 777: 661: 471: 264: 168: 5426:(May 2003), "Panel III: Integrating the War on Terrorism with Broader U.S. Foreign Policy", 5041: 3653:

Tomes' is an example of a definition that does not cover all insurgencies. For example, the

3504:, have been multipolar rather than a straightforward model made up of two sides. During the 5620: 5570: 5393: 4304: 3813: 3269: 3264: 3046: 3023: 2924: 2876: 2823: 2818: 2787: 2366: 2250: 2160: 2105: 1837: 1739: 1596: 1591: 1409: 1374: 1109: 924: 782: 718: 572: 542: 119: 5990: 5973: 8: 6090: 5949:

The Importance of Building Local Capabilities: Lessons from the Counterinsurgency in Iraq

5902:

The Pentagon's New Map: The Pentagon's New Map: War and Peace in the Twenty-first Century

5896: 5847:

Eizenstat, Stuart E.; Porter, John Edward; Weinstein, Jeremy M. (January–February 2005).

5776: 5775: 5611:

Clauset A, Gleditsch KS (2012), "The Developmental Dynamics of Terrorist Organizations",

4934: 4439: 4211: 3926: 3843:

Other states can be counted on to keep information secure and use it to mutual advantage.

3658: 3607: 3373: 3346: 3299: 3284: 3200: 3120: 3098: 3093: 3051: 2981: 2742: 2679: 2455: 2307: 2283: 2185: 2170: 2145: 2140: 1688: 1673: 1549: 1436: 1414: 1389: 1349: 1259: 1069: 969: 919: 686: 676: 641: 433: 423: 173: 97: 5624: 5574: 5358: 3061: 6030: 5803: 5780: 5760: 5643: 5594: 5436: 5152: 5114: 5106: 5010: 5002: 4851: 4755: 4747: 4690: 4647: 4476: 4418: 4323: 4138: 3958:

In most environments, a capacity gap coexists with—or even grows out of—a security gap.

3809: 3724:, as well as acts of terror such as attacks that cause deliberate civilian casualties. 3517: 3482: 3470: 3447: 3368: 3304: 3254: 3212: 3182: 3170: 3108: 3083: 3071: 3056: 3041: 2996: 2886: 2871: 2756: 2398: 2388: 2352: 2082: 2022: 1877: 1797: 1718: 1663: 1638: 1559: 1505: 1471: 1402: 1319: 1229: 1134: 1079: 964: 929: 882: 757: 728: 681: 619: 594: 428: 222: 141: 5561:

Bohorquez; et al. (December 2009), "Common Ecology Quantifies Human Insurgency",

3516:. At the same time, there was another separatist movement for the independence of the 6022: 5943: 5906: 5648: 5586: 5403: 5178: 5156: 5045: 4994: 4951: 4910: 4841: 4805: 4800: 4739: 4694: 4680: 4639: 4511: 4496: 4491: 4430: 4327: 3732: 3654: 3588: 3505: 3501: 3439: 3356: 3326: 3294: 3234: 3066: 2961: 2951: 2881: 2856: 2727: 2490: 2470: 2268: 2200: 2058: 1967: 1914: 1817: 1807: 1802: 1772: 1755: 1750: 1723: 1668: 1369: 1359: 1354: 1344: 1264: 1254: 1249: 1224: 1194: 1084: 1054: 1049: 1039: 1029: 1019: 934: 887: 857: 696: 489: 466: 400: 6034: 5900: 5397: 5118: 5014: 4855: 4832:. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4759: 2929: 2027: 6014: 5985: 5795: 5638: 5628: 5598: 5578: 5519: 5423: 5144: 5098: 5037: 4984: 4833: 4795: 4729: 4721: 4672: 4651: 4631: 4344: 4315:

export the blame for their own failures to other nations, religions, and cultures.

3801: 3525: 3455: 3451: 3331: 3249: 3147: 3115: 2991: 2485: 2347: 2032: 1997: 1929: 1822: 1760: 1653: 1581: 1574: 1431: 1364: 1314: 1304: 1179: 1099: 1059: 1044: 1006: 991: 862: 847: 800: 708: 666: 609: 604: 562: 385: 362: 254: 178: 107: 90: 6074: 5135:

Walter, Barbara (March 31, 2014). "Why Bad Governance Leads to Repeat Civil War".

4882: 4380:

This framework leads to five major implications for counterinsurgency strategies:

5674: 5633: 5453: 5243: 4528: 4455: 3931: 3820: 3717: 3564: 3393: 3321: 3274: 3190: 3103: 2604: 2515: 2495: 2273: 2195: 1842: 1827: 1745: 1701: 1643: 1299: 1294: 1184: 1174: 1089: 1064: 1001: 842: 772: 762: 614: 599: 522: 494: 284: 279: 259: 102: 46: 4868:

These points are emphasized in many works on insurgency, including Peter Paret,

4417:, attitudes, dynamics and agency between allies are needed to better understand 3696: 3692: 3611: 3459: 3018: 2919: 2909: 2532: 2450: 2383: 2317: 2215: 2150: 2017: 1765: 1189: 1149: 1127: 1114: 1104: 1074: 986: 939: 742: 733: 624: 577: 557: 547: 517: 484: 372: 329: 294: 269: 136: 69: 5686:. U.S. Government Counterinsurgency Conference, Washington D.C. Archived from 5102: 4725: 4635: 3855:

Global and regional cooperation is the natural basis for international action.

6084: 6026: 6018: 5523: 5148: 4998: 4837: 4809: 4743: 4643: 4459: 4443: 3797: 3709: 3615: 3555: 3540: 3013: 2946: 2510: 2245: 1864: 1852: 1708: 1628: 1544: 1527: 1384: 1239: 1219: 897: 892: 872: 852: 767: 738: 713: 589: 567: 552: 527: 367: 274: 232: 227: 124: 37: 5729: 5652: 5590: 5064:

Bahiss, Ibraheem; Jackson, Ashley; Mayhew, Leigh; Weigand, Florian (2022).

4363:

to influence their decision about sharing information with the government.

4330:), as the emerging type of insurgencies in recent history, is described by 4266: 4240: 4013:

Continuing development of working institutions. Focused private investment

3577: 2520: 2445: 2051: 1977: 1957: 1952: 1847: 1792: 1426: 1421: 1244: 1159: 902: 636: 537: 334: 218: 4676: 3921:"Obviously enough, you cannot command what you do not control. Therefore, 4989: 4972: 4414: 4077: 4065: 4049: 4016: 4003: 3622: 3341: 2433: 2428: 2332: 1962: 1713: 1678: 1517: 1204: 1169: 877: 820: 723: 507: 208: 203: 5807: 5582: 5225: 5006: 4751: 4709: 4387:

Rebel violence may be reduced by service provision from the government.

3388: 5110: 4782:

Kocher, Matthew Adam; Pepinsky, Thomas B.; Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2011).

4734: 4447: 4410: 4350: 4331: 4105: 4101: 4081: 4069: 3744: 3661:, little to no attempt was made to terrorize civilians. In consecutive 3463: 3363: 2795: 2480: 2438: 1919: 1889: 1611: 975: 5028:

Long, Austin (2018), Gheciu, Alexandra; Wohlforth, William C. (eds.),

3852:

The "war on terrorism" creates common priorities and needs for action.

5799: 4534:

Unconventional warfare (United States Department of Defense doctrine)

4057: 4032: 3884: 3804:

said the United States was not fighting terrorism generically, as in

3757: 3686: 3670: 3640: 3596: 3581: 3475: 3443: 3435: 2976: 2914: 2090: 1909: 1733: 1683: 1633: 1623: 1618: 1483: 1274: 1269: 1234: 671: 357: 324: 193: 42: 5724: 5066:"Rethinking armed group control: Towards a new conceptual framework" 3892: 5779:; John Edward Porter; Jeremy M. Weinstein (January–February 2005), 4109: 4073: 4024: 3805: 3551: 3008: 2413: 2123: 1924: 1899: 1532: 1164: 1139: 752: 307: 249: 161: 3861:

Human rights and rule of law differences do not limit cooperation.

5459:

Countering Global Insurgency: A Strategy for the War on Terrorism

5089:

Fearon, James (Summer 1995). "Rationalist Explanations for War".

4668:

How Insurgency Begins: Rebel Group Formation in Uganda and Beyond

4259: 4159: 4142: 4134: 4085: 4028: 3867:

Co-operation can be separated from financial needs and resources.

2971: 2904: 2465: 2403: 1934: 1894: 1658: 1492: 1488: 830: 815: 691: 352: 347: 317: 236: 198: 5952:, Center for Strategic and International Studies, archived from 5546:, Center for Strategic and International Studies, archived from 30:"Insurgent" and "Insurgence" redirect here. For other uses, see 6063: 5429:

Phase III in the War on Terrorism: Challenges and Opportunities

4335: 4255: 4247: 4122: 4036: 3781: 3721: 2966: 2500: 1441: 837: 654: 390: 3669:

Tomes offers an indirect definition of insurgency, drawn from

5351:"The Theory and Practice of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency" 4370:

The consequential action of civilians is information sharing.

4262:, but can improve security cooperation with all these states. 4251: 4219: 4197:

Disrupt opponent's relations with the international community

4130: 4097: 4093: 4053: 4020: 3837:

A definition of terrorism exists that can be accepted by all.

3546: 3513: 912: 448: 443: 4446:

counterinsurgency forces demonstrating tactics used against

4215: 4061: 3999: 3521: 3509: 3003: 188: 183: 5399:

The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order

5063: 6004: 4907:

The Oxford Guide to United States Supreme Court Decisions

4784:"Aerial Bombing and Counterinsurgency in the Vietnam War" 4299:

being firmly based in an effective information campaign.

3929:

model, as in Kilcullen's mode, unity of command becomes "

61: 5846: 5175:

Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador

4200:

Establish relationships with the international community

5610: 5486:

An Alternate Military Strategy for the War on Terrorism

5177:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–30. 3935:

at best, and collaboration or deconfliction at least."

3791: 5862:(1). Council on Foreign Relations: 136. Archived from 5535: 5533: 4948:

Power and stability: British foreign policy, 1865–1965

3846:

International institutions are secure and trustworthy.

3695:-sponsored working definitions include one drafted by 45:

insurgent next to a propaganda poster during the 1944

5942: 5731:

FM 3–0, Operations (with included Change 1)

5392: 4781: 4318: 4204: 3604:

Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in Salvador

5895: 5273:, Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College 3858:

Legal systems are compatible enough for cooperation.

5925: 5530: 4391:

more easily revoked when information is not shared.

3446:. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its 5819: 5758: 5482: 5388: 5386: 5249:Modern Warfare: A French View of Counterinsurgency 4971:Kalyvas, Stathis N.; Kocher, Matthew Adam (2007). 5879: 3993:Militarily strong but weak in other institutions 3911:those who simply wish to get on with their lives. 6082: 5492:, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, archived from 5219: 5217: 5215: 4458:and the Filipino government's countering of the 4167:The model depicts four key elements or players: 5919: 5829:, Air Command and Staff College, archived from 5383: 4707: 4366:The framework is based on several assumptions: 3728: 5971: 5936: 5769: 5706:"Patterns of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency" 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5370: 5368: 4671:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–18. 4191:Disrupt opponent's control over the population 4174:Counterinsurgency force (i.e., the government) 3763:In a Western context, Rosenau cites a British 5972:Berman, Eli; Matanock, Aila M. (2015-05-11). 5703: 5509: 5446: 5212: 5036:, Oxford University Press, pp. 546–561, 5034:The Oxford Handbook of International Security 4970: 3942: 3411: 2764: 2059: 5884:, RAND Corporation, Document Number: P-7297. 5752: 5416: 5252:, Editions de la Table Ronde, archived from 5223: 4940: 4708:Kalyvas, Stathis N.; Balcells, Laia (2010). 4617: 3666:always present in revolutionary insurgency. 3571: 5658: 5365: 4618:Fearon, James D.; Laitin, David D. (2003). 3888:Kilcullen Figure 1: Ecosystem of Insurgency 3767:definition as "a generalized intention to ( 3438:by small, lightly armed bands who practice 5379:, RAND National Defense Research Institute 5332: 5326: 5303: 4150: 3418: 3404: 2771: 2757: 2066: 2052: 5989: 5873: 5765:, PhD thesis, Pardee RAND Graduate School 5673: 5642: 5632: 5560: 5540:Cordesman, Anthony H. (29 October 2007), 5539: 5452: 5299:(1 & 2), (A/57/273-S/2002/875, annex) 5242: 5236: 5191: 4988: 4924:existence of the Confederate government." 4799: 4733: 4225: 3908:those committed to the counterinsurgents; 5813: 5476: 5422: 5342: 5260: 4438: 4158: 3891: 3883: 3539: 2226:Special-interest / Single-issue 1025:List of military strategies and concepts 36: 5889: 5882:The Shining Path and Peruvian terrorism 5604: 5543:Security Cooperation in the Middle East 5435:, Brookings Institution, archived from 5374: 4899: 4825: 4345:French-led intervention in Mali in 2013 3586:Why Bad Governance Leads to Civil Wars, 14: 6083: 5554: 5309: 5277: 5200:"Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare" 5134: 5088: 4620:"Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War" 3996:Lower tensions before working on gaps 3879: 2574:Charities accused of ties to terrorism 27:Revolt or uprising by irregular forces 5991:10.1146/annurev-polisci-082312-124553 5967: 5965: 5963: 5926:McClintock, Michael (November 2005), 5759:Edwards, Sean J.A. (September 2004), 5718: 5197: 5168: 5166: 5130: 5128: 5084: 5082: 5042:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198777854.013.36 4946:Goldstein, Erik; McKercher, B. J. C. 4927: 4909:, Oxford University Press US, 2001, 4788:American Journal of Political Science 4714:The American Political Science Review 4664: 4566:Islamic insurgency in the Philippines 4424: 3788:appeared subversive but not violent. 3731:; the Marxist guerrilla theoretician 3713:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 5726:Headquarters, Department of the Army 5697: 5483:Canonico, Peter J. (December 2004), 5266: 5172: 5027: 4821: 4819: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4613: 4611: 3792:Political rhetoric, myths and models 3637:cell-networks that maintain secrecy 24: 6077:by Ben Connable, Martin C. Libicki 5978:Annual Review of Political Science 5960: 5704:Lynn, John A. (July–August 2005), 5680:Three Pillars of Counterinsurgency 5163: 5125: 5079: 4829:The Logic of Violence in Civil War 4546:List of revolutions and rebellions 4319:Asymmetric and irregular conflicts 4205:Barnett and connecting to the core 3905:those committed to the insurgents; 3840:Intelligence can be freely shared. 25: 6107: 6056: 5820:Sagraves, Robert D (April 2005), 5336:Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla 4816: 4766: 4624:American Political Science Review 4608: 4188:Gaining support of the population 6062: 5348: 4872:, Pall Mall Press, London, 1964. 4801:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00498.x 4561:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 4127:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3469:An insurgency can be fought via 3387: 2802: 79: 6041: 5998: 5840: 5503: 5057: 5021: 4964: 4584: 4341:NATO operation in Libya in 2011 3657:had no cell system, and in the 6007:Journal of Conflict Resolution 5762:Swarming and the Future of War 5321:United States Army War College 5230:Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung 4883:"The A to Z of military terms" 4875: 4862: 4701: 4658: 4556:Insurgency in North East India 4194:Direct action against opponent 3977:Rough classification of states 3649:attacks against the government 13: 1: 5974:"The Empiricists' Insurgency" 5929:Great Power Counterinsurgency 4602: 3738: 3535: 3487:Confederate States of America 3454:face a large, well-equipped, 5634:10.1371/journal.pone.0048633 5357:(April 1965), archived from 5267:Metz, Steven (5 June 2007), 5073:ODI / Centre on Armed Groups 4826:Kalyvas, Stathis N. (2006). 3796:In arguing against the term 3680: 7: 5333:Marighella, Carlos (1969), 5310:Morris, Michael F. (2005), 4469: 3765:Secret Intelligence Service 3508:there were two main sides: 2569:Designated terrorist groups 1523:Military–industrial complex 997:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 6112: 5886:often called Magic Diamond 5880:McCormick, Gordon (1987), 5293:Focus on Crime and Society 5091:International Organization 4551:Hearts and Minds (Vietnam) 4428: 4353:and Matanock suggested an 4163:McCormick insurgency model 3943:Eizenstat and closing gaps 3742: 3684: 3628: 2738:Anti-terrorism legislation 32:Insurgent (disambiguation) 29: 5512:Journal of Peace Research 5377:Subversion and Insurgency 5375:Rosenau, William (2007), 5232:, Foreign Languages Press 5198:Tomes, Robert R. (2004), 5103:10.1017/s0020818300033324 4726:10.1017/S0003055410000286 4636:10.1017/S0003055403000534 4571:South Thailand insurgency 4487:Insurrectionary anarchism 4482:Fourth generation warfare 3896:Kilcullen's Three Pillars 3864:Most needs are identical. 3662: 3572:Insurgency and civil wars 2733:International conventions 2640:State-sponsored terrorism 1587:Loss-of-strength gradient 439:Combat information center 6019:10.1177/0022002710393920 5849:"Rebuilding Weak States" 5781:"Rebuilding Weak States" 5524:10.1177/0022343318767497 5402:. Simon & Schuster. 5355:Naval War College Review 5173:Wood, Elisabeth (2003). 5149:10.1177/0022002714528006 4838:10.1017/cbo9780511818462 4665:Lewis, Janet I. (2020). 4577: 4524:Foreign internal defense 4435:Foreign internal defense 3988:Representative examples 3530:period from 1998 to 2006 2596:Violent non-state actors 1905:Military science fiction 1390:Technology and equipment 806:List of military tactics 4507:Violent non-state actor 4464:Philippine–American War 4274:administrator in 1898, 4180:International community 4151:McCormick Magic Diamond 3966:consent of the governed 3755:U.S. Secretary of State 2851:By other characteristic 2338:Clandestine cell system 1973:Wartime sexual violence 1729:Full-spectrum dominance 1540:Supply-chain management 5313:Al Qaeda as Insurgency 4451: 4309:clash of civilizations 4301: 4281: 4226:Cordesman and security 4164: 4046:Close one or two gaps 3897: 3889: 3706: 3597:autocratic governments 3559: 3558:between 1671 and 1711. 2506:Propaganda of the deed 1885:Awards and decorations 1858:Peace through strength 1833:Low-intensity conflict 1467:Conscientious objector 1340:Area of responsibility 49: 5944:Cordesman, Anthony H. 5728:(22 February 2011) . 5677:(28 September 2006). 5394:Huntington, Samuel P. 5270:Rethinking Insurgency 5224:Mao Tse-tung (1967), 4677:10.1017/9781108855969 4593:Islamic State in Iraq 4502:Revolutionary warfare 4442: 4296: 4276: 4162: 4090:Republic of the Congo 3895: 3887: 3701: 3543: 3153:Bulgarian unification 2829:Counter-revolutionary 2722:Response to terrorism 2343:Leaderless resistance 472:Torpedo data computer 462:Ship gun fire-control 40: 6075:How Insurgencies End 6071:at Wikimedia Commons 5932:, Human Rights First 5897:Barnett, Thomas P.M. 5777:Eizenstat, Stuart E. 5361:on December 12, 2012 5137:Conflict Resolutions 5030:"Counter Insurgency" 4990:10.1353/wp.2007.0023 4419:asymmetric conflicts 4324:Asymmetric conflicts 4305:Samuel P. Huntington 3798:Global War on Terror 3520:region headed up by 3434:is a violent, armed 2925:Contentious politics 2796:Political revolution 2161:Right-wing/Far-right 2003:Military occupations 1838:Military engineering 1740:Unrestricted Warfare 1597:Force multiplication 490:Military manoeuvrers 5625:2012PLoSO...748633C 5583:10.1038/nature08631 5575:2009Natur.462..911B 5226:"On Protracted War" 4950:, Routledge, 2003, 4355:information-centric 4328:irregular conflicts 3978: 3880:Kilcullen's pillars 3659:American Revolution 3608:Elisabeth Jean Wood 3394:Politics portal 2743:Terrorism insurance 2544:Rockets and mortars 2284:Resistance movement 1689:Penal military unit 1674:Rules of engagement 1350:Command and control 970:Operations research 434:Director (military) 424:Fire-control system 174:Command and control 55:Part of a series on 6096:Military doctrines 5946:(August 1, 2006), 5737:. Washington, DC: 5693:on April 14, 2008. 5349:Fall, Bernard B., 4518:National doctrines 4477:Asymmetric warfare 4452: 4425:Counter-insurgency 4165: 3976: 3898: 3890: 3560: 3483:American Civil War 3471:counter-insurgency 3369:Second Arab Spring 2389:Aircraft hijacking 2146:Left-wing/Far-left 1798:Counter-insurgency 1719:Command of the sea 1664:Jewish laws on war 1639:Geneva Conventions 1175:Divide and conquer 965:Military operation 930:Tactical objective 429:Fire-control radar 406:Electronic-warfare 50: 6067:Media related to 6049:Infantry Magazine 5956:on April 10, 2008 5905:, Berkley Trade, 5569:(7275): 911–914, 5424:Fukuyama, Francis 5051:978-0-19-877785-4 4956:978-0-7146-8442-0 4915:978-0-19-513924-2 4847:978-0-521-85409-2 4686:978-1-108-47966-0 4512:COIN (board game) 4497:Political warfare 4492:Irregular warfare 4431:Counterinsurgency 4148: 4147: 3814:Samuel Huntington 3733:Carlos Marighella 3655:French Revolution 3589:Barbara F. Walter 3584:. In her article 3528:, especially the 3506:Angolan Civil War 3502:Russian Civil War 3442:against a larger 3440:guerrilla warfare 3428: 3427: 2962:Mass mobilization 2952:Guerrilla warfare 2781: 2780: 2728:Counter-terrorism 2713: 2712: 2471:Individual terror 2292: 2291: 2269:Violent extremism 2076: 2075: 1968:Horses in warfare 1915:Anti-war movement 1818:Gunboat diplomacy 1808:Disaster response 1756:Philosophy of war 1751:Principles of war 1724:Deterrence theory 1669:Right of conquest 1592:Lanchester's laws 1360:Principles of war 1050:Counter-offensive 1030:Military campaign 935:Target saturation 858:Counterinsurgency 467:Gun data computer 401:Close air support 363:Aircraft carriers 16:(Redirected from 6103: 6066: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5969: 5958: 5957: 5940: 5934: 5933: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5893: 5887: 5885: 5877: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5853: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5828: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5800:10.2307/20034213 5785: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5736: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5710: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5685: 5675:Kilcullen, David 5671: 5656: 5655: 5646: 5636: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5550:on 10 April 2008 5537: 5528: 5527: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5491: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5465:, archived from 5464: 5454:Kilcullen, David 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5434: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5307: 5301: 5300: 5290: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5244:Trinquier, Roger 5240: 5234: 5233: 5221: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5170: 5161: 5160: 5143:(7): 1242–1272. 5132: 5123: 5122: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5070: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4992: 4968: 4962: 4944: 4938: 4931: 4925: 4905:Hall, Kermit L. 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4859: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4803: 4779: 4764: 4763: 4737: 4705: 4699: 4698: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4615: 4596: 4588: 4010:Good performers 3979: 3975: 3923:unity of command 3802:Francis Fukuyama 3614:campaign in the 3550:were armed anti- 3526:Somali Civil War 3456:regular military 3452:irregular forces 3420: 3413: 3406: 3392: 3391: 3245:Hungarian (1956) 3077:Spanish American 2806: 2783: 2782: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2590: 2589: 2563:Terrorist groups 2545: 2279:Militia movement 2246:Green/Ecological 2151:Narcotics-driven 2129: 2128: 2078: 2077: 2068: 2061: 2054: 1823:Humanitarian aid 1761:Security dilemma 1582:Power projection 1365:Economy of force 1345:Chain of command 1060:Defence in depth 1045:Commerce raiding 863:Defeat in detail 179:Defense ministry 83: 74: 73: 64: 52: 51: 21: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6081: 6080: 6059: 6054: 6046: 6042: 6003: 5999: 5970: 5961: 5941: 5937: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5894: 5890: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5856:Foreign Affairs 5851: 5845: 5841: 5833: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5788:Foreign Affairs 5783: 5774: 5770: 5757: 5753: 5743: 5741: 5734: 5723: 5719: 5713:Military Review 5708: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5683: 5672: 5659: 5609: 5605: 5559: 5555: 5538: 5531: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5469: 5462: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5432: 5421: 5417: 5410: 5391: 5384: 5373: 5366: 5347: 5343: 5331: 5327: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5265: 5261: 5241: 5237: 5222: 5213: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5171: 5164: 5133: 5126: 5087: 5080: 5068: 5062: 5058: 5052: 5026: 5022: 4969: 4965: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4928: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4863: 4848: 4824: 4817: 4780: 4767: 4706: 4702: 4687: 4663: 4659: 4616: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4599: 4589: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4529:Reagan Doctrine 4472: 4456:Malay Emergency 4437: 4427: 4321: 4307:'s idea of the 4228: 4207: 4171:Insurgent force 4153: 4119:Close all gaps 3945: 3932:unity of effort 3882: 3821:David Kilcullen 3794: 3747: 3741: 3689: 3683: 3631: 3578:James D. Fearon 3574: 3565:Thomas Pepinsky 3538: 3498:Iraq insurgency 3424: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3037: 3029: 3028: 2900: 2892: 2891: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2814: 2777: 2748: 2747: 2723: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2634: 2605:State terrorism 2587: 2579: 2578: 2564: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2550:Vehicle-ramming 2543: 2378: 2376: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2302: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2274:Ethnic violence 2255: 2220: 2165: 2126: 2115: 2072: 2043: 2042: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1948: 1940: 1939: 1880: 1870: 1869: 1843:Multilateralism 1828:Law enforcement 1788: 1778: 1777: 1746:Just war theory 1704: 1694: 1693: 1644:Geneva Protocol 1614: 1604: 1603: 1577: 1567: 1566: 1508: 1498: 1497: 1405: 1395: 1394: 1335: 1325: 1324: 1290: 1280: 1279: 1210:Network-centric 1130: 1120: 1119: 1022: 1012: 1011: 960: 950: 949: 898:Rapid dominance 803: 793: 792: 748:Electromagnetic 657: 647: 646: 633: 586: 534: 510: 500: 499: 495:Combat training 476: 453: 419:Combat systems: 415: 377: 373:Auxiliary ships 339: 299: 241: 164: 154: 153: 93: 67: 66: 65: 60: 47:Warsaw Uprising 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6109: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6058: 6057:External links 6055: 6053: 6052: 6040: 6013:(4): 496–528. 5997: 5959: 5935: 5918: 5915:, Barnett-2005 5912:978-0425202395 5911: 5888: 5872: 5869:on 2011-06-04. 5839: 5812: 5768: 5751: 5717: 5696: 5657: 5619:(11): e48633, 5603: 5553: 5529: 5518:(5): 551–565. 5502: 5475: 5445: 5415: 5409:978-0684811642 5408: 5382: 5364: 5341: 5325: 5302: 5276: 5259: 5235: 5211: 5190: 5183: 5162: 5124: 5097:(3): 379–414. 5078: 5056: 5050: 5020: 4983:(2): 177–216. 4977:World Politics 4963: 4939: 4926: 4898: 4874: 4861: 4846: 4815: 4794:(2): 201–218. 4765: 4720:(3): 415–429. 4700: 4685: 4657: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4582: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4426: 4423: 4407: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4320: 4317: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4288: 4271: 4270: 4263: 4244: 4227: 4224: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4120: 4117: 4116:Failed states 4113: 4112: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4006: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3953: 3944: 3941: 3913: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3881: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3793: 3790: 3769:emphasis added 3743:Main article: 3740: 3737: 3697:Alex P. Schmid 3693:United Nations 3685:Main article: 3682: 3679: 3651: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3627: 3612:Freedom Summer 3573: 3570: 3544:The so-called 3537: 3534: 3491:not recognized 3450:nature: small 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3378: 3377: 3376: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3205: 3204: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3126:Italian states 3118: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3019:Tax resistance 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2920:Class conflict 2917: 2912: 2910:Civil disorder 2907: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2576: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2533:Suicide attack 2530: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2518: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2466:Hostage-taking 2463: 2458: 2453: 2451:Cyberterrorism 2448: 2443: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2411: 2401: 2396: 2386: 2384:Agro-terrorism 2380: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2318:Radicalization 2315: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2260:Related topics 2257: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2205:Salafi-Wahhabi 2198: 2193: 2183: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2070: 2063: 2056: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2008:Military terms 2005: 2000: 1994: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1766:Tripwire force 1758: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1705: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1520: 1515: 1509: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1486: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1302: 1297: 1291: 1288:Administrative 1286: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215:New generation 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1190:Fleet in being 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1128:Grand strategy 1126: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1115:Scorched earth 1112: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 987:Deep operation 984: 979: 972: 967: 961: 956: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 916: 915: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 834: 833: 828: 823: 813: 804: 799: 798: 795: 794: 791: 790: 788:Unconventional 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 736: 734:Disinformation 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 705: 704: 699: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 658: 653: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 639: 632: 631: 630: 629: 628: 627: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 585: 584: 583: 582: 581: 580: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 533: 532: 531: 530: 525: 520: 511: 506: 505: 502: 501: 498: 497: 492: 487: 485:Basic training 482: 475: 474: 469: 464: 459: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 414: 413: 411:Reconnaissance 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 376: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 338: 337: 332: 330:Special forces 327: 322: 321: 320: 310: 305: 298: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 240: 239: 230: 225: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 165: 160: 159: 156: 155: 152: 151: 150: 149: 144: 134: 133: 132: 127: 117: 116: 115: 108:Post-classical 105: 100: 94: 89: 88: 85: 84: 76: 75: 57: 56: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6108: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6050: 6044: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5939: 5931: 5930: 5922: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5883: 5876: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5836:on 2008-04-14 5832: 5825: 5824: 5816: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5764: 5763: 5755: 5740: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5707: 5700: 5689: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5536: 5534: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5499:on 2008-04-14 5495: 5488: 5487: 5479: 5472:on 2006-05-26 5468: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5442:on 2007-06-15 5438: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5378: 5371: 5369: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5315: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5271: 5263: 5256:on 2008-01-12 5255: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5201: 5194: 5186: 5184:9780511808685 5180: 5176: 5169: 5167: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5131: 5129: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5083: 5074: 5067: 5060: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4936: 4930: 4923: 4919: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4888: 4887:The Economist 4884: 4878: 4871: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4614: 4612: 4607: 4594: 4587: 4583: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4460:Huk Rebellion 4457: 4449: 4445: 4444:Nigerian Army 4441: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4316: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4223: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4185: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4157: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3928: 3924: 3919: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3894: 3886: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3710:United States 3705: 3700: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3602:In her book, 3600: 3598: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3576:According to 3569: 3566: 3557: 3556:Royal Hungary 3553: 3549: 3548: 3542: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3421: 3416: 3414: 3409: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3209: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3014:Strike action 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2947:Direct action 2945: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2936: 2935:Demonstration 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2878: 2875: 2873: 2870: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2725: 2719: 2718: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2700:United States 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2625:United States 2623: 2621: 2618: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2582: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2559: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2461:Environmental 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2406: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2363: 2362: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2328:Training camp 2326: 2323: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2285: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2275: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2241:Anti-abortion 2239: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2178: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1895:Warrior caste 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1873: 1866: 1865:Show of force 1863: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1853:Peacebuilding 1851: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1709:Air supremacy 1707: 1706: 1703: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1649:Islamic rules 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:Court-martial 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1598: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1528:Arms industry 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1328: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1283: 1276: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1145:Broken-backed 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 982:Expeditionary 980: 978: 977: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 962: 959: 954: 953: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 914: 911: 910: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 853:Counterattack 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 817: 814: 812: 809: 808: 807: 802: 797: 796: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 778:Psychological 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 714:Combined arms 712: 710: 707: 703: 700: 698: 695: 694: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 656: 651: 650: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 626: 623: 622: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 592: 591: 588: 587: 579: 576: 575: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 553:Fortification 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 539: 536: 535: 529: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 515: 513: 512: 509: 504: 503: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 454: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 378: 374: 371: 369: 368:Landing craft 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 340: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 319: 316: 315: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 238: 234: 233:Standing army 231: 229: 226: 224: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 163: 158: 157: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 131: 128: 126: 125:pike and shot 123: 122: 121: 118: 114: 111: 110: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 92: 87: 86: 82: 78: 77: 71: 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 6048: 6043: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5981: 5977: 5954:the original 5948: 5938: 5928: 5921: 5901: 5891: 5881: 5875: 5864:the original 5859: 5855: 5842: 5831:the original 5822: 5815: 5791: 5787: 5771: 5761: 5754: 5742:. Retrieved 5730: 5720: 5712: 5699: 5688:the original 5679: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5566: 5562: 5556: 5548:the original 5542: 5515: 5511: 5505: 5494:the original 5485: 5478: 5467:the original 5458: 5448: 5437:the original 5428: 5418: 5398: 5376: 5359:the original 5354: 5344: 5335: 5328: 5312: 5305: 5296: 5292: 5279: 5269: 5262: 5254:the original 5248: 5238: 5229: 5206: 5193: 5174: 5140: 5136: 5094: 5090: 5072: 5059: 5033: 5023: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4947: 4942: 4929: 4921: 4906: 4901: 4890:. Retrieved 4886: 4877: 4869: 4864: 4828: 4791: 4787: 4717: 4713: 4703: 4667: 4660: 4630:(1): 75–90. 4627: 4623: 4586: 4540:Case studies 4539: 4538: 4517: 4516: 4453: 4408: 4379: 4365: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4322: 4313: 4302: 4297: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267:Persian Gulf 4241:North Africa 4233: 4229: 4208: 4183: 4166: 4154: 4043:Weak states 3971: 3961:importance." 3957: 3946: 3937: 3930: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3899: 3874: 3870: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3795: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3752: 3748: 3729:security gap 3726: 3707: 3702: 3690: 3675: 3668: 3652: 3632: 3603: 3601: 3593: 3585: 3575: 3561: 3545: 3495: 3480: 3468: 3431: 3429: 3280:People Power 2997:Disobedience 2956: 2690:Saudi Arabia 2684:Soviet Union 2620:Soviet Union 2475: 2446:Bioterrorism 2409:Animal-borne 1978:Fifth column 1958:War resister 1953:Women in war 1848:Peacekeeping 1793:Arms control 1738: 1427:Mobilization 1422:Conscription 1380:Intelligence 1333:Organization 974: 903:Encirclement 783:Radiological 719:Conventional 573:Subterranean 480:Development: 479: 456: 418: 380: 343:Naval units: 342: 335:Signal corps 302: 265:Intelligence 245:Specialties: 244: 169:Organization 120:Early modern 18:Insurgencies 5984:: 443–464. 4735:10261/45454 4415:rule of law 4360:anonymously 4078:Philippines 4066:Ivory Coast 4050:Afghanistan 4017:El Salvador 4004:North Korea 3982:State type 3623:Mississippi 3464:rural areas 3342:Arab Spring 2940:Human chain 2930:Coup d'état 2839:Proletarian 2333:Death squad 2236:Suffragette 2156:Nationalist 2101:Definitions 1963:War studies 1786:Non-warfare 1714:Appeasement 1679:Martial law 1518:War economy 1457:Transgender 1410:Recruitment 1170:Containment 1055:Culminating 1035:Anti-access 958:Operational 878:Envelopment 821:Air assault 702:Air cavalry 662:Air defence 642:Information 543:Cold-region 508:Battlespace 457:Historical: 303:Land units: 209:Space force 204:Coast guard 137:Late modern 98:Prehistoric 6091:Insurgency 6085:Categories 6069:Insurgency 5794:(1): 134, 5207:Parameters 4892:2023-12-18 4603:References 4448:Boko Haram 4429:See also: 4411:governance 4177:Population 4106:Uzbekistan 4102:Tajikistan 4082:Kyrgyzstan 4070:Kazakhstan 3786:Solidarity 3745:Subversion 3739:Subversion 3582:civil wars 3554:rebels in 3536:Definition 3448:asymmetric 3432:insurgency 3364:Euromaidan 3312:Bolivarian 3260:Nicaraguan 3240:Guatemalan 3178:Young Turk 3158:Philippine 2987:Nonviolent 2982:Resistance 2957:Insurgency 2867:Nonviolent 2862:From above 2834:Democratic 2630:Uzbekistan 2615:Kazakhstan 2481:Kidnapping 2476:Insurgency 2424:Improvised 2251:Misogynist 2023:War crimes 2013:Operations 1920:Foot drill 1890:Battle cry 1803:deterrence 1462:Harassment 1437:Specialism 1260:Technology 1255:Succession 1200:Liberation 1135:Asymmetric 1070:Empty fort 976:Blitzkrieg 945:Withdrawal 908:Investment 687:Camouflage 682:Biological 620:Underwater 595:Amphibious 514:Aerospace 381:Air units: 358:Submarines 147:fourth-gen 142:industrial 130:napoleonic 6027:0022-0027 5744:31 August 5286:"Preface" 5157:154632359 4999:0043-8871 4810:1540-5907 4744:0003-0554 4695:225014676 4644:1537-5943 4462:. In the 4139:Palestine 4058:Indonesia 4033:Nicaragua 3952:Somalia." 3810:Palestine 3777:undermine 3773:overthrow 3758:Dean Rusk 3687:Terrorism 3681:Terrorism 3671:Trinquier 3641:terrorism 3476:terrorism 3444:authority 3436:rebellion 3317:Bulldozer 3270:Carnation 3265:Argentine 3208:1917–1923 3196:Communist 3141:Hungarian 2977:Rebellion 2915:Civil war 2877:Permanent 2824:Communist 2819:Bourgeois 2705:Venezuela 2586:Adherents 2486:Lone wolf 2399:Beheading 2348:Lone wolf 2308:Financing 2301:Structure 2186:Christian 2171:Religious 2141:Communist 2136:Anarchist 2111:Incidents 2091:Terrorism 1910:War novel 1813:Grey-zone 1773:War games 1734:Overmatch 1684:War crime 1634:Desertion 1624:Ceasefire 1619:Armistice 1506:Logistics 1484:Mercenary 1472:Volunteer 1403:Personnel 1375:Engineers 1320:Sociology 1275:World war 1270:Total war 1250:Strategic 1240:Religious 1225:Political 1220:Perpetual 1195:Irregular 1110:Offensive 1085:Defensive 1080:Deception 1040:Attrition 888:Guerrilla 883:Formation 826:Airbridge 758:Loitering 672:Artillery 325:Artillery 260:Engineers 223:Irregular 194:Air force 43:Home Army 6035:30152995 5899:(2005), 5808:20034213 5653:23185267 5613:PLOS ONE 5591:20016600 5456:(2004), 5396:(1996). 5246:(1961), 5119:38573183 5015:55598769 5007:40060186 4856:14897960 4760:17605053 4752:40863761 4470:See also 4343:and the 4336:Matanock 4212:swarming 4110:Zimbabwe 4074:Pakistan 4025:Mongolia 3927:swarming 3806:Chechnya 3722:ambushes 3552:Habsburg 3374:Sudanese 3352:Egyptian 3347:Tunisian 3300:Romanian 3201:Cultural 3187:Chinese 3162:Iranian 3131:February 3052:American 3047:Atlantic 3036:Examples 3009:Samizdat 2813:By class 2788:a series 2786:Part of 2670:Pakistan 2528:Stabbing 2511:Shooting 2353:Domestic 2313:Fronting 2181:Buddhist 2124:ideology 2083:a series 2081:Part of 1925:War song 1900:War film 1533:Materiel 1452:Children 1432:Training 1370:Medicine 1355:Doctrine 1310:Training 1245:Resource 1230:Princely 1180:Economic 1165:Conquest 1160:Colonial 1155:Cold war 1140:Blockade 1020:Strategy 992:Maneuver 753:Infantry 709:Chemical 563:Mountain 523:Airborne 386:Fighters 353:Warships 308:Infantry 250:Rifleman 214:Reserves 162:Military 5644:3504060 5621:Bibcode 5599:4380248 5571:Bibcode 5111:2706903 4933:Staff. 4922:de jure 4652:8303905 4265:In the 4260:Lebanon 4246:In the 4143:Somalia 4135:Liberia 4086:Myanmar 4029:Senegal 3629:Tactics 3518:Cabinda 3305:Singing 3255:Rwandan 3230:Spanish 3225:Siamese 3213:Russian 3183:Mexican 3109:Belgian 3084:Serbian 3072:Haitian 3057:Brabant 3042:English 2972:Protest 2905:Boycott 2899:Methods 2872:Passive 2535: ( 2491:Nuclear 2456:Dry run 2416: ( 2404:Bombing 2391: ( 2373:Tactics 2370:Methods 2201:Islamic 2106:History 2038:Writers 2033:Weapons 1998:Battles 1947:Related 1935:Wargame 1930:Uniform 1878:Culture 1659:Perfidy 1654:Justice 1575:Science 1560:Outpost 1513:History 1493:Warrior 1489:Soldier 1477:foreign 1415:counter 1315:Service 1265:Theater 1205:Limited 1185:Endemic 1100:Nuclear 868:Foxhole 843:Cavalry 831:Airdrop 816:Airlift 801:Tactics 773:Nuclear 763:Missile 692:Cavalry 677:Barrage 655:Weapons 615:Surface 396:Command 391:Bombers 348:Frogman 318:Cavalry 275:Medical 237:Militia 219:Regular 199:Marines 113:castles 103:Ancient 91:History 70:outline 6033: 6025: 5909: 5806: 5651: 5641: 5597: 5589: 5563:Nature 5406: 5181: 5155: 5117: 5109: 5048: 5013: 5005: 4997: 4954: 4918:p. 246 4913: 4854: 4844: 4808: 4758: 4750: 4742: 4693: 4683: 4650: 4642: 4450:, 2016 4351:Berman 4332:Berman 4258:, and 4256:Jordan 4248:Levant 4125:, the 4123:Angola 4037:Uganda 3985:Needs 3782:Poland 3485:, the 3458:force 3357:Yemeni 3337:Kyrgyz 3327:Orange 3295:Velvet 3290:Yogurt 3235:August 3218:German 3191:Xinhai 3171:Second 3148:Eureka 3136:German 3067:French 3024:Terror 2967:Mutiny 2882:Social 2857:Colour 2680:Russia 2660:Kuwait 2655:Israel 2516:School 2501:Piracy 2434:Threat 2429:Letter 2322:online 2211:Jewish 2190:Mormon 2018:Sieges 1702:Theory 1442:Morale 1300:Policy 1295:Branch 1075:Mosaic 1065:Fabian 1007:Covert 940:Trench 925:Screen 848:Charge 838:Battle 811:Aerial 729:Denial 697:Horses 625:Seabed 578:Tunnel 558:Jungle 548:Desert 518:Aerial 285:Diving 280:Police 6031:S2CID 5867:(PDF) 5852:(PDF) 5834:(PDF) 5827:(PDF) 5804:JSTOR 5784:(PDF) 5735:(PDF) 5709:(PDF) 5691:(PDF) 5684:(PDF) 5595:S2CID 5497:(PDF) 5490:(PDF) 5470:(PDF) 5463:(PDF) 5440:(PDF) 5433:(PDF) 5317:(PDF) 5289:(PDF) 5203:(PDF) 5153:S2CID 5115:S2CID 5107:JSTOR 5069:(PDF) 5011:S2CID 5003:JSTOR 4960:p. 63 4852:S2CID 4756:S2CID 4748:JSTOR 4691:S2CID 4648:S2CID 4578:Notes 4252:Egypt 4220:ASEAN 4131:Haiti 4098:Syria 4094:Sudan 4054:Egypt 4021:Ghana 3718:raids 3663:coups 3619:South 3547:kuruc 3514:UNITA 3460:state 3332:Tulip 3250:Cuban 3166:First 3116:Texas 3089:Greek 3062:Liège 2992:Civil 2695:Syria 2675:Qatar 2665:Libya 2521:Spree 2496:Paper 2439:Proxy 2196:Hindu 1991:Lists 1447:Women 1385:Ranks 1305:Staff 1235:Proxy 1150:Class 1105:Naval 1090:Depth 920:Swarm 913:Siege 893:Naval 873:Drone 768:Music 743:Robot 739:Drone 724:Cyber 667:Armor 637:Cyber 610:Green 605:Brown 568:Urban 528:Space 449:Radar 444:Sonar 313:Armor 295:Pilot 290:Comms 270:Recon 255:Staff 228:Ranks 6023:ISSN 5907:ISBN 5746:2013 5649:PMID 5587:PMID 5404:ISBN 5179:ISBN 5046:ISBN 4995:ISSN 4952:ISBN 4911:ISBN 4842:ISBN 4806:ISSN 4740:ISSN 4681:ISBN 4640:ISSN 4433:and 4334:and 4326:(or 4216:NATO 4062:Iraq 4000:Cuba 3720:and 3522:FLEC 3512:and 3510:MPLA 3489:was 3322:Rose 3285:1989 3275:Saur 3121:1848 3104:July 3099:1830 3094:1820 3004:Riot 2887:Wave 2650:Iran 2537:list 2418:list 2393:list 2216:Sikh 2028:Wars 1545:Base 1095:Goal 1002:Raid 600:Blue 538:Land 189:Navy 184:Army 6015:doi 5986:doi 5796:doi 5739:GPO 5639:PMC 5629:doi 5579:doi 5567:462 5520:doi 5145:doi 5099:doi 5038:doi 4985:doi 4834:doi 4796:doi 4730:hdl 4722:doi 4718:104 4673:doi 4632:doi 4239:In 4218:or 3808:or 3775:or 3771:) " 3430:An 2414:Car 2122:By 1612:Law 1555:FOB 1550:MOB 590:Sea 62:War 6087:: 6029:. 6021:. 6011:55 6009:. 5982:18 5980:. 5976:. 5962:^ 5860:84 5858:. 5854:. 5802:, 5792:84 5790:, 5786:, 5711:, 5660:^ 5647:, 5637:, 5627:, 5615:, 5593:, 5585:, 5577:, 5565:, 5532:^ 5516:55 5514:. 5385:^ 5367:^ 5353:, 5319:, 5295:, 5291:, 5228:, 5214:^ 5205:, 5165:^ 5151:. 5141:59 5139:. 5127:^ 5113:. 5105:. 5095:49 5093:. 5081:^ 5071:. 5044:, 5032:, 5009:. 5001:. 4993:. 4981:59 4979:. 4975:. 4958:. 4885:. 4850:. 4840:. 4818:^ 4804:. 4792:55 4790:. 4786:. 4768:^ 4754:. 4746:. 4738:. 4728:. 4716:. 4712:. 4689:. 4679:. 4646:. 4638:. 4628:97 4626:. 4622:. 4610:^ 4413:, 4347:. 4254:, 4222:. 4141:, 4137:, 4133:, 4129:, 4108:, 4104:, 4100:, 4096:, 4092:, 4088:, 4084:, 4080:, 4076:, 4072:, 4068:, 4064:, 4060:, 4056:, 4052:, 4035:, 4031:, 4027:, 4023:, 4019:, 4002:, 3800:, 3784:, 3616:US 3606:, 2790:on 2085:on 1491:/ 741:/ 235:/ 221:/ 41:A 6037:. 6017:: 5994:. 5988:: 5798:: 5748:. 5631:: 5623:: 5617:7 5581:: 5573:: 5526:. 5522:: 5412:. 5297:4 5187:. 5159:. 5147:: 5121:. 5101:: 5075:. 5040:: 5017:. 4987:: 4895:. 4858:. 4836:: 4812:. 4798:: 4762:. 4732:: 4724:: 4697:. 4675:: 4654:. 4634:: 4595:. 3419:e 3412:t 3405:v 2772:e 2765:t 2758:v 2686:) 2682:( 2539:) 2420:) 2395:) 2324:) 2320:( 2207:) 2203:( 2192:) 2188:( 2067:e 2060:t 2053:v 72:) 68:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index