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family-oriented strategies. Psychosocial treatments are intended primarily for children before and during the preschool years as this is the optimum time for intervention. This early intervention should include encouragement of exploration, mentoring in basic skills, celebration of developmental advances, guided rehearsal and extension of newly acquired skills, protection from harmful displays of disapproval, teasing, or punishment, and exposure to a rich and responsive language environment. A great example of a successful intervention is the
Carolina Abecedarian Project that was conducted with over 100 children from low socioeconomic status families beginning in infancy through pre-school years. Results indicated that by age 2, the children provided the intervention had higher test scores than control group children, and they remained approximately 5 points higher 10 years after the end of the program. By young adulthood, children from the intervention group had better educational attainment, employment opportunities, and fewer behavioral problems than their control-group counterparts.
51:
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metastrategical by teaching them to discriminate among different tasks and determine which plan or strategy suits each task. Finally, family-oriented strategies delve into empowering the family with the skill set they need to support and encourage their child or children with an intellectual disability. In general, this includes teaching assertiveness skills or behavior management techniques as well as how to ask for help from neighbors, extended family, or day-care staff. As the child ages, parents are then taught how to approach topics such as housing/residential care, employment, and relationships. The ultimate goal for every intervention or technique is to give the child autonomy and a sense of independence using the acquired skills they have. In a 2019 Cochrane review on beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability, small to moderate improvements in
294:(ASD) share clinical characteristics which can result in confusion while diagnosing. Overlapping these two disorders, while common, can be detrimental to a person's well-being. Those with ASD that hold symptoms of ID may be grouped into a co-diagnosis in which they are receiving treatment for a disorder they do not have. Likewise, those with ID that are mistaken to have ASD may be treated for symptoms of a disorder they do not have. Differentiating between these two disorders will allow clinicians to deliver or prescribe the appropriate treatments. Comorbidity between ID and ASD is very common; it was estimated that roughly 40% of those with ID also have ASD, and roughly 70% of those with ASD also have ID. More recently, research has indicated a prevalence of roughly 30% for ID in individuals with ASD. Both ASD and ID require shortfalls in communication and social awareness as defining criteria.
303:
mannerisms, and preoccupation with parts of objects". Those with ASD tend to show more deficits in non-verbal social behavior such as body language and understanding social cues. In a study done in 2008 of 336 individuals with varying levels of ID, it was found that those with ID display fewer instances of repetitive or ritualistic behaviors. It also recognized that those with ASD, when compared to those with ID, were more likely to isolate themselves and make less eye contact. When it comes to classification ID and ASD have very different guidelines. ID has a standardized assessment called the
Supports Intensity Scale (SIS); this measures severity on a system built around how much support an individual will need. While ASD also classifies severity by support needed, there is no standard assessment; clinicians are free to diagnose severity at their own judgment.
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involving pictures and visual aids, therapists aim at improving speech capacity so that short sentences about important daily tasks (e.g. bathroom use, eating, etc.) can be effectively communicated by the child. In a similar fashion, older children benefit from this type of training as they learn to sharpen their social skills such as sharing, taking turns, following instruction, and smiling. At the same time, a movement known as social inclusion attempts to increase valuable interactions between children with an intellectual disability and their non-disabled peers. Cognitive-behavioral treatments, a combination of the previous two treatment types, involves a
318:
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rehabilitation programs that approximate schools, workshops wherein people with disabilities can obtain jobs, programs that assist people with developmental disabilities in obtaining jobs in the community, programs that provide support for people with developmental disabilities who have their own apartments, programs that assist them with raising their children, and many more. There are also many agencies and programs for parents of children with developmental disabilities.
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6213:
1054:, sub-human and burdens of charity, resulting in the adoption of that "deviant" role. Wolfensberger argued that this dehumanization, and the segregated institutions that result from it, ignored the potential productive contributions that all people can make to society. He pushed for a shift in policy and practice that recognized the human needs of those with intellectual disability and provided the same basic human rights as for the rest of the population.
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171:, judgment, academic learning, and learning from experience. Deficits in these functions must be confirmed by clinical evaluation and individualized standard IQ testing. On the other hand, adaptive behaviors include the social, developmental, and practical skills people learn to perform tasks in their everyday lives. Deficits in adaptive functioning often compromises an individual's independence and ability to meet their social responsibility.
6223:
977:. People were placed by, or removed from, their families (usually in infancy) and housed in large professional institutions, many of which were self-sufficient through the labor of the residents. Some of these institutions provided a very basic level of education (such as differentiation between colors and basic word recognition and numeracy), but most continued to focus solely on the provision of
1395:, while "moderate learning difficulties", "severe learning difficulties" and "profound learning difficulties" refer to more significant impairments. The term "Profound and Multiple Learning Disability/ies" (PMLD) is used: the NHS describes PMLD as "when a person has a severe learning disability and other disabilities that significantly affect their ability to communicate and be independent".
750:
professionals use structured interviews, with which they systematically elicit information about persons' functioning in the community from people who know them well. There are many adaptive behavior scales, and accurate assessment of the quality of someone's adaptive behavior requires clinical judgment as well. Certain skills are important to adaptive behavior, such as:
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profound when individuals are unable to independently care for themselves without ongoing significant assistance from a caregiver throughout adulthood. Individuals with profound ID are completely dependent on others for all ADLs and to maintain their physical health and safety. They may be able to learn to participate in some of these activities to a limited degree.
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based on descriptions of known abilities provided by someone familiar with the person, and also the observations of the assessment examiner, who is able to find out directly from the person what they can understand, communicate, and such like. IQ assessment must be based on a current test. This enables a diagnosis to avoid the pitfall of the
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performance level by a test-taker two standard deviations below the median score for the test-takers age group defined as IQ 70. Until the most recent revision of diagnostic standards, an IQ of 70 or below was a primary factor for intellectual disability diagnosis, and IQ scores were used to categorize degrees of intellectual disability.
1307:, and other disorders that develop during the developmental period (birth to age 18). Because service provision is tied to the designation "developmental disability", it is used by many parents, direct support professionals, and physicians. In the United States, however, in school-based settings, the more specific term
749:
Adaptive behavior, or adaptive functioning, refers to the skills needed to live independently (or at the minimally acceptable level for age). To assess adaptive behavior, professionals compare the functional abilities of a child to those of other children of similar age. To measure adaptive behavior,
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adapted Binet's test and promoted it as a test measuring "general intelligence". Terman's test was the first widely used mental test to report scores in "intelligence quotient" form ("mental age" divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100). Current tests are scored in "deviation IQ" form, with a
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By the mid-1970s, most governments had committed to de-institutionalization and had started preparing for the wholesale movement of people into the general community, in line with the principles of normalization. In most countries, this was essentially complete by the late 1990s, although the debate
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Other specific skills can be critical to an individual's inclusion in the community and to develop appropriate social behaviors, as for example being aware of the different social expectations linked to the principal lifespan stages (i.e., childhood, adulthood, old age). The results of a Swiss study
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people with intellectual disability live on average 16 years less than the general population. Some of the barriers that exist for people with ID accessing quality healthcare include: communication challenges, service eligibility, lack of training for healthcare providers, diagnostic overshadowing,
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In the United States, the average lifetime cost of a person with an intellectual disability amounts to $ 223,000 per person, in 2003 US dollars, for direct costs such as medical and educational expenses. The indirect costs were estimated at $ 771,000, due to shorter lifespans and lower than average
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defined "mental impairment" and "severe mental impairment" as "a state of arrested or incomplete development of mind which includes significant/severe impairment of intelligence and social functioning and is associated with abnormally aggressive or seriously irresponsible conduct on the part of the
264:
are particularly common signs of moderate ID. People with moderate intellectual disabilities need considerable support in school, at home, and in the community in order to fully participate. While their academic potential is limited, they can learn simple health and safety skills and to participate
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or emotional/behavioral disorders. People with mild ID are capable of learning reading and mathematics skills to approximately the level of a typical child aged nine to twelve. They can learn self-care and practical skills, such as cooking or using the local mass transit system. As individuals with
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The
American Association on Mental Retardation changed its name to the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) in 2007, and soon thereafter changed the names of its scholarly journals to reflect the term "intellectual disability". In 2010, the AAIDD released its
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Among children, the cause of intellectual disability is unknown for one-third to one-half of cases. About 5% of cases are inherited. Genetic defects that cause intellectual disability, but are not inherited, can be caused by accidents or mutations in genetic development. Examples of such accidents
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In a study conducted in 2016 surveying 2816 cases, it was found that the top subsets that help differentiate between those with ID and ASD are, "impaired non-verbal social behavior and lack of social reciprocity, restricted interests, strict adherence to routines, stereotyped and repetitive motor
1933:
Boat, Thomas F.; Wu, Joel T.; Disorders, Committee to
Evaluate the Supplemental Security Income Disability Program for Children with Mental; Populations, Board on the Health of Select; Board on Children, Youth; Medicine, Institute of; Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and; The
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The law treats person with intellectual disabilities differently than those without intellectual disabilities. Their human rights and freedoms, including the right to vote, the right to conduct business, enter into a contract, enter into marriage, right to education, are often limited. The courts
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People with intellectual disabilities are often not seen as full citizens of society. Person-centered planning and approaches are seen as methods of addressing the continued labeling and exclusion of socially devalued people, such as people with disabilities, encouraging a focus on the person as
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shows the distribution between different facilities. Out of 2,046 persons surveyed, 1,281 were in private dwellings, 120 in jails, and 645 in asylums, with men representing nearly two-thirds of the number surveyed. In situations of scarcity of accommodation, preference was given to white men and
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Beyond that, there are specific programs that people with developmental disabilities can take part in wherein they learn basic life skills. These "goals" may take a much longer amount of time for them to accomplish, but the ultimate goal is independence. This may be anything from independence in
689:
Since the current diagnosis of intellectual disability is not based on IQ scores alone, but must also take into consideration a person's adaptive functioning, the diagnosis is not made rigidly. It encompasses intellectual scores, adaptive functioning scores from an adaptive behavior rating scale
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Along with the changes in terminology, and the downward drift in acceptability of the old terms, institutions of all kinds have had to repeatedly change their names. This affects the names of schools, hospitals, societies, government departments, and academic journals. For example, the
Midlands
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of food, clothing, and shelter. Conditions in such institutions varied widely, but the support provided was generally non-individualized, with aberrant behavior and low levels of economic productivity regarded as a burden to society. Individuals of higher wealth were often able to afford higher
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Core components of behavioral treatments include language and social skills acquisition. Typically, one-to-one training is offered in which a therapist uses a shaping procedure in combination with positive reinforcements to help the child pronounce syllables until words are completed. Sometimes
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People with Severe ID (IQ 20–34), accounting for 3.5% of persons with ID, or
Profound ID (IQ 19 or below), accounting for 1.5% of persons with ID, need more intensive support and supervision for their entire lives. They may learn some ADLs, but an intellectual disability is considered severe or
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adopted service to people with developmental disabilities as a major organizational emphasis in 1952. Their earliest efforts included workshops for special education teachers and daycamps for children with disabilities, all at a time when such training and programs were almost nonexistent. The
817:
There are four broad areas of intervention that allow for active participation from caregivers, community members, clinicians, and of course, the individual(s) with an intellectual disability. These include psychosocial treatments, behavioral treatments, cognitive-behavioral treatments, and
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is increasingly being used as a synonym for people with significantly below-average cognitive ability. These terms are sometimes used as a means of separating general intellectual limitations from specific, limited deficits as well as indicating that it is not an emotional or psychological
806:. Currently, there is no "cure" for an established disability, though with appropriate support and teaching, most individuals can learn to do many things. Causes, such as congenital hypothyroidism, if detected early may be treated to prevent the development of an intellectual disability.
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learning technique that teaches children math, language, and other basic skills pertaining to memory and learning. The first goal of the training is to teach the child to be a strategical thinker through making cognitive connections and plans. Then, the therapist teaches the child to be
809:
There are thousands of agencies around the world that provide assistance for people with developmental disabilities. They include state-run, for-profit, and non-profit, privately run agencies. Within one agency there could be departments that include fully staffed residential homes, day
929:(r. 705–715) built one of the first care homes for individuals with intellectual disabilities and built the first hospital which accommodated intellectually disabled individuals as part of its services. In addition, Al-Walid assigned each intellectually disabled individual a caregiver.
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tooth brushing to an independent residence. People with developmental disabilities learn throughout their lives and can obtain many new skills even late in life with the help of their families, caregivers, clinicians and the people who coordinate the efforts of all of these people.
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for improving the health status for people with intellectual disabilities include: improve access to health care, improve data collection, strengthen the workforce, include people with ID in public health programs, and prepare for emergencies with people with disabilities in mind.
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in Europe, care and asylum was provided by families and the church (in monasteries and other religious communities), focusing on the provision of basic physical needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. Negative stereotypes were prominent in social attitudes of the time.
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Intellectual disability has been documented under a variety of names throughout history. Throughout much of human history, society was unkind to those with any type of disability, and people with intellectual disability were commonly viewed as burdens on their families.
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Although there is no specific medication for intellectual disability, many people with developmental disabilities have further medical complications and may be prescribed several medications. For example, autistic children with developmental delay may be prescribed
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and social self-conception, but more ambitious plans for employment. As adults, they may live independently, with family members, or in different types of institutions organized to support people with disabilities. About 8% currently live in an institution or a
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The term intellectual disability covers the same population of individuals who were diagnosed previously with mental retardation in number, kind, level, type, duration of disability, and the need of people with this disability for individualized services and
566:), as intellectual disability caused by severe iodine deficiency is called, is mild impairment of intelligence. Residents of certain areas of the world, due to natural deficiency and governmental inaction, are severely affected by iodine deficiency.
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have an essential part in gene regulation, and sometimes these proteins become modified and are prevented from working properly. When the genes responsible for the development of neurons are affected, it affects the brain and behavior in the
1265:" is not currently defined, but the term may be used to apply to people with IQs in the 70s. People with IQs of 70 to 85 used to be eligible for special consideration in the US public education system on grounds of intellectual disability.
50:
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In early childhood, mild ID (IQ 50–69) may not be obvious or identified until children begin school. Even when poor academic performance is recognized, it may take expert assessment to distinguish mild intellectual disability from
2094:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
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Until the middle of the 20th century, people with intellectual disabilities were routinely excluded from public education, or educated away from other typically developing children. Compared to peers who were segregated in
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The term general learning disability is now used in the UK instead of terms such as mental handicap or mental retardation. The degree of disability can vary significantly, being classified as mild, moderate, severe or
213:(ADLs) when compared to same-aged peers. There often are no physical signs of mild forms of ID, although there may be characteristic physical traits when it is associated with a genetic disorder (e.g., Down syndrome).
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In the past, Australia has used
British and American terms interchangeably, including "mental retardation" and "mental handicap". Today, "intellectual disability" is the preferred and more commonly used descriptor.
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It is formally diagnosed by an assessment of IQ and adaptive behavior. A third condition requiring onset during the developmental period is used to distinguish intellectual disability from other conditions, such as
1050:'s seminal work "The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models", drawing on some of the ideas proposed by S. G. Howe 100 years earlier. This study posited that society characterizes people with disabilities as
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633:(DSM-IV), three criteria must be met for a diagnosis of intellectual disability: significant limitation in general mental abilities (intellectual functioning), significant limitations in one or more areas of
2264:
Siegel, Matthew (1 April 2020). "Practice
Parameter for the Assessment and Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents With Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)".
1020:. Eugenics was later abandoned as a violation of human rights, and the practice of forced sterilization and prohibition from marriage was discontinued by most of the developed world by the mid-20th century.
3038:
Sundaram SK, Sivaswamy L, Makki MI, Behen ME, Chugani HT (February 2008). "Absence of arcuate fasciculus in children with global developmental delay of unknown etiology: a diffusion tensor imaging study".
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Figure 8-3. Estimated full-scale IQ distributions for SCA and control children: 47,XXX (mean ~83), 45,X & Variant (mean ~85), 47,XXY (mean ~95), 47,XYY (mean ~100), Controls and SCA Mosaics (mean ~104)
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In general, people with intellectual disabilities have an IQ below 70, but clinical discretion may be necessary for individuals who have a somewhat higher IQ but severe impairment in adaptive functioning.
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Cooney G, Jahoda A, Gumley A, Knott F (June 2006). "Young people with intellectual disabilities attending mainstream and segregated schooling: perceived stigma, social comparison and future aspirations".
2453:
Bilder, Deborah; Botts, Elizabeth L.; Smith, Ken R.; Pimentel, Richard; Farley, Megan; Viskochil, Joseph; McMahon, William M.; Block, Heidi; Ritvo, Edward; Ritvo, Riva-Ariella; Coon, Hilary (2012-09-25).
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did not uphold the complaint saying "it was not used in an offensive context and had been used light-heartedly". It was, however, noted that two previous similar complaints from other shows were upheld.
1515:. Of the costs, about 14% is due to increased medical expenses (not including what is normally incurred by the typical person), and 10% is due to direct non-medical expenses, such as the excess cost of
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1621:
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Pedersen AL, Pettygrove S, Lu Z, Andrews J, Meaney FJ, Kurzius-Spencer M, et al. (August 2017). "DSM Criteria that Best
Differentiate Intellectual Disability from Autism Spectrum Disorder".
1684:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
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person concerned." As behavior was involved, these were not necessarily permanent conditions: they were defined for the purpose of authorizing detention in hospital or guardianship. The term
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suggest that the performance of adults with ID in recognizing different lifespan stages is related to specific cognitive abilities and to the type of material used to test this performance.
5802:
3542:
Hay I, Elias G, Fielding-Barnsley R, Homel R, Freiberg K (2007). "Language delays, reading delays, and learning difficulties: interactive elements requiring multidimensional programming".
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The new term is not yet widely understood, and is often taken to refer to problems affecting schoolwork (the
American usage), which are known in the UK as "learning difficulties". British
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620:
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1576:, and behavioral and psychiatric problems compared to people without disabilities. Adults also have a higher prevalence of poor social determinants of health, behavioral risk factors,
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compared to standard schooling. The largest amount, 76%, is indirect costs accounting for reduced productivity and shortened lifespans. Some expenses, such as ongoing costs to family
1139:
has become preferred by most advocates and researchers in most English-speaking countries. In a 2012 survey of 101 Canadian healthcare professionals, 78% said they would use the term
2341:
1636:
955:. He believed that it was caused by structural problems in the brain. According to Willis, the anatomical problems could be either an inborn condition or acquired later in life.
882:, who valued reasoning abilities, disparaged people with intellectual disability as barely human. The oldest physiological view of intellectual disability is in the writings of
189:
Intellectual disability affects about 2–3% of the general population. Seventy-five to ninety percent of the affected people have mild intellectual disability. Non-syndromic, or
3149:
3677:
Kalachnik JE, Hanzel TE, Sevenich R, Harder SR (September 2002). "Benzodiazepine behavioral side effects: review and implications for individuals with mental retardation".
1503:
economic productivity. The total direct and indirect costs, which amount to a little more than a million dollars, are slightly more than the economic costs associated with
1418:
poll conducted in the United Kingdom came to the conclusion that 'retard' was the most offensive disability-related word. On the reverse side of that, when a contestant on
847:
in people with intellectual disability requires monitoring and vigilance as side effects occur commonly and are often misdiagnosed as behavioral and psychiatric problems.
1123:
Institute of Mental Sub-normality became the British Institute of Mental Handicap and is now the British Institute of Learning Disability. This phenomenon is shared with
4727:
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awareness, word reading, decoding, expressive and receptive language skills, and reading fluency were noted when these elements were part of the teaching intervention.
3421:
van der Schuit M, Segers E, van Balkom H, Verhoeven L (2011). "Early language intervention for children with intellectual disabilities: a neurocognitive perspective".
4778:
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has 500 million people with a deficiency, 54 million with goiter, and 2 million with congenital iodine deficiency. Among other nations affected by iodine deficiency,
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intellectual disabilities reach adulthood, many learn to live independently and maintain gainful employment. About 85% of persons with ID are likely to have mild ID.
5179:
Adkins, B.; Summerville, J.; Knox, M.; Brown, A. R.; Dillon, S. (2012). "Digital technologies and musical participation for people with intellectual disabilities".
1315:, is still typically used, and is one of 13 categories of disability under which children may be identified for special education services under Public Law 108–446.
6728:
3192:
Straccia C, Tessari Veyre A, Bernasconi F, Petitpierre G (2019-04-11). "Examining lifespan stage recognition abilities among adults with intellectual disability".
1959:
Barros, Isabela; Leão, Vito; Santis, Jessica O.; Rosa, Reginaldo; Brotto, Danielle B.; Storti, Camila; Siena, Ádamo; Molfetta, Greice; Silva Jr, Wilson A. (2021).
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elsewhere in a less well-defined manner—e.g. to allow exemption from taxes—implying that intellectual disability without any behavioral problems is what is meant.
5818:
1762:
3283:
Hodapp RM, Burack JA (2015). "Developmental Approaches to Children with Mental Retardation: A Second Generation". In Cicchetti, Dante, Cohen, Donald J. (eds.).
2613:
Shenouda, Josephine; Barrett, Emily; Davidow, Amy L.; Sidwell, Kate; Lescott, Cara; Halperin, William; Silenzio, Vincent M. B.; Zahorodny, Walter (2023-02-01).
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against governments and increasing awareness of human rights and self-advocacy also contributed to this process, resulting in the passing in the U.S. of the
629:
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Bagner DM, Eyberg SM (2007). "Parent-child interaction therapy for disruptive behavior in children with mental retardation: a randomized controlled trial".
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Intellectual disability is subdivided into syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits associated with other medical and behavioral
4920:
1682:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
1273:
713:, which is a broader concept and includes intellectual deficits that are too mild to properly qualify as intellectual disability, or too specific (as in
3343:
Campbell FA, Ramey CT, Pungello E, Sparling J, Miller-Johnson S (2002). "Early childhood education: Young adult outcomes from the Abecedarian Project".
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Intellectual disability affects about 2–3% of the general population. 75–90% of the affected people have mild intellectual disability. Non-syndromic or
5859:
3254:
5044:"Discrimination and other barriers to accessing health care: perspectives of patients with mild and moderate intellectual disability and their carers"
5319:
1820:
2092:
Vos T, Barber RM, Bell B, Bertozzi-Villa A, Biryukov S, Bolliger I, et al. (Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 Collaborators) (August 2015).
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prevailed. Services were provided based on the relative ease to the provider, not based on the needs of the individual. A survey taken in 1891 in
269:, or even semi-independently with significant supportive services to help them, for example, manage their finances. As adults, they may work in a
4221:
3017:
4884:(January 2004). "Economic costs associated with mental retardation, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and vision impairment--United States, 2003".
4326:"Intellectual developmental disorders: towards a new name, definition and framework for "mental retardation/intellectual disability" in ICD-11"
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people with intellectual disabilities had limited rights and were generally looked down upon. They were considered property and could be kept
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does not develop properly. For example, there may be a problem with the way the fetus's cells divide as it grows. A pregnant woman who drinks
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is not associated with significantly lowered IQ though affected individuals may have slightly lower IQs than non-affected siblings on average.
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710:
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segregation of people with developmental disabilities was not widely questioned by academics or policy-makers until the 1969 publication of
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In the 13th century, England declared people with intellectual disabilities to be incapable of making decisions or managing their affairs.
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A documentary about eight young people with IDD in California and their experiences with competitive integrated employment. Funded by the
3998:
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Siperstein GN, Glick GC, Parker RC (April 2009). "Social inclusion of children with intellectual disabilities in a recreational setting".
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in regard to these types of disabilities, and was the impetus for the development of government strategies for desegregation. Successful
970:, whose life and guardianship battles provide significant insight into the early legal and social treatment of people with disabilities.
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were significant causes of intellectual disability. Some causes of intellectual disability are decreasing, as medical advances, such as
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degrees of care such as home care or private asylums. Heavy tranquilization and assembly-line methods of support were the norm, and the
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Matson JL, Matson ML, Rivet TT (September 2007). "Social-skills treatments for children with autism spectrum disorders: an overview".
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Black men (whose insanity threatened white society by disrupting employment relations and the taboo sexual contact with white women).
863:. Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people as of 2013. It is more common in males and in low to middle income countries.
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7015:
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2456:"Excess Mortality and Causes of Death in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Follow up of the 1980s Utah/UCLA Autism Epidemiologic Study"
542:, affecting approximately 2 billion people worldwide, is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disability in areas of the
209:
Intellectual disability (ID) becomes apparent during childhood and involves deficits in mental abilities, social skills, and core
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17:
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Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (September 2006). "The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders".
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Clinical and Educational Child Psychology an Ecological-Transactional Approach to Understanding Child Problems and Interventions
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that have no mental or intellectual components, although it, too, is sometimes used as a euphemism for intellectual disability.
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are sometimes used, but have been criticized for "reinforc the idea that people cannot deal honestly with their disabilities".
903:
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641:, and more), and evidence that the limitations became apparent in childhood or adolescence (onset during developmental phase).
2418:
Matson JL, Shoemaker M (November–December 2009). "Intellectual disability and its relationship to autism spectrum disorders".
1383:. In education, "learning difficulties" is applied to a wide range of conditions: "specific learning difficulty" may refer to
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1540:, which sets minimum standards for the rights of persons with disabilities, has been ratified by more than 180 countries. In
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1833:
Decades-long quest by disabilities advocates finally persuades state, federal governments to end official use of 'retarded'.
1038:
that was necessary for a person to commit a crime, during the 1920s, Western society believed they were morally degenerate.
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2052:
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are present, and non-syndromic intellectual disability, in which intellectual deficits appear without other abnormalities.
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Matson JL, Dempsey T (2008). "Stereotypy in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relationship and Diagnostic Fidelity".
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5448:"Effects of the changes in legislation governing offenders with intellectual disabilities in Norway: A descriptive study"
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Kemp C, Carter M (2002). "The social skills and social status of mainstreamed students with intellectual disabilities".
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5880:
5510:
5423:
1206:(2013). The term "mental retardation" is still used in some professional settings such as governmental aid programs or
5152:
4528:
637:
across multiple environments (as measured by an adaptive behavior rating scale, i.e. communication, self-help skills,
7248:
7068:
6966:
6226:
5238:
4443:
2979:
1407:
was removed from the Act in November 2008, but the grounds for detention remained. However, English statute law uses
1379:
may use "learning difficulty" to refer to both people with intellectual disability and those with conditions such as
1568:
People with intellectual disabilities are usually at a higher risk of living with complex health conditions such as
7517:
7340:
6577:
6548:
6489:
5725:
1175:
624:
406:
312:
610:
Furthermore, lack of stimulation of sensory pathways in infants can also cause developmental and cognitive delays.
6582:
6377:
6302:
6128:
5664:
4617:
2721:
1420:
1213:
475:
339:
95:
5500:
4324:
Salvador-Carulla L, Reed GM, Vaez-Azizi LM, Cooper SA, Martinez-Leal R, Bertelli M, et al. (October 2011).
3690:
7527:
7235:
7020:
6991:
6252:
6042:
5986:
1549:
891:
2513:"Comorbidity of intellectual disability confounds ascertainment of autism: implications for genetic diagnosis"
144:
6761:
6479:
6455:
6093:
5854:
5730:
4384:
2907:"Neurocognitive outcomes of individuals with a sex chromosome trisomy: XXX, XYY, or XXY: a systematic review"
1846:
1789:
1474:
by people with intellectual disabilities, which means allowing them to make decisions about their own lives.
1361:
600:
and nations struggling with extended periods of warfare that disrupt agriculture production and distribution.
571:
220:
Delays in reaching, or failure to achieve milestones in motor skills development (sitting, crawling, walking)
3238:
7424:
6961:
6494:
6339:
6098:
5895:
5295:. Communications and Corporate Development, Research Branch. Correctional Service of Canada. Archived from
1810:
738:
714:
223:
Slowness learning to talk, or continued difficulties with speech and language skills after starting to talk
59:
1072:
From the 1960s to the present, most states have moved towards the elimination of segregated institutions.
6669:
6467:
5900:
5875:
5704:
5514:
3316:
Ramey SL, Ramey CT (1992). "Early educational intervention with disadvantaged children—To what effect?".
983:
734:
479:
128:
7482:
5229:
1004:
proposed selective breeding of humans to reduce intellectual disability. Early in the 20th century, the
694:, which is a consequence of changes in population IQ test performance changing IQ test norms over time.
7419:
6334:
6169:
5961:
5797:
5709:
5657:
5275:
People with Intellectual Disabilities: from Invisible to Visible Citizens of the EU Accession Countries
4562:
2243:
1228:
became popular in the middle of the 20th century to replace the previous set of terms, which included "
1058:
722:
226:
Difficulty with self-help and self-care skills (e.g., getting dressed, washing, and feeding themselves)
210:
3009:
2793:
Siderius LE, Hamel BC, van Bokhoven H, de Jager F, van den Helm B, Kremer H, et al. (July 1999).
2071:
1763:"Mental retardation (term that has been replaced by intellectual developmental disorder) – GPnotebook"
1257:
in some contexts covers the whole field, but it previously applied to people with milder impairments.
7429:
7398:
6776:
6659:
6245:
5885:
5740:
4232:
1573:
1483:
1183:
907:
398:
390:
378:
5289:
Persons with intellectual disability who are incarcerated for criminal offences: A literature review
5214:
On the Margins of Citizenship: Intellectual Disability and Civil Rights in Twentieth-Century America
4421:
A manual for the classification, training, and education of the feeble-minded, imbecile, and idiotic
4162:
Gernsbacher, Morton Ann; Raimond, Adam R.; Balinghasay, M. Theresa; Boston, Jilana S. (2016-12-19).
3287:. Vol. 3: Risk, disorder, and adaptation (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 235–267.
1892:
1210:
paperwork, where "mental retardation" is specifically covered but "intellectual disability" is not.
7477:
7393:
7388:
7085:
7048:
7040:
6858:
6827:
6568:
6553:
6062:
6037:
5583:
5482:
The Story of Intellectual Disability: An Evolution of Meaning, Understanding, and Public Perception
5397:
2834:
Laumonnier F, Holbert S, Ronce N, Faravelli F, Lenzner S, Schwartz CE, et al. (October 2005).
1631:
1291:
1085:
1034:
Although ancient Roman law had declared people with intellectual disability to be incapable of the
996:
899:
879:
875:
730:
650:
291:
139:
that is first apparent during childhood. Children with intellectual disabilities typically have an
5415:
Whatever Happened to Inclusion?: The Place of Students with Intellectual Disabilities in Education
4304:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (2018): 6A00 Disorders of intellectual development"
1092:
created public outrage that led to change to a more community-based method of providing services.
7414:
6921:
6771:
6766:
6723:
6176:
6123:
6118:
6047:
2954:
2342:"Almost all students with disabilities are capable of graduating on time. Here's why they're not"
1815:
1424:
live used the phrase "walking like a retard", despite complaints from the public and the charity
1365:
987:
967:
895:
718:
394:
216:
The level of impairment ranges in severity for each person. Some of the early signs can include:
4807:
2194:
2186:
7292:
6931:
6822:
6781:
6756:
6664:
6159:
6052:
5458:(3). International Association for the Scientific Study of Intellectual Disabilities: 229–235.
4146:
3990:
1463:
1399:
1077:
658:
547:
82:
5623:
4995:"Health disparities of adults with intellectual disabilities: what do we know? What do we do?"
2836:"Mutations in PHF8 are associated with X linked mental retardation and cleft lip/cleft palate"
1656:
7487:
7220:
7100:
7007:
6986:
5750:
4511:"Intellectual Disability: Definition, Classification, and Systems of Supports (11th Edition)"
4467:
Cummings NA, Wright RH (2005). "Chapter 1, Psychology's surrender to political correctness".
4257:
Smith, J. D.; Wehmeyer, M. L. (1999). "TWENTIETH-CENTURY DEFINITIONS OF MENTAL RETARDATION".
1740:
1556:(2010) that Hungary cannot restrict voting rights only on the basis of guardianship due to a
1487:
1247:
1042:
670:
485:
Problems at birth. If a baby has problems during labor and birth, such as not getting enough
140:
5413:
4277:
2273:(4). Elsevier on behalf of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: 468–96.
914:
in order to avoid them burdening society. However, they were exempt from their crimes under
58:
Children with intellectual disabilities and other developmental conditions competing in the
7312:
7225:
6981:
6801:
6402:
6382:
6083:
6067:
6032:
5966:
5055:
4969:
3630:"Beginning reading interventions for children and adolescents with intellectual disability"
2512:
1296:
1170:, which stemmed from the understanding that such conditions arose as a result of delays or
1009:
933:
638:
366:
136:
2763:
1961:"Non-Syndromic Intellectual Disability and Its Pathways: A Long Noncoding RNA Perspective"
1057:
This publication may be regarded as the first move towards the widespread adoption of the
8:
7362:
7344:
7307:
7297:
7151:
7053:
7030:
6878:
6870:
6649:
6627:
6355:
6216:
5735:
5568:
5329:"Persons with intellectual disabilities in the criminal justice system: Review of issues"
4574:
Website of the UK's leading learning disability charity, which uses that term throughout.
1370:
1261:
used to mean mild impairments in the UK, and once applied in the US to the whole field. "
1242:
1217:
1108:
973:
In the 18th and 19th centuries, housing and care moved away from families and towards an
843:
or mood stabilizers to help with their behavior. Use of psychotropic medications such as
803:
754:
702:
253:
5103:"Healthcare for persons with intellectual and developmental disability in the community"
5059:
4647:
4592:
1906:
Boat, TF; Wu, JT, eds. (2015). "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities".
1115:, increase. Other causes are increasing as a proportion of cases, perhaps due to rising
7025:
6622:
6474:
6149:
5971:
5699:
5372:
5348:
5129:
5102:
5078:
5043:
5019:
4994:
4893:
4669:
4350:
4341:
4325:
4198:
4163:
4124:
4091:
3919:
3839:
3654:
3629:
3610:
3567:
3508:
3473:
3403:
3360:
3217:
3108:
3075:
2931:
2906:
2888:
2860:
2835:
2775:
2685:
2650:
2615:"Prevalence and Disparities in the Detection of Autism Without Intellectual Disability"
2595:
2540:
2488:
2455:
2400:
2322:
2282:
2118:
2093:
1987:
1960:
1880:
1716:
1683:
1626:
1512:
1467:
1233:
1047:
604:
370:
270:
183:
175:
91:
3329:
3131:
2109:
1699:
886:
in the late fifth century BCE, who believed that it was caused by an imbalance in the
7271:
6796:
6786:
6718:
6644:
6528:
6103:
6006:
5956:
5767:
5594:
5469:
5464:
5447:
5435:
5427:
5419:
5364:
5356:
5242:
5234:
5202:
5134:
5083:
5024:
4901:
4850:
4846:
4472:
4449:
4439:
4402:
4355:
4267:
4203:
4185:
4129:
4111:
3947:
3911:
3890:"An exploration of health, family and economic experiences of leprosy patients, Iran"
3871:
3808:
3787:
3766:
3745:
3724:
3702:
3694:
3659:
3602:
3559:
3524:
3516:
3477:
3438:
3395:
3296:
3244:
3221:
3209:
3113:
3095:
3056:
2936:
2922:
2865:
2816:
2767:
2689:
2654:
2642:
2634:
2599:
2587:
2579:
2532:
2493:
2475:
2435:
2392:
2326:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2214:
2202:
2123:
2044:
1992:
1913:
1860:
1856:
1721:
1703:
1662:
1616:
1577:
1516:
1508:
1028:
1016:
as a rationale for the mass murder of people with intellectual disability during the
706:
634:
539:
533:
447:
syndrome affect a small number of girls worldwide, while boys may be affected by 49,
382:
374:
335:
148:
66:
6237:
5577:
5573:
5376:
5296:
3923:
3614:
3571:
3407:
3364:
2779:
1332:
11th edition of its terminology and classification manual, which also used the term
1253:
Usage has changed over the years and differed from country to country. For example,
7141:
7095:
7063:
6911:
6889:
6854:
6617:
6499:
6450:
6397:
6372:
6367:
6324:
6312:
6196:
6191:
6088:
6001:
5745:
5634:
5459:
5340:
5328:
5221:
Rights of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Access to Education and Employment
5192:
5184:
5124:
5114:
5073:
5063:
5014:
5006:
4842:
4379:
4345:
4337:
4193:
4175:
4119:
4103:
3901:
3686:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3594:
3551:
3500:
3465:
3430:
3387:
3352:
3325:
3288:
3201:
3103:
3087:
3048:
2926:
2918:
2855:
2847:
2806:
2795:"X-linked mental retardation associated with cleft lip/palate maps to Xp11.3-q21.3"
2759:
2677:
2626:
2571:
2544:
2524:
2483:
2467:
2427:
2404:
2384:
2274:
2206:
2198:
2113:
2105:
1982:
1972:
1852:
1711:
1695:
1236:", among others, and are now considered offensive. By the end of the 20th century,
1207:
860:
358:
354:
265:
in simple activities. As adults, they may live with their parents, in a supportive
194:
7270:
4945:"5 reasons why people with intellectual disabilities should get the right to vote"
4752:
4092:"What's in a name? Attitudes surrounding the use of the term 'mental retardation'"
3499:(2). American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: 97–107.
3205:
2558:
Katusic, Maja Z.; Myers, Scott M.; Weaver, Amy L.; Voigt, Robert G. (2021-12-01).
2145:
193:
cases account for 30–50% of these cases. About a quarter of cases are caused by a
7317:
7275:
7146:
7133:
7080:
7075:
7058:
6938:
6733:
6705:
6506:
6329:
6268:
5905:
5588:
5068:
3941:
3906:
3889:
3555:
3180:
The resolution ... urges a change from the old term to "developmental disability"
1606:
1357:
1300:
1012:
and prohibition of marriage in most of the developed world and was later used by
919:
844:
386:
260:
Moderate ID (IQ 35–49) is nearly always apparent within the first years of life.
7367:
5637:
5558:
3469:
3356:
3052:
2704:
2703:
Boat TF, Wu JT (2015). "Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities".
2032:
1935:
1907:
1592:
and absence of targeted health promotion services. Key recommendations from the
342:
are the next most common causes. Some other frequently observed causes include:
7302:
7243:
7167:
6976:
6943:
6926:
6916:
6154:
5762:
5219:
4531:. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD).
3784:
Disabilities and the Disabled in the Roman World: A Social and Cultural History
3434:
2431:
2278:
1588:
1545:
1504:
1479:
1471:
1304:
1119:, which is associated with several syndromic forms of intellectual disability.
1104:
1001:
795:
509:
452:
5599:
5522:
4180:
3598:
3504:
3292:
2681:
2471:
2388:
1584:, and poor or fair health status than adults without intellectual disability.
1536:
have upheld some of these limitations and found discrimination in others. The
7511:
7336:
7287:
6605:
5991:
5757:
5473:
5360:
5352:
5344:
5188:
5119:
4808:"Australian Psychological Society: Psychologists and intellectual disability"
4189:
4115:
3698:
3520:
3512:
3391:
3213:
3099:
2638:
2630:
2583:
2575:
2479:
2294:
2286:
1785:
1707:
1491:
1324:
1286:
1216:
eventually become perceived as an insult, in a process commonly known as the
1127:
and motor disabilities, and seen to a lesser degree in sensory disabilities.
1124:
1097:
1096:
over whether or not to close institutions persists in some states, including
1081:
948:
840:
799:
786:
By most definitions, intellectual disability is more accurately considered a
766:
760:
555:
362:
331:
179:
152:
87:
5446:
Søndenaa, Erik; Linaker, Olav Martin; Nøttestad, Jim Aage (September 2009).
5386:"Invisible Victims Violence against persons with developmental disabilities"
4880:
4453:
2851:
2310:
910:. Many of them were killed early in the childhood, and then dumped into the
592:
is a common cause of reduced intelligence in parts of the world affected by
7190:
6971:
6523:
6108:
5976:
5936:
5368:
5138:
5087:
5028:
4905:
4854:
4779:"Ofcom says TV channels have 'human right' to broadcast offensive material"
4614:"Special Educational Needs and Disability: A. Cognition and Learning Needs"
4359:
4207:
4133:
3915:
3706:
3663:
3606:
3563:
3528:
3442:
3399:
3117:
3091:
3060:
2940:
2869:
2820:
2812:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19990730)85:3<216::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-X
2771:
2646:
2591:
2536:
2497:
2439:
2396:
2318:
2127:
2048:
1996:
1725:
1622:
Intermediate Care Facilities for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
1557:
1116:
1088:, a number of scandalous revelations around the horrific conditions within
1024:
1013:
941:
832:
691:
682:
678:
589:
579:
456:
436:
432:
261:
5439:
5206:
4406:
4107:
4090:
Nash, Chris; Hawkins, Ann; Kawchuk, Janet; Shea, Sarah E (February 2012).
3191:
2210:
2193:(Fifth ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. p.
859:
ID accounts for 30–50% of cases. About a quarter of cases are caused by a
321:
Down syndrome is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability.
7175:
6906:
6637:
6387:
6186:
5618:
5246:
4492:
4013:"The ARC Highlights — Beyond Affliction: Beyond Affliction Document"
2528:
1977:
1388:
1376:
1198:(codes 6A00–6A04; 6A00.Z for the "unspecified" diagnosis code). The term
1112:
978:
963:
959:
887:
883:
543:
521:
444:
440:
353:
inherited from parents, errors when genes combine, or other reasons like
317:
168:
5495:
4897:
1548:
states, persons with intellectual disabilities are disenfranchised. The
1080:
are dominant. Along with the work of Wolfensberger and others including
44:
Intellectual developmental disability (IDD), general learning disability
7492:
7185:
7090:
6791:
6516:
6511:
6307:
6181:
5996:
5694:
5680:
5197:
3420:
2560:"IQ in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Population-Based Birth Cohort Study"
1524:
1496:
926:
856:
575:
517:
402:
327:
266:
190:
75:
71:
5541:
5431:
5042:
Ali A, Scior K, Ratti V, Strydom A, King M, Hassiotis A (2013-08-12).
5010:
4469:
Destructive trends in mental health: the well-intentioned path to harm
2517:
American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics
2511:
Polyak, Andrew; Kubina, Richard M.; Girirajan, Santhosh (2015-07-22).
238:
Failure to grow intellectually, or continued infant childlike behavior
7445:
7377:
7195:
6654:
6392:
6317:
5981:
5629:
5333:
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology
5254:
The Definition and Prevalence of Intellectual Disability in Australia
1520:
1017:
915:
463:
357:
in genes associated with intellectual disability. The most prevalent
132:
4323:
3943:
The Confinement of the Insane: International Perspectives, 1800–1965
3868:
Theology and Down Syndrome: Reimagining Disability in Late Modernity
2905:
Leggett V, Jacobs P, Nation K, Scerif G, Bishop DV (February 2010).
201:. Cases of unknown cause affect about 95 million people as of 2013.
7180:
6850:
6817:
6743:
6113:
4161:
3995:
Changing Patterns in Residential Services for the Mentally Retarded
1581:
1569:
1450:
1384:
1380:
1229:
1035:
1005:
823:
763:
skills, such as understanding what is said and being able to answer
726:
677:, was adapted from a test battery designed for school placement by
654:
621:
American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
597:
346:
198:
164:
5839:
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
5517:'s National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities
4374:
2267:
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
757:, such as getting dressed, using the bathroom, and feeding oneself
5792:
2792:
1637:
Intellectual disability and higher education in the United States
1062:
1051:
952:
794:. Intellectual disability can be distinguished in many ways from
513:
501:
493:
471:
3997:. President's Committee on Mental Retardation, Washington, D.C.
2302:
2184:
1844:
1462:
someone with capacities and gifts as well as support needs. The
428:
414:
6898:
6713:
5553:
5262:
Intellectual Disability: A Guide for Families and Professionals
3805:
The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
3721:
Preventing Intellectual Disability: Ethical and Clinical Issues
2833:
1455:
1425:
1323:
disability. It is not specific to congenital disorders such as
1200:"intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder)"
1191:
1187:
1179:
951:
provided the first description of intellectual disability as a
770:
593:
583:
551:
525:
505:
489:, they may have a developmental disability due to brain damage.
486:
273:. About 10% of persons with ID are likely to have moderate ID.
160:
4921:"Voting is every EU citizen's right, regardless of disability"
3541:
3272:(5th ed.). pp. 308–313). Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
7335:
6676:
5649:
4250:
3841:
Encyclopedia of Children and Childhood in History and Society
3676:
3342:
3010:"Malnutrition Is Cheating Its Survivors, and Africa's Future"
2612:
1429:
1203:
911:
567:
467:
448:
350:
156:
4558:
1289:, intellectual disability is subsumed into the broader term
6849:
5452:
Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities
5316:"John F. Kennedy and people with intellectual disabilities"
3786:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–54, 65–66.
3691:
10.1352/0895-8017(2002)107<0376:BBSERA>2.0.CO;2
3037:
2749:
2706:
Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children
2374:
2091:
1940:
Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children
1909:
Mental disorders and disabilities among low-income children
529:
419:
5230:
Dementia, aging, and intellectual disabilities: a handbook
3740:
Albrecht, Gary; Seelman, Katherine; Bury, Michael (2001).
3628:
Reichow B, Lemons CJ, Maggin DM, Hill DR (December 2019).
3169:"Rosa's Law to remove stigmatized language from law books"
1934:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering (2015-10-28),
1932:
1008:
movement became popular throughout the world. This led to
994:
In the late 19th century, in response to Charles Darwin's
5318:. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Archived from
4301:
2955:"Loss of epigenetic regulators causes mental retardation"
2904:
1415:
5445:
4999:
Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities
2452:
1538:
UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
7122:
5100:
4831:
4529:"Frequently Asked Questions on Intellectual Disability"
3627:
2980:"In Raising the World's I.Q., the Secret's in the Salt"
2557:
1936:"Clinical Characteristics of Intellectual Disabilities"
349:
conditions. Sometimes disability is caused by abnormal
5527:
California State Council on Developmental Disabilities
4089:
3240:
IACAPAP Textbook of Child and Adolescent Mental Health
3194:
Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability
1364:
for the United Kingdom from 1995 to 1997, changed the
697:
6267:
5829:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
5101:
Ervin DA, Hennen B, Merrick J, Morad M (2014-07-15).
3490:
2510:
2233:
2191:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2033:"Identification and evaluation of mental retardation"
1848:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
630:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
482:
may also have a baby with an intellectual disability.
285:
186:
are examples of syndromic intellectual disabilities.
5531:
5268:
2001 New Zealand Snapshot of Intellectual Disability
5227:
Dalton, A. J.; Janicki, Matthew P., editors (1999).
5041:
4696:"Profound and multiple learning disabilities (PMLD)"
1958:
744:
5396:(1). American Bar Association: 9–12. Archived from
5257:. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare paper.
3991:"The Origin and Nature of Our Institutional Models"
3935:
3933:
3587:
Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
2709:. National Academies Press (US). pp. 169–176).
2030:
1912:. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press (US).
1681:
944:were created to take over their financial affairs.
247:
Difficulty understanding and following social rules
6285:
3074:Ardiel, Evan L; Rankin, Catharine H (March 2010).
2670:Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities
2031:Daily DK, Ardinger HH, Holmes GE (February 2000).
1174:of a child's natural development, was used in the
431:). In the rarest of cases, abnormalities with the
4460:
4157:
4155:
3377:
2719:
7509:
6694:
5153:"Unrecognized Health Disparity Population | CDC"
3930:
1530:
1398:In England and Wales between 1983 and 2008, the
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4168:Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
3887:
2417:
1523:or the extra costs associated with living in a
1490:in regular classrooms report similar levels of
733:is any disability that is due to problems with
7467:
4466:
4152:
3978:. Birmingham, AL: Ebsco Media. pp. 74–75.
2139:
2137:
1905:
1348:had become the common medical term, replacing
466:. Intellectual disability can result when the
6253:
5834:Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons
5665:
4418:
4256:
4164:""Special needs" is an ineffective euphemism"
3988:
3807:. Facts on File, Incorporated. pp. 179, 330.
2667:
2460:Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
2370:
2368:
2366:
1067:Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act
1041:Ignoring the prevailing attitude, U.S.-based
898:by their father. These people could also not
711:disabilities affecting intellectual abilities
5224:, bilingual reports on 14 European countries
4882:Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC)
4861:
4825:
4591:. University of Bedfordshire. Archived from
4419:Duncan, P. Martin; Millard, William (1866).
4229:National Center on Disability and Journalism
3939:
3888:Abedi H, Javadi A, Naji S (September 2013).
3584:
3282:
3073:
2752:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
2187:"Highlights of Changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5"
1214:Historical terms for intellectual disability
729:. Cognitive deficits may appear at any age.
244:Failure to adapt or adjust to new situations
5233:. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel. p. 12.
4886:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
4835:Journal of Intellectual Disability Research
4412:
3634:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3493:Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
2339:
2134:
326:are development of an extra chromosome 18 (
131:characterized by significant impairment in
7157:Other specified feeding or eating disorder
6424:
6260:
6246:
6222:
6023:Augmentative and alternative communication
5672:
5658:
5383:
5157:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4427:
4038:"Christmas in Purgatory & Willowbrook"
3973:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3455:
3315:
3233:
3231:
2911:Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology
2363:
2087:
2085:
1804:
1802:
1654:
1507:, and double that associated with serious
705:, intellectual disability is a subtype of
334:, which is the most common genetic cause.
229:Poor planning or problem-solving abilities
49:
5463:
5128:
5118:
5077:
5067:
5018:
4637:
4349:
4197:
4179:
4123:
3905:
3653:
3267:
3107:
2930:
2859:
2810:
2487:
2185:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
2143:
2117:
1986:
1976:
1845:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
1715:
1675:
127:(in the United States), is a generalized
7420:Disorganized (hebephrenic) schizophrenia
7016:Depersonalization-derealization disorder
5285:
4992:
4776:
4438:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
4266:. Austin, TX: Pro-ED. pp. 380–381.
4063:"Fernald School Closing and RICCI Class"
3076:"The importance of touch in development"
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
1811:"Erasing a Hurtful Label From the Books"
1808:
1449:
1272:
1031:for measuring intelligence in children.
664:
316:
232:Difficulty following verbal instructions
6058:Disproportionality in special education
4391:
3894:Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences
3818:
3228:
3132:"Definition of Intellectual Disability"
2234:Queensland Government (July 30, 2015),
2082:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2026:
1799:
1527:, were excluded from this calculation.
1196:"disorders of intellectual development"
1190:(codes F70–F79). In the next revision,
297:
27:Generalized neurodevelopmental disorder
14:
7510:
4918:
4750:
4535:from the original on 14 September 2013
4433:
4387:from the original on 8 September 2011.
4260:Mental Retardation in the 21st Century
4015:. Disabilitymuseum.org. Archived from
3848:from the original on 28 September 2010
3679:American Journal on Mental Retardation
3423:Research in Developmental Disabilities
3171:. Ithaca, New York: The Ithaca Journal
3166:
2977:
2882:
2702:
2420:Research in Developmental Disabilities
2377:Child Psychiatry and Human Development
2263:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
1445:
958:The first known person in the British
524:is delayed or inadequate. Exposure to
7466:
7334:
7269:
7121:
6848:
6693:
6603:
6423:
6284:
6241:
5653:
5511:Facts about intellectual disabilities
5326:
4721:"Draft Illustrative Code of Practice"
4399:The imbecile with criminal instincts.
4085:
4083:
3723:. Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
3007:
2764:10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610
2167:
2156:from the original on October 28, 2016
2152:, U.S. National Library of Medicine,
2144:Kaneshiro, Neil K. (April 21, 2015),
1563:
918:, and they were also used to perform
717:), or acquired later in life through
560:congenital iodine deficiency syndrome
520:can cause intellectual disability if
204:
123:(in the United Kingdom) and formerly
6604:
4753:"The path from cinema to playground"
4372:
3989:Wolfensberger W (January 10, 1969).
3940:Porter R, Wright D (7 August 2003).
2978:McNeil, Donald G. Jr. (2006-12-16).
2799:American Journal of Medical Genetics
2059:
1809:Ansberry, Clare (20 November 2010).
1738:
1311:or, more recently (and preferably),
1135:Over the past two decades, the term
962:with an intellectual disability was
773:members, spouses, adults, and others
7123:Physiological and physical behavior
6165:Disability in children's literature
5418:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.
4993:Krahn GL, Fox MH (September 2014).
4585:"Learning Disabilities: Prevalence"
3837:
2227:
2003:
1779:
1747:from the original on 27 June 2015.
1732:
1612:History of psychiatric institutions
1393:developmental coordination disorder
1263:Borderline intellectual functioning
1246:become widely seen as disparaging,
698:Distinction from other disabilities
395:Phelan–McDermid syndrome (22q13del)
393:. Other genetic conditions include
24:
7069:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizures
6463:Emotional and behavioral disorders
6028:Emotional or behavioral disability
5173:
4342:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00045.x
4302:World Health Organization (2018).
4080:
4001:from the original on May 12, 2006.
3870:. Baylor University Press. p. 28.
3150:"What Is Intellectual Disability?"
2885:Genetics and Learning Disabilities
2732:from the original on April 4, 2023
1232:", "idiot", "feeble-minded", and "
675:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
286:Autism and intellectual disability
25:
7544:
7249:Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
5488:
3763:Handbook of Child Psychopathology
3318:Applied and Preventive Psychology
2340:Butrymowicz, Sarah (2017-11-04).
2072:"Definition of mentally retarded"
1823:from the original on 27 June 2015
1339:
745:Limitations in more than one area
159:, intellectual functions include
6549:X-linked intellectual disability
6221:
6212:
6211:
5494:
5465:10.1111/j.1741-1130.2009.00206.x
5327:Jones, Jessica (December 2007).
5145:
5094:
5035:
4847:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00789.x
4638:Vickerman, Philip (2009-07-08).
4589:Social Work, Alcohol & Drugs
4517:from the original on 2016-12-02.
4499:from the original on 2014-08-21.
4147:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
3974:Armbrester, Margaret E. (1992).
3544:Journal of Learning Disabilities
3257:from the original on 2015-08-13.
3138:from the original on 2017-01-23.
2923:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03545.x
2722:"Many Low IQs Are Just Bad Luck"
2720:Natalie Wolchover (2012-10-01).
2203:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
2055:from the original on 2010-12-04.
1857:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
1268:
1176:American Psychiatric Association
625:American Psychiatric Association
558:. More common than full-fledged
550:. Iodine deficiency also causes
417:) as caused by mutations in the
407:X-linked intellectual disability
340:fetal alcohol spectrum disorders
313:X-linked intellectual disability
6378:Intermittent explosive disorder
6303:Ego-dystonic sexual orientation
4986:
4962:
4937:
4912:
4814:from the original on 2012-09-08
4800:
4789:from the original on 2010-07-11
4777:Beckford, Martin (2010-03-11).
4770:
4759:from the original on 2008-09-25
4744:
4733:from the original on 2007-09-26
4713:
4688:
4662:
4631:
4606:
4577:
4565:from the original on 2010-12-15
4551:
4521:
4503:
4485:
4401:Fourth edition. Boston: Ellis.
4366:
4317:
4295:
4214:
4140:
4055:
4030:
4005:
3982:
3967:
3881:
3860:
3797:
3776:
3755:
3734:
3713:
3670:
3621:
3578:
3535:
3484:
3449:
3414:
3371:
3336:
3309:
3276:
3261:
3185:
3160:
3142:
3124:
3067:
3031:
3020:from the original on 2009-04-17
3001:
2990:from the original on 2010-07-12
2971:
2947:
2898:
2876:
2827:
2786:
2743:
2713:
2696:
2661:
2606:
2551:
2504:
2446:
2411:
2333:
2257:
1952:
1942:, National Academies Press (US)
1739:Tidy, Colin (25 January 2013).
1661:. Hoboken: Wiley. p. 168.
1428:, the communications regulator
850:
536:may also affect mental ability.
492:The group of proteins known as
476:fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
280:
96:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
7021:Dissociative identity disorder
6286:Adult personality and behavior
6043:Disability and LGBT identities
5679:
4644:Teacher Training Resource Bank
4640:"Severe Learning Difficulties"
4096:Paediatrics & Child Health
3946:. Cambridge University Press.
3742:Handbook of Disability Studies
3646:10.1002/14651858.CD011359.pub2
3080:Paediatrics & Child Health
1926:
1899:
1838:
1755:
1648:
1550:European Court of Human Rights
1250:, and in need of replacement.
1194:, it was replaced by the term
1130:
235:Behavioral and social problems
13:
1:
5855:Services for mental disorders
5499:The dictionary definition of
5480:Wehmeyer, Michael L. (2013).
4659:Extensive further references.
4065:. Arcmass.org. Archived from
4040:. Arcmass.org. Archived from
3744:. SAGE Publications. p. 269.
3345:Applied Developmental Science
3330:10.1016/s0962-1849(05)80134-9
3285:Developmental Psychopathology
3206:10.3109/13668250.2019.1580116
3008:Wines, Michael (2006-12-28).
2110:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60692-4
2076:Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine
1741:"General Learning Disability"
1700:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1642:
1531:Human rights and legal status
1362:Secretary of State for Health
781:
739:congenital medical conditions
737:. This term encompasses many
500:Exposure to certain types of
241:Problems keeping up in school
147:and deficits in at least two
7533:Neurodevelopmental disorders
7425:Pseudoneurotic schizophrenia
6962:Generalized anxiety disorder
6695:Neurological and symptomatic
6340:Sexual relationship disorder
5860:Services for disabled people
5069:10.1371/journal.pone.0070855
4919:Toplak, Jurij (2020-09-07).
4751:Rohrer, Finlo (2008-09-22).
4616:. teachernet. Archived from
4434:Rafter, Nicole Hahn (1997).
3907:10.1080/02673843.2011.649565
3556:10.1177/00222194070400050301
3268:Mash, E.; Wolfe, D. (2013).
1572:and neurological disorders,
1436:
1356:in England and Wales, until
715:specific learning disability
614:
478:) or gets an infection like
290:Intellectual disability and
254:specific learning disability
197:, and about 5% of cases are
60:Special Olympics World Games
7:
7201:REM sleep behavior disorder
6670:Seasonal affective disorder
6468:Separation anxiety disorder
6143:Arts, media, culture, sport
5515:Centers for Disease Control
4397:Fernald, Walter E. (1912).
3470:10.1080/0144341022000003097
3357:10.1207/s1532480xads0601_05
3053:10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.06.037
2840:Journal of Medical Genetics
1600:
984:medical model of disability
669:The first English-language
582:programs. But, as of 2006,
578:have instituted widespread
546:where iodine deficiency is
439:may also cause disability.
129:neurodevelopmental disorder
121:general learning disability
10:
7549:
7523:Developmental disabilities
7468:Symptoms and uncategorized
6569:developmental disabilities
6335:Sexual maturation disorder
6170:Disability in horror films
5962:Activities of daily living
5286:Endicott, Orville (1991).
5264:. Oxford University Press.
5216:. Temple University Press.
5107:Frontiers in Public Health
4423:. Longmans, Green, and Co.
3435:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.11.010
3167:Lawyer, Liz (2010-11-26).
2432:10.1016/j.ridd.2009.06.003
2279:10.1016/j.jaac.2019.11.018
1655:Wilmshurst, Linda (2012).
1574:gastrointestinal disorders
1454:Severely disabled girl in
1059:social model of disability
866:
723:neurodegenerative diseases
310:
211:activities of daily living
7473:
7462:
7438:
7430:Simple-type schizophrenia
7407:
7399:Schizophreniform disorder
7376:
7355:
7351:
7330:
7283:
7265:
7234:
7211:
7165:
7132:
7128:
7117:
7039:
7006:
6954:
6897:
6888:
6869:
6865:
6844:
6810:
6777:Mild cognitive impairment
6762:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
6742:
6704:
6700:
6689:
6660:Major depressive disorder
6613:
6599:
6565:Psychological development
6564:
6539:
6436:
6432:
6419:
6348:
6295:
6291:
6280:
6207:
6142:
6076:
6015:
5949:
5914:
5868:
5847:
5811:
5785:
5778:
5718:
5687:
5609:
5535:
5384:Petersilia, Joan (2000).
5260:Harris, James C. (2010).
5212:Carey C. Allison (2010).
4181:10.1186/s41235-016-0025-4
3599:10.1080/15374410701448448
3505:10.1352/1934-9556-47.2.97
3293:10.1002/9780470939406.ch6
3270:Abnormal child psychology
3041:The Journal of Pediatrics
2883:Bender, Bruce G. (1986).
2682:10.1007/s10882-007-9086-0
2472:10.1007/s10803-012-1664-z
2389:10.1007/s10578-016-0681-0
2236:"Intellectual disability"
2146:"Intellectual disability"
2037:American Family Physician
1184:World Health Organization
1036:deliberate intent to harm
379:congenital hypothyroidism
306:
102:
81:
65:
57:
48:
40:
35:
7478:Impulse-control disorder
7394:Schizoaffective disorder
7389:Brief reactive psychosis
7086:Mass psychogenic illness
7049:Body dysmorphic disorder
6828:Post-concussion syndrome
6438:Emotional and behavioral
6063:Sexuality and disability
6038:Disability and disasters
5950:Structural and assistive
5345:10.1177/0306624X07299343
5189:10.1177/1461444812457338
5120:10.3389/fpubh.2014.00083
4222:"Disability Style Guide"
3782:Laes, Christian (2018).
3761:Hersen, Michael (2013).
3719:Louhiala, Pekka (2004).
3392:10.1177/0145445507301650
2631:10.1542/peds.2022-056594
2576:10.1542/peds.2020-049899
1632:Severe mental impairment
1292:developmental disability
1149:developmentally disabled
997:On the Origin of Species
731:Developmental disability
651:traumatic brain injuries
554:, an enlargement of the
480:rubella during pregnancy
292:autism spectrum disorder
7518:Intellectual disability
7415:Childhood schizophrenia
6767:Frontotemporal dementia
6724:High-functioning autism
6541:Intellectual disability
6177:Disability in the media
6048:Disability and religion
5987:Personal Care Assistant
5502:intellectual disability
5181:New Media & Society
4670:"Learning disabilities"
4471:. New York: Routledge.
4436:Creating born criminals
2852:10.1136/jmg.2004.029439
1816:The Wall Street Journal
1334:intellectual disability
1320:intellectual disability
1313:intellectual disability
1147:(8%). Expressions like
1145:intellectual disability
1137:intellectual disability
988:Cape Town, South Africa
719:acquired brain injuries
113:Intellectual disability
36:Intellectual disability
18:Intellectually disabled
6932:Specific social phobia
6823:Organic brain syndrome
6665:Melancholic depression
6426:Childhood and learning
6160:Disability in the arts
6053:Disability and poverty
5992:Physical accessibility
5412:Smith, Philip (2010).
5272:Kovago, Emese (2003).
4373:Cook J (5 July 2001).
4231:. 2015. Archived from
3803:Noll, Richard (2009).
3458:Educational Psychology
1554:Alajos Kiss v. Hungary
1466:promotes the right of
1464:self-advocacy movement
1458:
1400:Mental Health Act 1983
1295:, which also includes
1281:
1078:deinstitutionalization
735:growth and development
619:According to both the
322:
83:Differential diagnosis
7528:Learning disabilities
7488:Psychomotor agitation
7278:and substance-related
7221:Postpartum depression
7101:Somatization disorder
6987:Acute stress reaction
6752:AIDS dementia complex
5751:driver rehabilitation
5484:. Brookes Publishing.
4810:. Psychology.org.au.
3765:. Springer US. p. 6.
3380:Behavior Modification
1453:
1421:Celebrity Big Brother
1280:USA team in July 2019
1276:
1248:politically incorrect
947:In the 17th century,
665:Intelligence quotient
399:Mowat–Wilson syndrome
391:Prader–Willi syndrome
373:(common among boys),
320:
311:Further information:
141:intelligence quotient
7483:Klüver–Bucy syndrome
7313:Substance dependence
7226:Postpartum psychosis
6772:Huntington's disease
6554:Lujan–Fryns syndrome
6403:Personality disorder
6084:Models of disability
6068:Youth and disability
6033:Invisible disability
5982:Orthotics and braces
5967:Assistive technology
5779:Rights, law, support
5339:(6). Sage: 723–733.
3092:10.1093/pch/15.3.153
2891:. pp. 175–201.
2529:10.1002/ajmg.b.32338
2346:The Hechinger Report
2043:(4): 1059–67, 1070.
1978:10.3390/ncrna7010022
1694:(10053): 1545–1602.
1010:forced sterilization
639:interpersonal skills
405:, and Siderius type
367:Klinefelter syndrome
298:Defining differences
137:adaptive functioning
7363:Delusional disorder
7308:Stimulant psychosis
7298:Physical dependence
7152:Rumination syndrome
7054:Conversion disorder
7031:Psychogenic amnesia
6881:with depressed mood
6879:Adjustment disorder
6782:Parkinson's disease
6757:Alzheimer's disease
6650:Atypical depression
6486:Social functioning
6361:Munchausen syndrome
6356:Factitious disorder
5736:Learning disability
5400:on 1 September 2000
5322:on 21 January 2022.
5183:. 15 (4): 501–518.
5060:2013PLoSO...870855A
4283:on 12 November 2020
4108:10.1093/pch/17.2.71
3866:Yong, Amos (2007).
2246:on October 28, 2016
1788:, Pub. L. 111-256,
1542:several U.S. states
1513:hearing impairments
1482:, students who are
1446:Society and culture
1371:learning disability
1350:mental subnormality
1218:euphemism treadmill
1141:developmental delay
1109:infectious diseases
1027:produced the first
755:Daily living skills
659:Alzheimer's disease
163:, problem solving,
155:. According to the
7382:schizophrenia-like
7026:Dissociative fugue
6475:Movement disorders
6150:Disability culture
6077:Disability studies
5972:Independent living
5700:Disability studies
5610:External resources
4974:electionaccess.org
3154:www.psychiatry.org
3014:The New York Times
2984:The New York Times
2889:College Hill Press
2625:(2): e2022056594.
2570:(6): e2020049899.
1627:Secondary handicap
1564:Health disparities
1468:self-determination
1459:
1368:'s designation to
1309:mental retardation
1282:
1255:mental retardation
1222:mental retardation
1182:(1994) and in the
1168:mental retardation
1143:with parents over
1090:state institutions
1048:Wolf Wolfensberger
880:Roman philosophers
605:arcuate fasciculus
403:genetic ciliopathy
371:Fragile X syndrome
359:genetic conditions
323:
271:sheltered workshop
205:Signs and symptoms
184:fragile X syndrome
176:signs and symptoms
149:adaptive behaviors
125:mental retardation
106:153 million (2015)
7505:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7326:
7325:
7261:
7260:
7257:
7256:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7108:
7002:
7001:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6797:Vascular dementia
6719:Asperger syndrome
6685:
6684:
6595:
6594:
6591:
6590:
6529:Tourette syndrome
6415:
6414:
6411:
6410:
6235:
6234:
6104:Neuroqueer theory
6007:Web accessibility
5957:Accessible toilet
5945:
5944:
5798:Disability rights
5793:Ableism/disablism
5647:
5646:
5011:10.1111/jar.12067
4970:"Election Access"
4478:978-0-415-95086-2
4273:978-0-89079-819-5
3976:The Civitan Story
3953:978-0-521-80206-2
3876:978-1-60258-006-0
3813:978-0-8160-7508-9
3792:978-1-107-16290-7
3771:978-1-4615-7136-0
3750:978-0-7619-2874-4
3729:978-0-521-53371-3
3302:978-0-471-23738-9
3250:978-0-646-57440-0
2352:on April 20, 2023
2220:978-0-89042-555-8
2104:(9995): 743–800.
1919:978-0-309-37685-3
1866:978-0-89042-555-8
1668:978-1-118-43998-2
1617:IQ classification
1517:special education
1409:mental impairment
1405:mental impairment
1354:mental deficiency
1226:mentally retarded
1029:standardized test
890:in the brain. In
707:cognitive deficit
635:adaptive behavior
540:Iodine deficiency
383:Williams syndrome
375:neurofibromatosis
355:de novo mutations
336:DiGeorge syndrome
169:abstract thinking
119:), also known as
110:
109:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
7540:
7464:
7463:
7353:
7352:
7332:
7331:
7267:
7266:
7142:Anorexia nervosa
7130:
7129:
7119:
7118:
7096:Psychogenic pain
7064:Globus pharyngis
6912:Childhood phobia
6895:
6894:
6867:
6866:
6846:
6845:
6702:
6701:
6691:
6690:
6601:
6600:
6500:Selective mutism
6451:Conduct disorder
6434:
6433:
6421:
6420:
6398:Trichotillomania
6373:Gender dysphoria
6368:Fear of intimacy
6325:Sexual anhedonia
6293:
6292:
6282:
6281:
6269:Mental disorders
6262:
6255:
6248:
6239:
6238:
6225:
6224:
6215:
6214:
6197:Special Olympics
6089:Inspiration porn
6002:Universal design
5803:Pejorative terms
5783:
5782:
5746:Physical therapy
5674:
5667:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5533:
5532:
5498:
5477:
5467:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5380:
5323:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5294:
5200:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5132:
5122:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5071:
5039:
5033:
5032:
5022:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4949:Inclusion Europe
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4878:
4859:
4858:
4841:(Pt 6): 432–44.
4829:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4646:. Archived from
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4581:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4542:
4540:
4525:
4519:
4518:
4507:
4501:
4500:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4416:
4410:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4330:World Psychiatry
4321:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4276:. Archived from
4265:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4238:on April 4, 2023
4237:
4226:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4201:
4183:
4159:
4150:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4087:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3986:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3909:
3885:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3835:
3816:
3801:
3795:
3780:
3774:
3759:
3753:
3738:
3732:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3657:
3640:(12): CD011359.
3625:
3619:
3618:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2466:(5): 1196–1204.
2450:
2444:
2443:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2372:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2348:. Archived from
2337:
2331:
2330:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2242:, archived from
2231:
2225:
2224:
2182:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2028:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1980:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1806:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1743:. Patient.info.
1736:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1652:
1352:in Scotland and
1278:Special Olympics
1208:health insurance
861:genetic disorder
544:developing world
508:. Diseases like
462:Problems during
195:genetic disorder
53:
33:
32:
21:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7497:
7469:
7450:
7434:
7403:
7381:
7372:
7347:
7322:
7279:
7276:substance abuse
7253:
7230:
7207:
7161:
7147:Bulimia nervosa
7124:
7105:
7081:Hypochondriasis
7076:False pregnancy
7059:Ganser syndrome
7041:Somatic symptom
7035:
6998:
6950:
6939:Specific phobia
6884:
6861:
6832:
6806:
6738:
6734:Savant syndrome
6706:Autism spectrum
6696:
6681:
6609:
6587:
6566:
6560:
6535:
6428:
6407:
6383:Dermatillomania
6344:
6330:Sexual anorexia
6287:
6276:
6266:
6236:
6231:
6203:
6138:
6072:
6011:
5941:
5915:Activist groups
5910:
5864:
5843:
5807:
5774:
5714:
5683:
5678:
5648:
5643:
5642:
5605:
5604:
5544:
5491:
5403:
5401:
5314:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5292:
5196:
5176:
5174:Further reading
5171:
5162:
5160:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5099:
5095:
5040:
5036:
4991:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4954:
4952:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4929:
4927:
4917:
4913:
4879:
4862:
4830:
4826:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4792:
4790:
4775:
4771:
4762:
4760:
4749:
4745:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4679:
4677:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4636:
4632:
4623:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4598:
4596:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4568:
4566:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4538:
4536:
4527:
4526:
4522:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4465:
4461:
4446:
4432:
4428:
4417:
4413:
4396:
4392:
4371:
4367:
4322:
4318:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4274:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4160:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4088:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4061:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4022:
4020:
4011:
4010:
4006:
3987:
3983:
3972:
3968:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3938:
3931:
3886:
3882:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3849:
3836:
3819:
3802:
3798:
3781:
3777:
3760:
3756:
3739:
3735:
3718:
3714:
3675:
3671:
3626:
3622:
3583:
3579:
3540:
3536:
3489:
3485:
3454:
3450:
3419:
3415:
3376:
3372:
3341:
3337:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3281:
3277:
3266:
3262:
3251:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3190:
3186:
3174:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3072:
3068:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3006:
3002:
2993:
2991:
2976:
2972:
2963:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2903:
2899:
2881:
2877:
2832:
2828:
2791:
2787:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2733:
2726:livescience.com
2718:
2714:
2701:
2697:
2666:
2662:
2611:
2607:
2556:
2552:
2509:
2505:
2451:
2447:
2416:
2412:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2334:
2262:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2183:
2168:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2135:
2090:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2060:
2029:
2004:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1904:
1900:
1888:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1843:
1839:
1826:
1824:
1807:
1800:
1784:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1737:
1733:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1607:Future planning
1603:
1566:
1533:
1480:special schools
1448:
1439:
1358:Stephen Dorrell
1346:mental handicap
1342:
1271:
1202:is used in the
1133:
1086:Rosemary Dybwad
869:
853:
845:benzodiazepines
828:metastrategical
784:
747:
700:
667:
617:
603:Absence of the
580:salt iodization
387:phenylketonuria
315:
309:
300:
288:
283:
207:
153:everyday living
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7546:
7536:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7449:
7448:
7442:
7440:
7436:
7435:
7433:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7411:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7385:
7383:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7359:
7357:
7349:
7348:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7323:
7321:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7303:Rebound effect
7300:
7295:
7290:
7284:
7281:
7280:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7244:Hypersexuality
7240:
7238:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7223:
7217:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7183:
7178:
7172:
7170:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7138:
7136:
7126:
7125:
7115:
7114:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7051:
7045:
7043:
7037:
7036:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7012:
7010:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6977:Panic disorder
6974:
6969:
6964:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6947:
6946:
6944:Claustrophobia
6936:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6927:Anthropophobia
6919:
6917:Social anxiety
6914:
6909:
6903:
6901:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6882:
6875:
6873:
6863:
6862:
6842:
6841:
6838:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6787:Pick's disease
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6710:
6708:
6698:
6697:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6642:
6641:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6545:
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6531:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6504:
6503:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6484:
6483:
6482:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6460:
6459:
6458:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6430:
6429:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6408:
6406:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6364:
6363:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6305:
6299:
6297:
6289:
6288:
6278:
6277:
6273:Classification
6265:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6219:
6208:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6157:
6155:Disability art
6152:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5872:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5863:
5862:
5857:
5851:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5789:
5787:
5780:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5676:
5669:
5662:
5654:
5645:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5626:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5591:
5580:
5561:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:Classification
5530:
5529:
5519:
5518:
5507:
5506:
5490:
5489:External links
5487:
5486:
5485:
5478:
5443:
5424:978-1433104343
5410:
5381:
5324:
5312:
5302:on 1 July 2013
5283:
5270:
5265:
5258:
5250:
5225:
5217:
5210:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5144:
5093:
5034:
4985:
4961:
4936:
4911:
4860:
4824:
4799:
4769:
4743:
4712:
4687:
4676:. 9 April 2018
4661:
4630:
4605:
4576:
4550:
4520:
4502:
4484:
4477:
4459:
4444:
4426:
4411:
4390:
4375:"The "R" Word"
4365:
4316:
4294:
4272:
4249:
4213:
4151:
4139:
4079:
4054:
4029:
4004:
3981:
3966:
3952:
3929:
3900:(18): 927–32.
3880:
3859:
3817:
3796:
3775:
3754:
3733:
3712:
3685:(5): 376–410.
3669:
3620:
3577:
3534:
3483:
3464:(4): 391–411.
3448:
3413:
3386:(5): 682–707.
3370:
3335:
3324:(3): 131–140.
3308:
3301:
3275:
3260:
3249:
3227:
3200:(2): 110–118.
3184:
3159:
3141:
3123:
3086:(3): 153–156.
3066:
3030:
3000:
2970:
2946:
2897:
2875:
2826:
2785:
2742:
2712:
2695:
2676:(2): 155–165.
2660:
2605:
2550:
2523:(7): 600–608.
2503:
2445:
2426:(6): 1107–14.
2410:
2383:(4): 537–545.
2362:
2332:
2256:
2226:
2219:
2211:2027.42/138395
2166:
2133:
2081:
2058:
2002:
1965:Non-Coding RNA
1951:
1925:
1918:
1898:
1889:|website=
1865:
1837:
1798:
1790:124 Stat. 2643
1778:
1767:gpnotebook.com
1754:
1731:
1674:
1667:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1602:
1599:
1589:United Kingdom
1565:
1562:
1546:European Union
1544:, and several
1532:
1529:
1505:cerebral palsy
1472:self-direction
1447:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1377:social workers
1341:
1340:United Kingdom
1338:
1329:
1328:
1316:
1305:cerebral palsy
1270:
1267:
1132:
1129:
1105:lead poisoning
1002:Francis Galton
908:raise children
868:
865:
852:
849:
841:antipsychotics
796:mental illness
790:rather than a
783:
780:
775:
774:
764:
758:
746:
743:
699:
696:
666:
663:
616:
613:
612:
611:
608:
601:
587:
537:
510:whooping cough
498:
490:
483:
460:
308:
305:
299:
296:
287:
284:
282:
279:
249:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
206:
203:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
85:
79:
78:
69:
63:
62:
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7545:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7472:
7465:
7461:
7447:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7437:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7408:Schizophrenia
7406:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7379:
7375:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7354:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7337:Schizophrenia
7333:
7329:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7288:Drug overdose
7286:
7285:
7282:
7277:
7273:
7268:
7264:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7239:
7237:
7236:Sexual desire
7233:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7214:
7210:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7171:
7169:
7164:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7120:
7116:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7009:
7005:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6945:
6942:
6941:
6940:
6937:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6923:
6922:Social phobia
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6857:-related and
6856:
6852:
6847:
6843:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6692:
6688:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6598:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6563:
6555:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6538:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6461:
6457:
6454:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6439:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6270:
6263:
6258:
6256:
6251:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6240:
6228:
6220:
6218:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6016:Social issues
6014:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5954:
5952:
5948:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5867:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5758:Special needs
5756:
5752:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5741:Mainstreaming
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5705:Medical model
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5675:
5670:
5668:
5663:
5661:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5616:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5505:at Wiktionary
5504:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5411:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5298:
5291:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5280:archived copy
5277:
5276:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5239:0-87630-916-3
5236:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5158:
5154:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5054:(8): e70855.
5053:
5049:
5045:
5038:
5030:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5005:(5): 431–46.
5004:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4926:
4922:
4915:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4828:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4773:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4729:
4722:
4716:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4650:on 2014-10-26
4649:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4620:on 2010-05-01
4619:
4615:
4609:
4595:on 2014-10-26
4594:
4590:
4586:
4580:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4547:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4470:
4463:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4445:0-252-02237-8
4441:
4437:
4430:
4422:
4415:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4336:(3): 175–80.
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4305:
4298:
4279:
4275:
4269:
4262:
4261:
4253:
4234:
4230:
4223:
4217:
4209:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4156:
4148:
4143:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4084:
4069:on 2010-05-30
4068:
4064:
4058:
4044:on 2010-07-11
4043:
4039:
4033:
4019:on 2010-07-11
4018:
4014:
4008:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3945:
3944:
3936:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3800:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3758:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3716:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3673:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3593:(3): 418–29.
3592:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3429:(2): 705–12.
3428:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3312:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3264:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3181:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2917:(2): 119–29.
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2890:
2887:. San Diego:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:(10): 780–6.
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2805:(3): 216–20.
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2260:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1941:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1902:
1894:
1882:
1868:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
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1595:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
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1547:
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1539:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
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1500:
1498:
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1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1457:
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1443:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1326:
1325:Down syndrome
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1287:North America
1284:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1269:United States
1266:
1264:
1260:
1259:Feeble-minded
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1209:
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1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:special needs
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1125:mental health
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1103:In the past,
1101:
1099:
1098:Massachusetts
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Normalization
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
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1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
992:
989:
985:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
949:Thomas Willis
945:
943:
942:Guardianships
938:
935:
934:Enlightenment
930:
928:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
864:
862:
858:
848:
846:
842:
836:
834:
829:
825:
819:
815:
811:
807:
805:
801:
800:schizophrenia
797:
793:
789:
779:
772:
768:
767:Social skills
765:
762:
761:Communication
759:
756:
753:
752:
751:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
695:
693:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
662:
660:
656:
652:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
631:
626:
622:
609:
606:
602:
599:
595:
591:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:thyroid gland
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
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484:
481:
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473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Down syndrome
360:
356:
352:
348:
345:
344:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:Down syndrome
329:
319:
314:
304:
295:
293:
278:
274:
272:
268:
263:
262:Speech delays
258:
255:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
218:
217:
214:
212:
202:
200:
196:
192:
187:
185:
181:
180:Down syndrome
177:
172:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
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138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
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114:
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93:
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88:down syndrome
86:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
68:
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61:
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52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
7368:Folie à deux
7293:Intoxication
7274:substances,
7272:Psychoactive
7191:Night terror
7008:Dissociative
6972:Panic attack
6540:
6524:Tic disorder
6119:Anthropology
6109:Deaf studies
6099:Crip as verb
5977:Mobility aid
5937:Reach Canada
5710:Social model
5628:
5617:
5593:
5582:
5563:
5548:
5513:from the US
5501:
5481:
5455:
5451:
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5398:the original
5393:
5390:Human Rights
5389:
5336:
5332:
5320:the original
5304:. Retrieved
5297:the original
5288:
5274:
5261:
5253:
5228:
5220:
5213:
5180:
5161:. Retrieved
5159:. 2019-10-28
5156:
5147:
5110:
5106:
5096:
5051:
5047:
5037:
5002:
4998:
4988:
4977:. Retrieved
4973:
4964:
4953:. Retrieved
4951:. 2019-05-15
4948:
4939:
4928:. Retrieved
4925:euractiv.com
4924:
4914:
4889:
4885:
4838:
4834:
4827:
4816:. Retrieved
4802:
4791:. Retrieved
4782:
4772:
4761:. Retrieved
4755:. BBC News.
4746:
4735:. Retrieved
4715:
4703:. Retrieved
4699:
4690:
4678:. Retrieved
4673:
4664:
4652:. Retrieved
4648:the original
4643:
4633:
4622:. Retrieved
4618:the original
4608:
4597:. Retrieved
4593:the original
4588:
4579:
4567:. Retrieved
4553:
4544:
4539:12 September
4537:. Retrieved
4523:
4505:
4487:
4468:
4462:
4435:
4429:
4420:
4414:
4398:
4393:
4378:
4368:
4333:
4329:
4319:
4307:. Retrieved
4297:
4285:. Retrieved
4278:the original
4259:
4252:
4240:. Retrieved
4233:the original
4228:
4216:
4171:
4167:
4142:
4102:(2): 71–74.
4099:
4095:
4071:. Retrieved
4067:the original
4057:
4046:. Retrieved
4042:the original
4032:
4021:. Retrieved
4017:the original
4007:
3994:
3984:
3975:
3969:
3957:. Retrieved
3942:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3867:
3862:
3850:. Retrieved
3840:
3804:
3799:
3783:
3778:
3762:
3757:
3741:
3736:
3720:
3715:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3637:
3633:
3623:
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3580:
3550:(5): 400–9.
3547:
3543:
3537:
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3492:
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3461:
3457:
3451:
3426:
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3317:
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3269:
3263:
3239:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3179:
3173:. Retrieved
3162:
3153:
3144:
3126:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3047:(2): 250–5.
3044:
3040:
3033:
3022:. Retrieved
3013:
3003:
2992:. Retrieved
2983:
2973:
2962:. Retrieved
2959:ScienceDaily
2958:
2949:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2802:
2798:
2788:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2734:. Retrieved
2725:
2715:
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2698:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2567:
2563:
2553:
2520:
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2459:
2448:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2380:
2376:
2354:. Retrieved
2350:the original
2345:
2335:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2248:, retrieved
2244:the original
2239:
2229:
2190:
2158:, retrieved
2149:
2101:
2097:
2075:
2040:
2036:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1944:, retrieved
1939:
1928:
1908:
1901:
1870:. Retrieved
1847:
1840:
1832:
1825:. Retrieved
1814:
1781:
1770:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1748:
1734:
1691:
1687:
1677:
1657:
1650:
1586:
1567:
1560:disability.
1558:psychosocial
1553:
1534:
1501:
1484:mainstreamed
1476:
1460:
1440:
1419:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1369:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1333:
1330:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1290:
1258:
1254:
1252:
1241:
1237:
1225:
1221:
1220:. The terms
1212:
1199:
1195:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1121:
1117:maternal age
1102:
1094:
1071:
1056:
1040:
1033:
1025:Alfred Binet
1022:
1014:Adolf Hitler
995:
993:
975:asylum model
972:
968:Richard Buck
957:
946:
939:
931:
924:
920:menial labor
892:ancient Rome
874:
870:
854:
851:Epidemiology
837:
833:phonological
820:
816:
812:
808:
791:
787:
785:
776:
769:with peers,
748:
701:
692:Flynn effect
688:
683:Lewis Terman
679:Alfred Binet
668:
647:
643:
628:
618:
590:Malnutrition
563:
522:medical care
437:Y chromosome
418:
324:
301:
289:
281:Co-morbidity
275:
259:
250:
215:
208:
188:
173:
151:that affect
133:intellectual
124:
120:
116:
112:
111:
7341:schizotypal
7176:Hypersomnia
7166:Nonorganic
6907:Agoraphobia
6638:Cyclothymia
6633:Bipolar NOS
6608:(affective)
6480:Stereotypic
6388:Kleptomania
6192:Paralympics
6187:Deaflympics
5997:Prosthetics
5688:Main topics
5619:MedlinePlus
5523:Let's Work!
5198:10072/47764
4892:(3): 57–9.
3838:Wickham P.
2250:October 27,
2160:October 27,
2150:MedlinePlus
1389:dyscalculia
1344:In the UK,
1318:The phrase
1238:retardation
1172:retardation
1131:Terminology
1113:vaccination
979:basic needs
964:Benoni Buck
904:hold office
888:four humors
884:Hippocrates
824:strategical
681:in France.
657:(including
497:individual.
445:pentasomy X
441:Tetrasomy X
389:(PKU), and
41:Other names
7512:Categories
7493:Stereotypy
7356:Delusional
7345:delusional
7318:Withdrawal
7186:Parasomnia
7091:Nosophobia
6871:Adjustment
6859:somatoform
6792:Sundowning
6645:Depression
6628:Bipolar II
6517:Stuttering
6512:Cluttering
6308:Paraphilia
6182:Parasports
5719:Approaches
5695:Disability
5681:Disability
5595:DiseasesDB
5432:2009-44580
5163:2020-04-06
4979:2020-11-29
4955:2020-11-29
4930:2020-11-29
4818:2010-06-29
4793:2010-06-29
4763:2010-06-29
4737:2007-08-23
4705:25 October
4680:25 October
4654:2014-10-19
4624:2010-12-08
4599:2014-10-18
4569:2010-12-07
4493:"Journals"
4073:2010-06-29
4048:2010-06-29
4023:2010-06-29
3175:2010-12-04
3024:2009-07-21
2994:2009-07-21
2964:2022-08-16
2758:: 125–48.
2736:2022-08-16
2619:Pediatrics
2564:Pediatrics
2356:2022-07-07
2240:qld.gov.au
1946:2024-04-13
1872:2024-04-13
1827:4 December
1786:Rosa's Law
1772:2024-07-08
1643:References
1578:depression
1525:group home
1521:caregivers
1497:group home
1161:challenged
932:Until the
857:idiopathic
804:depression
798:, such as
788:disability
782:Management
703:Clinically
673:test, the
596:, such as
576:Kazakhstan
562:(formerly
518:meningitis
328:trisomy 18
267:group home
191:idiopathic
76:pediatrics
72:Psychiatry
7446:Catatonia
7378:Psychosis
7213:Postnatal
7196:Nightmare
6802:Wandering
6655:Dysthymia
6623:Bipolar I
6578:Pervasive
6393:Pyromania
6318:Voyeurism
6313:Fetishism
6129:Education
6124:Geography
5768:education
5731:Inclusion
5638:neuro/605
5630:eMedicine
5474:1741-1130
5440:460711867
5361:0306-624X
5353:1552-6933
5207:829241491
4783:Telegraph
4546:supports.
4407:543795982
4309:26 August
4190:2365-7464
4174:(1): 29.
4116:1205-7088
3959:11 August
3852:8 October
3699:0895-8017
3521:1934-9491
3513:1934-9556
3478:143880400
3351:: 42–57.
3222:151191181
3214:1366-8250
3100:1205-7088
2690:143874013
2655:256273971
2639:0031-4005
2600:243762735
2584:0031-4005
2480:0162-3257
2327:212947591
2295:0890-8567
2287:1527-5418
1971:(1): 22.
1891:ignored (
1881:cite book
1792:(2010). (
1750:profound.
1708:0140-6736
1552:ruled in
1437:Australia
1166:The term
1069:in 1980.
1023:In 1905,
1018:Holocaust
966:, son of
916:Roman law
655:dementias
615:Diagnosis
564:cretinism
464:pregnancy
451:, or 49,
199:inherited
161:reasoning
103:Frequency
92:Fragile X
67:Specialty
7181:Insomnia
6851:Neurotic
6818:Delirium
6744:Dementia
6583:Specific
6217:Category
6134:Journals
6114:Eugenics
6094:Bodymind
5901:Students
5848:Services
5635:med/3095
5377:27995011
5369:17636203
5247:39223703
5139:25077139
5088:23951026
5048:PLOS ONE
5029:23913632
4906:14749614
4898:23315317
4855:16672037
4812:Archived
4787:Archived
4757:Archived
4728:Archived
4563:Archived
4559:"mencap"
4533:Archived
4515:Archived
4497:Archived
4454:35548813
4385:Archived
4360:21991267
4242:30 April
4208:28133625
4134:23372396
3999:Archived
3924:43528098
3916:24502149
3846:Archived
3707:12186578
3664:31805208
3615:18526396
3607:17658985
3572:21854907
3564:17915494
3529:19368488
3443:21159487
3408:35318587
3400:17699124
3365:71602425
3255:Archived
3243:. 2015.
3136:Archived
3118:21358895
3061:18206698
3018:Archived
2988:Archived
2941:20059514
2870:16199551
2821:10398231
2780:40223129
2772:16722803
2730:Archived
2647:36700335
2592:34851412
2537:26198689
2498:23008058
2440:19604668
2397:27558812
2319:33928910
2311:14404226
2303:87640752
2154:archived
2128:26063472
2053:Archived
2049:10706158
1997:33799572
1821:Archived
1745:Archived
1726:27733282
1601:See also
1582:diabetes
1570:epilepsy
1488:included
1385:dyslexia
1381:dyslexia
1297:epilepsy
1230:imbecile
1063:lawsuits
1043:Civitans
1006:eugenics
960:colonies
927:Al-Walid
727:dementia
623:and the
598:Ethiopia
586:had not.
494:histones
361:include
165:planning
145:below 70
6890:Anxiety
6729:PDD-NOS
6618:Bipolar
6271: (
5869:Support
5589:D008607
5559:F70-F79
5404:12 July
5306:30 June
5130:4098023
5079:3741324
5056:Bibcode
5020:4475843
4351:3188762
4287:16 June
4199:5256467
4125:3299349
3655:6894923
3109:2865952
2932:2820350
2861:1735927
2545:7635120
2489:4814267
2405:4377173
2119:4561509
1988:8005948
1794:Archive
1717:5055577
1587:In the
1414:A 2008
1153:special
1052:deviant
953:disease
925:Caliph
867:History
792:disease
548:endemic
534:mercury
526:poisons
514:measles
502:disease
472:alcohol
347:Genetic
7134:Eating
6982:Stress
6899:Phobia
6855:stress
6714:Autism
6507:Speech
6296:Sexual
5786:Rights
5763:school
5624:001523
5472:
5438:
5430:
5422:
5375:
5367:
5359:
5351:
5245:
5237:
5205:
5137:
5127:
5113:: 83.
5086:
5076:
5027:
5017:
4904:
4896:
4853:
4700:Mencap
4674:nhs.uk
4475:
4452:
4442:
4405:
4358:
4348:
4270:
4206:
4196:
4188:
4149:, 2013
4132:
4122:
4114:
3950:
3922:
3914:
3874:
3811:
3790:
3769:
3748:
3727:
3705:
3697:
3662:
3652:
3613:
3605:
3570:
3562:
3527:
3519:
3511:
3476:
3441:
3406:
3398:
3363:
3299:
3247:
3220:
3212:
3116:
3106:
3098:
3059:
2939:
2929:
2868:
2858:
2819:
2778:
2770:
2688:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2543:
2535:
2496:
2486:
2478:
2438:
2403:
2395:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2217:
2126:
2116:
2098:Lancet
2047:
1995:
1985:
1916:
1863:
1724:
1714:
1706:
1688:Lancet
1665:
1509:vision
1492:stigma
1456:Bhutan
1426:Mencap
1301:autism
1243:retard
1192:ICD-11
1188:ICD-10
1180:DSM-IV
1082:Gunnar
896:slaves
771:family
594:famine
584:Russia
552:goiter
506:toxins
487:oxygen
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