3101:, p. 5 "As mental testing expanded to the evaluation of adolescents and adults, however, there was a need for a measure of intelligence that did not depend upon mental age. Accordingly the intelligence quotient (IQ) was developed. ... The narrow definition of IQ is a score on an intelligence test ... where 'average' intelligence, that is the median level of performance on an intelligence test, receives a score of 100, and other scores are assigned so that the scores are distributed normally about 100, with a standard deviation of 15. Some of the implications are that: 1. Approximately two-thirds of all scores lie between 85 and 115. 2. Five percent (1/20) of all scores are above 125, and one percent (1/100) are above 135. Similarly, five percent are below 75 and one percent below 65."
1232:(1896–1934) during his last two years of his life. According to Vygotsky, the maximum level of complexity and difficulty of problems that a child is capable to solve under some guidance indicates their level of potential development. The difference between this level of potential and the lower level of unassisted performance indicates the child's zone of proximal development. Combination of the two indexes—the level of actual and the zone of the proximal development—according to Vygotsky, provides a significantly more informative indicator of psychological development than the assessment of the level of actual development alone. His ideas on the zone of development were later developed in a number of psychological and educational theories and practices, most notably under the banner of
1110:" to refer to people who did not perform well on the test. He argued that "feeble-mindedness" was caused by heredity, and thus feeble-minded people should be prevented from giving birth, either by institutional isolation or sterilization surgeries. At first, sterilization targeted the disabled, but was later extended to poor people. Goddard's intelligence test was endorsed by the eugenicists to push for laws for forced sterilization. Different states adopted the sterilization laws at different paces. These laws, whose constitutionality was upheld by the Supreme Court in their 1927 ruling
1284:'s earlier work on neuropsychological processes led to the PASS theory (1997). It argued that only looking at one general factor was inadequate for researchers and clinicians who worked with learning disabilities, attention disorders, intellectual disability, and interventions for such disabilities. The PASS model covers four kinds of processes (planning process, attention/arousal process, simultaneous processing, and successive processing). The planning processes involve decision making, problem solving, and performing activities and require goal setting and self-monitoring.
9035:'Human biodiversity' proponents sometimes assert that alleged differences in the mean value of IQ when measured in different populations – such as the claim that IQ in some sub-Saharan African countries is measurably lower than in European countries – are caused by genetic variation, and thus are inherent. . . . Such tales, and the claims about the genetic basis for population differences, are not scientifically supported. In reality for most traits, including IQ, it is not only unclear that genetic variation explains differences between populations, it is also unlikely.
1632:. Reliability represents the measurement consistency of a test. A reliable test produces similar scores upon repetition. On aggregate, IQ tests exhibit high reliability, although test-takers may have varying scores when taking the same test on differing occasions, and may have varying scores when taking different IQ tests at the same age. Like all statistical quantities, any particular estimate of IQ has an associated standard error that measures uncertainty about the estimate. For modern tests, the confidence interval can be approximately 10 points and reported
2008:. Further research will be needed to determine nature, extent and duration of the proposed transfer. Among other questions, it remains to be seen whether the results extend to other kinds of fluid intelligence tests than the matrix test used in the study, and if so, whether, after training, fluid intelligence measures retain their correlation with educational and occupational achievement or if the value of fluid intelligence for predicting performance on other tasks changes. It is also unclear whether the training is durable for extended periods of time.
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1978:, with genetic effects causing bright children to seek out more stimulating environments that then further increase their IQ. In Dickens' model, environment effects are modeled as decaying over time. In this model, the Flynn effect can be explained by an increase in environmental stimulation independent of it being sought out by individuals. The authors suggest that programs aiming to increase IQ would be most likely to produce long-term IQ gains if they enduringly raised children's drive to seek out cognitively demanding experiences.
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2719:
review article published in 2012 by leading scholars on human intelligence reached a similar conclusion, after reviewing the prior research literature, that group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin. More recently, geneticist and neuroscientist Kevin
Mitchell has argued, on the basis of basic principles of population genetics, that "systematic genetic differences in intelligence between large, ancient populations" are "inherently and deeply implausible".
5635:, p. . "The concerns associated with SEMs are actually substantially worse for scores at the extremes of the distribution, especially when scores approach the maximum possible on a test ... when students answer most of the items correctly. In these cases, errors of measurement for scale scores will increase substantially at the extremes of the distribution. Commonly the SEM is from two to four times larger for very high scores than for scores near the mean (Lord, 1980)."
2155:
prevailing view among academics is that it is largely through the quicker acquisition of job-relevant knowledge that higher IQ mediates job performance. This view has been challenged by
Byington & Felps (2010), who argued that "the current applications of IQ-reflective tests allow individuals with high IQ scores to receive greater access to developmental resources, enabling them to acquire additional capabilities over time, and ultimately perform their jobs better."
105:
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which demonstrates that financial success is difficult to predict by any variable. This assertion is further corroborated by the meta-analysis of Ng et al. (2005) where the best predictor of salary was educational level with a correlation of only .29. It should also be noted that the correlation of .23 is about the size of the average meta-analytic result in psychology(Hemphill, 2003) and cannot, therefore, be treated as insignificant.
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49:
1004:, who worked with major hereditarians of American psychometrics—including Terman, Goddard—to write the test. The testing generated controversy and much public debate in the United States. Nonverbal or "performance" tests were developed for those who could not speak English or were suspected of malingering. Based on Goddard's translation of the Binet–Simon test, the tests had an impact in screening men for officer training:
6781:
Control
Consortium 2 (WTCCC2); Jaddoe VW, Starr JM, Verhulst FC, Pennell C, Tiemeier H, Iacono WG, Palmer LJ, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Boomsma DI, Posthuma D, McGue M, Wright MJ, Davey Smith G, Deary IJ, Plomin R, Visscher PM. Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L. Mol Psychiatry. 2014 Feb;19(2):253-8. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.184. Epub 2013 Jan 29. PMID 23358156; PMCID: PMC3935975.
1008:...the tests did have a strong impact in some areas, particularly in screening men for officer training. At the start of the war, the army and national guard maintained nine thousand officers. By the end, two hundred thousand officers presided, and two- thirds of them had started their careers in training camps where the tests were applied. In some camps, no man scoring below C could be considered for officer training.
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3797:"What do the above IQ's imply in such terms as feeble-mindedness, border-line intelligence, dullness, normality, superior intelligence, genius, etc.? When we use these terms two facts must be born in mind: (1) That the boundary lines between such groups are absolutely arbitrary, a matter of definition only; and (2) that the individuals comprising one of the groups do not make up a homogeneous type."
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the single score from the Binet. Wechsler's ten or more subtests provided this. Another is that the
Stanford–Binet test reflected mostly verbal abilities, while the Wechsler test also reflected nonverbal abilities. The Stanford–Binet has also been revised several times and is now similar to the Wechsler in several aspects, but the Wechsler continues to be the most popular test in the United States.
1189:, which is a hierarchical model with three levels. The bottom stratum consists of narrow abilities that are highly specialized (e.g., induction, spelling ability). The second stratum consists of broad abilities. Carroll identified eight second-stratum abilities. Carroll accepted Spearman's concept of general intelligence, for the most part, as a representation of the uppermost, third stratum.
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integration of stimuli into serial order. The planning and attention/arousal components comes from structures located in the frontal lobe, and the simultaneous and successive processes come from structures located in the posterior region of the cortex. It has influenced some recent IQ tests, and been seen as a complement to the
Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory described above.
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confounding factors that prohibit simple causal interpretation. A recent meta-analysis has shown that the relationship is only observed in higher risk populations such as those in poverty without direct effect, but without any causal interpretation. A nationally representative longitudinal study has shown that this relationship is entirely mediated by school performance.
2748:, many researchers have found that there are no significant sex differences in general intelligence, though ability in particular types of intelligence does vary. Thus, while some test batteries show slightly greater intelligence in males, others show greater intelligence in females. In particular, studies have shown female subjects performing better on tasks related to
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confounded by a measure of concentrated disadvantage that captures the effects of race, poverty, and other social disadvantages of the county." However, this study is limited in that it extrapolated Add Health estimates to the respondent's counties, and as the dataset was not designed to be representative on the state or county level, it may not be generalizable.
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indicate an effect of DIF. It does not count as differential item functioning if both groups have an equally valid chance of giving different responses to the same questions. Such bias can be a result of culture, educational level and other factors that are independent of group traits. DIF is only considered if test-takers from different groups
914:, which focused on verbal abilities. It was intended to identify "mental retardation" in school children, but in specific contradistinction to claims made by psychiatrists that these children were "sick" (not "slow") and should therefore be removed from school and cared for in asylums. The score on the Binet–Simon scale would reveal the child's
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Rietveld CA, Tiemeier H, van Duijn CM, Posthuma D. Genome-wide association meta-analysis of 78,308 individuals identifies new loci and genes influencing human intelligence. Nat Genet. 2017 Jul;49(7):1107-1112. doi: 10.1038/ng.3869. Epub 2017 May 22. Erratum in: Nat Genet. 2017 Sep 27;49(10 ):1558. PMID 28530673; PMCID: PMC5665562.
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culture rather than intelligence. After the war, positive publicity promoted by army psychologists helped to make psychology a respected field. Subsequently, there was an increase in jobs and funding in psychology in the United States. Group intelligence tests were developed and became widely used in schools and industry.
884:. He set up the first mental testing center in the world in 1882 and he published "Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development" in 1883, in which he set out his theories. After gathering data on a variety of physical variables, he was unable to show any such correlation, and he eventually abandoned this research.
1175:(Gc) was hypothesized as a knowledge-based ability that was very dependent on education and experience. In addition, fluid intelligence was hypothesized to decline with age, while crystallized intelligence was largely resistant to the effects of aging. The theory was almost forgotten, but was revived by his student
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strains the child's metabolism and prevents full brain development. Hassel postulated that it is by far the most important factor in determining population IQ. However, they also found that subsequent factors such as good nutrition and regular quality schooling can offset early negative effects to some extent.
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test scores in clinical assessments. Another factor that must be considered is the extent to which subtest scores reflect portions of true score variance due to a hierarchical general intelligence factor and variance due to specific group factors because these sources of true score variance are conflated.
918:. For example, a six-year-old child who passed all the tasks usually passed by six-year-olds—but nothing beyond—would have a mental age that matched his chronological age, 6.0. (Fancher, 1985). Binet and Simon thought that intelligence was multifaceted, but came under the control of practical judgment.
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stated that IQ scores accounted for about a quarter of the social status variance and one-sixth of the income variance. Statistical controls for parental SES eliminate about a quarter of this predictive power. Psychometric intelligence appears as only one of a great many factors that influence social
1935:
Although parents treat their children differently, such differential treatment explains only a small amount of nonshared environmental influence. One suggestion is that children react differently to the same environment because of different genes. More likely influences may be the impact of peers and
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test may contain cultural influences that reduce the validity of the WAIS-R as a measure of cognitive ability for
Mexican American students," indicating a weaker positive correlation relative to sampled white students. Other recent studies have questioned the culture-fairness of IQ tests when used in
1639:
Outside influences such as low motivation or high anxiety can occasionally lower a person's IQ test score. For individuals with very low scores, the 95% confidence interval may be greater than 40 points, potentially complicating the accuracy of diagnoses of intellectual disability. By the same token,
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categories by observing their behavior in daily life. Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based primarily on IQ test scores. Both intelligence classification by observation of behavior outside the testing room and classification by IQ testing
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he claims that genetics defines racial groups and makes them different, that IQ and cultural differences among racial groups are caused by genes, and that racial inequalities within and between nations are the inevitable outcome of long evolutionary processes are neither new nor supported by science
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When we come to quantities like IQ or g, as we are presently able to measure them, we shall see later that we have an even lower level of measurement—an ordinal level. This means that the numbers we assign to individuals can only be used to rank them—the number tells us where the individual comes in
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The correlation with income is considerably lower, perhaps even disappointingly low, being about the average of the previous meta-analytic estimates (.15 by Bowles et al., 2001; and .27 by Ng et al., 2005). But...other predictors, studied in this paper, are not doing any better in predicting income,
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The existence of differences between male and female performance on math-related tests is contested, and a meta-analysis focusing on average gender differences in math performance found nearly identical performance for boys and girls. Currently, most IQ tests, including popular batteries such as the
2162:
In establishing a causal direction to the link between IQ and work performance, longitudinal studies by
Watkins and others suggest that IQ exerts a causal influence on future academic achievement, whereas academic achievement does not substantially influence future IQ scores. Treena Eileen Rohde and
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is above zero for all work studied to date, but varies with the type of job and across different studies, ranging from 0.2 to 0.6. The correlations were higher when the unreliability of measurement methods was controlled for. While IQ is more strongly correlated with reasoning and less so with motor
2060:
Health is important in understanding differences in IQ test scores and other measures of cognitive ability. Several factors can lead to significant cognitive impairment, particularly if they occur during pregnancy and childhood when the brain is growing and the blood–brain barrier is less effective.
1944:
A very large proportion of the over 17,000 human genes are thought to have an effect on the development and functionality of the brain. While a number of individual genes have been reported to be associated with IQ, none have a strong effect. Deary and colleagues (2009) reported that no finding of a
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effect rather than a true aging effect. A variety of studies of IQ and aging have been conducted since the norming of the first
Wechsler Intelligence Scale drew attention to IQ differences in different age groups of adults. Both cohort effects (the birth year of the test-takers) and practice effects
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remains intact. However, the exact peak age of fluid intelligence or crystallized intelligence remains elusive. Cross-sectional studies usually show that especially fluid intelligence peaks at a relatively young age (often in the early adulthood) while longitudinal data mostly show that intelligence
1792:
Researchers have been exploring the issue of whether the Flynn effect is equally strong on performance of all kinds of IQ test items, whether the effect may have ended in some developed nations, whether there are social subgroup differences in the effect, and what possible causes of the effect might
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Intelligence science has undoubtedly been dogged by ugly prejudice. Historical measurements of skull volume and brain weight were done to advance claims of the racial superiority of white people. More recently, the (genuine but closing) gap between the average IQ scores of groups of black and white
5582:
Reliability estimates in Table 4.1 and standard errors of measurement in Table 4.4 should be considered best-case estimates because they do not consider other major sources of error, such as transient error, administration error, or scoring error (Hanna, Bradley, & Holen, 1981), which influence
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states that wherever it has been studied, children with high scores on tests of intelligence tend to learn more of what is taught in school than their lower-scoring peers. The correlation between IQ scores and grades is about .50. This means that the explained variance is 25%. Achieving good grades
1926:
Family members have aspects of environments in common (for example, characteristics of the home). This shared family environment accounts for 0.25–0.35 of the variation in IQ in childhood. By late adolescence, it is quite low (zero in some studies). The effect for several other psychological traits
1648:
Reliability and validity are very different concepts. While reliability reflects reproducibility, validity refers to whether the test measures what it purports to measure. While IQ tests are generally considered to measure some forms of intelligence, they may fail to serve as an accurate measure of
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Benyamin B, Pourcain B, Davis OS, Davies G, Hansell NK, Brion MJ, Kirkpatrick RM, Cents RA, Franić S, Miller MB, Haworth CM, Meaburn E, Price TS, Evans DM, Timpson N, Kemp J, Ring S, McArdle W, Medland SE, Yang J, Harris SE, Liewald DC, Scheet P, Xiao X, Hudziak JJ, de Geus EJ; Wellcome Trust Case
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Sniekers S, Stringer S, Watanabe K, Jansen PR, Coleman JRI, Krapohl E, Taskesen E, Hammerschlag AR, Okbay A, Zabaneh D, Amin N, Breen G, Cesarini D, Chabris CF, Iacono WG, Ikram MA, Johannesson M, Koellinger P, Lee JJ, Magnusson PKE, McGue M, Miller MB, Ollier WER, Payton A, Pendleton N, Plomin R,
2718:
have argued that there are insufficient data to conclude that the black–white gap is due to genetic influences. Dickens and Flynn argued more positively that their results refute the possibility of a genetic origin, concluding that "the environment has been responsible" for observed differences. A
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since the modern concept of race was first introduced. Despite the tremendous amount of research done on the topic, no scientific evidence has emerged that the average IQ scores of different population groups can be attributed to genetic differences between those groups. Growing evidence indicates
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It has also been shown that the effect of IQ is heavily dependent on socioeconomic status and that it cannot be easily controlled away, with many methodological considerations being at play. Indeed, there is evidence that the small relationship is mediated by well-being, substance abuse, and other
2270:
A study of the relationship between US county-level IQ and US county-level crime rates found that higher average IQs were very weakly associated with lower levels of property crime, burglary, larceny rate, motor vehicle theft, violent crime, robbery, and aggravated assault. These results were "not
2262:
stated that reviews have found that around eight IQ points, or 0.5 SD, separate criminals from the general population, especially for persistent serious offenders. It has been suggested that this simply reflects that "only dumb ones get caught" but there is similarly a negative relation between IQ
2236:
was −0.2. This association is generally regarded as small and prone to disappearance or a substantial reduction after controlling for the proper covariates, being much smaller than typical sociological correlates. It was −0.19 between IQ scores and the number of juvenile offenses in a large Danish
2041:
Several neurophysiological factors have been correlated with intelligence in humans, including the ratio of brain weight to body weight and the size, shape, and activity level of different parts of the brain. Specific features that may affect IQ include the size and shape of the frontal lobes, the
2022:
Musical training in childhood correlates with higher than average IQ. However, a study of 10,500 twins found no effects on IQ, suggesting that the correlation was caused by genetic confounders. A meta-analysis concluded that "Music training does not reliably enhance children and young adolescents'
1215:
was earlier often subdivided into only Gf and Gc, which were thought to correspond to the nonverbal or performance subtests and verbal subtests in earlier versions of the popular
Wechsler IQ test. More recent research has shown the situation to be more complex. Modern comprehensive IQ tests do not
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produced the first version of his test in 1939. It gradually became more popular and overtook the
Stanford–Binet in the 1960s. It has been revised several times, as is common for IQ tests, to incorporate new research. One explanation is that psychologists and educators wanted more information than
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IQ classification is the practice used by IQ test publishers for designating IQ score ranges into various categories with labels such as "superior" or "average". IQ classification was preceded historically by attempts to classify human beings by general ability based on other forms of behavioral
1971:, such that the heritability was high in high-SES families, but much lower in low-SES families. In the US, this has been replicated in infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Outside the US, studies show no link between heritability and SES. Some effects may even reverse sign outside the US.
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accounts for 4% of the total variance. The causal links between psychometric ability and social outcomes may be indirect. Children with poor scholastic performance may feel alienated. Consequently, they may be more likely to engage in delinquent behavior, compared to other children who do well.
1012:
In total 1.75 million men were tested, making the results the first mass-produced written tests of intelligence, though considered dubious and non-usable, for reasons including high variability of test implementation throughout different camps and questions testing for familiarity with American
975:
between the tests. He observed that children's school grades across seemingly unrelated school subjects were positively correlated, and reasoned that these correlations reflected the influence of an underlying general mental ability that entered into performance on all kinds of mental tests. He
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Among the most controversial issues related to the study of intelligence is the observation that IQ scores vary on average between ethnic and racial groups, though these differences have fluctuated and in many cases steadily decreased over time. While there is little scholarly debate about the
2109:
It has been found that the correlation of IQ scores with school performance depends on the IQ measurement used. For undergraduate students, the Verbal IQ as measured by WAIS-R has been found to correlate significantly (0.53) with the grade point average (GPA) of the last 60 hours (credits). In
2064:
Since about 2010, researchers such as Eppig, Hassel, and MacKenzie have found a very close and consistent link between IQ scores and infectious diseases, especially in the infant and preschool populations and the mothers of these children. They have postulated that fighting infectious diseases
1734:
give different answers to specific questions on the same IQ test. DIF analysis measures such specific items on a test alongside measuring participants' latent abilities on other similar questions. A consistent different group response to a specific question among similar types of questions can
1117:
California's sterilization program was so effective that the Nazis turned to the government for advice on how to prevent the birth of the "unfit". While the US eugenics movement lost much of its momentum in the 1940s in view of the horrors of Nazi Germany, advocates of eugenics (including Nazi
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That said, for highly qualified activities (research, management) low IQ scores are more likely to be a barrier to adequate performance, whereas for minimally-skilled activities, athletic strength (manual strength, speed, stamina, and coordination) is more likely to influence performance. The
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Since the early 20th century, raw scores on IQ tests have increased in most parts of the world. When a new version of an IQ test is normed, the standard scoring is set so performance at the population median results in a score of IQ 100. The phenomenon of rising raw score performance means if
1145:
1287:
The attention/arousal process involves selectively attending to a particular stimulus, ignoring distractions, and maintaining vigilance. Simultaneous processing involves the integration of stimuli into a group and requires the observation of relationships. Successive processing involves the
1016:
The results of these tests, which at the time reaffirmed contemporary racism and nationalism, are considered controversial and dubious, having rested on certain contested assumptions: that intelligence was heritable, innate, and could be relegated to a single number, the tests were enacted
5382:"In the jargon of psychological measurement theory, IQ is an ordinal scale, where we are simply rank-ordering people. ... It is not even appropriate to claim that the 10-point difference between IQ scores of 110 and 100 is the same as the 10-point difference between IQs of 160 and 150"
1031:
argued for a model of intelligence that included seven unrelated factors (verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, reasoning, and induction). While not widely used, Thurstone's model influenced later theories.
4336:
As an applied science, thus, the practice of eugenics referred to everything from prenatal care for mothers to forced sterilization and euthanasia. Galton divided the practice of eugenics into two types—positive and negative—both aimed at improving the human race through selective
775:
Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence. Unlike, for example, distance and mass, a concrete measure of intelligence cannot be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of "intelligence". IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as
8703:
2643:
There is considerable variation within and overlap among these categories. People with high IQs are found at all levels of education and occupational categories. The biggest difference occurs for low IQs with only an occasional college graduate or professional scoring below 90.
1085:. In 1883, Galton first used the word eugenics to describe the biological improvement of human genes and the concept of being "well-born". He believed that differences in a person's ability were acquired primarily through genetics and that eugenics could be implemented through
1665:
must be carefully qualified, and not be overstated. According to Weiten, "IQ tests are valid measures of the kind of intelligence necessary to do well in academic work. But if the purpose is to assess intelligence in a broader sense, the validity of IQ tests is questionable."
1816:. A study of Norwegian military conscripts' test records found that IQ scores have been falling for generations born after the year 1975, and that the underlying cause of both initial increasing and subsequent falling trends appears to be environmental rather than genetic.
1435:
IQ scores can differ to some degree for the same person on different IQ tests, so a person does not always belong to the same IQ score range each time the person is tested. (IQ score table data and pupil pseudonyms adapted from description of KABC-II norming study cited in
921:
In Binet and Simon's view, there were limitations with the scale and they stressed what they saw as the remarkable diversity of intelligence and the subsequent need to study it using qualitative, as opposed to quantitative, measures (White, 2000). American psychologist
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continued existence of some of these differences, the current scientific consensus is that they stem from environmental rather than genetic causes. The existence of differences in IQ between the sexes has been debated, and largely depends on which tests are performed.
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Lee Anne Thompson write that general cognitive ability, but not specific ability scores, predict academic achievement, with the exception that processing speed and spatial ability predict performance on the SAT math beyond the effect of general cognitive ability.
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The available evidence reviewed by several authors in this volume provides, as Richard E. Nisbett puts it, 'no evidence for genetic superiority of either race while providing strong evidence for a substantial environmental contribution to the black-white IQ
959:
The many different kinds of IQ tests include a wide variety of item content. Some test items are visual, while many are verbal. Test items vary from being based on abstract-reasoning problems to concentrating on arithmetic, vocabulary, or general knowledge.
1991:
have not produced lasting gains in IQ scores. Even when students improve their scores on standardized tests, they do not always improve their cognitive abilities, such as memory, attention and speed. More intensive, but much smaller projects, such as the
1917:
in infancy are as low as 0.2, around 0.4 in middle childhood, and as high as 0.9 in adulthood. One proposed explanation is that people with different genes tend to reinforce the effects of those genes, for example by seeking out different environments.
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Bain, Sherry K.; Jaspers, Kathryn E. (1 April 2010). "Test Review: Review of Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. L. (2004). Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test, Second Edition. Bloomington, MN: Pearson, Inc".
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Developed nations have implemented several health policies regarding nutrients and toxins known to influence cognitive function. These include laws requiring fortification of certain food products and laws establishing safe levels of pollutants (e.g.
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says that although the correlation between IQ and income averages a moderate 0.4 (one-sixth or 16% of the variance), the relationship increases with age, and peaks at middle age when people have reached their maximum career potential. In the book,
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children; the alternative of using developmental or adaptive skills measures are relatively poor measures of intelligence in autistic children, and may have resulted in incorrect claims that a majority of autistic children are of low intelligence.
2026:
It is popularly thought that listening to classical music raises IQ. However, multiple attempted replications (e.g.) have shown that this is at best a short-term effect (lasting no longer than 10 to 15 minutes), and is not related to IQ-increase.
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Warner, Molly; Ernst, John; Townes, Brenda; Peel, John; Preston, Michael (1987). "Relationships Between IQ and Neuropsychological Measures in Neuropsychiatric Populations: Within-Laboratory and Cross-Cultural Replications Using WAIS and WAIS-R".
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is a field of research that examines the associations between intelligence test scores and health. Researchers in the field argue that intelligence measured at an early age is an important predictor of later health and mortality differences.
2196:
Some studies assert that IQ only accounts for (explains) a sixth of the variation in income because many studies are based on young adults, many of whom have not yet reached their peak earning capacity, or even their education. On pg 568 of
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Ttofi, Maria M.; Farrington, David P.; Piquero, Alex R.; Lösel, Friedrich; DeLisi, Matthew; Murray, Joseph (1 June 2016). "Intelligence as a protective factor against offending: A meta-analytic review of prospective longitudinal studies".
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Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann; Kemp, Ryan; Rust, Annegret; Muirhead, Joanne; Hartman, Nigel; Radloff, Sarah (2004). "Cross-cultural Effects on IQ Test Performance: AReview and Preliminary Normative Indications on WAIS-III Test Performance".
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is 15 points, and two SDs are 30 points, and so on, this does not imply that mental ability is linearly related to IQ, such that IQ 50 would mean half the cognitive ability of IQ 100. In particular, IQ points are not percentage points.
1801:, noted the Flynn effect demolishes the fears that IQ would be decreased. He also asks whether it represents a real increase in intelligence beyond IQ scores. A 2011 psychology textbook, lead authored by Harvard Psychologist Professor
2158:
Newer studies find that the effects of IQ on job performance have been greatly overestimated. The current estimates of the correlation between job performance and IQ are about 0.23 correcting for unreliability and range restriction.
2193:(1998) showed a more substantial effect of IQ on income independent of family background. In a meta-analysis, Strenze (2006) reviewed much of the literature and estimated the correlation between IQ and income to be about 0.23.
8712:, pp. 788–789, "There is an emerging consensus about racial and gender equality in genetic determinants of intelligence, most researchers, including ourselves, agree that genes do not explain between-group differences".
12322:
This practitioner's handbook includes chapters by L.G. Weiss, J.G. Harris, A. Prifitera, T. Courville, E. Rolfhus, D.H. Saklofske, J.A. Holdnack, D. Coalson, S.E. Raiford, D.M. Schwartz, P. Entwistle, V. L. Schwean, and T.
2178:
It has been suggested that "in economic terms it appears that the IQ score measures something with decreasing marginal value" and it "is important to have enough of it, but having lots and lots does not buy you that much".
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Beaver, Kevin M.; Schwartz, Joseph A.; Nedelec, Joseph L.; Connolly, Eric J.; Boutwell, Brian B.; Barnes, J.C. (September 2013). "Intelligence is associated with criminal justice processing: Arrest through incarceration".
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There are social organizations, some international, which limit membership to people who have scores as high as or higher than the 98th percentile (two standard deviations above the mean) on some IQ test or equivalent.
3013:
1216:
stop at reporting a single IQ score. Although they still give an overall score, they now also give scores for many of these more restricted abilities, identifying particular strengths and weaknesses of an individual.
5961:
Cronshaw, Steven F.; Hamilton, Leah K.; Onyura, Betty R.; Winston, Andrew S. (2006). "Case for Non-Biased Intelligence Testing Against Black Africans Has Not Been Made: A Comment on Rushton, Skuy, and Bons (2004)".
7226:
2219:
A 2002 study further examined the impact of non-IQ factors on income and concluded that an individual's location, inherited wealth, race, and schooling are more important as factors in determining income than IQ.
1986:
In general, educational interventions, as those described below, have shown short-term effects on IQ, but long-term follow-up is often missing. For example, in the US, very large intervention programs such as the
1274:(1967) model of intelligence used three dimensions, which, when combined, yielded a total of 120 types of intelligence. It was popular in the 1970s and early 1980s, but faded owing to both practical problems and
2699:(2006) showed the gap between black and white Americans to have closed dramatically during the period between 1972 and 2002, suggesting that, in their words, the "constancy of the Black–White IQ gap is a myth".
867:
and the application of statistical methods to the study of human diversity and the study of inheritance of human traits, he believed that intelligence was largely a product of heredity (by which he did not mean
2837:
which incorporated an intelligence test has been used from 1945 to decide, at eleven years of age, which type of school a child should go to. They have been much less used since the widespread introduction of
2003:
may increase IQ. A study on young adults published in April 2008 by a team from the Universities of Michigan and Bern supports the possibility of the transfer of fluid intelligence from specifically designed
1945:
strong single gene effect on IQ has been replicated. Recent findings of gene associations with normally varying intellectual differences in adults and children continue to show weak effects for any one gene.
1859:
For decades, practitioners' handbooks and textbooks on IQ testing have reported IQ declines with age after the beginning of adulthood. However, later researchers pointed out this phenomenon is related to the
1706:
do not dispute the capacity of IQ test scores to predict some kinds of achievement, but argue that basing a concept of intelligence on IQ test scores alone neglects other important aspects of mental ability.
823:
between it and other variables. Raw scores on IQ tests for many populations have been rising at an average rate that scales to three IQ points per decade since the early 20th century, a phenomenon called the
12327:
Wicherts, Jelte M.; Dolan, Conor V.; Carlson, Jerry S.; van der Maas, Han L.J. (2010). "Raven's test performance of sub-Saharan Africans: Average performance, psychometric properties, and the Flynn Effect".
2145:
According to Schmidt and Hunter, "for hiring employees without previous experience in the job the most valid predictor of future performance is general mental ability." The validity of IQ as a predictor of
1779:
test-takers are scored by a constant standard scoring rule, IQ test scores have been rising at an average rate of around three IQ points per decade. This phenomenon was named the Flynn effect in the book
1122:) continued to work and promote their ideas in the United States. In later decades, some eugenic principles have made a resurgence as a voluntary means of selective reproduction, with some calling them "
10162:
There is an emerging consensus about racial and gender equality in genetic determinants of intelligence; most researchers, including ourselves, agree that genes do not explain between-group differences.
2255:
cited data which showed that, regardless of race, people with IQs between 70 and 90 have higher crime rates than people with IQs below or above this range, with the peak range being between 80 and 90.
1869:(test-takers taking the same form of IQ test more than once) must be controlled to gain accurate data. It is unclear whether any lifestyle intervention can preserve fluid intelligence into older ages.
1196:
as the top of the hierarchy, ten broad abilities below, and further subdivided into seventy narrow abilities on the third stratum. CHC Theory has greatly influenced many of the current broad IQ tests.
7462:
Mosing, Miriam A.; Madison, Guy; Pedersen, Nancy L.; Ullén, Fredrik (1 May 2015). "Investigating cognitive transfer within the framework of music practice: genetic pleiotropy rather than causality".
3403:
Markus Jokela; G. David Batty; Ian J. Deary; Catharine R. Gale; Mika Kivimäki (2009). "Low Childhood IQ and Early Adult Mortality: The Role of Explanatory Factors in the 1958 British Birth Cohort".
3504:"The Complex Interaction between Home Environment, Socioeconomic Status, Maternal IQ and Early Child Neurocognitive Development: A Multivariate Analysis of Data Collected in a Newborn Cohort Study"
11641:
9447:
Shuttleworth-Edwards, Ann B.; Van der Merwe, Adele S. (2002). "WAIS-III and WISC-IV South African Cross-Cultural Normative Data Stratified for Quality of Education". In Ferraro, F. Richard (ed.).
6069:
6067:
6342:
Tucker-Drob, Elliot M; Briley, Daniel A (2014), "Continuity of Genetic and Environmental Influences on Cognition across the Life Span: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Twin and Adoption Studies",
3289:
Poh, Bee Koon; Lee, Shoo Thien; Yeo, Giin Shang; Tang, Kean Choon; Noor Afifah, Ab Rahim; Siti Hanisa, Awal; Parikh, Panam; Wong, Jyh Eiin; Ng, Alvin Lai Oon; SEANUTS Study Group (13 June 2019).
2182:
The link from IQ to wealth is much less strong than that from IQ to job performance. Some studies indicate that IQ is unrelated to net worth. The American Psychological Association's 1995 report
3809:, p. 37 "The earliest classifications of intelligence were very rough ones. To a large extent they were practical attempts to define various patterns of behavior in medical-legal terms."
9386:"Why genetic IQ differences between 'races' are unlikely: The idea that intelligence can differ between populations has made headlines again, but the rules of evolution make it implausible"
9683:
Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments".
9111:
Kaplan, Jonathan Michael (January 2015). "Race, IQ, and the search for statistical signals associated with so-called "X"-factors: environments, racism, and the "hereditarian hypothesis"".
8667:
Nisbett, Richard E.; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William; Flynn, James; Halpern, Diane F.; Turkheimer, Eric (2012). "Intelligence: New findings and theoretical developments".
1244:
for its putative assumption or acceptance of "fixed and immutable" characteristics of intelligence or cognitive functioning). Dynamic assessment has been further elaborated in the work of
6032:
Ulric Neisser; James R. Flynn; Carmi Schooler; Patricia M. Greenfield; Wendy M. Williams; Marian Sigman; Shannon E. Whaley; Reynaldo Martorell; et al. (1998). Neisser, Ulric (ed.).
1106:
Unlike Galton, who promoted eugenics through selective breeding for positive traits, Goddard went with the US eugenics movement to eliminate "undesirable" traits. Goddard used the term "
1743:
have a different chance of giving specific responses. Such questions are usually removed in order to make the test equally fair for both groups. Common techniques for analyzing DIF are
976:
suggested that all mental performance could be conceptualized in terms of a single general ability factor and a large number of narrow task-specific ability factors. Spearman named it
6148:
Zhou, Xiaobin; Grégoire, Jacques; Zhu, Jianjin (2010). "The Flynn Effect and the Wechsler Scales". In Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Coalson, Diane; Raiford, Susan (eds.).
4748:
Lubinski, David (2004). "Introduction to the Special Section on Cognitive Abilities: 100 Years After Spearman's (1904) "'General Intelligence,' Objectively Determined and Measured"".
1730:
Differential item functioning (DIF), sometimes referred to as measurement bias, is a phenomenon when participants from different groups (e.g. gender, race, disability) with the same
6435:
Panizzon, Matthew S.; Vuoksimaa, Eero; Spoon, Kelly M.; Jacobson, Kristen C.; Lyons, Michael J.; Franz, Carol E.; Xian, Hong; Vasilopoulos, Terrie; Kremen, William S. (March 2014).
1433:
5874:
Verney, SP; Granholm, E; Marshall, SP; Malcarne, VL; Saccuzzo, DP (2005). "Culture-Fair Cognitive Ability Assessment: Information Processing and Psychophysiological Approaches".
1179:(1966) who later argued Gf and Gc were only two among several factors, and who eventually identified nine or ten broad abilities. The theory continued to be called Gf-Gc theory.
2801:
and laws regarding military service, education, public benefits, capital punishment, and employment incorporate an individual's IQ into their decisions. However, in the case of
1357:
1312:(WISC) for school-age test-takers. Other commonly used individual IQ tests (some of which do not label their standard scores as "IQ" scores) include the current versions of the
3019:
2042:
amount of blood and chemical activity in the frontal lobes, the total amount of gray matter in the brain, the overall thickness of the cortex, and the glucose metabolic rate.
8510:
McGloin, Jean Marie; Pratt, Travis C.; Maahs, Jeff (1 September 2004). "Rethinking the IQ-delinquency relationship: A longitudinal analysis of multiple theoretical models".
2675:, discussions of a purported relationship between race and intelligence, as well as claims of genetic differences in intelligence along racial lines, have appeared in both
1812:
Research has suggested that the Flynn effect has slowed or reversed course in some Western countries beginning in the late 20th century. The phenomenon has been termed the
5530:
2726:
have been proposed as an explanation for differences in IQ test performance between racial groups, as have issues related to cultural difference and access to education.
2166:
However, large-scale longitudinal studies indicate an increase in IQ translates into an increase in performance at all levels of IQ: i.e. ability and job performance are
5801:
Sternberg, Robert J., and Richard K. Wagner. "The g-ocentric view of intelligence and job performance is wrong." Current directions in psychological science (1993): 1–5.
4874:
Chaiklin, S. (2003). "The Zone of Proximal Development in Vygotsky's analysis of learning and instruction". In Kozulin, A.; Gindis, B.; Ageyev, V.; Miller, S. (eds.).
3057:
2830:
is the categorization of individuals of below-average cognitive ability (an IQ of 71–85), although not as low as those with an intellectual disability (70 or below).
1017:
systematically, and test questions actually tested for innate intelligence rather than subsuming environmental factors. The tests also allowed for the bolstering of
9952:. Publications of the Training School at Vineland New Jersey Department of Research. Vol. 11. Translated by E. S. Kite. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins
6488:
Huguet, Guillaume; Schramm, Catherine; Douard, Elise; Jiang, Lai; Labbe, Aurélie; Tihy, Frédérique; Mathonnet, Géraldine; Nizard, Sonia; et al. (May 2018).
4371:
5839:
Zumbo, B.D. (2007). "Three generations of differential item functioning (DIF) analyses: Considering where it has been, where it is now, and where it is going".
1640:
high IQ scores are also significantly less reliable than those near to the population median. Reports of IQ scores much higher than 160 are considered dubious.
12132:
The Measurement of Intelligence: An Explanation of and a Complete Guide to the Use of the Stanford Revision and Extension of the Binet–Simon Intelligence Scale
4414:
Eugenics is the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race; also with those that develop them to the utmost advantage.
740:
score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The resulting fraction (
1192:
In 1999, a merging of the Gf-Gc theory of Cattell and Horn with Carroll's Three-Stratum theory has led to the Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory (CHC Theory), with
10061:
8304:
Cullen, Francis T.; Gendreau, Paul; Jarjoura, G. Roger; Wright, John Paul (October 1997). "Crime and the Bell Curve: Lessons from Intelligent Criminology".
5478:, p. 169 "after the age of 8–10, IQ scores remain relatively stable: the correlation between IQ scores from age 8 to 18 and IQ at age 40 is over 0.70."
1058:
by excluding people and groups judged to be inferior and promoting those judged to be superior, played a significant role in the history and culture of the
12428:
11662:
7234:
8185:
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1711:, another significant critic of IQ as the main measure of human cognitive abilities, argued that reducing the concept of intelligence to the measure of
1304:
There are a variety of individually administered IQ tests in use in the English-speaking world. The most commonly used individual IQ test series is the
7075:"Socioeconomic Status (SES) and Children's Intelligence (IQ): In a UK-Representative Sample SES Moderates the Environmental, Not Genetic, Effect on IQ"
6626:
2283:
Multiple studies conducted in Scotland have found that higher IQs in early life are associated with lower mortality and morbidity rates later in life.
1000:
During World War I, the Army needed a way to evaluate and assign recruits to appropriate tasks. This led to the development of several mental tests by
11361:
Johnson, Wendy (2012). "How Much Can We Boost IQ? An Updated Look at Jensen's (1969) Question and Answer". In Slater, Alan M.; Quinn, Paul C. (eds.).
6883:
Turkheimer, E.; Haley, A.; Waldron, M.; D'Onofrio, B.; Gottesman, I. I. (2003). "Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children".
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has been investigated for nearly a century, there is still debate about the significance of heritability estimates and the mechanisms of inheritance.
2927:
1317:
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theories of particulate inheritance). He hypothesized that there should exist a correlation between intelligence and other observable traits such as
11298:"Book Review: Jensen, A. R. (2006). Clocking the mind: Mental chronometry and individual differences. Amsterdam: Elsevier. (ISBN 978-0-08-044939-5)"
4965:
Feuerstein, R., Feuerstein, S., Falik, L & Rand, Y. (1979; 2002). Dynamic assessments of cognitive modifiability. ICELP Press, Jerusalem: Israel
4944:
Sternberg, R.J. & Grigorenko, E.L. (2002). Dynamic testing: The nature and measurement of learning potential. Cambridge: University of Cambridge
11858:; Boodoo, Gwyneth; Bouchard, Thomas J.; Boykin, A. Wade; Brody, Nathan; Ceci, Stephen J.; Halpern, Diane F.; Loehlin, John C.; et al. (1996).
8953:
837:
5120:"Taxonomies and Compendia of Cognitive Ability and Personality Constructs and Measures Relevant to Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology"
12032:
10321:
Detterman, D.K.; Daniel, M.H. (1989). "Correlations of mental tests with each other and with cognitive variables are highest for low IQ groups".
8204:
4891:
12349:
Wicherts, Jelte M.; Dolan, Conor V.; van der Maas, Han L.J. (2010). "A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans".
10883:
Gottfredson, Linda S. (2009). "Chapter 1: Logical Fallacies Used to Dismiss the Evidence on Intelligence Testing". In Phelps, Richard F. (ed.).
4249:
Katzell, Raymond A.; Austin, James T. (1992). "From then to now: The development of industrial-organizational psychology in the United States".
3692:"The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology: Practical and theoretical implications of 85 years of research findings"
80:
1690:, "our tendency to convert abstract concepts into entities". Gould's argument sparked a great deal of debate, and the book is listed as one of
9385:
10041:
Campbell, Jonathan M. (2006). "Chapter 3: Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability". In Campbell, Jonathan M.; Kamphaus, Randy W. (eds.).
1373:
679:
992:-loaded" composite score of an IQ test battery appears to involve a common strength in abstract reasoning across the test's item content.
11551:
5119:
2247:
2199:
11930:
Perleth, Christoph; Schatz, Tanja; Mönks, Franz J. (2000). "Early Identification of High Ability". In Heller, Kurt A.; Mönks, Franz J.;
11767:
McIntosh, David E.; Dixon, Felicia A.; Pierson, Eric E. "Chapter 25: Use of Intelligence Tests in the Identification of Giftedness". In
7185:
4723:
11958:
a gifted sample gathered using IQ > 132 using the old SB L-M in 1985 does not contain the top 2% of the population but the best 10%.
8580:
Batty, G. David; Deary, Ian J.; Gottfredson, Linda S. (2007). "Premorbid (early life) IQ and Later Mortality Risk: Systematic Review".
2134:
1636:
can be as low as about three points. Reported standard error may be an underestimate, as it does not account for all sources of error.
1241:
9328:
8911:
Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017).
8797:
7994:"Revisiting meta-analytic estimates of validity in personnel selection: Addressing systematic overcorrection for restriction of range"
7499:"When the music's over. Does music skill transfer to children's and young adolescents' cognitive and academic skills? A meta-analysis"
12173:
6962:
6791:
Rowe, D. C.; Jacobson, K. C. (1999). "Genetic and environmental influences on vocabulary IQ: parental education level as moderator".
5067:
Naglieri, J.A.; Das, J.P. (2002). "Planning, attention, simultaneous, and successive cognitive processes as a model for assessment".
3350:"Determinants of cognitive development of low SES children in Chile: a post-transitional country with rising childhood obesity rates"
3691:
1309:
389:
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7628:
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Das, J.P.; Kirby, J.; Jarman, R.F. (1975). "Simultaneous and successive synthesis: An alternative model for cognitive abilities".
12421:
10370:
1351:
1321:
10691:
Georgas, James; Weiss, Lawrence; van de Vijver, Fons; Saklofske, Donald (2003). "Preface". In Georgas, James; Weiss, Lawrence;
5541:
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observation. Those other forms of behavioral observation are still important for validating classifications based on IQ tests.
1313:
935:
896:
616:
9648:
Hyde, Janet S.; Fennema, Elizabeth; Lamon, Susan J. (1990). "Gender differences in mathematics performance: A meta-analysis".
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11059:
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10914:
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10112:
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10050:
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9903:
9876:
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5575:
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4233:
828:. Investigation of different patterns of increases in subtest scores can also inform current research on human intelligence.
812:
8379:
Beaver, Kevin M.; Wright, John Paul (January 2011). "The association between county-level IQ and county-level crime rates".
6926:
Harden, K. P.; Turkheimer, E.; Loehlin, J. C. (2005). "Genotype environment interaction in adolescents' cognitive ability".
4990:
Kozulin, A. (2014). "Dynamic assessment in search of its identity". In Yasnitsky, A.; van der Veer, R.; Ferrari, M. (eds.).
3760:
Strenze, Tarmo (September 2007). "Intelligence and socioeconomic success: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal research".
2888:
is perhaps the best known of these. The largest 99.9th percentile (three standard deviations above the mean) society is the
1089:
in order for the human race to improve in its overall quality, therefore allowing for humans to direct their own evolution.
10359:
10247:
9581:
9052:"How White nationalists mobilize genetics: From genetic ancestry and human biodiversity to counterscience and metapolitics"
5997:
Edelson, M. G. (2006). "Are the Majority of Children With Autism Mentally Retarded?: A Systematic Evaluation of the Data".
2190:
1368:
12051:. Educational psychology monographs. Vol. 13. Translated by Guy Montrose Whipple. Baltimore, MD: Warwick & York.
11812:
11381:
8443:"The relationship between lower intelligence, crime and custodial outcomes: a brief literary review of a vulnerable group"
5200:
2993:
2077:, and organochlorides). Improvements in nutrition, and in public policy in general, have been implicated in IQ increases.
1099:, and cordially promoted the test. He quickly extended the use of the scale to the public schools (1913), to immigration (
12619:
12614:
12530:
11984:
2827:
2702:
The problem of determining the causes underlying racial variation has been discussed at length as a classic question of "
2106:
depends on many factors other than IQ, such as "persistence, interest in school, and willingness to study" (p. 81).
1153:
1139:
764:
15. This results in approximately two-thirds of the population scoring between IQ 85 and IQ 115 and about 2 percent each
9799:
6265:
12414:
11297:
11123:
10470:
9933:
9589:
9558:
9507:
9476:
9431:
6194:
5514:
4889:
Zaretskii, V.K. (November–December 2009). "The Zone of Proximal Development What Vygotsky Did Not Have Time to Write".
4153:
Richardson, John T. E. (2003). "Howard Andrew Knox and the origins of performance testing on Ellis Island, 1912-1916".
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2808:
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scores, with the explained variance ranging "from 58.6% in Mathematics and 48% in English to 18.1% in Art and Design".
2098:
1907:
869:
11382:"(Review) Developmental Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies, [ed.] by Alan M. Slater and Paul C. Quinn"
8957:
7963:"Revisiting the design of selection systems in light of new findings regarding the validity of widely used predictors"
6490:"Measuring and Estimating the Effect Sizes of Copy Number Variants on General Intelligence in Community-Based Samples"
5762:
12484:
12221:
12165:
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the Third Revision Form L-M with Revised IQ Tables by Samuel R. Pinneau
12056:
11118:. Harvard Educational Review Reprint Series. Vol. 2. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Educational Review. pp. 1–123.
9750:
8994:
4841:
4814:
3120:
2922:
2184:
1755:
1305:
797:
17:
12103:"The Stanford revision of the Binet–Simon scale and some results from its application to 1000 non-selected children"
12025:"Tracking the IQ Elite : TERMAN'S KIDS: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up, By Joel N. Shurkin"
10103:
Carroll, John B. (1998). "Human Cognitive Abilities: A Critique". In McArdle, John J.; Woodcock, Richard W. (eds.).
9250:
6537:
Bouchard, TJ Jr. (1998). "Genetic and environmental influences on adult intelligence and special mental abilities".
2771:
in male scores in certain areas compared to female scores, which results in slightly more males than females in the
863:(1822–1911) made the first attempt at creating a standardized test for rating a person's intelligence. A pioneer of
12682:
12639:
12624:
12474:
9739:
9605:
Hyde, J. S.; Linn, M. C. (27 October 2006). "DIVERSITY: Enhanced: Gender Similarities in Mathematics and Science".
9292:
8039:
Watkins, M; Lei, P; Canivez, G (2007). "Psychometric intelligence and achievement: A cross-lagged panel analysis".
2051:
1884:
factors play a role in determining IQ. Their relative importance has been the subject of much research and debate.
1405:
1271:
753:
672:
596:
10807:
9026:
5124:
The SAGE Handbook of Industrial, Work and Organizational Psychology: Personnel Psychology and Employee Performance
1910:
report, is 0.45 for children, and rises to around 0.75 for late adolescents and adults. Heritability measures for
12702:
12655:
12377:
11537:"Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined: The Truth about Talent, Practice, Creativity, and the Many Paths to Greatness"
10084:
9826:
5450:, Figure 5.1 IQs earned by preadolescents (ages 12–13) who were given three different IQ tests in the early 2000s
5108:, chapters 8–13, 15–16 (discussing Wechsler, Stanford–Binet, Kaufman, Woodcock–Johnson, DAS, CAS, and RIAS tests)
2912:
2735:
2237:
sample; with social class controlled for, the correlation dropped to −0.17. A correlation of 0.20 means that the
2061:
Such impairment may sometimes be permanent, or sometimes be partially or wholly compensated for by later growth.
1379:
1362:
1339:
54:
10827:
6722:
Benyamin B, Pourcain B, Davis OS, Davies G, Hansell NK, Brion MJ, Kirkpatrick RM, Cents RA, et al. (2013).
12745:
9471:
Barbara P. Uzzell, Marcel Ponton, Alfredo Ardila International Handbook of Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology book
9456:
7863:
Hunter, John E.; Hunter, Ronda F. (1984). "Validity and utility of alternative predictors of job performance".
7789:
6836:"Emergence of a Gene x Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Infant Mental Ability Between 10 Months and 2 Years"
4519:
2792:
2783:
WAIS and the WISC-R, are constructed so that there are no overall score differences between females and males.
2023:
cognitive or academic skills, and that previous positive findings were probably due to confounding variables."
1927:
is similar. These studies have not looked at the effects of extreme environments, such as in abusive families.
591:
419:
63:
9774:
8103:
Coward, W. Mark; Sackett, Paul R. (1990). "Linearity of ability-performance relationships: A reconfirmation".
2767:
are minimized when controlling for socioeconomic factors. Other research has concluded that there is slightly
2233:
1167:(1941) proposed two types of cognitive abilities in a revision of Spearman's concept of general intelligence.
12755:
12720:
12690:
12488:
12440:
12153:
Measuring Intelligence: A Guide to the Administration of the New Revised Stanford–Binet Tests of Intelligence
10275:
8545:
Gottfredson, Linda S.; Deary, Ian J. (22 June 2016). "Intelligence Predicts Health and Longevity, but Why?".
8189:
7656:
6990:
3348:
Galván, Marcos; Uauy, Ricardo; Corvalán, Camila; López-Rodríguez, Guadalupe; Kain, Juliana (September 2013).
2807:
in 1971, for the purpose of minimizing employment practices that disparately impacted racial minorities, the
2036:
1633:
1126:". As it becomes possible to test for and correlate genes with IQ (and its proxies), ethicists and embryonic
1074:
911:
621:
188:
10674:
Freides, David (1972). "Review of Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale, Third Revision". In Oscar Buros (ed.).
3291:"Low socioeconomic status and severe obesity are linked to poor cognitive performance in Malaysian children"
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12670:
12042:
10853:
9577:
Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology: Volume 1: Gender Research in General and Experimental Psychology
6304:
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1897:
1715:
does not fully account for the different skills and knowledge types that produce success in human society.
1385:
1225:
1119:
881:
712:
631:
544:
12101:
Terman, Lewis M.; Lyman, Grace; Ordahl, George; Ordahl, Louise; Galbreath, Neva; Talbert, Wilford (1915).
11649:
Identification: The Theory and Practice of Identifying Students for Gifted and Talented Education Services
12629:
11141:
2668:
2122:
1629:
1329:
1325:
853:
665:
12024:
4276:
Kevles, D. J. (1968). "Testing the Army's Intelligence: Psychologists and the Military in World War I".
12674:
10300:
Deary, I. J.; Strand, S.; Smith, P.; Fernandes, C. (2007). "Intelligence and educational achievement".
10070:
7689:"The Role of Stress in Brain Development: The Gestational Environment's Long-Term Effects on the Brain"
4858:
2691:
concluded that there were significant variations in IQ across races. However, a systematic analysis by
820:
135:
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8212:
8130:
Robertson, Kimberley Ferriman; Smeets, Stijn; Lubinski, David; Benbow, Camilla P. (14 December 2010).
5647:, p. 20 " is just one of the reasons to be suspicious of reported IQ scores much higher than 160"
12279:
6675:"Genome-wide association studies establish that human intelligence is highly heritable and polygenic"
5779:
2752:, and males performing better on tasks related to rotation of objects in space, often categorized as
1877:
1852:
1172:
586:
577:
499:
319:
200:
11032:
10925:
10774:
10754:
8594:
8053:
7439:
7392:
7153:
6673:
Davies G, Tenesa A, Payton A, Yang J, Harris SE, Liewald D, Ke X, Le Hellard S, et al. (2011).
3711:
3250:
Qian, Ming; Wang, Dong; Watkins, William E.; Gebski, Val; Yan, Yu Qin; Li, Mu; Chen, Zu Pei (2005).
2113:
Some measures of educational aptitude correlate highly with IQ tests – for instance,
12535:
10718:
2803:
1911:
1759:
South Africa. Standard intelligence tests, such as the Stanford–Binet, are often inappropriate for
1345:
1157:
1130:
companies are attempting to understand the ways in which the technology can be ethically deployed.
988:
is the composite score that has the highest correlations with all the item scores. Typically, the "
951:
210:
178:
12231:
Wasserman, John D. "Chapter 1: A History of Intelligence Assessment: The Unfinished Tapestry". In
10510:
9208:
9155:
8131:
3794:
3252:"The effects of iodine on intelligence in children: a meta-analysis of studies conducted in China"
730:
12678:
12469:
12464:
12454:
10185:
8770:
people in the United States has been falsely attributed to genetic differences between the races.
8234:
7073:
Hanscombe, K. B.; Trzaskowski, M.; Haworth, C. M.; Davis, O. S.; Dale, P. S.; Plomin, R. (2012).
5597:"Error in the estimation of intellectual ability in the low range using the WISC-IV and WAIS-III"
5175:
2823:
2776:
2772:
2749:
2005:
1829:
1718:
Despite these objections, clinical psychologists generally regard IQ scores as having sufficient
1022:
769:
765:
611:
509:
280:
245:
230:
225:
215:
164:
124:
10964:
8406:
Mears, Daniel P.; Cochran, Joshua C. (November 2013). "What is the effect of IQ on offending?".
819:. They are also used to study distributions of psychometric intelligence in populations and the
12760:
12686:
12459:
12306:
Weiss, Lawrence G.; Saklofske, Donald H.; Prifitera, Aurelio; Holdnack, James A., eds. (2006).
11943:
11163:
10769:
10564:
10412:
10351:
9284:
8589:
8048:
7434:
7425:
Glenn Schellenberg, E. (2006). "Long-term positive associations between music lessons and IQ".
7387:
7148:
6031:
4593:
4457:
3706:
2906:
2768:
2696:
2672:
2080:
2055:
1253:
1078:
811:, and evaluating job applicants. In research contexts, they have been studied as predictors of
626:
559:
449:
359:
314:
290:
265:
195:
183:
149:
12213:
11567:
10683:
10023:
10010:
9575:
9544:
9531:
9493:
8895:
Templeton, A. (2016). "Evolution and Notions of Human Race". In Losos, J.; Lenski, R. (eds.).
8883:
8863:
5500:
5348:
5324:
An IQ score is not an equal-interval score, as is evident in Table A.4 in the WISC-III manual.
5281:
5275:
2864:. When asked his IQ, he replied: "I have no idea. People who boast about their IQ are losers."
1952:
conducted on approximately 78,000 subjects identified 52 genes associated with intelligence.
12750:
12698:
9260:
7208:
7026:"Large Cross-National Differences in Gene × Socioeconomic Status Interaction on Intelligence"
6275:
5664:
5392:
5379:
4431:
3138:"The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the 'First 1000 Days'"
2947:
2662:
1719:
1687:
1671:
873:
847:
Historically, even before IQ tests were devised, there were attempts to classify people into
606:
601:
519:
384:
349:
324:
220:
119:
114:
12391:
12205:
11935:
11859:
11458:
10675:
10343:
7739:"Food Fortification: The Advantages, Disadvantages and Lessons from Sight and Life Programs"
5340:
4221:
3819:
Bulmer, M (1999). "The development of Francis Galton's ideas on the mechanism of heredity".
1974:
Dickens and Flynn (2001) have argued that genes for high IQ initiate an environment-shaping
1856:
is stable until mid-adulthood or later. Subsequently, intelligence seems to decline slowly.
12634:
11596:
11488:
11252:
10560:
10462:
9320:
8789:
8734:
7585:
7328:
7269:
7086:
6226:
5783:
5406:
4383:
4008:
3639:
3561:
Johnson, Wendy; Turkheimer, Eric; Gottesman, Irving I.; Bouchard, Thomas J. (August 2009).
3515:
3069:
2901:
2839:
2745:
1968:
1786:
1744:
1676:
1186:
1182:
1028:
781:
504:
429:
339:
174:
159:
12310:. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
11269:
7790:"How Adding Iodine To Salt Resulted In A Decade's Worth Of IQ Gains For The United States"
5126:, 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications Ltd, pp. 366–407,
4479:
University of Virginia: Historical Collections at the Claude Moore Health Sciences Library
1996:, have reported lasting effects, often on socioeconomic status variables, rather than IQ.
1956:
is reported to be the single gene most associated with both adult and child intelligence.
1789:, the author who did the most to bring this phenomenon to the attention of psychologists.
1669:
Some scientists have disputed the value of IQ as a measure of intelligence altogether. In
8:
12479:
11705:
11681:
10968:
9947:
6896:
4475:"Origins of Eugenics: From Sir Francis Galton to Virginia's Racial Integrity Act of 1924"
2889:
2885:
2798:
1993:
1865:
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1692:
1658:
1409:
1401:
931:
757:
434:
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409:
374:
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205:
144:
31:
12090:
Die psychologischen Methoden der Intelligenzprüfung: und deren Anwendung an Schulkindern
11600:
8738:
8558:
8076:
Rohde, T; Thompson, L (2007). "Predicting academic achievement with cognitive ability".
7727:
Eppig. Christopher. Scientific American."Why is average IQ higher in some places?" 2011.
7589:
7332:
7273:
7090:
6569:"Why are children in the same family so different? Nonshared environment a decade later"
6230:
6121:
Flynn, James R. (1987). "Massive IQ gains in 14 nations: What IQ tests really measure".
5410:
4387:
3732:
3643:
3519:
3402:
3073:
2815:. Internationally, certain public policies, such as improving nutrition and prohibiting
2110:
contrast, Performance IQ correlation with the same GPA was only 0.22 in the same study.
984:. In any collection of test items that make up an IQ test, the score that best measures
12724:
12660:
12437:
11890:
11756:
11739:
11628:
11508:
11430:
11320:
11210:
11202:
11009:
10692:
10662:
10288:
10229:
10204:
10153:
9991:
9966:
9708:
9630:
9316:
9239:
9186:
9136:
9089:
9076:
9051:
8982:
8937:
8912:
8785:
8760:
8562:
8527:
8464:
8423:
8321:
8154:
8021:
7880:
7765:
7738:
7705:
7688:
7669:
7609:
7351:
7316:
7292:
7257:
7109:
7074:
7050:
7025:
7003:
6943:
6908:
6860:
6835:
6816:
6748:
6723:
6699:
6674:
6514:
6489:
6465:
6436:
6417:
6364:
6249:
6214:
6103:
6014:
5979:
5943:
5899:
5856:
5788:
5739:
5704:
5430:
5256:
5049:
4908:
4773:
4673:
4648:
4474:
4293:
3965:
3887:
3844:
3724:
3665:
3587:
3562:
3538:
3503:
3428:
3385:
3325:
3290:
3227:
3194:
3170:
3137:
2703:
2292:
Average adult combined IQs associated with real-life accomplishments by various tests:
2238:
2167:
1988:
1893:
1848:
1825:
1662:
1650:
1417:
1413:
1233:
1168:
1086:
1082:
848:
801:
761:
705:
529:
474:
469:
404:
344:
305:
235:
10943:
10783:
10737:
10392:. Problems in the Behavioural Sciences No. 12. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10378:
10334:
7962:
7737:
Olson, Rebecca; Gavin-Smith, Breda; Ferraboschi, Chiara; Kraemer, Klaus (April 2021).
7133:
3018:. Philadelphia, PA: National Council on Measurement in Education. 2016. Archived from
3002:, pp. 70–84 (1914 English translation), pp. 48–58 (1912 original German edition).
2811:
banned the use of IQ tests in employment, except when linked to job performance via a
1682:
compared IQ testing with the now-discredited practice of determining intelligence via
1021:
in the context of increased immigration, which may have influenced the passing of the
980:
for "general factor" and labeled the specific factors or abilities for specific tasks
12515:
12311:
12285:
12248:
12217:
12206:
12070:
12062:
12052:
12009:
11989:
11969:
11947:
11936:
11882:
11841:
11790:
11715:
11691:
11685:
11652:
11632:
11620:
11612:
11584:
11557:
11515:
11492:
11466:
11435:
11421:
11366:
11349:
11324:
11275:
11239:
11229:
11214:
11167:
11129:
11119:
11100:
11055:
11017:
10995:
10976:
10949:
10939:
10910:
10902:
10888:
10869:
10838:
10787:
10741:
10714:
10700:
10676:
10654:
10650:
10604:
10570:
10517:
10487:
10466:
10439:
10416:
10393:
10387:
10355:
10344:
10280:
10234:
10189:
10157:
10145:
10108:
10074:
10046:
10027:
10019:
9996:
9929:
9899:
9882:
9872:
9853:
9775:
Estimating AFQT Scores for National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS) Respondents
9746:
9700:
9665:
9622:
9585:
9554:
9503:
9472:
9452:
9427:
9359:
9351:
9296:
9286:
9231:
9227:
9178:
9174:
9128:
9093:
9081:
8990:
8942:
8828:
8820:
8752:
8692:
8684:
8607:
8531:
8468:
8427:
8325:
8025:
8013:
7993:
7916:
7819:
7770:
7710:
7661:
7601:
7555:
7539:
7520:
7479:
7407:
7402:
7375:
7356:
7297:
7166:
7114:
7055:
6995:
6947:
6900:
6865:
6808:
6753:
6704:
6643:
6590:
6546:
6519:
6505:
6470:
6409:
6369:
6254:
6190:
6153:
6152:. Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional. Amsterdam: Academic Press.
6039:
6033:
6018:
5975:
5935:
5891:
5744:
5726:
5596:
5571:
5510:
5422:
5397:
5352:
5341:
5313:
5285:
5260:
5248:
5155:
5135:
5053:
4912:
4837:
4810:
4765:
4678:
4547:
4437:
4427:
4318:
4229:
4170:
4012:
3957:
3922:
3879:
3836:
3657:
3592:
3578:
3543:
3420:
3377:
3369:
3330:
3312:
3271:
3263:
3232:
3214:
3175:
3157:
3116:
2975:
2967:
2909:(EI), also known as emotional quotient (EQ) and emotional intelligence quotient (EIQ)
2851:
2760:
observes, "even though men and women are essentially equal in general intelligence".
2723:
2680:
2074:
1679:
1249:
1237:
1171:(Gf) was hypothesized as the ability to solve novel problems by using reasoning, and
808:
701:
653:
454:
379:
285:
270:
154:
75:
11964:
Plomin, Robert; DeFries, John C.; Knopik, Valerie S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M. (2013).
11894:
11536:
10666:
9634:
9285:
Bernie Devlin; Stephen E. Fienberg; Daniel P. Resnick; Kathryn Roeder, eds. (1997).
9140:
8603:
8566:
8158:
7884:
7134:"Heritability estimates versus large environmental effects: The IQ paradox resolved"
6912:
6820:
6421:
6107:
5983:
5947:
5903:
5860:
3969:
3891:
3848:
3728:
3432:
3389:
907:
12358:
12337:
12201:
12114:
11931:
11874:
11751:
11604:
11459:
11425:
11417:
11341:
11312:
11194:
11078:
10779:
10733:
10646:
10549:
10544:
10532:
10330:
10309:
10292:
10270:
10262:
10224:
10216:
10135:
9986:
9978:
9712:
9692:
9657:
9614:
9550:
9499:
9343:
9324:
9243:
9223:
9190:
9170:
9120:
9071:
9063:
8932:
8924:
8909:
That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in:
8900:
8812:
8793:
8764:
8742:
8676:
8599:
8554:
8519:
8496:
8492:
8454:
8415:
8388:
8361:
8313:
8284:
8146:
8112:
8085:
8058:
8005:
7943:
7908:
7872:
7760:
7750:
7700:
7673:
7651:
7643:
7593:
7551:
7510:
7471:
7444:
7397:
7346:
7336:
7287:
7277:
7200:
7158:
7104:
7094:
7045:
7037:
7007:
6985:
6977:
6935:
6892:
6855:
6847:
6834:
Tucker-Drob, E. M.; Rhemtulla, M.; Harden, K. P.; Turkheimer, E.; Fask, D. (2011).
6800:
6743:
6735:
6694:
6686:
6635:
6580:
6509:
6501:
6460:
6452:
6399:
6359:
6351:
6322:
6312:
6244:
6234:
6130:
6095:
6006:
5971:
5927:
5883:
5848:
5734:
5716:
5608:
5506:
5434:
5414:
5336:
5240:
5127:
5080:
5076:
5041:
5014:
4979:. By Haywood, H. Carl; Lidz, Carol S. Cambridge University Press. pp. xiii–xv.
4900:
4777:
4757:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4391:
4285:
4258:
4162:
4135:
4081:
4004:
3949:
3914:
3871:
3828:
3769:
3716:
3669:
3647:
3582:
3574:
3533:
3523:
3412:
3361:
3320:
3302:
3222:
3206:
3165:
3149:
2959:
2834:
2264:
1930:
1708:
1261:
1199:
Modern tests do not necessarily measure all of these broad abilities. For example,
1092:
1055:
964:
923:
459:
414:
399:
394:
275:
250:
11223:
10619:
7934:
Byington, Eliza; Felps, Will (2010). "Why do IQ scores predict job performance?".
7613:
6724:"Childhood intelligence is heritable, highly polygenic and associated with FNBP1L"
5296:
The I.Q. is essentially a rank; there are no true "units" of intellectual ability.
4068:
Nicolas, S.; Andrieu, B.; Croizet, J.-C.; Sanitioso, R. B.; Burman, J. T. (2013).
12568:
12362:
12341:
12046:
11709:
11480:
11454:
11345:
11094:
10481:
10454:
10313:
9871:. Perspectives on Individual Differences (2nd ed.). New York: Plenum Press.
9209:"Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence from Standardization Samples"
9156:"Black Americans Reduce the Racial IQ Gap: Evidence from Standardization Samples"
9022:
8392:
8365:
8188:. American Scientist. pp. 4 (Nonlinearities in Intelligence). Archived from
8089:
8062:
7992:
Sackett, Paul R.; Zhang, Charlene; Berry, Christopher M.; Lievens, Filip (2022).
7961:
Sackett, Paul R.; Zhang, Charlene; Berry, Christopher M.; Lievens, Filip (2023).
7515:
7498:
7099:
6456:
6038:. APA Science Volume Series. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
6010:
5721:
5418:
4831:
4804:
4698:"Eugenics 2.0: We're at the Dawn of Choosing Embryos by Health, Height, and More"
4086:
4069:
3773:
3528:
2878:
2861:
2753:
2707:
2692:
2676:
2343:
2333:
2213:
2147:
1802:
1738:
1703:
1281:
1164:
1149:
1127:
1063:
968:
777:
716:
255:
12003:
11910:
11253:"A Balance Sheet on Persistence: Book Review of Jensen on Intelligence-g-Factor"
10124:"Should scientists study race and IQ? YES: The scientific truth must be pursued"
9661:
9546:
Learning and Memory: Basic Principles, Processes, and Procedures, Fourth Edition
8952:
8317:
7204:
7162:
6963:"Childhood Socioeconomic Status Amplifies Genetic Effects on Adult Intelligence"
6134:
6086:
Flynn, James R. (1984). "The mean IQ of Americans: Massive gains 1932 to 1978".
3720:
3153:
2819:, have as one of their goals raising, or preventing a decline in, intelligence.
852:
depend on the definition of "intelligence" used in a particular case and on the
12240:
11855:
11820:
11393:
11114:
Jensen, Arthur (1969). "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?".
10828:"Chapter 9: Suppressing Intelligence Research: Hurting Those We Intend to Help"
10637:
Frey, Meredith C.; Detterman, Douglas K. (2004). "Scholastic Assessment org?".
10435:
10043:
Psychodiagnostic Assessment of Children: Dimensional and Categorical Approaches
9047:
8289:
8272:
8116:
7947:
7448:
6585:
6568:
5612:
5208:
4904:
4367:
4262:
3623:
3502:
Ronfani, Luca; Vecchi Brumatti, Liza; Mariuz, Marika; Tognin, Veronica (2015).
2764:
2573:
Semi-skilled workers (operatives, service workers, including private household)
2000:
1781:
1754:
A 2005 study found that "differential validity in prediction suggests that the
1257:
1236:, which seeks to measure developmental potential (for instance, in the work of
1035:
860:
789:
12278:
Weiner, Irving B.; Graham, John R.; Naglieri, Jack A., eds. (2 October 2012).
11911:"Racial politics and the elusive quest for excellence and equity in education"
11878:
10266:
10172:. Genetic Studies of Genius Volume 2. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
9982:
9124:
8747:
8722:
8523:
7967:
Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice
7912:
7876:
7687:
Buss, Claudia; Entringer, Sonja; Swanson, James M.; D. Wadhwa, Pathik (2012).
7258:"From the Cover: Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory"
6939:
6099:
5931:
5852:
5679:"Gould on Morton, Redux: What can the debate reveal about the limits of data?"
5677:
Kaplan, Jonathan Michael; Pigliucci, Massimo; Banta, Joshua Alexander (2015).
5310:
The WISC-III Companion: A Guide to Interpretation and Educational Intervention
5131:
4761:
4166:
3940:
Fancher, R. E. (1983). "Biographical origins of Francis Galton's psychology".
3918:
3832:
3365:
3307:
3210:
1114:, forced over 60,000 people to go through sterilization in the United States.
68:
12739:
12665:
12598:
12593:
12520:
11886:
11616:
11353:
11316:
11243:
11051:
10791:
10745:
10508:
Flint, Jonathan; Greenspan, Ralph J.; Kendler, Kenneth S. (28 January 2010).
10220:
9925:
9917:
9913:
9355:
9132:
9018:
8824:
8688:
8419:
8150:
7524:
7041:
6981:
6851:
5887:
5730:
5252:
5244:
4569:"America's Hidden History: The Eugenics Movement | Learn Science at Scitable"
3995:
Gillham, Nicholas W. (2001). "Sir Francis Galton and the birth of eugenics".
3373:
3316:
3267:
3218:
3161:
2971:
2715:
2252:
2204:
2017:
1964:
1949:
1393:
1267:
1107:
1059:
1001:
864:
793:
564:
524:
444:
439:
12406:
11985:"The Eugenic Origins of IQ Testing: Implications for Post-Atkins Litigation"
11401:
Johnson, Wendy; Turkheimer, E.; Gottesman, Irving; Bouchard, Thomas (2009).
11332:
Jensen, Arthur R. (2011). "The Theory of Intelligence and Its Measurement".
10697:
Culture and Children's Intelligence: Cross-Cultural Analysis of the WISC-III
9618:
7341:
7282:
6804:
6317:
6239:
6150:
WAIS-IV Clinical Use and Interpretation: Scientist-Practitioner Perspectives
5045:
4926:
Sternberg, R.S.; Grigorenko, E.L. (2001). "All testing is dynamic testing".
4433:
Popular Eugenics: National Efficiency and American Mass Culture in the 1930s
3349:
3251:
2856:
1042:
12160:
12148:
12126:
12074:
11624:
11439:
11090:
10658:
10284:
10238:
10149:
10000:
9943:
9704:
9626:
9363:
9235:
9182:
9085:
8946:
8904:
8832:
8756:
8696:
8611:
8459:
8442:
8017:
7774:
7714:
7665:
7605:
7483:
7411:
7360:
7301:
7170:
7118:
7059:
6999:
6904:
6869:
6812:
6757:
6708:
6647:
6594:
6523:
6474:
6413:
6373:
6258:
5939:
5895:
5748:
5678:
5426:
4769:
4682:
4349:
4174:
4016:
3926:
3905:
Burbridge, D (2001). "Francis Galton on twins, heredity and social class".
3883:
3840:
3596:
3547:
3424:
3416:
3381:
3334:
3275:
3236:
3179:
2979:
2812:
2711:
1903:
1861:
1773:
1731:
1229:
1176:
1123:
1111:
1100:
1067:
927:
903:
892:
825:
785:
726:
709:
549:
240:
10585:
9669:
7920:
7227:"Study: High Standardized Test Scores Don't Translate to Better Cognition"
6550:
3961:
3661:
2963:
2405:
High school graduates, skilled workers (e.g., electricians, cabinetmakers)
2151:
function, IQ-test scores predict performance ratings in all occupations.
938:(1916). It became the most popular test in the United States for decades.
12587:
12130:
9014:
4093:
4070:"Sick? Or slow? On the origins of intelligence as a psychological object"
2816:
2684:
that environmental factors, not genetic ones, explain the racial IQ gap.
1683:
1275:
972:
464:
169:
10856:[Social consequences of group differences in cognitive ability]
9329:"Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin"
8798:"Group differences in IQ are best understood as environmental in origin"
6961:
Bates, Timothy C.; Lewis, Gary J.; Weiss, Alexander (3 September 2013).
6739:
6404:
6387:
4724:"Polygenic Risk Scores and Genomic Prediction: Q&A with Stephen Hsu"
2561:
Clerical workers, sales workers, skilled workers, craftsmen, and foremen
12525:
11206:
10854:"Conseqüências sociais das diferenças de grupo na capacidade cognitiva"
9067:
8928:
8009:
7755:
7475:
6690:
6621:
6437:"Genetic and environmental influences on general cognitive ability: Is
6327:
5686:
Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences
4499:
Norrgard, K. (2008). "Human testing, the eugenics movement, and IRBs".
4297:
3875:
1654:
1397:
1185:(1993), after a comprehensive reanalysis of earlier data, proposed the
915:
749:
737:
364:
260:
96:
11228:. Human Evolution, Behavior, and Intelligence. Westport, CT: Praeger.
10835:
Destructive Trends In Mental Health: The Well-Intentioned Path to Harm
10461:. Essentials of Psychological Assessment (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ:
9288:
Intelligence, Genes, and Success: Scientists Respond to the Bell Curve
7844:
7576:
Chabris, C. F. (1999). "Prelude or requiem for the 'Mozart effect'?".
12553:
12543:
12510:
12499:
12118:
11786:
11553:
Assessing Intelligence in Children and Adolescents: A Practical Guide
10177:
9696:
9347:
8816:
8680:
6355:
5018:
4977:
Dynamic Assessment in Practice: Clinical And Educational Applications
4833:
Dynamic Assessment in Practice: Clinical and Educational Applications
4396:
4314:
Politics of Eugenics: Productionism, Population, and National Welfare
4139:
1806:
1245:
514:
12102:
11740:"Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence, 5th ed"
11608:
10140:
10123:
9773:
Kilburn, M. Rebecca; Hanser, Lawrence M.; Klerman, Jacob A. (2009).
9449:
Minority and cross-cultural aspects of neuropsychological assessment
8638:
8636:
7647:
6833:
6639:
5916:
4289:
4123:
104:
12558:
11198:
11082:
9949:
The development of intelligence in children (The Binet–Simon Scale)
8899:. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. pp. 346–361.
6882:
6185:
Schacter, Daniel L.; Gilbert, Daniel T.; Wegner, Daniel M. (2011).
5705:"Morton, Gould, and Bias: A Comment on "The Mismeasure of Science""
4097:
3953:
1975:
1881:
1828:, the mean IQ scores of tests at ages 17 and 18 were correlated at
1760:
1051:
1047:
1018:
741:
539:
534:
494:
12401:
11400:
11142:"Jensen A R. How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement?"
10868:]. Porto Alegre, Brazil: ArtMed Publishers. pp. 433–456.
10690:
7736:
7597:
7256:
Jaeggi, S. M.; Buschkuehl, M.; Jonides, J.; Perrig, W. J. (2008).
3862:
Cowan, R. S. (1972). "Francis Galton's contribution to genetics".
3652:
3627:
3560:
3501:
1837:
with the mean scores of tests at ages five, six, and seven and at
1824:
IQ can change to some degree over the course of childhood. In one
1300:
Normalized IQ distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15
1296:
1144:
995:
12583:
12005:
Terman's Kids: The Groundbreaking Study of How the Gifted Grow Up
10432:
Contemporary Intellectual Assessment: Theories, tests, and issues
9446:
8633:
6654:
5804:
5566:
Kaufman, Alan S.; Raiford, Susan Engi; Coalson, Diane L. (2016).
3985:, p. 21 "Galton's so-called intelligence test was misnamed."
3347:
2687:
A 1996 task force investigation on intelligence sponsored by the
2267:
have lower IQ than their peers "strongly argues" for the theory.
12326:
12252:
12066:
11271:
Clocking the Mind: Mental Chronometry and Individual Differences
11133:
10885:
Correcting Fallacies about Educational and Psychological Testing
9898:(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
9893:
9886:
7072:
6388:"The Wilson Effect: The Increase in Heritability of IQ With Age"
1931:
Non-shared family environment and environment outside the family
12573:
12563:
12305:
12273:(4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
12264:(3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
8341:; Lee Ellis, Kevin M. Beaver, John Wright; 2009; Academic Press
6215:"Flynn effect and its reversal are both environmentally caused"
2317:
1953:
1661:. For this reason, psychologist Wayne Weiten argues that their
887:
877:
816:
48:
12200:
Urbina, Susana (2011). "Chapter 2: Tests of Intelligence". In
11963:
11840:. Essentials of Psychological Assessment. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
11069:
Hunt, Earl (2001). "Multiple Views of Multiple Intelligence".
10063:
Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies
7024:
Tucker-Drob, Elliot M.; Bates, Timothy C. (15 December 2015).
6434:
5873:
5004:
4876:
Vygotsky's educational theory and practice in cultural context
4425:
4067:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
12578:
11014:
The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do
10601:
Are We Getting Smarter? Rising IQ in the Twenty-First Century
8897:
How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society
8350:
8186:"The Role of Intelligence in Modern Society (July–Aug, 1995)"
8129:
7686:
7255:
5960:
4621:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
2216:
cites an IQ income correlation of 0.5 (25% of the variance).
2129:
scores; another research found a correlation of 0.81 between
1725:
926:
published a translation of it in 1910. American psychologist
736:
Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's
12135:. Riverside Textbooks in Education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
8303:
8165:
6166:
6035:
The Rising Curve: Long-Term Gains in IQ and Related Measures
8723:"Intelligence research should not be held back by its past"
8481:
6721:
5099:
4354:
Unified Medical Language System (Psychological Index Terms)
2070:
744:) was multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score. For modern
554:
11731:
Wechsler's Measurement and Appraisal of Adult Intelligence
11403:"Beyond Heritability: Twin Studies in Behavioral Research"
10107:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. 5–23.
9682:
9403:
9315:
9013:
8910:
8784:
8666:
8623:
8621:
7832:
7461:
4226:
Military Psychology: Clinical and Operational Applications
3454:
2492:
Elementary school dropouts (completed 0–7 years of school)
2468:
Semi-skilled workers (e.g. truck drivers, factory workers)
1628:
Psychometricians generally regard IQ tests as having high
1207:
may be seen as measures of school achievement and not IQ.
12348:
11642:"Chapter 12: Ability Testing & Talent Identification"
10923:
10299:
7850:
7538:
Stough, C.; Kerkin, B.; Bates, T. C.; Mangan, G. (1994).
4103:
3444:
3442:
3136:
Cusick, Sarah E.; Georgieff, Michael K. (1 August 2017).
2435:
1–3 years of high school (completed 9–11 years of school)
2126:
1851:
generally declines with age after early adulthood, while
1095:
was a eugenicist. In 1908, he published his own version,
1043:
IQ testing and the eugenics movement in the United States
856:
and error of estimation in the classification procedure.
12281:
Handbook of Psychology, Volume 10: Assessment Psychology
11363:
Developmental Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies
11048:
Educational and Psychological Measurement and Evaluation
10866:
Introduction to the psychology of individual differences
10530:
8913:"Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics"
7991:
7960:
7816:
Clinical assessment of child and adolescent intelligence
6487:
5096:, Table 2.1 Major Examples of Current Intelligence Tests
4992:
The Cambridge Handbook of Cultural-Historical Psychology
4878:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–64.
3039:
3037:
1643:
1228:
of children, originated in the writings of psychologist
1050:, a set of beliefs and practices aimed at improving the
12247:(1st ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Witkins.
10860:. In Flores-Mendoza, Carmen E.; Colom, Roberto (eds.).
10342:
Dumont, Ron; Willis, John O.; Elliot, Colin D. (2009).
8648:
8618:
7537:
6925:
5066:
4310:
3193:
Saloojee, Haroon; Pettifor, John M (15 December 2001).
1999:
Recent studies have shown that training in using one's
1224:
An alternative to standard IQ tests, meant to test the
1211:
may be difficult to measure without special equipment.
936:
Stanford revision of the Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale
12174:"A Better Way to Use Twins for Developmental Research"
11733:(5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Williams & Witkins.
11181:
Scarr, Sandra (1981). "Implicit Messages: A Review of
10948:(Rev. and expanded ed.). New York: W. W. Norton.
10887:. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
10833:. In Wright, Rogers H.; Cummings, Nicholas A. (eds.).
9719:
6672:
6428:
4124:"The new clinical psychology and the psycho-clinicist"
3603:
3439:
3015:
Glossary of Important Assessment and Measurement Terms
1844:
with the mean scores of tests at ages 11, 12, and 13.
53:
One kind of IQ test item, modelled after items in the
10699:. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. xvx–xxxii.
10507:
10122:
Ceci, Stephen; Williams, Wendy M. (1 February 2009).
9896:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
9451:. Exton, PA: Swets & Zeitlinger. pp. 72–75.
8579:
7897:
7317:"Increasing fluid intelligence is possible after all"
6296:
6184:
5565:
4181:
3249:
3034:
2946:
Braaten, Ellen B.; Norman, Dennis (1 November 2006).
2763:
Some research indicates that male advantages on some
2228:
The American Psychological Association's 1995 report
1805:, noted that humans' inherited intelligence could be
1066:, from the late 19th century until US involvement in
934:
revised the Binet–Simon scale, which resulted in the
12277:
11766:
11550:
Kranzler, John H.; Floyd, Randy G. (1 August 2013).
11479:
10480:
Fletcher, Richard B.; Hattie, John (11 March 2011).
10430:
Flanagan, Dawn P.; Harrison, Patti L., eds. (2012).
10245:
10016:
Handbook of Understanding and Measuring Intelligence
9772:
9319:; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William;
8788:; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy; Dickens, William;
8642:
8235:"You Don't Have To Be Smart To Be Rich, Study Finds"
7901:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
7629:"The neuroscience of human intelligence differences"
6660:
5999:
Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities
5920:
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
5676:
5176:"Primary Mental Abilities Test | psychological test"
2480:
Elementary school graduates (completed eighth grade)
910:, had more success in 1905, when they published the
11587:(2009). "Let's celebrate human genetic diversity".
10246:Deary, I. J.; Johnson, W.; Houlihan, L. M. (2009).
10011:"Chapter 26: To g or Not to g—That Is the Question"
9740:
Determinants of Productivity for Military Personnel
9491:
9424:
Stereotype Threat: Theory, Process, and Application
6379:
5703:Weisberg, Michael; Paul, Diane B. (19 April 2016).
5453:
5032:Das, J.P. (2000). "A better look at intelligence".
4925:
3621:
12212:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
11929:
11639:
11507:
11030:
10862:Introdução à Psicologia das Diferenças Individuais
10509:
10341:
10009:
7497:Sala, Giovanni; Gobet, Fernand (1 February 2017).
7424:
7373:
6627:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science
6539:Human Biology; an International Record of Research
5632:
5469:
5395:(1946). "On the Theory of Scales of Measurement".
5087:
4356:. National Library of Medicine. 26 September 2010.
4269:
3800:
12094:The Psychological Methods of Testing Intelligence
12048:The Psychological Methods of Testing Intelligence
11714:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10276:20.500.11820/c3e0a75b-dad6-4860-91c6-b242221af681
8509:
8038:
7657:20.500.11820/9b11fac3-47d0-424c-9d1c-fe6f9ff2ecac
7626:
7125:
6991:20.500.11820/52797d10-f0d4-49de-83e2-a9cc3493703d
6619:
6341:
6212:
5964:International Journal of Selection and Assessment
5441:
5347:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
5201:"Defining and Measuring Psychological Attributes"
4974:
4311:Spektorowski, Alberto; Ireni-Saban, Liza (2013).
1097:The Binet and Simon Test of Intellectual Capacity
27:Score from a test designed to assess intelligence
12737:
12232:
12147:
11768:
11046:Hopkins, Kenneth D.; Stanley, Julian C. (1981).
10755:"Why g matters: The complexity of everyday life"
10719:"Mainstream Science on Intelligence (editorial)"
10429:
10105:Human Cognitive Abilities in Theory and Practice
10014:. In Wilhelm, Oliver; Engle, Randall W. (eds.).
9647:
9573:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9426:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5, 141–143.
9027:"Race, genetics and pseudoscience: an explainer"
8962:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
8954:American Association of Physical Anthropologists
8544:
7023:
6827:
6566:
6303:Desjardins, Richard; Warnke, Arne Jonas (2012).
6302:
6213:Bratsberg, Bernt; Rogeberg, Ole (26 June 2018).
6189:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 384.
5105:
4622:"The Horrifying American Roots of Nazi Eugenics"
3784:
3195:"Iron deficiency and impaired child development"
3192:
2263:and self-reported offending. That children with
1967:reported an interaction of genetic effects with
1686:, arguing that both are based on the fallacy of
838:History of the race and intelligence controversy
12022:
11938:International Handbook of Giftedness and Talent
10598:
10452:
10320:
9840:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8171:
7321:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7262:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6960:
6219:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6147:
4994:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126–147.
4892:Journal of Russian and East European Psychology
4860:The Collected Works of L. S. Vygotsky, Volume 5
4458:"Eugenics and Economics in the Progressive Era"
4366:
4224:. In Kennedy, Carrie H.; Zillmer, Eric (eds.).
4220:Kennedy, Carrie H.; McNeil, Jeffrey A. (2006).
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
3135:
2826:is in part based on the results of IQ testing.
2618:Adults can harvest vegetables, repair furniture
1959:
996:United States military selection in World War I
11942:(2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Pergamon. pp.
11854:
11640:Lohman, David F.; Foley Nicpon, Megan (2012).
11045:
10566:What Is Intelligence?: Beyond the Flynn Effect
10479:
9912:
9745:(Report). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
8981:
7066:
6562:
6560:
5810:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
3976:
3755:
3753:
3489:
3115:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19.
1133:
807:IQ scores are used for educational placement,
12436:
12422:
12159:
12100:
11582:
11549:
10924:Christopher Lehmann-Haupt (21 October 1981).
10682:. Highland Park, NJ: Gryphon Press. pp.
10636:
10583:
9516:
9207:Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (2006).
9154:Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (2006).
9046:
8102:
8075:
7933:
7838:
7184:Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (2002).
7132:Dickens, William T.; Flynn, James R. (2001).
6715:
4857:Vygotsky, L.S. (1934). "The Problem of Age".
4248:
4219:
4109:
3689:
3288:
2945:
2928:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
2114:
1335:There are various other IQ tests, including:
1318:Woodcock–Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
673:
11737:
10989:
10975:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. pp. 260–266.
10368:
10209:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health
10121:
9780:(Report). Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation
9567:
9487:
9485:
9206:
9153:
8989:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 503.
8875:
8873:
8871:
8846:
8709:
8405:
8378:
8270:
7862:
7627:Deary, I.J.; Penke, L.; Johnson, W. (2010).
7183:
7131:
6790:
6025:
5702:
5670:
5060:
4750:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
4741:
4548:"The birth of American intelligence testing"
4419:
4304:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
1921:
720:
11485:Assessing Adolescent and Adult Intelligence
11410:Current Directions in Psychological Science
11225:The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability
10926:"Books Of The Times: The Mismeasure of Man"
10882:
10851:
10825:
10805:
10752:
10713:
10248:"Genetic foundations of human intelligence"
9056:American Journal of Biological Anthropology
8547:Current Directions in Psychological Science
8205:"Brains don't make you rich IQ study finds"
8139:Current Directions in Psychological Science
7249:
6666:
6557:
5343:Measuring Intelligence: Facts and Fallacies
5335:
5229:
5034:Current Directions in Psychological Science
4953:
4829:
4646:
4372:"Eugenics: Its Definition, Scope, and Aims"
4228:. New York: Guilford Press. pp. 1–17.
4023:
3750:
3690:Schmidt, Frank L.; Hunter, John E. (1998).
3567:Current Directions in Psychological Science
3043:
2518:Average IQ of various occupational groups:
1872:
1699:s "25 Greatest Science Books of All Time".
1424:
842:
12429:
12415:
12171:
11704:
11680:
10837:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 155–186.
10202:
9942:
9409:
8859:
6172:
6114:
6079:
6058:
5475:
5375:
5117:
4728:Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology News
4360:
4152:
3907:British Journal for the History of Science
3609:
3448:
3256:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1747:(IRT) based methods, Mantel-Haenszel, and
1726:Test bias or differential item functioning
708:. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the
680:
666:
47:
12230:
11755:
11728:
11429:
11099:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11039:(Interview). Interviewed by Jonah Lehrer.
10773:
10603:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10569:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10548:
10389:Genius: The Natural History of Creativity
10274:
10228:
10139:
9990:
9894:American Psychiatric Association (2013).
9852:(3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
9482:
9075:
8936:
8917:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
8894:
8868:
8746:
8593:
8458:
8288:
8202:
8052:
7856:
7764:
7754:
7704:
7655:
7514:
7496:
7438:
7401:
7391:
7350:
7340:
7314:
7291:
7281:
7152:
7108:
7098:
7049:
6989:
6859:
6747:
6698:
6584:
6513:
6464:
6403:
6363:
6326:
6316:
6248:
6238:
5738:
5720:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5118:Stanek, Kevin C.; Ones, Deniz S. (2018),
5031:
4888:
4836:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
4830:Haywood, H. Carl; Lidz, Carol S. (2006).
4672:
4395:
4085:
3904:
3710:
3676:
3651:
3586:
3537:
3527:
3324:
3306:
3226:
3169:
3092:
2504:Have 50/50 chance of reaching high school
700:) is a total score derived from a set of
30:"IQ" redirects here. For other uses, see
12308:WISC-IV Advanced Clinical Interpretation
12271:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
12268:
12259:
12239:
12096:] (in German). Leipzig: J. A. Barth.
11835:
11651:. Waco, TX: Prufrock. pp. 287–386.
10617:
10531:Debby Tsuang; Andrew David (June 2011).
10040:
9964:
9924:(7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
9737:
9604:
9421:
9383:
9050:; Dasgupta, Kushan (28 September 2020).
8271:Bowles, Samuel; Gintis, Herbert (2002).
7813:
6536:
6385:
5594:
5570:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. pp. 683–702.
4873:
4856:
4747:
4616:
4614:
4498:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
3806:
3615:
3049:
2855:
2286:
1702:Along these same lines, critics such as
1374:Das–Naglieri cognitive assessment system
1310:Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
1295:
1143:
886:
12001:
11909:Noguera, Pedro A. (30 September 2001).
11908:
11505:
11453:
11360:
11116:Environment, Heredity, and Intelligence
10962:
10826:Gottfredson, Linda S. (11 March 2005).
10673:
10406:
10385:
10203:Deary, Ian J.; Batty, G. David (2007).
10182:Intelligence: A Very Short Introduction
10170:The Early Mental Traits of 300 Geniuses
10102:
10059:
9824:
9536:
9256:
9202:
9200:
8780:
8778:
8654:
8627:
8440:
7575:
7224:
6290:
6271:
5996:
5763:"25 Greatest Science Books of All Time"
5650:
5463:
5459:
5447:
5391:
5233:Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
5025:
4998:
4989:
4790:
4721:
4436:. Ohio University Press. pp. 2–3.
4056:
3994:
3982:
3939:
3759:
3055:
2599:Type of work that can be accomplished:
2278:
2117:reported a correlation of 0.82 between
1437:
1352:Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales
1322:Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
14:
12738:
12208:The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence
12199:
12125:
11775:
11744:British Journal of Industrial Medicine
11483:; Lichtenberger, Elizabeth O. (2006).
11331:
11267:
11221:
11157:
11151:(Review). No. 41. 9 October 1978.
11113:
11050:(6th ed.). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ:
11008:
10586:"The Domestication of the Savage Mind"
9869:Assessment of Intellectual Functioning
9806:. U. S. Social Security Administration
9725:
9110:
9031:Ewan's Blog: Bioinformatician at large
8258:
7544:Personality and Individual Differences
7367:
7019:
7017:
6607:
6567:Plomin, R; Asbury, K; Dunn, J (2001).
6208:
6206:
5824:Item Response Theory for Psychologists
5822:Embretson, S. E., Reise, S. P. (2000).
5644:
5601:Personality and Individual Differences
5498:
5481:
5273:
5093:
4809:. Merrill/Prentice Hall. p. 158.
4802:
4647:Vizcarrondo, Felipe E. (August 2014).
4517:
4275:
4121:
4009:10.1146/annurev.genet.35.102401.090055
3818:
3790:
2087:
1936:other experiences outside the family.
1103:, 1914) and to a court of law (1914).
12410:
12402:Classics in the History of Psychology
12245:The Measurement of Adult Intelligence
12041:
12035:from the original on 8 November 2012.
11982:
10938:
10901:
10559:
10483:Intelligence and Intelligence Testing
10369:Dumont, Ron; Willis, John O. (2013).
10176:
10007:
9866:
9847:
9825:Solomon, Deborah (12 December 2004).
9582:Springer Science & Business Media
9542:
9272:
9147:
7787:
6784:
6386:Bouchard, Thomas J. (7 August 2013).
6120:
6085:
6073:
5838:
5834:
5832:
5660:
5656:
5307:
4649:"Human Enhancement: The New Eugenics"
4611:
4542:
4540:
4208:
4193:
4187:
3861:
3110:
3058:"Rising Scores on Intelligence Tests"
2999:
2092:
1809:while acquired intelligence goes up.
1644:Validity as a measure of intelligence
941:
12129:(1916). Ellwood P. Cubberley (ed.).
11506:Kaufman, Scott Barry (1 June 2013).
11089:
11068:
10994:(5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
10992:Handbook of Psychological Assessment
10678:Seventh Mental Measurements Yearbook
10371:"Range of DAS Subtest Scaled Scores"
9967:"The attack of the psychometricians"
9850:Psychological Testing and Assessment
9676:
9527:
9377:
9197:
9025:; Scally, Aylwyn (24 October 2019).
8879:
8775:
8183:
6897:10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x
4975:Dodge, Kenneth A. (2006). Foreword.
4695:
3098:
2872:
2757:
2647:
1369:Multidimensional Aptitude Battery II
1358:Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities
725:, his term for a scoring method for
12620:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
12531:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
12330:Learning and Individual Differences
11860:"Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns"
11690:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
11031:Judith Rich Harris (9 April 2009).
10167:
9598:
9465:
9104:
8958:"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism"
8660:
8559:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01301001.x
7936:Research in Organizational Behavior
7721:
7225:Bidwell, Allie (13 December 2013).
7014:
6203:
5568:Intelligent testing with the WISC-V
5531:"WISC-V Interpretive Report Sample"
4863:(published 1998). pp. 187–205.
3111:Haier, Richard (28 December 2016).
2828:Borderline intellectual functioning
2714:. Researchers such as statistician
1939:
1154:fluid and crystallized intelligence
1023:Immigration Restriction Act of 1924
24:
11968:(6th ed.). Worth Publishers.
11268:Jensen, Arthur R. (10 July 2006).
10973:Encyclopedia of human intelligence
9965:Borsboom, Denny (September 2006).
9492:Plotnik R, Kouyoumdjian H (2013).
6661:Deary, Johnson & Houlihan 2009
5829:
5312:. Austin, TX: Pro-Ed. p. 35.
4722:LeMieux, Julianna (1 April 2019).
4537:
4222:"A history of military psychology"
4096:article, made freely available by
2918:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
2740:With the advent of the concept of
2689:American Psychological Association
2140:
2099:American Psychological Association
1908:American Psychological Association
1314:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales
872:, although he did develop several
809:assessment of intellectual ability
745:
25:
12772:
12371:
12262:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
12107:Journal of Educational Psychology
11465:. New York: Springer Publishing.
10808:"The general intelligence factor"
9574:Chrisler JC, McCreary DR (2010).
8447:Vulnerable Groups & Inclusion
8203:Henderson, Mark (25 April 2007).
8132:"Beyond the Threshold Hypothesis"
7427:Journal of Educational Psychology
5502:Psychology: Themes and Variations
4376:The American Journal of Sociology
4317:. London: Routledge. p. 24.
4128:Journal of Educational Psychology
3864:Journal of the History of Biology
3821:Journal of the History of Biology
3354:Maternal and Child Health Journal
2923:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
2845:
2230:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns
2185:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns
2103:Intelligence: Knowns and Unknowns
1306:Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
1219:
906:, together with Victor Henri and
12715:
11510:Ungifted: Intelligence Redefined
11422:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x
10965:"Classification of Intelligence"
10651:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00687.x
10459:Essentials of WISC-IV Assessment
10346:Essentials of DAS-II® Assessment
9827:"The Science of Second-Guessing"
9818:
9792:
9766:
9731:
9641:
9440:
9415:
9309:
9278:
9228:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x
9175:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01802.x
9040:
9007:
8975:
8888:
8715:
8643:Kaufman & Lichtenberger 2006
8573:
8538:
8503:
8475:
8434:
8399:
8372:
8344:
8332:
8297:
8277:Journal of Economic Perspectives
8264:
8227:
8196:
8177:
8123:
8096:
8069:
8032:
7985:
7954:
7927:
7891:
7807:
7781:
7730:
7680:
7620:
7569:
7531:
7490:
7455:
7418:
7403:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00711.x
7308:
7218:
7186:"The IQ Paradox: Still Resolved"
7177:
6954:
6919:
6876:
6774:
6764:
6613:
6530:
6506:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0039
6481:
6392:Twin Research and Human Genetics
6335:
6178:
6141:
5990:
5976:10.1111/j.1468-2389.2006.00346.x
5954:
5910:
5867:
5364:the rank order and nothing else.
5280:. Lexington, MA: Heath. p.
3579:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01639.x
3113:The Neuroscience of Intelligence
2786:
2234:correlation between IQ and crime
2052:Impact of health on intelligence
2030:
1981:
1291:
647:
103:
12716:
12656:Evolution of human intelligence
12204:; Kaufman, Scott Barry (eds.).
12172:Turkheimer, Eric (April 2008).
12167:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
12023:Frederic Golden (31 May 1992).
11811:Loury, Glenn C. (18 May 1998).
10584:Cosma Shalizi (27 April 2009).
8604:10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.07.010
8441:Freeman, James (January 2012).
8273:"The Inheritance of Inequality"
7374:Glenn Schellenberg, E. (2004).
6624:(2010). "Genes and cognition".
5826:. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
5816:
5795:
5773:
5755:
5696:
5638:
5626:
5588:
5559:
5523:
5385:
5369:
5329:
5301:
5267:
5223:
5193:
5168:
5111:
4983:
4968:
4959:
4938:
4919:
4882:
4867:
4850:
4823:
4796:
4715:
4689:
4640:
4586:
4561:
4511:
4492:
4467:
4450:
4342:
4278:The Journal of American History
4242:
4213:
4146:
4115:
4061:
3988:
3933:
3898:
3855:
3812:
3554:
3495:
3396:
3341:
3282:
3243:
2756:. These differences remain, as
2736:Sex differences in intelligence
1887:
1767:
1675:(1981, expanded edition 1996),
1380:Naglieri Nonverbal Ability Test
1363:Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test
1081:ideas of the British Scientist
704:or subtests designed to assess
12233:Flanagan & Harrison (2012)
11769:Flanagan & Harrison (2012)
10852:Gottfredson, Linda S. (2006).
10806:Gottfredson, Linda S. (1998).
10753:Gottfredson, Linda S. (1997).
10550:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11010097
10537:American Journal of Psychiatry
10533:"How Genes Influence Behavior"
10350:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. p.
9800:"12.00-Mental Disorders-Adult"
9384:Mitchell, Kevin (2 May 2018).
8987:The Black-White Test Score Gap
8985:; Phillips, Meredith (2011) .
8733:(7655): 385–386. 25 May 2017.
8497:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2016.02.003
6573:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
5633:Lohman & Foley Nicpon 2012
5595:Whitaker, Simon (April 2010).
5081:10.1080/02796015.1990.12087349
4665:10.1179/2050854914Y.0000000021
3622:Devlin, B.; Daniels, Michael;
3186:
3129:
3104:
3012:"intelligence quotient (IQ)".
3005:
2939:
2797:In the United States, certain
2793:Intelligence and public policy
1847:The current consensus is that
1429:
1242:criticized standard IQ testing
967:in 1904 made the first formal
13:
1:
12721:Outline of human intelligence
12625:Multiple-intelligences theory
12008:. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
11729:Matarazzo, Joseph D. (1972).
11487:(3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ:
11187:American Journal of Education
10784:10.1016/S0160-2896(97)90014-3
10738:10.1016/s0160-2896(97)90011-8
10335:10.1016/s0160-2896(89)80007-8
8408:Criminal Justice and Behavior
8105:Journal of Applied Psychology
7998:Journal of Applied Psychology
6309:OECD Education Working Papers
5841:Language Assessment Quarterly
4251:Journal of Applied Psychology
2037:Neuroscience and intelligence
1634:standard error of measurement
912:Binet–Simon Intelligence test
733:he advocated in a 1912 book.
390:Industrial and organizational
12671:Intelligence and environment
12363:10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002
12342:10.1016/j.lindif.2009.12.001
12163:; Merrill, Maude A. (1960).
12151:; Merrill A., Maude (1937).
11934:; Subotnik, Rena F. (eds.).
11838:Essentials of CAS Assessment
11647:. In Hunsaker, Scott (ed.).
11380:Gamboa, Camille (May 2013).
11346:10.1016/j.intell.2011.03.004
11016:(2nd ed.). Free Press.
10815:Scientific American Presents
10695:; Saklofske, Donald (eds.).
10618:Winerman, Lea (March 2013).
10512:How Genes Influence Behavior
10314:10.1016/j.intell.2006.02.001
9841:General and cited references
8393:10.1016/j.intell.2010.12.002
8366:10.1016/j.intell.2013.05.001
8339:Handbook of Crime Correlates
8090:10.1016/j.intell.2006.05.004
8063:10.1016/j.intell.2006.04.005
7556:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90145-7
7516:10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.005
7231:U.S. News & World Report
7100:10.1371/journal.pone.0030320
6457:10.1016/j.intell.2014.01.008
6011:10.1177/10883576060210020301
5722:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002444
5540:. p. 18. Archived from
5419:10.1126/science.103.2684.677
5106:Flanagan & Harrison 2012
4594:"Social Origins of Eugenics"
4087:10.1016/j.intell.2013.08.006
3774:10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.004
3529:10.1371/journal.pone.0127052
2933:
2913:Raven's Progressive Matrices
2260:Handbook of Crime Correlates
1960:Gene-environment interaction
1898:Environment and intelligence
1722:for many clinical purposes.
1386:Wide Range Intelligence Test
1340:Raven's Progressive Matrices
1240:and his associates, who has
1120:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
545:Human factors and ergonomics
55:Raven's Progressive Matrices
7:
12615:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
12155:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
11738:R. D. Savage (April 1974).
11365:. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
10990:Groth-Marnat, Gary (2009).
10963:Gregory, Robert J. (1995).
10516:. Oxford University Press.
9738:Kavanagh, Jennifer (2005).
9662:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.139
9327:; Turkheimer, Eric (2012).
8796:; Turkheimer, Eric (2012).
8485:Journal of Criminal Justice
8318:10.1177/0011128797043004001
8184:Hunt, Earl B. (July 1995).
8172:Detterman & Daniel 1989
7814:Kamphaus, Randy W. (2005).
7788:Nisen, Max (22 July 2013).
7636:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
7503:Educational Research Review
7205:10.1037/0033-295x.109.4.764
7163:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.346
6135:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.171
5466:. Adapted with permission."
5277:Psychology: An Introduction
5274:Mussen, Paul Henry (1973).
3721:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.262
3154:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.013
2948:"Intelligence (IQ) Testing"
2895:
2833:In the United Kingdom, the
2630:Adults can do domestic work
2549:Managers and administrators
2123:general intelligence factor
2115:Frey & Detterman (2004)
1902:The general figure for the
1653:inclusive of, for example,
1330:Differential Ability Scales
1326:Cognitive Assessment System
1205:reading and writing ability
1140:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
1134:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
10:
12777:
11836:Naglieri, Jack A. (1999).
11222:Jensen, Arthur R. (1998).
11158:Jensen, Arthur R. (1980).
10909:. New York: W. W. Norton.
10434:(3rd ed.). New York:
10168:Cox, Catherine M. (1926).
10071:Cambridge University Press
9495:Introduction to Psychology
9422:Inzlicht, Michael (2011).
8290:10.1257/089533002760278686
8117:10.1037/0021-9010.75.3.297
7948:10.1016/j.riob.2010.08.003
7449:10.1037/0022-0663.98.2.457
7376:"Music Lessons Enhance IQ"
6586:10.1177/070674370104600302
6441:a valid latent construct?"
5811:Anastasi & Urbina 1997
5613:10.1016/j.paid.2009.11.017
4905:10.2753/RPO1061-0405470604
4263:10.1037/0021-9010.77.6.803
2876:
2849:
2790:
2733:
2660:
2537:Professional and technical
2393:Clerical and sales workers
2210:A Question of Intelligence
2049:
2034:
2015:
1891:
1771:
1308:(WAIS) for adults and the
1137:
1075:American eugenics movement
949:
835:
831:
29:
12711:
12648:
12607:
12498:
12447:
12392:Resources in your library
12284:. John Wiley & Sons.
11879:10.1037/0003-066x.51.2.77
11815:. Hard Questions Column.
11711:IQ and Human Intelligence
11687:IQ and Human Intelligence
11251:Locurto, Charles (1999).
10267:10.1007/s00439-009-0655-4
10060:Carroll, John B. (1993).
9983:10.1007/s11336-006-1447-6
9125:10.1007/s10539-014-9428-0
8748:10.1038/nature.2017.22021
8524:10.1080/07418820400095921
7913:10.1080/01688638708410768
7877:10.1037/0033-2909.96.1.72
7839:Frey & Detterman 2004
7315:Sternberg, R. J. (2008).
6940:10.1007/s10519-005-7287-9
6100:10.1037/0033-2909.95.1.29
5932:10.1080/13803390490510824
5853:10.1080/15434300701375832
5132:10.4135/9781473914940.n14
4762:10.1037/0022-3514.86.1.96
4167:10.1037/1093-4510.6.2.143
4122:Wallin, J. E. W. (1911).
3997:Annual Review of Genetics
3919:10.1017/s0007087401004332
3366:10.1007/s10995-012-1121-9
3308:10.1186/s12889-019-6856-4
3211:10.1136/bmj.323.7326.1377
3142:The Journal of Pediatrics
2434:
2407:
2404:
2365:
2362:
2329:
2326:
2173:
2170:linked at all IQ levels.
2045:
1922:Shared family environment
1853:crystallized intelligence
1795:IQ and Human Intelligence
1737:with the same underlying
1173:crystallized intelligence
963:The British psychologist
859:The English statistician
320:Applied behavior analysis
74:
62:
46:
41:
12269:Wechsler, David (2003).
12260:Wechsler, David (1997).
11779:Income Inequality and IQ
11776:Murray, Charles (1998).
11317:10.1177/0016986207310434
10599:Flynn, James R. (2012).
10486:. Taylor & Francis.
10409:Intelligence: A New Look
10221:10.1136/jech.2005.039206
10205:"Cognitive epidemiology"
9867:Aiken, Lewis R. (1996).
9113:Biology & Philosophy
8710:Ceci & Williams 2009
8420:10.1177/0093854813485736
8211:. London. Archived from
8151:10.1177/0963721410391442
7042:10.1177/0956797615612727
6982:10.1177/0956797613488394
6852:10.1177/0956797610392926
6293:, p. , "Chapter 8".
5888:10.1177/1073191105276674
5245:10.1177/0734282909348217
5160:: CS1 maint: location (
5069:School Psychology Review
4806:Assessing Young Children
4518:Galton, Francis (1869).
4382:(1): 82, 1st paragraph.
3628:"The heritability of IQ"
3056:Neisser, Ulrich (1997).
2804:Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
2779:of the IQ distribution.
2223:
2011:
1873:Genetics and environment
1425:Reliability and validity
1404:is usually (rank order)
1346:Cattell Culture Fair III
1158:Cattell Culture Fair III
843:Precursors to IQ testing
12088:Stern, William (1912).
11917:. Article # ER010930002
10186:Oxford University Press
9619:10.1126/science.1132154
8306:Crime & Delinquency
7342:10.1073/pnas.0803396105
7283:10.1073/pnas.0801268105
6805:10.1111/1467-8624.00084
6318:10.1787/5k9csvw87ckh-en
6240:10.1073/pnas.1718793115
5180:Encyclopædia Britannica
5046:10.1111/1467-8721.00162
4954:Haywood & Lidz 2006
4598:www.eugenicsarchive.org
3833:10.1023/a:1004608217247
3199:British Medical Journal
2824:intellectual disability
2656:
2006:working memory training
1906:of IQ, according to an
1649:broader definitions of
1630:statistical reliability
510:Behavioral neuroscience
165:Behavioral neuroscience
12002:Shurkin, Joel (1992).
11983:Reddy, Ajitha (2008).
11305:Gifted Child Quarterly
11296:Wai, Jonathan (2008).
11183:Bias in Mental Testing
11160:Bias in mental testing
10413:Transaction Publishers
10407:Eysenck, Hans (1998).
10386:Eysenck, Hans (1995).
10045:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
10008:Brody, Nathan (2005).
9650:Psychological Bulletin
8905:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26
8582:Annals of Epidemiology
8460:10.3402/vgi.v3i0.14834
7865:Psychological Bulletin
7540:"Music and spatial IQ"
6344:Psychological Bulletin
6123:Psychological Bulletin
6088:Psychological Bulletin
5462:, Figure 3.1 "Source:
5007:Psychological Bulletin
4803:Mindes, Gayle (2003).
3699:Psychological Bulletin
3449:Deary & Batty 2007
3417:10.1542/peds.2009-0334
2907:Emotional intelligence
2865:
2729:
2667:While the concept of "
2081:Cognitive epidemiology
2056:Cognitive epidemiology
1819:
1677:evolutionary biologist
1301:
1272:Structure of Intellect
1254:multiple intelligences
1201:quantitative knowledge
1161:
1079:biological determinist
1010:
899:
895:, co-developer of the
721:
560:Psychology of religion
500:Behavioral engineering
184:Cognitive neuroscience
150:Affective neuroscience
12746:Intelligence quotient
12549:Intelligence quotient
12383:Intelligence quotient
11867:American Psychologist
10945:The Mismeasure of Man
10907:The Mismeasure of Man
10715:Gottfredson, Linda S.
10639:Psychological Science
10624:Monitor on Psychology
10411:. New Brunswick, NJ:
10018:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
9946:; Simon, Th. (1916).
9922:Psychological Testing
9848:Aiken, Lewis (1979).
9685:American Psychologist
9336:American Psychologist
9216:Psychological Science
9163:Psychological Science
8805:American Psychologist
8669:American Psychologist
7464:Developmental Science
7380:Psychological Science
7030:Psychological Science
6970:Psychological Science
6885:Psychological Science
6840:Psychological Science
5782:(14 September 2007).
5337:Bartholomew, David J.
5308:Truch, Steve (1993).
4653:The Linacre Quarterly
4155:History of Psychology
3563:"Beyond Heritability"
2964:10.1542/pir.27-11-403
2859:
2840:comprehensive schools
2704:nature versus nurture
2663:Race and intelligence
2287:Other accomplishments
2016:Further information:
1814:negative Flynn effect
1793:be. A 2011 textbook,
1672:The Mismeasure of Man
1299:
1147:
1006:
890:
798:perinatal environment
731:University of Breslau
694:intelligence quotient
654:Psychology portal
42:Intelligence quotient
12756:Intelligence by type
12635:Three-stratum theory
12202:Sternberg, Robert J.
11932:Sternberg, Robert J.
11823:on 24 September 2015
11033:"Do Parents Matter?"
10969:Sternberg, Robert J.
10620:"Smarter than ever?"
9502:. pp. 282–283.
9099:(either old or new).
7193:Psychological Review
7141:Psychological Review
5784:"The Waning of I.Q."
2952:Pediatrics in Review
2902:Emotional competence
2746:general intelligence
2363:1–3 years of college
2279:Health and mortality
1969:socioeconomic status
1745:item response theory
1720:statistical validity
1226:proximal development
1187:three stratum theory
902:French psychologist
782:socioeconomic status
12608:Models and theories
11966:Behavioral Genetics
11771:, pp. 623–642.
11601:2009Natur.461..726L
11396:on 10 October 2014.
11392:(9). Archived from
11037:Scientific American
11010:Harris, Judith Rich
10693:van de Vijver, Fons
10453:Flanagan, Dawn P.;
9317:Nisbett, Richard E.
8983:Jencks, Christopher
8786:Nisbett, Richard E.
8739:2017Natur.545R.385.
8215:on 6 September 2008
7590:1999Natur.400..826C
7333:2008PNAS..105.6791S
7274:2008PNAS..105.6829J
7237:on 14 December 2013
7091:2012PLoSO...730320H
6740:10.1038/mp.2012.184
6405:10.1017/thg.2013.54
6305:"Ageing and Skills"
6231:2018PNAS..115.6674B
5813:, pp. 326–327.
5411:1946Sci...103..677S
4928:Issues in Education
4696:Regalado, Antonio.
4520:"Hereditary Genius"
4388:1904Natur..70...82.
3644:1997Natur.388..468D
3520:2015PLoSO..1027052R
3490:Neisser et al. 1995
3205:(7326): 1377–1378.
3074:1997AmSci..85..440N
2890:Triple Nine Society
2886:Mensa International
2706:", for instance by
2600:
2519:
2293:
2088:Social correlations
1994:Abecedarian Project
1749:logistic regression
1659:social intelligence
1441:
1410:normal distribution
1252:and in theories of
1019:jingoist narratives
932:Stanford University
897:Stanford–Binet test
880:, muscle grip, and
758:normal distribution
722:Intelligenzquotient
505:Behavioral genetics
420:Occupational health
160:Behavioral genetics
91:Part of a series on
32:IQ (disambiguation)
12661:Heritability of IQ
12438:Human intelligence
11915:In Motion Magazine
11809: •
11785:. Washington, DC:
11570:on 16 October 2014
11556:. Guilford Press.
11378: •
11294: •
11249: •
11179: •
11096:Human Intelligence
10940:Gould, Stephen Jay
10930:The New York Times
10903:Gould, Stephen Jay
9831:The New York Times
9068:10.1002/ajpa.24150
8929:10.1002/ajpa.23120
8010:10.1037/apl0000994
7756:10.3390/nu13041118
7476:10.1111/desc.12306
6691:10.1038/mp.2011.85
5789:The New York Times
5769:. 7 December 2006.
5211:on 15 October 2018
4404:on 3 November 2007
4110:Terman et al. 1915
3876:10.1007/bf00346665
3080:on 4 November 2016
3062:American Scientist
2866:
2809:U.S. Supreme Court
2769:larger variability
2598:
2517:
2311:MDs, JDs, and PhDs
2291:
2239:explained variance
2093:School performance
1989:Head Start Program
1894:Heritability of IQ
1849:fluid intelligence
1826:longitudinal study
1663:construct validity
1651:human intelligence
1434:
1418:standard deviation
1414:standard deviation
1412:with mean 100 and
1302:
1234:dynamic assessment
1169:Fluid intelligence
1162:
1087:selective breeding
1083:Sir Francis Galton
1077:was rooted in the
900:
802:heritability of IQ
762:standard deviation
760:with mean 100 and
706:human intelligence
702:standardised tests
622:Schools of thought
460:Sport and exercise
306:Applied psychology
12733:
12732:
12649:Areas of research
12599:Visual processing
12516:Cognitive liberty
12378:Library resources
12317:978-0-12-088763-7
12291:978-0-470-89127-8
12029:Los Angeles Times
12015:978-0-316-78890-8
11990:DePaul Law Review
11975:978-1-4292-4215-8
11953:978-0-08-043796-5
11847:978-0-471-29015-5
11796:978-0-8447-7094-9
11721:978-0-19-958559-5
11706:Mackintosh, N. J.
11697:978-0-19-852367-3
11682:Mackintosh, N. J.
11658:978-1-931280-17-4
11595:(7265): 726–728.
11563:978-1-4625-1121-1
11541:Publishers Weekly
11521:978-0-465-02554-1
11498:978-0-471-73553-3
11472:978-0-8261-0629-2
11372:978-0-85702-757-3
11281:978-0-08-044939-5
11235:978-0-275-96103-9
11173:978-0-02-916430-3
11149:Citation Classics
11106:978-0-521-70781-7
11061:978-0-13-236273-3
11023:978-1-4391-0165-0
11001:978-0-470-08358-1
10982:978-0-02-897407-1
10955:978-0-393-31425-0
10916:978-0-393-30056-7
10894:978-1-4338-0392-5
10875:978-85-363-1418-1
10844:978-0-203-95622-9
10706:978-0-12-280055-9
10610:978-1-107-60917-4
10576:978-0-521-74147-7
10523:978-0-19-955990-9
10493:978-1-136-82321-3
10445:978-1-60918-995-2
10422:978-0-7658-0707-6
10399:978-0-5-2148508-1
10195:978-0-19-289321-5
10134:(7231): 788–789.
10114:978-0-8058-2717-0
10080:978-0-521-38275-5
10052:978-0-471-21219-5
10033:978-0-7619-2887-4
10020:SAGE Publications
9905:978-0-89042-555-8
9878:978-0-306-48431-5
9859:978-0-205-06613-1
9613:(5799): 599–600.
9543:Terry WS (2015).
9325:Halpern, Diane F.
9302:978-0-387-98234-2
8956:(27 March 2019).
8794:Halpern, Diane F.
8512:Justice Quarterly
8414:(11): 1280–1300.
8004:(11): 2040–2068.
7851:Deary et al. 2007
7825:978-0-387-26299-4
7584:(6747): 826–827.
7214:on 19 March 2007.
6976:(10): 2111–2116.
6928:Behavior Genetics
6793:Child Development
6620:Pietropaolo, S.;
6225:(26): 6674–6678.
6175:, pp. 25–27.
6159:978-0-12-375035-8
6045:978-1-55798-503-3
5577:978-1-118-58923-6
5499:Weiten W (2016).
5405:(2684): 677–680.
5358:978-0-521-54478-8
5319:978-0-89079-585-9
5291:978-0-669-61382-7
5205:homepages.rpi.edu
5141:978-1-4462-0721-5
4702:Technology Review
4443:978-0-8214-1691-4
4428:Christina Cogdell
4324:978-0-203-74023-1
4235:978-1-57230-724-7
3295:BMC Public Health
2873:High-IQ societies
2852:IQ classification
2724:stereotype threat
2681:academic research
2648:Group differences
2641:
2640:
2596:
2595:
2585:Unskilled workers
2515:
2514:
2327:College graduates
1864:and is in part a
1693:Discover Magazine
1680:Stephen Jay Gould
1626:
1625:
1250:John D. Bransford
1238:Reuven Feuerstein
1156:and authored the
690:
689:
587:Counseling topics
530:Consumer behavior
271:Psycholinguistics
155:Affective science
86:
85:
18:Intelligence test
16:(Redirected from
12768:
12719:
12718:
12640:Triarchic theory
12431:
12424:
12417:
12408:
12407:
12366:
12345:
12321:
12302:
12300:
12298:
12274:
12265:
12256:
12236:
12235:, pp. 3–55.
12227:
12211:
12196:
12194:
12192:
12178:
12168:
12161:Terman, Lewis M.
12156:
12149:Terman, Lewis M.
12144:
12142:
12140:
12127:Terman, Lewis M.
12122:
12119:10.1037/h0075455
12097:
12085:
12083:
12081:
12036:
12019:
11998:
11979:
11960:
11941:
11926:
11924:
11922:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11864:
11851:
11832:
11830:
11828:
11819:. Archived from
11817:The New Republic
11807:
11805:
11803:
11784:
11772:
11761:
11759:
11734:
11725:
11701:
11677:
11675:
11673:
11668:on 15 March 2016
11667:
11661:. Archived from
11646:
11636:
11585:Ebenstein, Lanny
11583:Lahn, Bruce T.;
11579:
11577:
11575:
11566:. Archived from
11544:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11513:
11502:
11481:Kaufman, Alan S.
11476:
11464:
11455:Kaufman, Alan S.
11450:
11448:
11446:
11433:
11407:
11397:
11376:
11357:
11328:
11302:
11292:
11290:
11288:
11264:
11247:
11218:
11177:
11152:
11146:
11137:
11110:
11086:
11065:
11040:
11027:
11005:
10986:
10959:
10933:
10920:
10898:
10879:
10859:
10848:
10832:
10822:
10812:
10802:
10800:
10798:
10777:
10759:
10749:
10723:
10710:
10687:
10681:
10670:
10631:
10614:
10593:
10580:
10554:
10552:
10527:
10515:
10504:
10502:
10500:
10476:
10455:Kaufman, Alan S.
10449:
10426:
10403:
10382:
10381:on 7 April 2014.
10377:. Archived from
10365:
10361:978-0470-22520-2
10349:
10338:
10317:
10296:
10278:
10252:
10242:
10232:
10199:
10173:
10164:
10143:
10118:
10099:
10097:
10095:
10089:
10083:. Archived from
10068:
10056:
10037:
10013:
10004:
9994:
9961:
9959:
9957:
9939:
9909:
9890:
9863:
9835:
9834:
9822:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9811:
9796:
9790:
9789:
9787:
9785:
9779:
9770:
9764:
9763:
9761:
9759:
9744:
9735:
9729:
9723:
9717:
9716:
9697:10.1037/a0026699
9680:
9674:
9673:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9602:
9596:
9595:
9571:
9565:
9564:
9551:Psychology Press
9540:
9534:
9525:
9514:
9513:
9500:Cengage Learning
9489:
9480:
9469:
9463:
9462:
9444:
9438:
9437:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9396:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9348:10.1037/a0029772
9333:
9313:
9307:
9306:
9282:
9276:
9270:
9264:
9254:
9248:
9247:
9213:
9204:
9195:
9194:
9160:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9108:
9102:
9101:
9079:
9044:
9038:
9037:
9023:Rutherford, Adam
9011:
9005:
9004:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8950:
8940:
8908:
8892:
8886:
8877:
8866:
8857:
8844:
8843:
8841:
8839:
8817:10.1037/a0029772
8802:
8782:
8773:
8772:
8750:
8719:
8713:
8707:
8701:
8700:
8681:10.1037/a0026699
8664:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8631:
8625:
8616:
8615:
8597:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8479:
8473:
8472:
8462:
8438:
8432:
8431:
8403:
8397:
8396:
8376:
8370:
8369:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8329:
8301:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8231:
8225:
8224:
8222:
8220:
8200:
8194:
8193:
8181:
8175:
8169:
8163:
8162:
8136:
8127:
8121:
8120:
8100:
8094:
8093:
8073:
8067:
8066:
8056:
8036:
8030:
8029:
7989:
7983:
7982:
7980:
7978:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7860:
7854:
7848:
7842:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7811:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7794:Business Insider
7785:
7779:
7778:
7768:
7758:
7734:
7728:
7725:
7719:
7718:
7708:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7659:
7633:
7624:
7618:
7617:
7573:
7567:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7518:
7494:
7488:
7487:
7459:
7453:
7452:
7442:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7405:
7395:
7371:
7365:
7364:
7354:
7344:
7312:
7306:
7305:
7295:
7285:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7244:
7242:
7233:. Archived from
7222:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7207:. Archived from
7190:
7181:
7175:
7174:
7156:
7138:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7112:
7102:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7053:
7021:
7012:
7011:
6993:
6967:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6880:
6874:
6873:
6863:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6788:
6782:
6778:
6772:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6719:
6713:
6712:
6702:
6685:(10): 996–1005.
6670:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6617:
6611:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6588:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6468:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6407:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6367:
6356:10.1037/a0035893
6339:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6320:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6279:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6252:
6242:
6210:
6201:
6200:
6182:
6176:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6145:
6139:
6138:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6049:
6029:
6023:
6022:
5994:
5988:
5987:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5836:
5827:
5820:
5814:
5808:
5802:
5799:
5793:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5742:
5724:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5674:
5668:
5654:
5648:
5642:
5636:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5547:on 22 April 2022
5546:
5535:
5527:
5521:
5520:
5507:Cengage Learning
5496:
5479:
5473:
5467:
5457:
5451:
5445:
5439:
5438:
5389:
5383:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5346:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5207:. Archived from
5197:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5159:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5115:
5109:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5084:
5064:
5058:
5057:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5019:10.1037/h0076163
5002:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4981:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4827:
4821:
4820:
4800:
4794:
4788:
4782:
4781:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4633:
4628:. September 2003
4618:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4604:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4565:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4544:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4515:
4509:
4508:
4501:Nature Education
4496:
4490:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4454:
4448:
4447:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4411:
4409:
4400:. Archived from
4399:
4397:10.1038/070082a0
4364:
4358:
4357:
4346:
4340:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4308:
4302:
4301:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4217:
4211:
4206:
4191:
4190:, pp. 6–12.
4185:
4179:
4178:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4140:10.1037/h0075544
4119:
4113:
4107:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4065:
4059:
4054:
4021:
4020:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3816:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3757:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3731:. Archived from
3714:
3696:
3687:
3674:
3673:
3655:
3638:(6641): 468–71.
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3541:
3531:
3499:
3493:
3487:
3452:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3411:(3): e380–e388.
3400:
3394:
3393:
3360:(7): 1243–1251.
3345:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3310:
3301:(Suppl 4): 541.
3286:
3280:
3279:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3108:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3076:. Archived from
3053:
3047:
3046:, pp. 31–32
3044:Gottfredson 2009
3041:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2943:
2835:eleven plus exam
2673:social construct
2601:
2597:
2520:
2516:
2294:
2290:
2265:conduct disorder
2232:stated that the
1940:Individual genes
1843:
1835:
1799:N. J. Mackintosh
1732:latent abilities
1709:Robert Sternberg
1698:
1442:
1394:ordinally scaled
1262:Robert Sternberg
1093:Henry H. Goddard
1056:human population
965:Charles Spearman
942:General factor (
924:Henry H. Goddard
724:
682:
675:
668:
652:
651:
650:
617:Research methods
276:Psychophysiology
136:Basic psychology
107:
88:
87:
51:
39:
38:
21:
12776:
12775:
12771:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12766:
12765:
12736:
12735:
12734:
12729:
12707:
12644:
12603:
12569:Problem solving
12503:
12494:
12443:
12435:
12398:
12397:
12396:
12386:
12385:
12381:
12374:
12369:
12318:
12296:
12294:
12292:
12241:Wechsler, David
12224:
12190:
12188:
12181:LIFE Newsletter
12176:
12138:
12136:
12087:
12086:
12079:
12077:
12059:
12016:
11976:
11954:
11920:
11918:
11899:
11897:
11862:
11856:Neisser, Ulrich
11848:
11826:
11824:
11810:
11808:
11801:
11799:
11797:
11782:
11722:
11698:
11671:
11669:
11665:
11659:
11644:
11609:10.1038/461726a
11573:
11571:
11564:
11535:
11526:
11524:
11522:
11514:. Basic Books.
11499:
11473:
11444:
11442:
11405:
11379:
11377:
11373:
11300:
11295:
11293:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11250:
11248:
11236:
11180:
11178:
11174:
11144:
11140:
11126:
11107:
11062:
11024:
11002:
10983:
10956:
10917:
10895:
10876:
10857:
10845:
10830:
10810:
10796:
10794:
10775:10.1.1.535.4596
10757:
10721:
10707:
10611:
10577:
10561:Flynn, James R.
10524:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10473:
10446:
10423:
10400:
10362:
10250:
10196:
10141:10.1038/457788a
10115:
10093:
10091:
10090:on 14 July 2014
10087:
10081:
10066:
10053:
10034:
9955:
9953:
9936:
9906:
9879:
9860:
9843:
9838:
9823:
9819:
9809:
9807:
9798:
9797:
9793:
9783:
9781:
9777:
9771:
9767:
9757:
9755:
9753:
9742:
9736:
9732:
9724:
9720:
9681:
9677:
9646:
9642:
9603:
9599:
9592:
9584:. p. 302.
9572:
9568:
9561:
9553:. p. 356.
9541:
9537:
9526:
9517:
9510:
9490:
9483:
9470:
9466:
9459:
9445:
9441:
9434:
9420:
9416:
9410:Mackintosh 2011
9408:
9404:
9394:
9392:
9382:
9378:
9368:
9366:
9331:
9314:
9310:
9303:
9293:Springer Verlag
9283:
9279:
9271:
9267:
9255:
9251:
9222:(10): 913–920.
9211:
9205:
9198:
9169:(10): 913–920.
9158:
9152:
9148:
9109:
9105:
9048:Aaron, Panofsky
9045:
9041:
9012:
9008:
8997:
8980:
8976:
8966:
8964:
8893:
8889:
8878:
8869:
8860:Mackintosh 2011
8858:
8847:
8837:
8835:
8800:
8783:
8776:
8721:
8720:
8716:
8708:
8704:
8665:
8661:
8653:
8649:
8641:
8634:
8626:
8619:
8595:10.1.1.693.9671
8578:
8574:
8543:
8539:
8508:
8504:
8480:
8476:
8439:
8435:
8404:
8400:
8377:
8373:
8349:
8345:
8337:
8333:
8302:
8298:
8269:
8265:
8257:
8253:
8243:
8241:
8233:
8232:
8228:
8218:
8216:
8201:
8197:
8192:on 21 May 2006.
8182:
8178:
8170:
8166:
8134:
8128:
8124:
8101:
8097:
8074:
8070:
8054:10.1.1.397.3155
8037:
8033:
7990:
7986:
7976:
7974:
7959:
7955:
7932:
7928:
7896:
7892:
7861:
7857:
7849:
7845:
7837:
7833:
7826:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7786:
7782:
7735:
7731:
7726:
7722:
7685:
7681:
7648:10.1038/nrn2793
7631:
7625:
7621:
7574:
7570:
7560:
7558:
7536:
7532:
7495:
7491:
7460:
7456:
7440:10.1.1.397.5160
7423:
7419:
7393:10.1.1.152.4349
7372:
7368:
7313:
7309:
7268:(19): 6829–33.
7254:
7250:
7240:
7238:
7223:
7219:
7211:
7188:
7182:
7178:
7154:10.1.1.139.2436
7136:
7130:
7126:
7071:
7067:
7022:
7015:
6965:
6959:
6955:
6924:
6920:
6881:
6877:
6832:
6828:
6789:
6785:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6765:
6720:
6716:
6671:
6667:
6659:
6655:
6640:10.1002/wcs.135
6618:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6565:
6558:
6535:
6531:
6494:JAMA Psychiatry
6486:
6482:
6433:
6429:
6384:
6380:
6340:
6336:
6301:
6297:
6289:
6282:
6270:
6266:
6211:
6204:
6197:
6183:
6179:
6173:Mackintosh 2011
6171:
6167:
6160:
6146:
6142:
6119:
6115:
6084:
6080:
6072:
6065:
6059:Mackintosh 1998
6057:
6053:
6046:
6030:
6026:
5995:
5991:
5959:
5955:
5915:
5911:
5872:
5868:
5837:
5830:
5821:
5817:
5809:
5805:
5800:
5796:
5778:
5774:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5715:(4). e1002444.
5701:
5697:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5639:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5593:
5589:
5578:
5564:
5560:
5550:
5548:
5544:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5524:
5517:
5509:. p. 281.
5497:
5482:
5476:Mackintosh 2011
5474:
5470:
5458:
5454:
5446:
5442:
5390:
5386:
5376:Mackintosh 1998
5374:
5370:
5359:
5334:
5330:
5320:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5272:
5268:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5153:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5116:
5112:
5104:
5100:
5092:
5088:
5065:
5061:
5030:
5026:
5003:
4999:
4988:
4984:
4973:
4969:
4964:
4960:
4952:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4924:
4920:
4887:
4883:
4872:
4868:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4801:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4730:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4694:
4690:
4645:
4641:
4631:
4629:
4620:
4619:
4612:
4602:
4600:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4512:
4497:
4493:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4468:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4444:
4426:Susan Currell;
4424:
4420:
4407:
4405:
4368:Galton, Francis
4365:
4361:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4309:
4305:
4290:10.2307/1891014
4274:
4270:
4247:
4243:
4236:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4194:
4186:
4182:
4151:
4147:
4120:
4116:
4108:
4104:
4066:
4062:
4055:
4024:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3938:
3934:
3903:
3899:
3860:
3856:
3817:
3813:
3805:
3801:
3789:
3785:
3758:
3751:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3712:10.1.1.172.1733
3694:
3688:
3677:
3624:Roeder, Kathryn
3620:
3616:
3610:Turkheimer 2008
3608:
3604:
3559:
3555:
3514:(5): e0127052.
3500:
3496:
3488:
3455:
3447:
3440:
3401:
3397:
3346:
3342:
3287:
3283:
3248:
3244:
3191:
3187:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3109:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3083:
3081:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3035:
3025:
3023:
3022:on 22 July 2017
3011:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2958:(11): 403–408.
2944:
2940:
2936:
2898:
2881:
2879:High-IQ society
2875:
2862:Stephen Hawking
2854:
2848:
2822:A diagnosis of
2799:public policies
2795:
2789:
2765:cognitive tests
2754:spatial ability
2738:
2732:
2722:The effects of
2708:Alan S. Kaufman
2693:William Dickens
2677:popular science
2665:
2659:
2650:
2289:
2281:
2226:
2214:Daniel Seligman
2176:
2148:job performance
2143:
2141:Job performance
2095:
2090:
2058:
2050:Main articles:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2020:
2014:
1984:
1962:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1900:
1890:
1875:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1803:Daniel Schacter
1776:
1770:
1728:
1704:Keith Stanovich
1696:
1646:
1432:
1427:
1400:of the norming
1294:
1282:Alexander Luria
1222:
1183:John B. Carroll
1165:Raymond Cattell
1150:Raymond Cattell
1142:
1136:
1128:genetic testing
1064:Progressive Era
1054:quality of the
1045:
998:
969:factor analysis
957:
948:
845:
840:
834:
813:job performance
686:
648:
646:
639:
638:
637:
636:
612:Psychotherapies
580:
570:
569:
490:
482:
481:
480:
479:
308:
298:
297:
296:
295:
256:Neuropsychology
138:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12774:
12764:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12731:
12730:
12728:
12727:
12712:
12709:
12708:
12706:
12705:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12652:
12650:
12646:
12645:
12643:
12642:
12637:
12632:
12627:
12622:
12617:
12611:
12609:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12601:
12596:
12591:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12551:
12546:
12541:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12507:
12505:
12504:and constructs
12496:
12495:
12493:
12492:
12482:
12477:
12472:
12467:
12462:
12457:
12451:
12449:
12445:
12444:
12434:
12433:
12426:
12419:
12411:
12405:
12404:
12395:
12394:
12388:
12387:
12376:
12375:
12373:
12372:External links
12370:
12368:
12367:
12346:
12336:(3): 135–151.
12324:
12316:
12303:
12290:
12275:
12266:
12257:
12237:
12228:
12222:
12197:
12169:
12157:
12145:
12123:
12098:
12057:
12043:Stern, William
12039:
12038:
12037:
12014:
11999:
11980:
11974:
11961:
11952:
11927:
11906:
11852:
11846:
11833:
11795:
11773:
11764:
11763:
11762:
11726:
11720:
11702:
11696:
11678:
11657:
11637:
11580:
11562:
11547:
11546:
11545:
11520:
11503:
11497:
11477:
11471:
11461:IQ Testing 101
11451:
11416:(4): 217–220.
11398:
11371:
11358:
11340:(4): 171–177.
11329:
11280:
11265:
11234:
11219:
11199:10.1086/443584
11193:(3): 330–338.
11172:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11125:978-0916690021
11124:
11111:
11105:
11087:
11083:10.1037/002513
11066:
11060:
11043:
11042:
11041:
11022:
11006:
11000:
10987:
10981:
10960:
10954:
10936:
10935:
10934:
10915:
10899:
10893:
10880:
10874:
10849:
10843:
10823:
10803:
10750:
10711:
10705:
10688:
10671:
10634:
10633:
10632:
10609:
10596:
10595:
10594:
10575:
10557:
10556:
10555:
10543:(6): 656–657.
10522:
10505:
10492:
10477:
10472:978-0470189153
10471:
10450:
10444:
10436:Guilford Press
10427:
10421:
10404:
10398:
10383:
10366:
10360:
10339:
10329:(4): 349–359.
10318:
10297:
10261:(1): 215–232.
10255:Human Genetics
10243:
10215:(5): 378–384.
10200:
10194:
10174:
10165:
10119:
10113:
10100:
10079:
10057:
10051:
10038:
10032:
10005:
9977:(3): 425–440.
9962:
9940:
9935:978-0023030857
9934:
9918:Urbina, Susana
9914:Anastasi, Anne
9910:
9904:
9891:
9877:
9864:
9858:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9836:
9817:
9791:
9765:
9751:
9730:
9728:, p. 531.
9718:
9691:(2): 130–159.
9675:
9656:(2): 139–155.
9640:
9597:
9591:978-1441914651
9590:
9566:
9560:978-1317350873
9559:
9535:
9515:
9509:978-1133939535
9508:
9481:
9477:978-0805835854
9464:
9457:
9439:
9433:978-0199732449
9432:
9414:
9412:, p. 348.
9402:
9376:
9342:(6): 503–504.
9308:
9301:
9277:
9265:
9249:
9196:
9146:
9103:
9062:(2): 387–398.
9039:
9019:Raff, Jennifer
9006:
8995:
8974:
8923:(2): 318–327.
8887:
8867:
8845:
8811:(6): 503–504.
8774:
8714:
8702:
8675:(2): 130–159.
8659:
8657:, p. 132.
8647:
8632:
8630:, p. 126.
8617:
8588:(4): 278–288.
8572:
8537:
8518:(3): 603–635.
8502:
8474:
8433:
8398:
8371:
8360:(5): 277–288.
8343:
8331:
8312:(4): 387–411.
8296:
8263:
8251:
8226:
8195:
8176:
8164:
8145:(6): 346–351.
8122:
8111:(3): 297–300.
8095:
8068:
8031:
7984:
7953:
7926:
7890:
7855:
7843:
7831:
7824:
7806:
7780:
7729:
7720:
7679:
7642:(3): 201–211.
7619:
7568:
7530:
7489:
7470:(3): 504–512.
7454:
7433:(2): 457–468.
7417:
7386:(8): 511–514.
7366:
7327:(19): 6791–2.
7307:
7248:
7217:
7199:(4): 764–771.
7176:
7124:
7065:
7036:(2): 138–149.
7013:
6953:
6918:
6891:(6): 623–628.
6875:
6826:
6799:(5): 1151–62.
6783:
6773:
6763:
6734:(2): 253–258.
6728:Mol Psychiatry
6714:
6679:Mol Psychiatry
6665:
6653:
6634:(3): 345–352.
6612:
6600:
6556:
6529:
6500:(5): 447–457.
6480:
6427:
6398:(5): 923–930.
6378:
6350:(4): 949–979,
6334:
6295:
6280:
6264:
6202:
6196:978-0230579835
6195:
6177:
6165:
6158:
6140:
6113:
6078:
6063:
6051:
6044:
6024:
5989:
5953:
5909:
5866:
5847:(2): 223–233.
5828:
5815:
5803:
5794:
5772:
5754:
5695:
5669:
5659:, p. 24.
5649:
5637:
5625:
5607:(5): 517–521.
5587:
5576:
5558:
5522:
5516:978-1305856127
5515:
5480:
5468:
5464:Kaufman (2009)
5452:
5440:
5393:Stevens, S. S.
5384:
5368:
5357:
5328:
5318:
5300:
5290:
5266:
5239:(2): 167–174.
5222:
5192:
5167:
5140:
5110:
5098:
5086:
5075:(4): 423–442.
5059:
5024:
4997:
4982:
4967:
4958:
4946:
4937:
4918:
4881:
4866:
4849:
4842:
4822:
4815:
4795:
4783:
4740:
4714:
4688:
4659:(3): 239–243.
4639:
4610:
4585:
4573:www.nature.com
4560:
4536:
4510:
4491:
4466:
4449:
4442:
4418:
4359:
4341:
4323:
4303:
4268:
4241:
4234:
4212:
4192:
4180:
4145:
4114:
4102:
4080:(5): 699–711.
4060:
4022:
3987:
3975:
3954:10.1086/353245
3948:(2): 227–233.
3932:
3913:(3): 323–340.
3897:
3870:(2): 389–412.
3854:
3827:(3): 263–292.
3811:
3799:
3783:
3768:(5): 401–426.
3749:
3738:on 2 June 2014
3675:
3614:
3602:
3573:(4): 217–220.
3553:
3494:
3453:
3438:
3395:
3340:
3281:
3242:
3185:
3128:
3121:
3103:
3091:
3068:(5): 440–447.
3048:
3033:
3004:
2992:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2877:Main article:
2874:
2871:
2850:Main article:
2847:
2846:Classification
2844:
2791:Main article:
2788:
2785:
2750:verbal ability
2734:Main article:
2731:
2728:
2661:Main article:
2658:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:Accomplishment
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:Accomplishment
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2297:Accomplishment
2288:
2285:
2280:
2277:
2225:
2222:
2191:Charles Murray
2175:
2172:
2142:
2139:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2047:
2044:
2035:Main article:
2032:
2029:
2013:
2010:
2001:working memory
1983:
1980:
1976:feedback cycle
1961:
1958:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1889:
1886:
1874:
1871:
1821:
1818:
1787:James R. Flynn
1782:The Bell Curve
1772:Main article:
1769:
1766:
1727:
1724:
1645:
1642:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1438:Kaufman (2009)
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1416:15. While one
1392:IQ scales are
1390:
1389:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1366:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1293:
1290:
1258:Howard Gardner
1221:
1220:Other theories
1218:
1209:Decision speed
1138:Main article:
1135:
1132:
1044:
1041:
1036:David Wechsler
1029:L.L. Thurstone
997:
994:
950:Main article:
947:
940:
908:Théodore Simon
861:Francis Galton
844:
841:
833:
830:
688:
687:
685:
684:
677:
670:
662:
659:
658:
657:
656:
641:
640:
635:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
583:
582:
581:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
478:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
311:
310:
309:
304:
303:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
201:Cross-cultural
198:
193:
192:
191:
181:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
141:
140:
139:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
122:
117:
109:
108:
100:
99:
93:
92:
84:
83:
78:
72:
71:
66:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12773:
12762:
12761:Psychometrics
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12743:
12741:
12726:
12722:
12714:
12713:
12710:
12704:
12700:
12696:
12692:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12676:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12666:Psychometrics
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12653:
12651:
12647:
12641:
12638:
12636:
12633:
12631:
12628:
12626:
12623:
12621:
12618:
12616:
12613:
12612:
12610:
12606:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12594:Understanding
12592:
12589:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12538:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12521:Communication
12519:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12508:
12506:
12501:
12497:
12490:
12486:
12483:
12481:
12478:
12476:
12473:
12471:
12468:
12466:
12463:
12461:
12458:
12456:
12453:
12452:
12450:
12446:
12442:
12439:
12432:
12427:
12425:
12420:
12418:
12413:
12412:
12409:
12403:
12400:
12399:
12393:
12390:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12364:
12360:
12356:
12352:
12347:
12343:
12339:
12335:
12331:
12325:
12319:
12313:
12309:
12304:
12293:
12287:
12283:
12282:
12276:
12272:
12267:
12263:
12258:
12254:
12250:
12246:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12229:
12225:
12223:9780521739115
12219:
12215:
12210:
12209:
12203:
12198:
12186:
12182:
12175:
12170:
12166:
12162:
12158:
12154:
12150:
12146:
12134:
12133:
12128:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12113:(9): 551–62.
12112:
12108:
12104:
12099:
12095:
12091:
12076:
12072:
12068:
12064:
12060:
12058:9781981604999
12054:
12050:
12049:
12044:
12040:
12034:
12030:
12026:
12021:
12020:
12017:
12011:
12007:
12006:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11991:
11986:
11981:
11977:
11971:
11967:
11962:
11959:
11955:
11949:
11945:
11940:
11939:
11933:
11928:
11916:
11912:
11907:
11896:
11892:
11888:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11873:(2): 77–101.
11872:
11868:
11861:
11857:
11853:
11849:
11843:
11839:
11834:
11822:
11818:
11814:
11798:
11792:
11788:
11781:
11780:
11774:
11770:
11765:
11758:
11753:
11749:
11745:
11741:
11736:
11735:
11732:
11727:
11723:
11717:
11713:
11712:
11707:
11703:
11699:
11693:
11689:
11688:
11683:
11679:
11664:
11660:
11654:
11650:
11643:
11638:
11634:
11630:
11626:
11622:
11618:
11614:
11610:
11606:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11581:
11569:
11565:
11559:
11555:
11554:
11548:
11542:
11538:
11534:
11533:
11523:
11517:
11512:
11511:
11504:
11500:
11494:
11490:
11486:
11482:
11478:
11474:
11468:
11463:
11462:
11456:
11452:
11441:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11423:
11419:
11415:
11411:
11404:
11399:
11395:
11391:
11387:
11383:
11374:
11368:
11364:
11359:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11330:
11326:
11322:
11318:
11314:
11310:
11306:
11299:
11283:
11277:
11273:
11272:
11266:
11262:
11258:
11254:
11245:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11227:
11226:
11220:
11216:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11200:
11196:
11192:
11188:
11184:
11175:
11169:
11165:
11161:
11156:
11150:
11143:
11139:
11138:
11135:
11131:
11127:
11121:
11117:
11112:
11108:
11102:
11098:
11097:
11092:
11091:Hunt, Earl B.
11088:
11084:
11080:
11076:
11072:
11071:PsycCRITIQUES
11067:
11063:
11057:
11053:
11052:Prentice Hall
11049:
11044:
11038:
11034:
11029:
11028:
11025:
11019:
11015:
11011:
11007:
11003:
10997:
10993:
10988:
10984:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10961:
10957:
10951:
10947:
10946:
10941:
10937:
10931:
10927:
10922:
10921:
10918:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10900:
10896:
10890:
10886:
10881:
10877:
10871:
10867:
10863:
10855:
10850:
10846:
10840:
10836:
10829:
10824:
10820:
10816:
10809:
10804:
10793:
10789:
10785:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10768:(1): 79–132.
10767:
10763:
10756:
10751:
10747:
10743:
10739:
10735:
10731:
10727:
10720:
10716:
10712:
10708:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10689:
10685:
10680:
10679:
10672:
10668:
10664:
10660:
10656:
10652:
10648:
10644:
10640:
10635:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10616:
10615:
10612:
10606:
10602:
10597:
10591:
10587:
10582:
10581:
10578:
10572:
10568:
10567:
10562:
10558:
10551:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10529:
10528:
10525:
10519:
10514:
10513:
10506:
10495:
10489:
10485:
10484:
10478:
10474:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10456:
10451:
10447:
10441:
10437:
10433:
10428:
10424:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10405:
10401:
10395:
10391:
10390:
10384:
10380:
10376:
10375:Dumont Willis
10372:
10367:
10363:
10357:
10353:
10348:
10347:
10340:
10336:
10332:
10328:
10324:
10319:
10315:
10311:
10307:
10303:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10277:
10272:
10268:
10264:
10260:
10256:
10249:
10244:
10240:
10236:
10231:
10226:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10210:
10206:
10201:
10197:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10175:
10171:
10166:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10142:
10137:
10133:
10129:
10125:
10120:
10116:
10110:
10106:
10101:
10086:
10082:
10076:
10072:
10065:
10064:
10058:
10054:
10048:
10044:
10039:
10035:
10029:
10025:
10021:
10017:
10012:
10006:
10002:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9976:
9972:
9971:Psychometrika
9968:
9963:
9951:
9950:
9945:
9944:Binet, Alfred
9941:
9937:
9931:
9927:
9926:Prentice Hall
9923:
9919:
9915:
9911:
9907:
9901:
9897:
9892:
9888:
9884:
9880:
9874:
9870:
9865:
9861:
9855:
9851:
9846:
9845:
9832:
9828:
9821:
9805:
9801:
9795:
9776:
9769:
9754:
9752:0-8330-3754-4
9748:
9741:
9734:
9727:
9722:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9694:
9690:
9686:
9679:
9671:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9655:
9651:
9644:
9636:
9632:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9612:
9608:
9601:
9593:
9587:
9583:
9579:
9578:
9570:
9562:
9556:
9552:
9548:
9547:
9539:
9533:
9529:
9524:
9522:
9520:
9511:
9505:
9501:
9497:
9496:
9488:
9486:
9478:
9474:
9468:
9460:
9454:
9450:
9443:
9435:
9429:
9425:
9418:
9411:
9406:
9391:
9387:
9380:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
9349:
9345:
9341:
9337:
9330:
9326:
9322:
9318:
9312:
9304:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9289:
9281:
9274:
9269:
9262:
9258:
9253:
9245:
9241:
9237:
9233:
9229:
9225:
9221:
9217:
9210:
9203:
9201:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9168:
9164:
9157:
9150:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9107:
9100:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9049:
9043:
9036:
9032:
9028:
9024:
9020:
9016:
9010:
9003:
8998:
8996:9780815746119
8992:
8988:
8984:
8978:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8948:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8906:
8902:
8898:
8891:
8885:
8881:
8876:
8874:
8872:
8865:
8861:
8856:
8854:
8852:
8850:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8810:
8806:
8799:
8795:
8791:
8787:
8781:
8779:
8771:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8732:
8728:
8724:
8718:
8711:
8706:
8698:
8694:
8690:
8686:
8682:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8663:
8656:
8651:
8644:
8639:
8637:
8629:
8624:
8622:
8613:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8576:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8541:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8517:
8513:
8506:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8478:
8470:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8452:
8448:
8444:
8437:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8409:
8402:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8375:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8347:
8340:
8335:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8300:
8291:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8255:
8240:
8236:
8230:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8199:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8173:
8168:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8140:
8133:
8126:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8099:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8079:
8072:
8064:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8035:
8027:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7988:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7957:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7910:
7907:(5): 545–62.
7906:
7902:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7859:
7852:
7847:
7840:
7835:
7827:
7821:
7817:
7810:
7795:
7791:
7784:
7776:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7733:
7724:
7716:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7698:
7694:
7690:
7683:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7641:
7637:
7630:
7623:
7615:
7611:
7607:
7603:
7599:
7598:10.1038/23608
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7541:
7534:
7526:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7493:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7465:
7458:
7450:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7421:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7370:
7362:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7311:
7303:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7252:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7221:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7187:
7180:
7172:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7147:(2): 346–69.
7146:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7120:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7085:(2): e30320.
7084:
7080:
7076:
7069:
7061:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7020:
7018:
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6879:
6871:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6846:(1): 125–33.
6845:
6841:
6837:
6830:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6787:
6777:
6767:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6718:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6662:
6657:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6622:Crusio, W. E.
6616:
6609:
6604:
6596:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6579:(3): 225–33.
6578:
6574:
6570:
6563:
6561:
6552:
6548:
6545:(2): 257–79.
6544:
6540:
6533:
6525:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6476:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6431:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6338:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6277:
6273:
6268:
6260:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6207:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6174:
6169:
6161:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6136:
6132:
6129:(2): 171–91.
6128:
6124:
6117:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6075:
6070:
6068:
6060:
6055:
6047:
6041:
6037:
6036:
6028:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5993:
5985:
5981:
5977:
5973:
5970:(3): 278–87.
5969:
5965:
5957:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5926:(7): 903–20.
5925:
5921:
5913:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5882:(3): 303–19.
5881:
5877:
5870:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5833:
5825:
5819:
5812:
5807:
5798:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5780:Brooks, David
5776:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5750:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5699:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5646:
5641:
5634:
5629:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5569:
5562:
5543:
5539:
5532:
5526:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5495:
5493:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5477:
5472:
5465:
5461:
5456:
5449:
5444:
5436:
5432:
5428:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5381:
5377:
5372:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5350:
5345:
5344:
5338:
5332:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5311:
5304:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5226:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5163:
5157:
5143:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5114:
5107:
5102:
5095:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4986:
4978:
4971:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4941:
4934:(2): 137–170.
4933:
4929:
4922:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4893:
4885:
4877:
4870:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4845:
4843:9781139462075
4839:
4835:
4834:
4826:
4818:
4816:9780130929082
4812:
4808:
4807:
4799:
4792:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:(1): 96–111.
4755:
4751:
4744:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4643:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4521:
4514:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4480:
4476:
4470:
4459:
4453:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:(July 1904).
4369:
4363:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4338:
4326:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:(3): 565–81.
4283:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4257:(6): 803–35.
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4161:(2): 143–70.
4160:
4156:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4134:(3): 121–32.
4133:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4058:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4003:(1): 83–101.
4002:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3807:Wechsler 1939
3803:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3705:(2): 262–74.
3704:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3653:10.1038/41319
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3606:
3598:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3445:
3443:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3124:
3122:9781107461437
3118:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3038:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2870:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2787:Public policy
2784:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2716:Bernie Devlin
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2654:
2645:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2253:Arthur Jensen
2250:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2205:Arthur Jensen
2202:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2168:monotonically
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2038:
2031:Brain anatomy
2028:
2024:
2019:
2018:Mozart effect
2009:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1990:
1982:Interventions
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:meta-analysis
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1878:Environmental
1870:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1833:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:
1775:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:ability level
1740:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1439:
1422:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1298:
1292:Current tests
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:J.P. Guilford
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:Psychologist
1146:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1108:feeble-minded
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1060:United States
1057:
1053:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1003:
1002:Robert Yerkes
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
961:
956:
954:
945:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
894:
891:Psychologist
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
874:pre-Mendelian
871:
866:
865:psychometrics
862:
857:
855:
850:
839:
829:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
794:social status
791:
787:
783:
779:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
732:
728:
723:
718:
714:
713:William Stern
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
683:
678:
676:
671:
669:
664:
663:
661:
660:
655:
645:
644:
643:
642:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:Psychologists
605:
603:
600:
598:
597:Organizations
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
579:
574:
573:
566:
565:Psychometrics
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
525:Consciousness
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
486:
485:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Psychotherapy
443:
441:
440:Psychometrics
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
312:
307:
302:
301:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
211:Developmental
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
137:
132:
131:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
106:
102:
101:
98:
95:
94:
90:
89:
82:
79:
77:
73:
70:
67:
65:
61:
56:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
12751:Intelligence
12723: /
12701: /
12697: /
12693: /
12691:neuroscience
12689: /
12685: /
12681: /
12677: /
12673: /
12548:
12536:
12489:visuospatial
12465:Intellectual
12382:
12354:
12351:Intelligence
12350:
12333:
12329:
12307:
12295:. Retrieved
12280:
12270:
12261:
12244:
12207:
12189:. Retrieved
12184:
12180:
12164:
12152:
12137:. Retrieved
12131:
12110:
12106:
12093:
12089:
12078:. Retrieved
12047:
12028:
12004:
11994:
11988:
11965:
11957:
11937:
11919:. Retrieved
11914:
11898:. Retrieved
11870:
11866:
11837:
11825:. Retrieved
11821:the original
11816:
11813:"Charles II"
11800:. Retrieved
11778:
11747:
11743:
11730:
11710:
11686:
11670:. Retrieved
11663:the original
11648:
11592:
11588:
11572:. Retrieved
11568:the original
11552:
11540:
11525:. Retrieved
11509:
11484:
11460:
11443:. Retrieved
11413:
11409:
11394:the original
11389:
11385:
11362:
11337:
11334:Intelligence
11333:
11308:
11304:
11285:. Retrieved
11274:. Elsevier.
11270:
11260:
11256:
11224:
11190:
11186:
11182:
11162:. New York:
11159:
11148:
11115:
11095:
11074:
11070:
11047:
11036:
11013:
10991:
10972:
10944:
10929:
10906:
10884:
10865:
10861:
10834:
10818:
10814:
10795:. Retrieved
10765:
10762:Intelligence
10761:
10729:
10726:Intelligence
10725:
10696:
10677:
10645:(6): 373–8.
10642:
10638:
10627:
10623:
10600:
10589:
10565:
10540:
10536:
10511:
10497:. Retrieved
10482:
10458:
10431:
10408:
10388:
10379:the original
10374:
10345:
10326:
10323:Intelligence
10322:
10308:(1): 13–21.
10305:
10302:Intelligence
10301:
10258:
10254:
10212:
10208:
10181:
10169:
10161:
10131:
10127:
10104:
10092:. Retrieved
10085:the original
10069:. New York:
10062:
10042:
10015:
9974:
9970:
9954:. Retrieved
9948:
9921:
9895:
9868:
9849:
9830:
9820:
9808:. Retrieved
9803:
9794:
9782:. Retrieved
9768:
9756:. Retrieved
9733:
9721:
9688:
9684:
9678:
9653:
9649:
9643:
9610:
9606:
9600:
9576:
9569:
9545:
9538:
9494:
9467:
9448:
9442:
9423:
9417:
9405:
9393:. Retrieved
9390:The Guardian
9389:
9379:
9367:. Retrieved
9339:
9335:
9321:Flynn, James
9311:
9291:. New York:
9287:
9280:
9268:
9257:Kaufman 2009
9252:
9219:
9215:
9166:
9162:
9149:
9116:
9112:
9106:
9097:
9059:
9055:
9042:
9034:
9030:
9015:Birney, Ewan
9009:
9000:
8986:
8977:
8965:. Retrieved
8961:
8920:
8916:
8896:
8890:
8836:. Retrieved
8808:
8804:
8790:Flynn, James
8768:
8730:
8726:
8717:
8705:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8655:Kaufman 2009
8650:
8628:Kaufman 2009
8585:
8581:
8575:
8550:
8546:
8540:
8515:
8511:
8505:
8488:
8484:
8477:
8453:(1): 14834.
8450:
8446:
8436:
8411:
8407:
8401:
8387:(1): 22–26.
8384:
8381:Intelligence
8380:
8374:
8357:
8354:Intelligence
8353:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8309:
8305:
8299:
8280:
8276:
8266:
8254:
8242:. Retrieved
8239:ScienceDaily
8238:
8229:
8217:. Retrieved
8213:the original
8208:
8198:
8190:the original
8179:
8167:
8142:
8138:
8125:
8108:
8104:
8098:
8084:(1): 83–92.
8081:
8078:Intelligence
8077:
8071:
8047:(1): 59–68.
8044:
8041:Intelligence
8040:
8034:
8001:
7997:
7987:
7975:. Retrieved
7970:
7966:
7956:
7939:
7935:
7929:
7904:
7900:
7893:
7871:(1): 72–98.
7868:
7864:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7818:. Springer.
7815:
7809:
7797:. Retrieved
7793:
7783:
7746:
7742:
7732:
7723:
7696:
7692:
7682:
7639:
7635:
7622:
7581:
7577:
7571:
7559:. Retrieved
7547:
7543:
7533:
7506:
7502:
7492:
7467:
7463:
7457:
7430:
7426:
7420:
7383:
7379:
7369:
7324:
7320:
7310:
7265:
7261:
7251:
7239:. Retrieved
7235:the original
7230:
7220:
7209:the original
7196:
7192:
7179:
7144:
7140:
7127:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7033:
7029:
6973:
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6538:
6532:
6497:
6493:
6483:
6448:
6445:Intelligence
6444:
6438:
6430:
6395:
6391:
6381:
6347:
6343:
6337:
6308:
6298:
6291:Kaufman 2009
6272:Kaufman 2009
6267:
6222:
6218:
6186:
6180:
6168:
6149:
6143:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6094:(1): 29–51.
6091:
6087:
6081:
6054:
6034:
6027:
6005:(2): 66–83.
6002:
5998:
5992:
5967:
5963:
5956:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5844:
5840:
5823:
5818:
5806:
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5787:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5712:
5709:PLOS Biology
5708:
5698:
5689:
5685:
5672:
5652:
5640:
5628:
5616:. Retrieved
5604:
5600:
5590:
5581:
5567:
5561:
5551:29 September
5549:. Retrieved
5542:the original
5537:
5525:
5501:
5471:
5460:Kaufman 2013
5455:
5448:Kaufman 2009
5443:
5402:
5396:
5387:
5371:
5362:
5342:
5331:
5323:
5309:
5303:
5295:
5276:
5269:
5236:
5232:
5225:
5213:. Retrieved
5209:the original
5204:
5195:
5183:. Retrieved
5179:
5170:
5145:, retrieved
5123:
5113:
5101:
5089:
5072:
5068:
5062:
5037:
5033:
5027:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4991:
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4976:
4970:
4961:
4949:
4940:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4899:(6): 70–93.
4896:
4890:
4884:
4875:
4869:
4859:
4852:
4832:
4825:
4805:
4798:
4791:Carroll 1993
4786:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4731:. Retrieved
4727:
4717:
4705:. Retrieved
4701:
4691:
4656:
4652:
4642:
4630:. Retrieved
4625:
4601:. Retrieved
4597:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4527:. Retrieved
4525:. p. 64
4513:
4504:
4500:
4494:
4482:. Retrieved
4478:
4469:
4452:
4432:
4421:
4413:
4406:. Retrieved
4402:the original
4379:
4375:
4362:
4353:
4344:
4335:
4328:. Retrieved
4313:
4306:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4225:
4215:
4183:
4158:
4154:
4148:
4131:
4127:
4117:
4105:
4092:(This is an
4077:
4074:Intelligence
4073:
4063:
4057:Kaufman 2009
4000:
3996:
3990:
3983:Kaufman 2009
3978:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3910:
3906:
3900:
3867:
3863:
3857:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3802:
3786:
3777:
3765:
3762:Intelligence
3761:
3740:. Retrieved
3733:the original
3702:
3698:
3635:
3631:
3617:
3605:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3262:(1): 32–42.
3259:
3255:
3245:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3112:
3106:
3094:
3082:. Retrieved
3078:the original
3065:
3061:
3051:
3024:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3014:
3007:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2955:
2951:
2941:
2882:
2867:
2832:
2821:
2813:job analysis
2802:
2796:
2781:
2762:
2741:
2739:
2721:
2712:Nathan Brody
2701:
2686:
2666:
2651:
2642:
2282:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2248:The g Factor
2246:
2245:In his book
2244:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:The g Factor
2198:
2195:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2144:
2130:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2079:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2040:
2025:
2021:
1998:
1985:
1973:
1963:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1912:
1904:heritability
1901:
1888:Heritability
1876:
1862:Flynn effect
1858:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1794:
1791:
1780:
1777:
1774:Flynn effect
1768:Flynn effect
1753:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1712:
1701:
1691:
1670:
1668:
1647:
1638:
1627:
1391:
1334:
1303:
1286:
1280:
1278:criticisms.
1266:
1256:authored by
1230:Lev Vygotsky
1223:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1181:
1177:John L. Horn
1163:
1124:new eugenics
1116:
1112:Buck v. Bell
1105:
1101:Ellis Island
1096:
1091:
1072:
1068:World War II
1046:
1034:
1027:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:correlations
962:
958:
952:
943:
928:Lewis Terman
920:
904:Alfred Binet
901:
893:Alfred Binet
858:
849:intelligence
846:
826:Flynn effect
821:correlations
806:
800:. While the
774:
735:
727:intelligence
710:psychologist
697:
693:
691:
550:Intelligence
281:Quantitative
246:Mathematical
241:Intelligence
231:Experimental
226:Evolutionary
216:Differential
36:
12695:personality
12630:PASS theory
12588:abstraction
12357:(1): 1–20.
12297:25 November
10821:(4): 24–29.
10022:. pp.
9804:www.ssa.gov
9726:Jensen 1998
9530:, pp.
9275:, p. .
9119:(1): 1–17.
8862:, pp.
8283:(3): 3–30.
8261:, p. .
8259:Murray 1998
7942:: 175–202.
7799:16 December
7749:(4): 1118.
6610:, p. .
6608:Harris 2009
6328:10419/57089
6274:, pp.
6076:, p. .
6061:, p. .
5645:Urbina 2011
5378:, pp.
5215:26 November
5185:26 November
5094:Urbina 2011
4956:, p. .
4793:, p. .
4733:20 November
4707:20 November
4632:11 November
4603:11 November
4578:11 November
4553:11 November
4408:27 December
4094:open access
3791:Terman 1916
2817:neurotoxins
2758:Hunt (2011)
2697:James Flynn
1688:reification
1684:craniometry
1430:Reliability
1406:transformed
1276:theoretical
1118:geneticist
1062:during the
854:reliability
792:, parental
780:, parental
754:transformed
592:Disciplines
465:Suicidology
360:Educational
315:Anomalistic
291:Theoretical
266:Personality
196:Comparative
179:Cognitivism
170:Behaviorism
12740:Categories
12526:Creativity
12470:Linguistic
12455:Collective
12191:29 October
11997:: 667–677.
11750:(2): 169.
11746:(Review).
11257:Psycoloquy
11164:Free Press
11077:(1): 5–7.
10590:bactra.org
10184:. Oxford:
10178:Deary, Ian
9458:9026518307
9273:Brody 2005
9259:, p.
8951:See also:
8882:, p.
8553:(1): 1–4.
7550:(5): 695.
6934:(6): 804.
6187:Psychology
6074:Flynn 2009
5876:Assessment
5663:, p.
5661:Gould 1996
5657:Gould 1981
5618:22 January
5013:: 87–103.
4484:25 October
4350:"Eugenics"
4330:16 January
4209:Gould 1996
4188:Deary 2001
3793:, p.
3742:25 October
3405:Pediatrics
3084:1 December
3000:Stern 1914
2985:22 January
2860:Physicist
2610:Test/study
2529:Test/study
2303:Test/study
2189:outcomes.
2101:'s report
1965:David Rowe
1892:See also:
1807:going down
1655:creativity
1328:, and the
916:mental age
836:See also:
738:mental age
520:Competence
385:Humanistic
365:Ergonomics
350:Counseling
325:Assessment
261:Perception
221:Ecological
97:Psychology
64:ICD-10-PCS
12687:longevity
12675:fertility
12574:Reasoning
12554:Knowledge
12544:Intellect
12511:Cognition
12502:, traits,
12500:Abilities
12460:Emotional
11900:9 October
11887:0003-066X
11787:AEI Press
11633:205050141
11617:0028-0836
11543:(Review).
11527:1 October
11354:0160-2896
11325:143666885
11244:1063-2158
11215:147214993
10932:(Review).
10792:0160-2896
10770:CiteSeerX
10746:0160-2896
10732:: 13–23.
10499:31 August
10158:205044224
9528:Hunt 2011
9356:0003-066X
9133:0169-3867
9094:222163480
8880:Hunt 2011
8825:0003-066X
8689:1935-990X
8590:CiteSeerX
8532:143305924
8469:145305072
8428:147219554
8326:145418972
8244:26 August
8209:The Times
8049:CiteSeerX
8026:245594032
7743:Nutrients
7561:3 October
7525:1747-938X
7509:: 55–67.
7435:CiteSeerX
7388:CiteSeerX
7149:CiteSeerX
6948:189842802
6451:: 65–76.
6019:145809356
5731:1544-9173
5261:143961429
5253:0734-2829
5147:8 January
5054:146129242
5040:: 28–33.
4913:146894219
4529:1 October
4337:breeding.
3707:CiteSeerX
3374:1573-6628
3317:1471-2458
3268:0964-7058
3219:0959-8138
3162:0022-3476
3148:: 16–21.
3099:Hunt 2011
2972:0191-9601
2934:Citations
2258:The 2009
1398:raw score
1246:Ann Brown
882:head size
790:mortality
786:morbidity
778:nutrition
766:above 130
750:raw score
729:tests at
515:Cognition
430:Political
340:Community
175:Cognitive
125:Subfields
12559:Learning
12475:Multiple
12323:Oakland.
12253:39014016
12243:(1939).
12187:(1): 2–5
12067:14010447
12045:(1914).
12033:Archived
11895:20957095
11708:(2011).
11684:(1998).
11625:19812654
11457:(2009).
11440:20625474
11263:(59). 9.
11134:71087869
11093:(2011).
11012:(2009).
10942:(1996).
10905:(1981).
10717:(1997).
10667:12724085
10659:15147489
10630:(3): 30.
10563:(2009).
10457:(2009).
10285:19294424
10239:17435201
10180:(2001).
10150:19212385
10001:19946599
9920:(1997).
9887:95026038
9705:22233090
9635:34045261
9627:17068246
9364:22963427
9236:17100793
9183:17100793
9141:85351431
9086:32986847
8947:27874171
8833:22963427
8757:28541341
8697:22233090
8612:17174570
8567:15176389
8491:: 4–18.
8159:46218795
8018:34968080
7977:24 April
7885:26858912
7775:33805305
7715:23447790
7693:Cerebrum
7666:20145623
7606:10476958
7484:25939545
7412:15270994
7361:18474863
7302:18443283
7171:11381833
7119:22312423
7079:PLOS ONE
7060:26671911
7000:24002887
6913:11265284
6905:14629696
6870:21169524
6821:10959764
6813:10546338
6758:23358156
6709:21826061
6648:26302082
6595:11320676
6524:29562078
6475:24791031
6422:13747480
6414:23919982
6374:24611582
6259:29891660
6108:51999517
5984:91179275
5948:16060622
5940:15742541
5904:31024437
5896:16123251
5861:17426415
5767:Discover
5749:27092558
5427:17750512
5339:(2004).
5156:citation
4770:14717630
4683:25249705
4430:(2006).
4175:12822554
4098:Elsevier
4017:11700278
3970:40565053
3927:11700679
3892:30206332
3884:11610126
3849:10451997
3841:11624207
3729:16429503
3626:(1997).
3597:20625474
3548:25996934
3508:PLOS ONE
3433:25256969
3425:19706576
3390:19767926
3382:22915146
3335:31196019
3276:15734706
3237:11744547
3180:27266965
2980:17079505
2896:See also
2251:(1998),
1761:autistic
1451:WISC-III
1160:IQ test.
1152:defined
1048:Eugenics
878:reflexes
770:below 70
746:IQ tests
742:quotient
715:for the
627:Timeline
540:Feelings
535:Emotions
495:Behavior
489:Concepts
450:Religion
435:Positive
425:Pastoral
410:Military
375:Forensic
370:Feminist
355:Critical
345:Consumer
335:Coaching
330:Clinical
206:Cultural
145:Abnormal
76:ICD-9-CM
12725:thought
12586: (
12584:Thought
12487: (
12485:Spatial
12139:26 June
12080:15 June
12075:4521857
11757:1009574
11597:Bibcode
11445:29 June
11431:2899491
11207:1084961
10971:(ed.).
10293:4975607
10230:2465694
10024:489–502
9992:2779444
9956:18 July
9713:7001642
9670:2138794
9607:Science
9532:378–379
9395:13 June
9369:22 July
9244:6593169
9191:6593169
9077:9909835
8967:19 June
8938:5299519
8864:362–363
8838:22 July
8765:4449918
8735:Bibcode
7921:3667899
7766:8066912
7706:3574809
7674:5136934
7586:Bibcode
7352:2383939
7329:Bibcode
7293:2383929
7270:Bibcode
7110:3270016
7087:Bibcode
7051:4749462
7008:1873699
6861:3532898
6749:3935975
6700:3182557
6551:9549239
6515:5875373
6466:4002017
6365:4069230
6250:6042097
6227:Bibcode
5740:4836680
5692:: 1–10.
5538:Pearson
5435:4667599
5407:Bibcode
5398:Science
4778:6024297
4674:4135459
4384:Bibcode
4298:1891014
3962:6347965
3670:4313884
3662:9242404
3640:Bibcode
3588:2899491
3539:4440732
3516:Bibcode
3326:6565598
3228:1121846
3171:4981537
3070:Bibcode
2671:" is a
2396:100–105
2383:105–110
2075:mercury
1948:A 2017
1882:genetic
1454:WJ-III
1448:KABC-II
1052:genetic
832:History
602:Outline
475:Traffic
470:Systems
405:Medical
236:Gestalt
120:History
115:Outline
12683:health
12679:height
12564:Memory
12539:factor
12480:Social
12441:topics
12380:about
12314:
12288:
12251:
12220:
12073:
12065:
12055:
12012:
11972:
11950:
11946:–316.
11921:7 July
11893:
11885:
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