Intelligent design movement

1759:"When testifying before the Texas State Board of Education in 2003 (in a battle over textbook adoption that we won hands down), I claimed that my work had been maliciously misused by members of the Discovery Institute. ... The trouble is that it says nothing of the sort that Meyer claims. I don't mention Dembski, ID, or "intelligent" information whatever that may be. I don't talk about assembly instructions. In fact what the paper essentially does is question the value of informational notions altogether, which made many molecular biologists unhappy, but which is also diametrically opposed to the "complex specified information" project of the ID creationists. ... Notice how my work is being presented as being in concordance with ID when Meyer knows very well where I stand on this issue. If Meyer were an academic, this kind of malfeasance would rightly earn him professional censure. Unfortunately he's not. He's only the Director of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture." 2093:. "An Objective Observer Would Know that ID and Teaching About 'Gaps' and 'Problems' in Evolutionary Theory are Creationist, Religious Strategies that Evolved from Earlier Forms of Creationism" "The concept of intelligent design (hereinafter 'ID'), in its current form, came into existence after the Edwards case was decided in 1987. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that the religious nature of ID would be readily apparent to an objective observer, adult or child." "...we find that ID's religious nature would be further evident to our objective observer because it directly involves a supernatural designer. ... A 'hypothetical reasonable observer,' adult or child, who is 'aware of the history and context of the community and forum' is also presumed to know that ID is a form of creationism.... The evidence at trial demonstrates that ID is nothing less than the progeny of creationism." 1777:. Attorney Randall L. Wenger, who is affiliated with the Alliance Defense Fund, and a close ally of the Discovery Institute, and one of the presenters at the conference advocated the use of subterfuge for advancing the movement's religious goals: "But even with God's blessing, it's helpful to consult a lawyer before joining the battle... For instance, the Dover area school board might have had a better case for the intelligent design disclaimer they inserted into high school biology classes had they not mentioned a religious motivation at their meetings... Give us a call before you do something controversial like that... I think we need to do a better job at being clever as serpents." 1485:

and educational organizations saying the theory of evolution is not "in crisis" or a subject doubted by scientists, nor intelligent design the emergent scientific paradigm or rival theory its proponents proclaim, "teaching the controversy" is suitable for classes on politics, history, culture, or theology they say, but not science. By attempting to force the issue into science classrooms, intelligent design proponents create a charged environment that forces participants and bystanders alike to declare their positions, which has resulted in intelligent design groups threatening and isolating high school science teachers, school board members and parents who opposed their efforts.

4349:, pp. 208-209. "A theistic realist assumes that the universe and all its creatures were brought into existence for a purpose by God. Theistic realists expect this 'fact' of creation to have empirical, observable consequences that are different from the consequences one would observe if the universe were the product of nonrational causes... God always has the option of working through regular secondary mechanisms, and we observe such mechanisms frequently. On the other hand, many important questions—including the origin of genetic information and human consciousness—may not be explicable in terms of unintelligent causes, just as a computer or a book cannot be explained that way." 1023:), listing what they claimed were "100 scientific dissenters" who had signed a statement that "We are skeptical of claims for the ability of random mutation and natural selection to account for the complexity of life. Careful examination of the evidence for Darwinian theory should be encouraged." Shortly afterwards the National Center for Science Education described the wording as misleading, noting that a minority of the signatories were biologists and some of the others were engineers, mathematicians and philosophers, and that some signatories did not fully support the Discovery Institute's claims. The list was further criticized in a February 2006 article in 1361:

challenges of intelligent design proponents to local school boards have been disruptive and divisive in the communities where they've taken place. The campaigns run by intelligent design groups place teachers in the difficult position of arguing against their employers while the legal challenges to local school districts are costly and divert scarce funds away from education into court battles. Although these court battles have almost invariably resulted in the defeat of intelligent design proponents, they are draining and divisive to local schools. For example, as a result of

5451:. "Moreover, Board members and teachers opposing the curriculum change and its implementation have been confronted directly. First, Casey Brown testified that following her opposition to the curriculum change on October 18, 2004, Buckingham called her an atheist and Bonsell told her that she would go to hell. Second, Angie Yingling was coerced into voting for the curriculum change by Board members accusing her of being an atheist and un- Christian. In addition, both Bryan Rehm and Fred Callahan have been confronted in similarly hostile ways, as have teachers in the DASD." 1496:, the Discovery Institute's Mark Ryland and the Thomas More Law Center's Richard Thompson had a frank disagreement, in which Ryland claimed the Discovery Institute has always cautioned against the teaching of intelligent design, and Thompson responded that the Institute's leadership had not only advocated the teaching of intelligent design, but encouraged others to do so, and that the Dover Area School District had merely followed the Institute's calls for action. As evidence, Thompson cited the Discovery Institute's guidebook 1163:

movement as necessary adjuncts of its wedge strategy policy. This cadre includes Phillip E. Johnson, Michael Behe, William A. Dembski and Stephen C. Meyer. They are united by a religious vision which, although it varies among the members in its particulars and is seldom acknowledged outside of the Christian press, is predicated on the shared conviction that America is in need of "renewal" which can be accomplished only by unseating "Godless" materialism and instituting religion as its cultural foundation.

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directly by God" and 22% believed that "human beings evolved from earlier species." 49% accepted plant and animal evolution, while 45% did not.) Although some polls commissioned by the Discovery Institute show more support, these polls have been criticized as suffering from considerable flaws, such as having a low response rate (248 out of 16,000), being conducted on behalf of an organization with an expressed interest in the outcome of the poll, and containing leading questions.

1737:, the Discovery Institute often misuses the work of mainstream scientists by putting out lists of articles that allegedly support their arguments for intelligent design drawing from mainstream scientific literature. Often, the original authors respond that their articles cited by the center don't support their arguments at all. Many times, the original authors have publicly refuted them for distorting the meaning of something they've written for their own purposes. 296: 1222:(ARN) has become a comprehensive clearinghouse for ID resources, including news releases, publications, multimedia products and an elementary school science curriculum. Its stated mission is "providing accessible information on science, technology and society issues from an intelligent design perspective." Its directors are Dennis Wagner and CSC Fellows Mark Hartwig, Stephen C. Meyer and Paul A. Nelson. Its 'Friends of ARN' is also dominated by CSC Fellows. 7201: 907:"ID has theological implications. ID is not strictly Christian, but it is theistic," asserted Martin. The scientific community rejects teaching intelligent design as science; a leading example being the National Academy of Sciences, which issued a policy statement saying "Creationism, intelligent design, and other claims of supernatural intervention in the origin of life or of species are not science because they are not testable by the 1320:; its long-term goal is no less than the "renewal" of American culture through the shaping of public policy to reflect conservative Christian values. As the Discovery Institute states, intelligent design is central to this agenda: "Design theory promises to reverse the stifling dominance of the materialist worldview, and to replace it with a science consonant with Christian and theistic convictions." 1481:

on numbers than on intensive mobilization of ideologically committed followers and savvy public relations campaigns. Political repercussions from the culturally conservative sponsorship of the issue has been divisive and costly to the effected communities, polarizing and dividing not only those directly charged with educating young people but entire local communities.

1572:, primarily blogs and message boards, instead of the scientific journals and symposia where traditionally much science is discussed and settled. In promoting intelligent design the actions of its proponents have been more like a political pressure group than like researchers entering an academic debate as described by movement critic 1525:, described by Dembski as "the first Intelligent Design think tank at a research university." Its creation was controversial with Baylor faculty, and in 2000 it was merged with the Institute for Faith and Learning. Dembski, although remaining as a research professor until 2005, was given no courses to teach. 1053:

political life." This agenda is now being actively pursued by the Center for Science and Culture, which plays the leading role in the promotion of intelligent design. Its fellows include most of the leading intelligent design advocates: William A. Dembski, Michael Behe, Jonathan Wells and Stephen C. Meyer.

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written by the Institute's co-founder and first director, Stephen C. Meyer, and David K. DeWolf, a CSC Fellow, which stated in its closing paragraphs: "Moreover, as the previous discussion demonstrates, school boards have the authority to permit, and even encourage, teaching about design theory as an

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So did God create us? Or did we create God? That's an issue that unites people across the theistic world. Even religious, God-believing Jewish people will say, "That's an issue we really have a stake in, so let's debate that question first. Let us settle that question first. There are plenty of other

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list of signatories, all with variations of the name Steve and most of whom are trained biologists. As of July 31, 2006, the Discovery Institute lists "over 600 scientists," while Project Steve reported 749 signatories; as of May 30, 2014, 1,338 Steves have signed the statement, while 906 have signed

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and were attended by all the major participants in the intelligent design movement but were ultimately boycotted by the scientific community over concern of lending credibility to the claim, made by proponents of intelligent design, that evolution is purportedly the subject of wide dispute within the

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Patricia O'Connell Killen, a religion professor at Pacific Lutheran University in Tacoma whose work centers around the regional religious identity of the Pacific Northwest, recently wrote that 'religiously inspired think tanks such as the conservative evangelical Discovery Institute' are part of the

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This criticism is not reserved only to the Institute; individual intelligent design proponents have been accused of using their own credentials and those of others in a misleading or confusing fashion. For example, critics allege William A. Dembski gratuitously invokes his laurels by boasting of his

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Recently the Center for Science and Culture has moderated its previous overtly theistic mission statements to appeal to a broader, more secular audience. It hopes to accomplish this by using less overtly theistic messages and language. Despite this, the Center for Science and Culture still states as

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and argued that their participation would lend an undeserved air of legitimacy to the hearings. Board member Kathy Martin declared at the beginning of the hearings "Evolution has been proven false. ID (Intelligent Design) is science-based and strong in facts." At their conclusion she proclaimed that

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in July 1992, concluding that the book contains "... no weighing of evidence, no careful reading of literature on all sides, no full citation of sources (the book does not even contain a bibliography) and occasional use of scientific literature only to score rhetorical points." Gould's review led to

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TMLC representatives traveled the country from at least early 2000, encouraging school boards to teach ID in science classrooms. From Virginia to Minnesota, TMLC recommended the textbook Of Pandas and People (Pandas) as a supplement to regular biology textbooks, promising to defend the schools free

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Intelligent design is an integral part of a political campaign by cultural conservatives, largely from evangelical religious convictions, that seek to redefine science to suit their own ideological agenda. Though numerically a minority of Americans,. the politics of intelligent design is based less

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To talk of a purposeful or guided evolution is not to talk about evolution at all. That is "slow creation." When you understand it that way, you realize that the Darwinian theory of evolution contradicts not just the book of Genesis, but every word in the Bible from beginning to end. It contradicts

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Intelligent design advocates realize that their arguments have little chance of acceptance within the mainstream scientific community, so they direct them toward politicians, philosophers and the general public. What prima facie "scientific" material they have produced has been attacked by critics

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An August 2005 poll from The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life showed 64% of Americans favoring the teaching of creationism along with evolution in science classrooms, though only 38% favored teaching it instead of evolution, with the results varying deeply by education level and religiosity.

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scientist, and thought "That's just what I need, it's a good engineering term." In drafts of the book over one hundred uses of the root word "creation," such as "creationism" and "creation science," were changed, almost without exception, to "intelligent design," while "creationists" was changed to

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truth?" When I preach from the Bible, as I often do at churches and on Sundays, I don't start with Genesis. I start with John 1:1, "In the beginning was the Word." In the beginning was intelligence, purpose, and wisdom. The Bible had that right and the materialist scientists are deluding themselves.

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With a doctrine that calls itself science among non-scientists but is rejected by the vast majority of the real practitioners, an amicable coexistence and collaboration between intelligent design advocates and upholders of mainstream science education standards is rare. With mainstream scientific

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In pursuing the goal of establishing intelligent design at the expense of evolution in public school science, intelligent design groups have threatened and isolated high school science teachers, school board members and parents who opposed their efforts. Responding to the well-organized curricular

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The Center for Science and Culture, formerly known as the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture, is a division of the Discovery Institute. The Center consists of a tightly knit core of people who have worked together for almost a decade to advance intelligent design as both a concept and a

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Intelligent design has been described by its proponents as a 'big tent' belief, one in which all theists united by having some kind of creationist belief (but of differing opinions as regards details) can support. If successfully promoted, it would reinstate creationism in the teaching of science,

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Critics of intelligent design movement argue that the Wedge Document and strategy demonstrate that the intelligent design movement is motivated purely by religion and political ideology and that the Discovery Institute as a matter of policy obfuscates its agenda. The Discovery Institute's official

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The document begins with "The proposition that human beings are created in the image of God is one of the bedrock principles on which Western civilization was built." and then goes on to outline the movement's goal to exploit perceived discrepancies within evolutionary theory in order to discredit

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Now, the way that I see the logic of our movement going is like this. The first thing you understand is that the Darwinian theory isn't true. It's falsified by all of the evidence, and the logic is terrible. When you realize that, the next question that occurs to you is, "Well, where might you get

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and nearly all scientific professional organizations, firmly reject these claims, and insist that intelligent design is not valid science, its proponents having failed to conduct an actual scientific research program. This has led the movement's critics to state that intelligent design is merely a

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blog, Discovery Institute staffer Casey Luskin published a post entitled "Putting Knowledge On Notice About Their Biased Anti-ID Intelligent Design Entries." In the post, Luskin reprinted a letter from a reader complaining that Knowledge's coverage of ID to be "one sided" and that pro-intelligent

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and his wife operate under the name Quality Science Education for All, and have made a number of lawsuits in furtherance of the movement's anti-evolution agenda. In 2005 they brought at least three separate lawsuits to further the intelligent design movement's agenda. One was later abandoned, two

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I have built an intellectual movement in the universities and churches that we call "The Wedge," which is devoted to scholarship and writing that furthers this program of questioning the materialistic basis of science. One very famous book that's come out of The Wedge is biochemist Michael Behe's

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According to critics of the intelligent design movement, the movement's purpose is political rather than scientific or educational. They claim the movement's "activities betray an aggressive, systematic agenda for promoting not only intelligent design creationism, but the religious worldview that

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Q. Has the Discovery Institute been a leader in the intelligent design movement? A. Yes, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture. Q. And are almost all of the individuals who are involved with the intelligent design movement associated with the Discovery Institute? A. All of the

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identified ten percent of adults in the United States as taking what they called the intelligent design position, that "human beings are so complex that they required a powerful force or intelligent being to help create them." (64% agreed with the creationist view that "human beings were created

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Scientists responding to a poll overwhelmingly said intelligent design is about religion, not science. A 2002 sampling of 460 Ohio science professors had 91% say it's primarily religion, 93% say there is not "any scientifically valid evidence or an alternate scientific theory that challenges the

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issued a strongly worded statement asserting that the theory of evolution is nearly universally accepted in the community of scholars, and deploring requirements "to make students aware of an 'intelligent-design hypothesis' to account for the origins of life." It said that such requirements are

1181:: "Darwinian evolution is not primarily important as a scientific theory but as a culturally dominant creation story. ... When there is radical disagreement in a commonwealth about the creation story, the stage is set for intense conflict, the kind of conflict that is known as a 'culture war.'" 1052:

The movement's strategy as set forth by Phillip E. Johnson states the replacement of "materialist science" with "theistic science" as its primary goal; and, more generally, for intelligent design to become "the dominant perspective in science" and to "permeate our religious, cultural, moral and

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that promote their assertion that intelligent design as an increasingly well-supported line of scientific inquiry have been made for the Discovery Institute. The bulk of the material produced by the intelligent design movement, however, is not intended to be scientific but rather to promote its

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has used material from the Discovery Institute to create free teaching packs which have been mass-mailed to all UK schools. Shortly after this emerged, government ministers announced that they regarded intelligent design to be creationism and unsuitable for teaching in the classroom. They also

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Whether educational authorities allow the schools to teach about the controversy or not, public recognition that there is something seriously wrong with Darwinian orthodoxy is going to keep on growing. While the educators stonewall, our job is to continue building the community of people who

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inherently an ecumenical movement. Michael Behe is a Roman Catholic. The next book that is coming out from Cambridge University Press by one of my close associates is by an evangelical convert to Greek Orthodoxy. We have a lot of Protestants, too. The point is that we have this broad-based

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and the "Teach the Controversy" campaign. The Discovery Institute and leading proponents represent intelligent design as a revolutionary scientific theory. The overwhelming majority of the scientific community, as represented by the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the

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family donated $ 1.5 million to the Center for Science and Culture, then known as the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture, for a research and publicity program to "unseat not just Darwinism but also Darwinism's cultural legacy." Mr. Ahmanson funds many causes important to the

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summarized the prevailing attitude of the scientific community: "Scientists who have responded to ID arguments in print have generally done so with a tone of sneering contempt. This is understandable: ID supporters present fallacious arguments, use dishonest rhetoric, and often present

506:, primarily through education. As evidence, critics cite the Discovery Institute's political activities, its wedge strategy and statements made by leading intelligent design proponents. The scientific community's position, as represented by the National Academy of Sciences and the 839:

If we understand our own times, we will know that we should affirm the reality of God by challenging the domination of materialism and naturalism in the world of the mind. With the assistance of many friends I have developed a strategy for doing this,...We call our strategy the

1751:, has testified that intelligent design advocates, and specifically the Discovery Institute, have misused his work by misrepresenting its conclusions to bolster their own claims, has gone on to allege that the extent of the misrepresentations rises to the level of professional 1335:, a viewpoint rejected by intelligent design advocates. It was bolstered by the 2005 ruling in United States federal court that a public school district requirement for science classes to teach that intelligent design is an alternative to evolution was a violation of the 4430:...the first thing that has to be done is to get the Bible out of the discussion. ...This is not to say that the biblical issues are unimportant; the point is rather that the time to address them will be after we have separated materialist prejudice from scientific fact. 401:. Its proponents believe that society has suffered "devastating" cultural consequences from adopting materialism and that science is the cause of the decay into materialism because it seeks only natural explanations, and is therefore atheistic. They believe that the 4387:

ID is an intellectual movement, and the Wedge strategy stops working when we are seen as just another way of packaging the Christian evangelical message. ... The evangelists do what they do very well, and I hope our work opens up for them some doors that have been

1174:." Explaining the name change, a spokesperson for the CSC insisted that the old name was simply too long. However, the change followed accusations that the center's real interest was not science but reforming culture along lines favored by conservative Christians. 600:, all the movement's leading advocates believe that this designer is God. They frequently accompany their arguments with a discussion of religious issues, especially when addressing religious audiences, but elsewhere downplay the religious aspects of their agenda. 1170:, William A. Dembski described intelligent design's "dual role as a constructive scientific project and as a means for cultural renaissance." In a similar vein, the movement's hub, the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture had until 2002 been the " 1143:(2000) Johnson writes "The intelligent design movement starts with the recognition that 'In the beginning was the Word,' and 'In the beginning God created.' Establishing that point isn't enough, but it is absolutely essential to the rest of the gospel message." 786:" and "fomenting nothing less than a scientific and cultural revolution." A 1995 conference, "The Death of Materialism and the Renewal of Culture," served as a blueprint for the center. By 1996 they had nearly a million dollars in grants, the largest being from 1584:

design editors were censored and attacked. Along with the letter, Luskin published a Knowledge email address for general information and urged readers "to contact Knowledge to express your feelings about the biased nature of the entries on intelligent design."

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a goal a redefinition of science, and the philosophy on which it is based, particularly the exclusion of what it calls the "unscientific principle of materialism," and in particular the acceptance of what it calls "the scientific theory of intelligent design."

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important questions on which we may not agree, and we'll have a wonderful time discussing those questions after we've settled the first one. We will approach those questions in a better spirit because we have worked together for this important common end."

1312:; and an aggressive lobbying campaign to cultivate support for the teaching of intelligent design amongst policymakers and the wider educational community. Both these activities are largely funded and directed by the Discovery Institute, from national to 1272:. There have been 35 active chapters formed and several others are currently pending. Six out of the listed 32 chapters in the United States are located at high schools. In December 2008, biologist Allen MacNeill stated, on the basis of analysis of the 967:

The poll showed the educated were far less attached to intelligent design than the less educated. Evangelicals and fundamentalists showed high rates of affiliation with intelligent design while other religious persons and the secular were much lower.

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of charge when the ACLU filed the inevitable lawsuit. Finally, in summer 2004, they found a willing school board in Dover, Pennsylvania, a board known to have been searching for a way to get creationism inserted into its science classrooms for years.

1796:, "little" has been "heard from" the intelligent design movement, adding "Whereas before one heard of ID all over the place, now one has to seek them out by visiting the Discovery Institute which has become kind of a refuge for the last holdouts." 696:

the formation in 1992 or 1993 of an 'Ad Hoc Origins Committee' of Johnson's supporters, which wrote a letter, circulated to thousands of university professors, defending the book. Among the 39 signatories were nine who later became members of the

1245:. CSC Fellows Charles Thaxton and William A. Dembski have served as academic editors for the Foundation. The FTE has close associations with the Discovery Institute, hub of the intelligent design movement and other religious Christian groups. 1029:

which pointed out that only 25% of the signatories by then were biologists and that signatories' "doubts about evolution grew out of their religious beliefs." In 2003, as a humorous parody of such listings the NCSE produced the pro-evolution

440:, has stated that "There is no significant controversy within the scientific community about the validity of evolution." and that "Evolution is one of the most robust and widely accepted principles of modern science." The ruling in the 2005 526:; acceptable in terms of history, but not in terms of science. "If you give the idea that there are two schools of thought within science--one that says the earth is round and one that says the earth is flat--you are misleading children." 435:

and encourage teachers and students to explore non-scientific alternatives to evolution, or to critically analyze evolution and the controversy surrounding the teaching of evolution. But the world's largest general scientific society, the

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would be taught in the state's public high school science classes. The hearings were arranged by the conservative Board with the intent of introducing intelligent design into science classes via the "Teach the Controversy" method.

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decision. According to Nelson, "The promise of the big tent of ID is to provide a setting where Christians (and others) may disagree amicably, and fruitfully, about how best to understand the natural world, as well as Scripture."

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understand the difference between a science that tests its theories against the evidence, and a pseudoscience that protects its key doctrines by imposing philosophical rules and erecting legal barriers to freedom of thought.

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evolution and scientific materialism in general. Much of the strategy is directed toward the broader public, as opposed to the professional scientific community. The stated "governing goals" of the CSC's wedge strategy are:

782:, Chapman invited them to create a unit within the Discovery Institute called the Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture (later renamed the Center for Science and Culture). This center was dedicated to overthrowing " 703:

During the early 1990s Johnson worked to develop a 'big tent' movement to unify a wide range of creationist viewpoints in opposition to evolution. In 1992, the first formal meeting devoted to intelligent design was held in

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For years, a lawyer for the Thomas More Law Center in Michigan visited school boards around the country searching for one willing to challenge evolution by teaching intelligent design, and to face a risky, high-profile

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The Discovery Institute consistently denies allegations that its intelligent design agenda has religious foundations, and downplays the religious source of much of its funding. In an interview of Stephen C. Meyer when

1703:. Critics allege that Discovery Institute is inflating his reputation by constantly referring to him as a "five-time nominee for the Nobel Prize" because Nobel Prize nominations remain confidential for fifty years. 1405:

Prominent Institute campaigns have been to "Teach the Controversy" and, more recently, to allow Critical Analysis of Evolution. Other prominent campaigns have claimed that intelligent design advocates (most notably

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as "'creationist' only in the sense that it juxtaposes a paradigm of 'intelligent design' with the dominant paradigm of (naturalistic) evolution," but his use of the term as a focus for his wedge strategy promoting

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In his presentation to the 1999 "Reclaiming America for Christ Conference," "How The Evolution Debate Can Be Won," Johnson affirmed this 'big tent' role for "The Wedge" (without using the term intelligent design):

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lesson plan which the Kansas State Board of Education eventually adopted over objections of the State Board Science Hearing Committee, and campaigning on behalf of conservative Republican candidates for the Board.

655:"Intelligent design means that various forms of life began abruptly through an intelligent agency, with their distinctive features already intact. Fish with fins and scales, birds with feathers, beaks, wings, etc." 1114:

Phillip E. Johnson, largely regarded as the leader of the movement, positions himself as a "theistic realist" against "methodological naturalism" and intelligent design as the method through which God created

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terms and intentionally avoid positing the identity of the designer. Johnson has stated that cultivating ambiguity by employing secular language in arguments which are carefully crafted to avoid overtones of

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has a number of criticisms of the Intelligent design movement, stating that "those who adopt this approach make Christianity deeply... vulnerable to scientific progress" and defining it as just another

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Such statements commonly note the institutional affiliations of signatories for purposes of identification. But this statement strategically listed either the institution that granted a signatory's

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To achieve their goal of defeating a materialistic world view, advocates of intelligent design take a two-pronged approach. Alongside the promotion of intelligent design, proponents also seek to "

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asked about the Discovery Institute's many evangelical Christian donors the Institute's public relations representative stopped the interview saying "I don't think we want to go down that path."

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If the science educators continue to pretend that there is no controversy to teach, perhaps the television networks and the newspapers will take over the responsibility of informing the public.

1119:. Johnson explicitly calls for intelligent design proponents to obfuscate their religious motivations so as to avoid having intelligent design recognized "as just another way of packaging the 1629:, claim that leaders of the intelligent design movement, and the Discovery Institute in particular, knowingly misquote scientists and other experts, deceptively omit contextual text through 1440: 812:" (believed to have been written in 1998) was leaked to the public in 1999. However it is believed to have been an update of an earlier document to be implemented between 1996 and 2001. 1592:

Despite being primarily based in the United States, there have been efforts to introduce pro-intelligent design teaching material into educational facilities in other countries. In the

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or the institutions with which the individual is presently affiliated. Thus the institutions listed for Raymond G. Bohlin, Fazale Rana, and Jonathan Wells, for example, were the

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The Web continues to play a central role in the Discovery Institute's strategy of promotion of intelligent design and it adjunct campaigns. On September 6, 2006, on the Center's

2774: 1719:, also published books by eight Nobel laureates. Critics claim that Dembski purposefully omits relevant facts which he fails to mention to his audience that in 1986, during the 1177:

Critics of the movement cite the Wedge Document as confirmation of this criticism and assert that the movement's leaders, particularly Phillip E. Johnson, view the subject as a

5226: 216: 2832: 2090: 5248:...some leading lights of anti-evolution Intelligent Design theory, including ID godfather Phillip Johnson and Moonie Jonathan Wells, have joined the AIDS denialist camp. 3754: 1135:

is a necessary first step for ultimately introducing the Christian concept of God as the designer. Johnson emphasizes "the first thing that has to be done is to get the

5115: 4533: 3316: 774:, drawing national attention to the controversy over Dean H. Kenyon's teaching of creationism. This article also gained the attention of Discovery Institute co-founder 828:

response was to characterize the criticism and concern as "irrelevant," "paranoid," and "near-panic" while portraying the Wedge Document as a "fund-raising document."

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out of the discussion" and that "after we have separated materialist prejudice from scientific fact" only then can "biblical issues" be discussed. In the foreword to

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have also become involved as those campaigns to include intelligent design or weaken the teaching of evolution in public school science curricula are challenged on

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If the public school educators will not "teach the controversy," our informal network can do the job for them. In time, the educators will be running to catch up.

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Wells' "personal peculiarities include membership in the Moonies and support for AIDS reappraisal - the theory that the HIV is not the primary cause of AIDS."

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the idea that we are here because a Creator brought about our existence for a purpose. That is the first thing I realized, and it carries tremendous meaning.

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the idea that we are here because a Creator brought about our existence for a purpose. That is the first thing I realized, and it carries tremendous meaning.

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The Discovery Institute, through its Center for Science and Culture, has formulated a number of campaigns to promote intelligent design, while discrediting

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The intelligent design movement grew out of a creationist tradition which argues against evolutionary theory from a religious standpoint, usually that of

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intellectual movement that is enabling us to get a foothold in the scientific and academic journals and in the journals of the various religious faiths.

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brief that noted that the "evolutionary history of organisms has been as extensively tested and as thoroughly corroborated as any biological concept."

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Much of the actual debate over intelligent design between intelligent design proponents and members of the scientific community has taken place on the

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In Seattle, the nonprofit Discovery Institute spends more than $ 1 million a year for research, polls and media pieces supporting intelligent design.

4802: 2318: 1812: 1470: 1340: 1249: 225: 778:. On discovering that Meyer was developing the idea of starting a scientific research center in conversations with conservative political scientist 1389: 884: 234: 141: 132: 6508: 5261: 4241: 2690: 538:

of Coral Ridge Ministries, Phillip E. Johnson gave a speech called "How The Evolution Debate Can Be Won." In it he sums up the theological and

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implies that humans have no spiritual nature, no moral purpose, and no intrinsic meaning. They seek to "reverse the stifling dominance of the

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are needed to protect academics' and teachers' ability to criticise evolution, and that there is a link from evolution to ideologies such as

576:, mentioned in the quote above, received harsh criticism from the scientific community, including negative reviews by evolutionary scientist 469:(CSC) counts most of the leading intelligent design advocates among its membership, most notably its former program advisor the now deceased 4765: 5771: 751: 325: 164: 5061: 5031: 3705: 3654: 3355: 2265: 996:

fundamental principles of the theory of evolution," and 97% say that they did not use intelligent design concepts in their own research.

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conference. Additionally, numerous Christian evangelical institutions have faculty with interests in intelligent design. These include

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social and political aims. Polls indicate that intelligent design's main appeal to citizens comes from its link to religious concepts.

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classes, and legal action, either to defend such teaching or to remove barriers otherwise preventing it. The movement arose out of the

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The response of the scientific community has been to reiterate that the theory of evolution is overwhelmingly accepted as a matter of

1061:, Discovery Institute fellow Paul A. Nelson credits Johnson for the 'big tent' approach and for reviving creationist debate since the 3916: 1545: 596:. Although intelligent design advocates often claim that they are arguing only for the existence of a designer who may or may not be 454:, stated that "evolution, including common descent and natural selection, is 'overwhelmingly accepted' by the scientific community." 5829: 2350: 5442: 5236: 5052: 5022: 4549: 4118: 4099: 2826: 2428: 2402: 2084: 1828: 926: 446: 121: 3820: 3720: 3629: 2587: 953:

submissions and offered to pay for litigation, in other (actual and potential) creationism-related cases. On a far smaller scale,

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The Discovery Institute, hub of the intelligent design movement, played a central role in starting the hearings by promoting its

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The intelligent design movement primarily campaigns on two fronts: a public relations campaign meant to influence the popular

618:(1987), ruled that creationism is unconstitutional in public school science curricula. A Discovery Institute report says that 6512: 6425: 6382: 6343: 6304: 6258: 6168: 6128: 6085: 6048: 6011: 5967: 5922: 5874: 5141: 3330: 2865: 2673: 2021: 943:

briefly represented the Foundation for Thought and Ethics in its unsuccessful motion to intervene in this case, and prepared

507: 5079: 1252:(IDEA Center) is a Christian nonprofit organization formed originally as a student club promoting intelligent design at the 7221: 7113: 3476: 2203: 2157: 864: 805: 4983: 4469: 1675:

for Wells. Similarly confusing lists of local scientists were circulated during controversies over evolution education in

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2. To replace materialistic explanations with the theistic understanding that nature and human beings are created by God

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trial, the Dover Area School District was forced to pay $ 1,000,011 in legal fees and damages for pursuing a policy of

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undergirds it." Intelligent design is an attempt to recast religious dogma in an effort to reintroduce the teaching of

346:

religious campaign for broad social, academic and political change to promote and support the pseudoscientific idea of

6814: 7031: 5959: 4733: 2256: 1806: 1424: 1287:. The Intelligent Design Network was founded by John Calvert, a corporate finance lawyer with a bachelor's degree in 1226: 648: 608:

The modern use of the words "intelligent design," as a term intended to describe a field of inquiry, began after the

264: 6572: 2549: 2072:"The Wedge at Work: How Intelligent Design Creationism Is Wedging Its Way into the Cultural and Academic Mainstream" 7015: 6727: 5120: 4074:"Unlocking the Mystery of Life--Documentary reveals growing number of scientific challenges to Darwinian evolution" 318: 147: 5646: 4710: 1331:

Critics of intelligent design and its movement contend that intelligent design is a specific form of creationism,

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The Discovery Institute has also relied on several polls to indicate the acceptance of intelligent design. A 2005

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Luskin explained that as a Christian group, 'we wanted to be totally open about who we thought the designer was.'

1869: 1295:. Calvert also has written a play about intelligent design in a high school biology class with Daniel Schwabauer. 6712: 3925: 1930: 7226: 6843: 4954: 4474: 2162: 2028: 1935: 1817: 1452: 1324: 1166:

In his keynote address at the "Research and Progress in intelligent design" (RAPID) conference held in 2002 at

1157: 763: 697: 466: 205: 115: 105: 2888: 1633:, and make unsupported amplifications of relationships and credentials. Theologian and molecular biophysicist 1205:"under the control of biblical law." Until 1995, Ahmanson sat on the board of the Christian Reconstructionist 431:"; discredit evolution by emphasizing perceived flaws in the theory of evolution, or disagreements within the 7049: 6536: 6001: 5465: 5275: 4617: 4326: 2049: 1992: 1748: 1650: 1576:. The movement lacks any verifiable scientific research program and concomitant debates in academic circles. 1489: 808:. It first came to the general public's attention when a Discovery Institute internal memo now known as the " 705: 210: 5620: 2631: 6469: 6458: 6194: 4288: 3463: 2134: 1439:

whereas intelligent design has been rejected by the overwhelming majority of the scientific community (see

1348: 1007: 479: 2328: 6810: 6494: 4192: 3865: 3793: 3728: 2590:. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 18, 2002. Archived from 1878: 1529: 1198: 892: 311: 299: 23: 6619: 5700: 1730:

Another common criticism is that since no intelligent design research has been published in mainstream,

1316:

levels. The movement's first goal is to establish an acceptance of intelligent design at the expense of

522:, compares the intelligent design movement's demand to "teach the controversy" with the demand to teach 7191: 6602: 6335: 6291:

Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives

5806: 5371: 4918: 3658: 3468: 2211: 2189: 1862:"Irreducible Incoherence and Intelligent Design: A Look into the Conceptual Toolbox of a Pseudoscience" 1822: 1280: 940: 5287: 4245: 1552:

teaches creationism but also exposes its students to both Darwinian evolution and intelligent design.

914:

On February 13, 2007, the Board voted 6 to 4 to reject the amended science standards enacted in 2005.

378: 7043: 7037: 7020: 6943: 6913: 6836: 6640: 5525: 4979: 4269: 3834: 3606: 3114: 2930: 2704: 1488:

In a round table discussion entitled "Science Wars: Should Schools Teach Intelligent Design?" at the

850: 747: 739: 6597: 1931:"CSC - Top Questions: Questions About Intelligent Design: What is the theory of intelligent design?" 1276:

of the national organization and local chapters, that it appeared that the organization is moribund.

502:

science classrooms; the intelligent design movement is an effort to reshape American society into a

6883: 6417: 6250: 6206: 5742: 4882: 4401: 3788: 1283:(IDnet) is a nonprofit organization formed in Kansas to promote intelligent design. It is based in 593: 5349: 4138:"Majority of Ohio Science Professors and Public Agree: 'Intelligent Design' Mostly About Religion" 2959:"Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), AM Session, Part 2" 2380: 2104:"Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Trial transcript: Day 6 (October 5), PM Session, Part 1" 1769:

An October 2005 conference called "When Christians and Cultures Clash" was held in Christ Hall at

7163: 7148: 5558: 4958: 4773: 3960: 3912: 3558: 3056: 3036: 2071: 1774: 1708: 1541: 1284: 1219: 783: 770: 5779: 5313: 2377:"AAAS Denounces Anti-Evolution Laws as Hundreds of K-12 Teachers Convene for 'Front Line' Event" 7246: 6893: 6676: 6158: 5058: 5028: 4045:"Privileged Planet--New Science Documentary Explores Earth's Extraordinary Place in the Cosmos" 3596: 3385: 3326: 2958: 1696: 1532:, where ID advocate Michael Newton Keas taught 'Unified Studies: Introduction to Biology,' and 1522: 1411: 1291:

and nutritionist William S. Harris. Together, Calvert and Harris have published the article in

936: 634: 60: 5674: 3662: 3369: 2618: 2166:. New York: American Civil Liberties Union. September 16, 2005. Who is behind the ID movement? 1861: 820:

1. To defeat scientific materialism and its destructive moral, cultural and political legacies

7178: 6948: 6649: 5904: 4769: 4457: 3419: 2663: 1716: 1700: 1549: 1309: 1242: 428: 39: 6777: 6735: 2744: 7105: 6731: 5469: 4316: 3898: 3563: 1770: 1676: 1646: 1610: 1436: 1395: 1336: 1206: 1189: 787: 682: 624: 614: 432: 75: 65: 6522: 8: 7168: 7089: 6681: 5376: 4608: 4406: 4368: 3873: 3061: 2805: 2797: 2108: 1940: 1661:, respectively, where they earned their degrees, rather than their current affiliations: 1019: 691: 499: 458: 441: 200: 70: 5861:

Creation, Evolution, & Modern Science: Probing the Headlines That Impact Your Family

4603: 4016: 3987: 3955: 3459:"Evolution of Kansas science standards continues as Darwin's theories regain prominence" 3238: 362:." Its chief activities are a campaign to promote public awareness of this concept, the 7251: 7241: 7097: 7072: 7009: 6973: 6755: 6577: 6410: 6199: 6120: 6075: 5914: 5900: 5866: 5859: 5710: 5089: 4993: 4599: 3784: 3732: 3013: 2730: 2591: 2379:. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. Archived from 2290: 2251: 2139: 1987: 1908: 1734: 1667: 1462: 1025: 719: 714: 470: 347: 174: 169: 44: 31: 4922: 3022: 2463:"Intelligent Design: Creationism's Trojan Horse - A Conversation With Barbara Forrest" 1980:"Understanding the Intelligent Design Creationist Movement: Its True Nature and Goals" 6928: 6759: 6747: 6708: 6690: 6654: 6556: 6548: 6439: 6431: 6421: 6396: 6388: 6378: 6374: 6357: 6349: 6339: 6318: 6310: 6300: 6289: 6284: 6272: 6264: 6254: 6240: 6228: 6220: 6210: 6182: 6174: 6164: 6142: 6134: 6124: 6099: 6091: 6081: 6062: 6054: 6044: 6038: 6025: 6017: 6007: 5981: 5973: 5963: 5936: 5928: 5918: 5888: 5880: 5870: 5279: 5231: 5133: 5084: 4874: 4621: 4541: 4415: 4372: 4292: 4170: 3930: 3601: 3597:"Seattle's Discovery Institute scrambling to rebound after intelligent-design ruling" 3567: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3360: 3052: 2934: 2869: 2669: 2563: 2474: 2295: 2277: 2216: 2043: 1900: 1744: 1622: 1601:

announced that the teaching of the material in science classes was to be prohibited.

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alternative to Darwinian evolution -- and this includes the use of textbooks such as

1407: 1369:- presenting intelligent design as an allegedly scientific alternative to evolution. 1351: 1256:(UCSD). There are about 25 active chapters of the organization in the United States, 1230: 908: 686: 519: 402: 359: 5420: 4685: 4274:"Life In The Big Tent: Traditional Creationism And The Intelligent Design Community" 2103: 1912: 1613:, in the form of misleading impressions created by the use of rhetoric, intentional 979:

non-contemptuous responses as evidence that their theories are gaining acceptance."

7026: 6983: 6968: 6898: 6878: 6873: 6859: 6739: 6540: 6498: 6477: 6244: 5949: 5621:"Putting Knowledge On Notice About Their Biased Anti-ID Intelligent Design Entries" 4866: 4069: 3920: 3894: 3472: 2739: 2285: 2269: 2184: 1890: 1882: 1597: 1533: 1167: 1013: 988: 975: 727: 535: 484: 374: 242: 184: 80: 6040:

Reason in the Balance: The Case Against Naturalism in Science, Law & Education

4534:"Dark Bedfellows: Postmoderns and Traditionalists Unite Against the Enlightenment" 730:. In 1993, Johnson organized a follow-up meeting, including Dembski, Behe, Meyer, 7205: 6963: 6933: 6888: 6593: 6154: 5993: 5065: 5035: 3764: 3655:"ADF attorneys seek to supply missing link in intelligent design curriculum case" 3321: 3269: 2695: 2545: 2243: 1975: 1857: 1654: 1639: 1634: 1626: 1518: 1332: 1194: 664: 619: 577: 515: 492: 416:", represented by the theory of evolution, in favor of "a science consonant with 382: 377:

movement in the United States, and is driven by a small group of proponents. The

343: 85: 6677:"Design & the Discriminating Public: Gaining a Hearing from Ordinary People" 5906:

The Design Revolution: Answering the Toughest Questions about Intelligent Design

4797: 4686:"Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District Pre-Trial transcript: July 14, Part 2" 1609:

One of the most common criticisms of the movement and its leadership is that of

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The wedge strategy was formulated by Phillip E. Johnson to combat the "evil" of

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that intelligent design is not science and is essentially religious in nature.

1120: 1102: 954: 900: 868: 856: 809: 799: 731: 589: 474: 110: 6743: 6644: 4826:"The 'Intelligent Design' Movement on College and University Campuses is Dead" 3039: 2920: 867:

and its State Board Science Hearing Committee to change how evolution and the

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are best explained by an intelligent cause, not an undirected process such as

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explains that ID cannot be empirically tested and that it fails to solve the

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Leading members of the intelligent design movement are also associated with

6988: 6978: 6773: 6624: 6560: 6518: 6491: 6334:. Historical Guides to Controversial Issues in America. Santa Barbara, CA: 6249:(Expanded ed., 1st Harvard University Press pbk. ed.). Cambridge, MA: 6116: 5953: 5651: 5300: 4947:"Nearly Two-thirds of U.S. Adults Believe Human Beings Were Created by God" 4529: 2895:(Blog). Berkeley, CA: National Center for Science Education. Archived from 2639: 2299: 1904: 1792:

In 2017, theoretical physicist Mano Singham wrote that since the ruling of

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after which debates regarding details could resume. In his 2002 article in

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by Phillip E. Johnson, that is regarded as a central text of the movement.

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Why Intelligent Design Fails: A Scientific Critique of the New Creationism

5165: 4741: 2252:"Defending science education against intelligent design: a call to action" 1895: 534:

At the 1999 "Reclaiming America for Christ Conference" called by Reverend

7143: 6918: 6160:

The Dawkins Delusion? Atheist fundamentalism and the denial of the divine

5116:"Is It Science Yet?: Intelligent Design Creationism and the Constitution" 4870: 3118: 2845: 2524: 2519: 1752: 1731: 1692: 1461:

The main battlefield for this culture war has been US regional and state

1269: 1178: 1132: 495: 450:, where the claims of intelligent design proponents were considered by a 410: 394: 367: 285: 5955:

Intelligent Design in Public School Science Curricula: A Legal Guidebook

4470:"What is The Center for the Renewal of Science & Culture All About?" 1188:

Promotional materials from the Discovery Institute acknowledge that the

6903: 5266: 5111: 4718: 4660: 3903: 3759: 1691:. In another instance, the Discovery Institute frequently mentions the 1680: 1573: 1313: 1305: 1238: 523: 462: 413: 3630:"Discovery Institute and Thomas More Law Center Squabble in AEI Forum" 6993: 6371:

Intelligent Design: William A. Dembski & Michael Ruse in Dialogue

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Science and creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences

5199: 4273: 2798:"Dover Judge Regurgitates Mythological History of Intelligent Design" 2700: 2273: 1614: 1399: 1373: 503: 406: 6523:"Intelligent Judging — Evolution in the Classroom and the Courtroom" 4137: 3860: 3858: 1441:

list of scientific societies explicitly rejecting intelligent design

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of the hearings by mainstream scientists, who accused it of being a

835:

confirmed some of the concerns voiced by the movement's gainsayers:

393:

The overall goal of the intelligent design movement is to overthrow

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The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design

4193:"Few Biologists But Many Evangelicals Sign Anti-Evolution Petition" 2896: 1886: 1630: 1419: 1273: 1234: 984: 669: 510:(NCSE), is that intelligent design is not science, but creationist 363: 351: 6435: 6392: 6353: 6314: 6268: 6178: 6138: 6021: 5977: 5932: 4073: 4044: 3291: 1123:." Hence intelligent design arguments are carefully formulated in 917: 542:

underpinnings of intelligent design and its strategy for victory:

473:. Johnson was the architect of the movement's key strategies, the 6908: 6504: 4317:"Small Group Wields Major Influence in Intelligent Design Debate" 3855: 3721:"Circuit Court Sends 'Textbook Sticker' Case Back to Lower Court" 3202: 1288: 1265: 1124: 999:

In October and November 2001, the Discovery Institute advertised

896: 398: 370: 6224: 6095: 6058: 5884: 4766:"Intelligent Design Gains Momentum, Raises Eyebrows on Campuses" 855:

The Kansas evolution hearings were a series of hearings held in

757: 6803:"Does 'Intelligent Design' Threaten the Definition of Science?" 5675:"Ministers to ban creationist teaching aids in science lessons" 5016: 5014: 2215:. Durham, NC: Science & Theology News, Inc. November 2005. 1493: 1415: 1261: 1129: 860: 421: 5312:

Boyle, Tara; Farden, Vicki; Godoy, Maria (December 20, 2005).

4604:"Christian Reconstructionism: Part 3: No Longer Without Sheep" 4244:. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. April 2014. Archived from 1428:(2008). Other campaigns have included petitions, most notably 685:" came later. The book was reviewed by evolutionary biologist 4852:"Intelligent Design: The Scientific Alternative to Evolution" 3624: 3622: 2743:. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Coral Ridge Ministries. Archived from 2304:

The engine behind the ID movement is the Discovery Institute.

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Two universities have offered courses in intelligent design:

1505:

that present evidence for the theory of intelligent design."

1466: 1376:, both Phillip E. Johnson and Jonathan Wells have signed an 1257: 1136: 465:

that drives the intelligent design movement. The Institute's

5011: 3525:"In Intelligent Design Case, a Cause in Search of a Lawsuit" 3245:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc. July 1, 2005 1422:. These three claims are all publicised in the pro-ID movie 6463: 6003:

Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design

5735: 4352: 3926:

10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0006:LAFITI]2.0.CO;2

2665:

Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of Intelligent Design

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briefs on behalf of the DI and FTE in it. It has also made

629: 557:, which has had an enormous impact on the scientific world. 355: 5046: 5044: 3899:"Leaders and Followers in the Intelligent-Design Movement" 3619: 1784:

that its "ultimate goal is to create a theocratic state".

768:

On December 6, 1993, an article by Meyer was published in

6119:(20th anniversary ed., 3rd ed.). Downers Grove, IL: 5318: 639: 597: 5947: 5489: 5462:"Science Wars: Should Schools Teach Intelligent Design?" 4340: 3870:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

3797:(Blog). Houston, TX: TalkOrigins Archive Foundation, Inc 983:

as containing factual misrepresentation and misleading,

970: 385:; thus, it is neither sound science nor sound theology. 5041: 4402:"The Wedge: Breaking the Modernist Monopoly on Science" 2342: 2158:"Frequently Asked Questions About 'Intelligent Design'" 6193: 5235:. Vancouver, BC: Postmedia Network Inc. Archived from 3816:

Caldwell v. Roseville Joint Union High School District

2614: 1991:. Washington, D.C.: Center for Inquiry. Archived from 1852: 1229:(FTE) is a Christian non-profit organization based in 1109: 7189: 6713:"Should Creationism Be Taught in the Public Schools?" 6620:"Intelligent design opponents invoke US constitution" 5272:

United States Department of Health and Human Services

3835:"Court dismisses lawsuit targeting evolution website" 3755:"Darby debate: Focus on religion a central ADF tenet" 2135:"Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive" 1970: 1968: 1498:

Intelligent Design in Public School Science Curricula

1151: 5413:"Faculty Association Speaks Out on Three Top Issues" 4850:

Harris, William S.; Calvert, John H. (Autumn 2003).

3554:"Kitzmiller et al versus Dover Area School District" 3292:"Key Resources for Parents and School Board Members" 2858:

Reports of the National Center for Science Education

2588:"AAAS Board Resolution on Intelligent Design Theory" 2031:. 1999. Archived from the original on April 22, 2007 904:

evolution is "an unproven, often disproven" theory.

5830:"What happened to the Intelligent Design movement?" 5743:"Edwards v. Aguillard: U.S. Supreme Court Decision" 3789:"Nuisance Lawsuit Against Scott and NCSE Withdrawn" 3317:"Some question group's move with elections nearing" 2657: 2655: 2471:

Americans United for Separation of Church and State

2324:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

438:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

6409: 6288: 6198: 5858: 5447:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 5057:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 5027:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 4507:. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. Archived from 4478:. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. Archived from 4169:. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. Archived from 4123:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 4104:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 2831:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 2767:"Nathan H. Lents on Our Not So Intelligent Design" 2758: 2433:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 2407:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 2089:, 04 cv 2688 (December 20, 2005). 1965: 1764:Sahotra Sarkar, Fraud from the Discovery Institute 350:(ID), which asserts that "certain features of the 5411:Schmid, Julie; Knight, Jonathan (June 17, 2005). 4905: 4803:Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center 4393: 3298:. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. 25 March 2004 2921:"Book thrown at proponents of Intelligent Design" 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2250:; Powell, Thomas; Cox, Michael M. (May 1, 2006). 1813:Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center 1671:ministry for Rana, and the Discovery Institute's 1410:) have been discriminated against, and thus that 1341:First Amendment to the United States Constitution 1250:Intelligent Design and Evolution Awareness Center 7213: 6653:. Washington, D.C.: The American Prospect, Inc. 5311: 5109: 3552:Humburg, Burt; Brayton, Ed (December 20, 2005). 3356:"Scientists right to boycott evolution hearings" 3000: 2652: 2351:"evolution - Intelligent design and its critics" 2016: 2014: 2012: 1446: 1390:Discovery Institute intelligent design campaigns 6509:University of California Museum of Paleontology 6153: 5729: 6332:Evolution, Creationism, and Intelligent Design 5749:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc 5589:. Purcellville, VA. April 11, 2011. p. 17 5406: 5404: 5322:. Washington, D.C.: National Public Radio, Inc 5218: 4972: 4692:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc 3551: 3410: 3408: 2965:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc 2413: 2394: 2112:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc 2063: 2061: 2059: 1560:"inimical to principles of academic freedom." 880:scientific and science education communities. 6844: 6006:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 5992: 5647:"Revealed: rise of creationism in UK schools" 5512: 5417:American Association of University Professors 5314:"Teaching Evolution: A State-by-State Debate" 5227:"Aids 'denialism' gathers strange bedfellows" 4849: 4647: 4475:Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture 3189: 3165: 3089: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2520:"Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design'" 2446: 2444: 2442: 2029:Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture 2009: 1959: 1604: 1557:American Association of University Professors 1172:Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture 758:Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture 698:Center for the Renewal of Science and Culture 319: 5410: 5342:"The Political Design of Intelligent Design" 5103: 4522: 2661: 1094:Johnson, How The Evolution Debate Can Be Won 844: 568:Johnson, How The Evolution Debate Can Be Won 6689:(4). Chicago, IL: Fellowship of St. James. 5802:""Bring us your legal issues," clergy told" 5709:. Intelligent Design Watch. Amherst, N.Y.: 5692: 5401: 4414:(4). Chicago, IL: Fellowship of St. James. 3405: 3386:"Evolution hearings rejected by scientists" 2266:American Society for Clinical Investigation 2125:— Barbara Forrest, 2005, testifying in the 2056: 1513:In 1999, William A. Dembski was invited by 1237:and articles promoting intelligent design, 746:(1984)), as well as two graduate students, 708:. It included a debate between Johnson and 366:of policymakers to include its teaching in 7134:Creation and evolution in public education 6851: 6837: 6682:Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity 6407: 5698: 5607: 5172:. Hilversum, Netherlands: Robert Laarhoven 4906:Schwabauer, Daniel; Calvert, John (2002). 4569: 4407:Touchstone: A Journal of Mere Christianity 4155: 4068: 3893: 3383: 3353: 2850:"Design on Trial: How NCSE Helped Win the 2718: 2469:(Unabridged interview). Washington, D.C.: 2439: 2374: 2204:"WHO's WHO: Intelligent Design Proponents" 1846: 1457:creation and evolution in public education 1047: 961: 877:creation and evolution in public education 633:"design proponents" or, in one instance, " 583: 326: 312: 6163:. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. 6080:. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. 6043:. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. 5869:. Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications. 5672: 5644: 5555:Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary 5078:Kauffman, Christina (February 22, 2006). 4859:The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 4653: 4643: 4641: 3924: 3917:American Institute of Biological Sciences 3522: 3149: 3147: 2662:Forrest, Barbara; Gross, Paul R. (2007). 2610: 2608: 2580: 2289: 1894: 1723:hearings, 72 Nobel laureates endorsed an 1546:Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary 1293:The National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly 1141:Creation, Evolution, & Modern Science 5580:"Patrick Henry College Student Handbook" 5443:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 5224: 5189: 5077: 5053:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 5023:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 4823: 4806:. Seattle, WA: Casey Luskin; IDEA Center 4598: 4400:Johnson, Phillip E. (July–August 1999). 4119:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 4100:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 3783: 3707:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 3392:(Editorial). San Jose, CA: Knight Ridder 3208:. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute. 2003 2827:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 2429:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 2403:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 2375:Pinholster, Ginger (February 19, 2006). 2368: 2127:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 2096: 2085:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1829:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1794:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1475:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1363:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 1345:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 933:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 927:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 919:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 447:Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District 6707: 6671: 6617: 6592: 6567: 6408:Young, Matt; Edis, Taner, eds. (2004). 5827: 5372:"Battle on Teaching Evolution Sharpens" 5340:Renka, Russell D. (November 16, 2005). 5259: 5192:"Undercover at the Discovery Institute" 4768:. Washington, D.C.: Religion News LLC. 4575:"Avenging angel of the religious right" 4399: 4358: 4135: 4014: 3985: 3953: 3843:Regents of the University of California 3832: 3684:"Plaintiffs' Response to Amicus Briefs" 3594: 3262: 3006: 2668:. Oxford University Press. p. 11. 2629: 2450: 2233: 1974: 987:and equivocal terminology. A number of 7214: 6639: 5766: 5699:Rosenhouse, Jason (November 3, 2006). 5645:Randerson, James (November 26, 2006). 5618: 5369: 5158: 5110:Brauer, Matthew J.; Forrest, Barbara; 4978: 4764:Brown, Sarah Price (January 5, 2006). 4678: 4638: 4581:. San Francisco, CA: Salon Media Group 4540:. Los Angeles, CA: Reason Foundation. 4268: 3636:(Blog). Berkeley, CA. October 23, 2005 3523:Goodstein, Laurie (November 4, 2005). 3505:. San Francisco, CA: Salon Media Group 3414: 3273:. San Francisco, CA: Salon Media Group 3144: 2951: 2918: 2886: 2844: 2838: 2818: 2764: 2688: 2605: 2544: 2538: 2311: 1212: 742:(co-author with Thaxton and Kenyon of 6832: 6800: 6598:"The Newest Evolution of Creationism" 6517: 6513:National Center for Science Education 6501:co-founder of the Discovery Institute 5799: 5673:Randerson, James (December 6, 2006). 5449:6:Curriculum, Conclusion, pp. 129–130 5339: 5170:VirusMyth: A Rethinking AID$ Website 4824:MacNeill, Allen (December 22, 2008). 4763: 4528: 4242:"A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism" 4221:National Center for Science Education 4190: 4023:(The Weekly Wedge Update). Goleta, CA 4015:Johnson, Phillip E. (April 9, 2002). 3994:(The Weekly Wedge Update). Goleta, CA 3964:(The Weekly Wedge Update). Goleta, CA 3954:Johnson, Phillip E. (June 11, 2001). 3752: 3718: 3634:National Center for Science Education 3496: 3456: 3051: 3045: 3007:Johnson, Phillip E. (May–June 1996). 2866:National Center for Science Education 2735:"How The Evolution Debate Can Be Won" 2349:Ayala, Francisco Jose (27 May 2021). 2348: 971:Reception by the scientific community 863:, from May 5 to May 12, 2005, by the 793: 508:National Center for Science Education 217:International Society for Complexity, 7114:Webster v. New Lenox School District 6858: 6618:MacLeod, Donald (October 18, 2005). 6157:; McGrath, Joanna Collicutt (2007). 6077:Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds 5772:"Fraud from the Discovery Institute" 5190:Quittman, Beth (September 8, 2006). 4191:Chang, Kenneth (February 21, 2006). 3887: 3753:Moore, Michael (February 29, 2004). 3384:Scholfield, Randy (April 12, 2005). 3354:Scholfield, Randy (March 30, 2005). 3095: 2796:Witt, Jonathan (December 20, 2005). 2795: 2517: 2511: 2319:"Intelligent Design and Peer Review" 2177: 1492:on 21 October 2005 and televised on 833:Defeating Darwinism by Opening Minds 6772: 6528:The New England Journal of Medicine 6329: 5619:Luskin, Casey (September 6, 2006). 5500: 5490:DeWolf, Meyer, & DeForrest 1999 5415:(Press release). Washington, D.C.: 5262:"Finding the Evolution in Medicine" 5130:Washington University School of Law 4957:. July 6, 2005. #52. Archived from 4136:Hoffman, Carey (October 11, 2002). 4072:; Allen, W. Peter (July 15, 2004). 3988:"Icons of Evolution exposed on CNN" 3986:Johnson, Phillip E. (May 7, 2001). 3866:"Public Divided on Origins of Life" 3450: 3239:"Kansas Evolution Hearings: Part 6" 3057:"Impeaching a Self-Appointed Judge" 2919:Biever, Celeste (October 6, 2005). 2729: 2495:'religious landscape' of that area. 1699:, a CSC Fellow, and chemist at the 1508: 1430:A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism 1254:University of California, San Diego 1110:Obfuscation of religious motivation 1037:A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism 1002:A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism 931:In the movement's sole major case, 487:campaign and a political campaign. 13: 6470:"Intelligent Design vs. Evolution" 6205:(2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: 5800:Burke, Daniel (October 20, 2005). 5627:. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute 5468:. October 21, 2005. Archived from 5394: 5260:Delgado, Cynthia (July 28, 2006). 5080:"Dover gets a million-dollar bill" 4863:National Catholic Bioethics Center 4832:(Blog). Ithaca, NY: Allen MacNeill 4359:Johnson, Phillip E. (April 1999). 4080:. Seattle, WA: Discovery Institute 3833:Sanders, Robert (March 15, 2006). 3689:. December 7, 2005. Archived from 3203:"The 'Wedge Document': 'So What?'" 2689:Wallis, Claudia (August 7, 2005). 2133:Wilgoren, Jodi (August 21, 2005). 2132: 1659:University of California, Berkeley 1318:evolution in public school science 1152:The Center for Science and Culture 875:The hearings raised the issues of 628:, had picked the phrase up from a 610:Supreme Court of the United States 16:Neo-creationist religious campaign 14: 7263: 7032:Creation Ministries International 6507:— A collaborative project of the 6452: 6368: 6283: 6239: 6110: 6073: 6036: 5960:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 5899: 5225:McKnight, Peter (June 17, 2006). 4738:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 4715:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 4453: 4346: 3657:(Press release). Harrisburg, PA: 3595:Postman, David (April 26, 2006). 3497:Slack, Gordy (October 20, 2005). 3457:Hanna, John (February 13, 2007). 3225: 3177: 3153: 3138: 3105:Scientists Who Question Darwinism 2994: 2982: 2887:Matzke, Nick (November 7, 2005). 2636:Dispatches from the Creation Wars 2630:Brayton, Ed (December 11, 2006). 2615:National Academy of Sciences 1999 2506: 2327:. Washington, D.C. Archived from 2257:Journal of Clinical Investigation 2178:Kahn, Joseph P. (July 27, 2005). 2067: 1807:Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed 1425:Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed 1227:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 649:Foundation for Thought and Ethics 274:Scientific bodies that explicitly 7199: 7016:Anti-Evolution League of America 6606:. Research Triangle Park, NC: 80 6369:Stewart, Robert B., ed. (2007). 5856: 5821: 5793: 5760: 5723: 5666: 5638: 5612: 5601: 5572: 5557:. Fort Worth, TX. Archived from 5543: 5518: 5506: 5494: 5483: 5464:(Conference). Washington, D.C.: 5454: 5434: 5370:Slevin, Peter (March 14, 2005). 5363: 5348:. Round Rock, TX. Archived from 5333: 5305: 5253: 5183: 5121:Washington University Law Review 5071: 4919:Intelligent Design network, inc. 4740:. Richardson, TX. Archived from 4717:. Richardson, TX. Archived from 4441: 2518:Than, Ker (September 23, 2005). 2180:"The evolution of George Gilder" 1587: 1146: 1005:in three national publications ( 295: 294: 38: 7056:Institute for Creation Research 5706:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4989:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry 4939: 4899: 4843: 4817: 4790: 4757: 4703: 4661:"About Access Research Network" 4592: 4563: 4493: 4462: 4447: 4435: 4361:"Keeping the Darwinists Honest" 4309: 4262: 4234: 4209: 4184: 4129: 4110: 4091: 4062: 4037: 4008: 3979: 3947: 3826: 3808: 3777: 3746: 3712: 3676: 3647: 3588: 3545: 3516: 3490: 3347: 3309: 3284: 3263:Dizikes, Peter (May 13, 2005). 3256: 3231: 3219: 3195: 3183: 3171: 3159: 3132: 3083: 2988: 2976: 2912: 2893:Evolution Education and the Law 2789: 2777:from the original on 3 May 2021 2682: 2623: 2500: 2455: 1870:The Quarterly Review of Biology 865:Kansas State Board of Education 518:, a biologist and professor at 219:Information, and Design (ISCID) 7139:Creation–evolution controversy 6801:Roach, John (April 27, 2005). 6459:Center for Science and Culture 5380:. Washington, D.C. p. A01 4505:Center for Science and Culture 4078:Center for Science and Culture 4051:. Seattle, WA. August 20, 2004 3956:"The Pennsylvania Controversy" 3661:. May 24, 2005. Archived from 3329:. July 7, 2006. Archived from 3296:Center for Science and Culture 2163:American Civil Liberties Union 2076: 1953: 1936:Center for Science and Culture 1923: 1818:Intelligent design in politics 1771:Evangelical School of Theology 1673:Center for Science and Culture 1453:Intelligent design in politics 1158:Center for Science and Culture 885:Critical Analysis of Evolution 764:Center for Science and Culture 467:Center for Science and Culture 206:Center for Science and Culture 1: 7237:Discovery Institute campaigns 7050:Geoscience Research Institute 6537:Massachusetts Medical Society 6481:. Olympia, WA. April 26, 2006 6111:Johnson, Phillip E. (2010) . 5952:; DeForrest, Mark E. (1999). 5849: 5466:American Enterprise Institute 5276:National Institutes of Health 4917:(Play). Shawnee Mission, KS: 4618:Political Research Associates 4327:American Broadcasting Company 3035:Article reprinted in full by 1490:American Enterprise Institute 1447:Politics and public education 1398:, which the Institute terms " 1201:, whose goal is to place the 1121:Christian evangelical message 891:Local science advocacy group 706:Southern Methodist University 594:fundamentalistic Christianity 529: 211:Centre for Intelligent Design 142:Discovery Institute campaigns 6195:National Academy of Sciences 6074:Johnson, Phillip E. (1997). 6037:Johnson, Phillip E. (1995). 5828:Singham, Mano (2017-02-04). 5701:"Who Designed the Designer?" 4289:Christian Research Institute 4163:"Sign - Dissent from Darwin" 4106:Whether ID is Science, p. 89 3464:International Herald Tribune 3368:. p. A6. Archived from 2435:Whether ID is Science, p. 83 2409:Whether ID is Science, p. 70 1713:The Mystery of Life's Origin 1383: 1349:United States District Judge 1042: 1008:The New York Review of Books 935:, it was represented by the 744:The Mystery of Life's Origin 651:(FTE), with the definition: 480:National Academy of Sciences 7: 7222:Intelligent design movement 7159:Intelligent design movement 6811:National Geographic Society 5029:Testimony, Aralene Callahan 3729:American Family Association 3719:Brown, Jim (June 1, 2006). 3364:(Editorial). San Jose, CA: 3103:"Ad Hoc Origins Committee: 2212:Science & Theology News 1879:University of Chicago Press 1799: 1530:Oklahoma Baptist University 1299: 1199:Christian Reconstructionism 893:Kansas Citizens for Science 452:United States federal court 340:intelligent design movement 235:Physicians and Surgeons for 10: 7268: 6728:Kluwer Academic Publishers 6330:Phy-Olsen, Allene (2010). 5730:McGrath & McGrath 2007 5625:Evolution News & Views 5088:. York, PA. Archived from 4915:Intelligent Design network 4908:"The Rule: A One-Act Play" 4281:Christian Research Journal 3469:The New York Times Company 2889:"Missing Link discovered!" 2802:Evolution News & Views 2765:Palmer, Rob (3 May 2021). 2190:The New York Times Company 1823:Intelligent design network 1605:Criticisms of the movement 1581:Evolution News & Views 1563: 1450: 1387: 1281:Intelligent Design Network 1155: 1059:Christian Research Journal 924: 848: 797: 761: 603: 388: 228:Evolution Awareness Center 7124: 7081: 7065: 7044:Creation Science Movement 7038:Creation Research Society 7021:Biblical Creation Society 7002: 6866: 5857:Bohlin, Ray, ed. (2000). 3823: (September 7, 2007). 3607:The Seattle Times Company 3069:(1). Stuttgart, Germany: 2931:Reed Business Information 2048:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1787: 1195:Christian religious right 851:Kansas evolution hearings 845:Kansas evolution hearings 831:Johnson in his 1997 book 806:methodological naturalism 276:reject intelligent design 6807:National Geographic News 6418:Rutgers University Press 6251:Harvard University Press 5513:Forrest & Gross 2004 4648:Forrest & Gross 2004 4367:. Colorado Springs, CO: 4142:University of Cincinnati 3190:Forrest & Gross 2004 3166:Forrest & Gross 2004 3090:Forrest & Gross 2004 2632:"DI's New Talking Point" 1960:Forrest & Gross 2004 1840: 1780:Critics state about the 1367:teaching the controversy 662:was followed in 1991 by 7179:"Teach the Controversy" 7164:Objections to evolution 7149:Creationist cosmologies 6744:10.1023/A:1014473504488 6736:2002Sc&Ed..11..111P 6720:Science & Education 6505:Understanding Evolution 5530:Oral Roberts University 4665:Access Research Network 4021:Access Research Network 3992:Access Research Network 3961:Access Research Network 3913:Oxford University Press 3911:(1). Washington, D.C.: 3113:. New Port Richey, FL: 3037:Access Research Network 2355:Encyclopedia Britannica 1917:Article available from 1775:Myerstown, Pennsylvania 1611:intellectual dishonesty 1542:Oral Roberts University 1285:Shawnee Mission, Kansas 1220:Access Research Network 1048:The 'big tent' strategy 962:Reception by the public 771:The Wall Street Journal 584:History of the movement 379:Encyclopædia Britannica 7232:Religion and education 6894:Raymond Vahan Damadian 6207:National Academy Press 6115:. New introduction by 5778:(Blog). Archived from 5059:Testimony, Julie Smith 4982:(September 11, 2003). 3787:(September 14, 2005). 3499:"Intelligent designer" 3420:"Unintelligent Design" 3327:Lawrence Journal-World 2848:(January–April 2006). 2740:Coral Ridge Ministries 1767: 1707:correspondence with a 1697:Henry F. Schaefer, III 1523:Michael Polanyi Center 1412:Academic Freedom bills 1097: 937:Thomas More Law Center 842: 784:scientific materialism 718:(1982)) and papers by 657: 635:cdesign proponentsists 571: 559: 549: 226:Intelligent Design and 61:Irreducible complexity 7227:Religion and politics 6949:George McCready Price 6650:The American Prospect 6573:"Show Me the Science" 6545:10.1056/NEJMlim055660 6416:. New Brunswick, NJ: 5913:. Downers Grove, IL: 5608:Young & Edis 2004 5587:Patrick Henry College 5526:"Dr. William Collier" 4992:(Blog). Amherst, NY: 4770:Religion News Service 4616:(1). Somerville, MA: 4167:dissentfromdarwin.org 3659:Alliance Defense Fund 3265:"A Real Monkey Trial" 3111:Christian Apologetics 3009:"Third-Party Science" 2864:(1–2). Berkeley, CA: 1757: 1717:Philosophical Library 1701:University of Georgia 1550:Patrick Henry College 1072: 941:Alliance Defense Fund 837: 653: 647:was published by the 560: 550: 544: 429:Teach the Controversy 148:Teach the controversy 7106:Edwards v. Aguillard 6809:. Washington, D.C.: 6675:(July–August 1999). 5834:freethoughtblogs.com 5770:(December 3, 2005). 5290:on November 22, 2008 5128:(1). St. Louis, MO: 5068:, September 28, 2005 5038:, September 27, 2005 4871:10.5840/ncbq20033333 4861:. Philadelphia, PA: 4287:(4). Charlotte, NC: 4223:(Blog). Berkeley, CA 4217:"The List of Steves" 3872:. Washington, D.C.: 3564:The Skeptics Society 3025:on February 19, 2014 2691:"The Evolution Wars" 2548:(December 5, 2005). 2264:(5). Ann Arbor, MI: 1856:; Blancke, Stefaan; 1721:Edwards v. Aguillard 1503:Of Pandas and People 1437:scientific consensus 1396:evolutionary biology 1337:Establishment Clause 1207:Chalcedon Foundation 1063:Edwards v. Aguillard 788:Howard Ahmanson, Jr. 668:, a neo-creationist 645:Of Pandas and People 625:Of Pandas and People 615:Edwards v. Aguillard 461:(DI) is a religious 433:scientific community 237:Scientific Integrity 76:Intelligent designer 66:Specified complexity 7169:Omphalos hypothesis 7090:Hendren v. Campbell 7073:Creationist museums 6643:(August 10, 2005). 6571:(August 28, 2005). 6535:(21). Waltham, MA: 6464:Discovery Institute 6373:. Minneapolis, MN: 6155:McGrath, Alister E. 5901:Dembski, William A. 5747:TalkOrigins Archive 5377:The Washington Post 4798:"Chapter Locations" 4690:TalkOrigins Archive 4602:(March–June 1994). 4600:Clarkson, Frederick 4573:(January 6, 2004). 4369:Focus on the Family 4049:Discovery Institute 4017:"Passing the Torch" 3874:Pew Research Center 3785:Elsberry, Wesley R. 3428:. Los Angeles, CA: 3243:TalkOrigins Archive 3062:Scientific American 3021:(3). Archived from 3014:Books & Culture 2963:TalkOrigins Archive 2806:Discovery Institute 2707:on January 14, 2007 2244:Amasino, Richard M. 2109:TalkOrigins Archive 1941:Discovery Institute 1749:University of Texas 1745:molecular biologist 1735:scientific journals 1695:in connection with 1651:University of Texas 1243:Christian nationism 1213:Other organizations 1020:The Weekly Standard 692:Scientific American 459:Discovery Institute 442:Dover, Pennsylvania 201:Discovery Institute 122:Kitzmiller v. Dover 71:Fine-tuned universe 7098:McLean v. Arkansas 7010:Answers in Genesis 6974:Andrew A. Snelling 6709:Pennock, Robert T. 6578:The New York Times 6569:Dennett, Daniel C. 6241:Numbers, Ronald L. 5958:. Richardson, TX: 5948:DeWolf, David K.; 5915:InterVarsity Press 5867:Phillip E. Johnson 5711:Center for Inquiry 5198:(Blog). New York: 5092:on January 5, 2013 5064:2014-06-20 at the 5034:2014-06-20 at the 4994:Center for Inquiry 4955:Harris Interactive 4830:The Evolution List 4329:. November 9, 2005 4322:World News Tonight 4197:The New York Times 3529:The New York Times 3053:Gould, Stephen Jay 2833:Context, pp. 31–33 2771:Skeptical Inquirer 2731:Johnson, Phillip E 2467:Church & State 2451:Attie, et al. 2006 2240:Numbers, Ronald L. 2140:The New York Times 2091:Context, pp. 18–31 1988:Center for Inquiry 1668:Reasons to Believe 1103:World News Tonight 1039:as of April 2014. 1026:The New York Times 909:methods of science 794:The wedge strategy 720:William A. Dembski 715:McLean v. Arkansas 712:(a key witness in 574:Darwin's Black Box 555:Darwin's Black Box 471:Phillip E. Johnson 348:intelligent design 175:Phillip E. Johnson 170:William A. Dembski 45:Watchmaker analogy 32:Intelligent design 7187: 7186: 6929:Frank Lewis Marsh 6817:on April 28, 2005 6645:"Inferior Design" 6490:— Debate between 6427:978-0-8135-3433-6 6384:978-0-800-66218-9 6345:978-0-313-37841-6 6306:978-0-262-66124-9 6295:. Cambridge, MA: 6285:Pennock, Robert T 6260:978-0-674-02339-0 6170:978-0-8308-3446-4 6130:978-0-830-83831-8 6087:978-0-8308-1360-5 6050:978-0-830-81610-1 6013:978-0-19-515742-0 5969:978-0-9642104-1-7 5950:Meyer, Stephen C. 5924:978-0-8308-3216-3 5911:Charles W. Colson 5876:978-0-8254-2033-7 5807:Lancaster New Era 5776:Sarkar Lab WebLog 5551:"Michael N. Keas" 5346:Renka's Home Page 5232:The Vancouver Sun 5085:The York Dispatch 4953:. Rochester, NY: 4501:"CSC - About CSC" 4125:Disclaimer, p. 49 4070:Meyer, Stephen C. 3915:on behalf of the 3895:Rosenhouse, Jason 3876:. August 30, 2005 3821:05 cv 061 3794:The Panda's Thumb 3763:. Davenport, IA: 3602:The Seattle Times 3430:Reason Foundation 3390:The Wichita Eagle 3361:The Wichita Eagle 2675:978-0-19-531973-6 2550:"Darwin on Trial" 2473:. February 2005. 2122:leaders are, yes. 1919:Universiteit Gent 1860:(December 2010). 1623:Robert T. Pennock 1515:Baylor University 1408:Richard Sternberg 1352:John E. Jones III 1233:, that publishes 1231:Richardson, Texas 687:Stephen Jay Gould 612:, in the case of 520:Oxford University 403:scientific theory 360:natural selection 336: 335: 7259: 7204: 7203: 7195: 7027:Caleb Foundation 6984:John C. Whitcomb 6969:Jonathan Sarfati 6899:Robert V. Gentry 6879:John Baumgardner 6874:Thomas G. Barnes 6860:Creation science 6853: 6846: 6839: 6830: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6813:. Archived from 6797: 6795: 6794: 6776:(May 30, 2005). 6769: 6767: 6766: 6726:(2). Dordrecht: 6717: 6704: 6702: 6701: 6668: 6666: 6665: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6594:Forrest, Barbara 6589: 6587: 6586: 6564: 6521:(May 25, 2006). 6519:Annas, George J. 6499:Stephen C. Meyer 6489: 6487: 6486: 6474: 6447: 6415: 6404: 6365: 6326: 6294: 6280: 6236: 6204: 6190: 6150: 6107: 6070: 6033: 5994:Forrest, Barbara 5989: 5944: 5896: 5864: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5840: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5787: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5739: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5717: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5616: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5584: 5576: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5538: 5537: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5419:. Archived from 5408: 5399: 5391: 5386: 5385: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5309: 5303: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5286:. Archived from 5270:. Bethesda, MD: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5244: 5239:on July 30, 2014 5222: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5211: 5202:. Archived from 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5177: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5140:. Archived from 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5075: 5069: 5056: 5048: 5039: 5026: 5018: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 4996:. Archived from 4984:"Polling for ID" 4976: 4970: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4912: 4903: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4887: 4881:. Archived from 4856: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4772:. Archived from 4761: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4567: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4557: 4548:. Archived from 4532:(January 1999). 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4488: 4487: 4466: 4460: 4451: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4278: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4250: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4144:. Cincinnati, OH 4133: 4127: 4122: 4114: 4108: 4103: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4085: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4028: 4012: 4006: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3928: 3897:(January 2003). 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3841:. Berkeley, CA: 3839:UC Berkeley News 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3731:. Archived from 3716: 3710: 3704: 3702: 3701: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3641: 3626: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3592: 3586: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3475:. Archived from 3473:Associated Press 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3418:(May 25, 2005). 3412: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3397: 3380: 3378: 3377: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3335: 3325:. Lawrence, KS: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3304: 3303: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3251: 3250: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3117:. Archived from 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3078: 3077: 3049: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2945: 2929:(2582). London: 2916: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2904: 2883: 2881: 2880: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2727: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2659: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2640:ScienceBlogs LLC 2627: 2621: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2599: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2574: 2546:Talbot, Margaret 2542: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2532: 2515: 2509: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2481:. Archived from 2459: 2453: 2448: 2437: 2432: 2424: 2411: 2406: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2388: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2315: 2309: 2306: 2293: 2274:10.1172/JCI28449 2234:Attie, Alan D.; 2230: 2228: 2227: 2208: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2185:The Boston Globe 2174: 2172: 2171: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2080: 2074: 2065: 2054: 2053: 2047: 2039: 2037: 2036: 2026: 2018: 2007: 2006: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1984: 1976:Forrest, Barbara 1972: 1963: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1947: 1927: 1921: 1916: 1898: 1866: 1858:Braeckman, Johan 1850: 1765: 1663:Probe Ministries 1598:Truth in Science 1534:Biola University 1509:Higher education 1168:Biola University 1095: 1014:The New Republic 976:Jason Rosenhouse 958:were dismissed. 728:Stephen C. Meyer 683:theistic realism 569: 536:D. James Kennedy 485:public relations 375:creation science 328: 321: 314: 298: 297: 243:Truth in Science 185:Stephen C. Meyer 81:Theistic science 42: 19: 18: 7267: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7256: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7198: 7190: 7188: 7183: 7126: 7120: 7077: 7061: 6998: 6964:John C. Sanford 6934:Henry M. Morris 6889:Harold W. Clark 6862: 6857: 6820: 6818: 6792: 6790: 6764: 6762: 6715: 6699: 6697: 6663: 6661: 6631: 6629: 6609: 6607: 6603:Natural History 6584: 6582: 6484: 6482: 6472: 6468: 6455: 6450: 6428: 6385: 6346: 6307: 6261: 6217: 6171: 6131: 6113:Darwin on Trial 6088: 6051: 6014: 5970: 5925: 5877: 5852: 5847: 5838: 5836: 5826: 5822: 5813: 5811: 5810:. Lancaster, PA 5798: 5794: 5785: 5783: 5768:Sarkar, Sahotra 5765: 5761: 5752: 5750: 5741: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5715: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5684: 5682: 5671: 5667: 5658: 5656: 5643: 5639: 5630: 5628: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5602: 5598:Edition 10.2.4. 5592: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5562: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5535: 5533: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5455: 5440: 5439: 5435: 5426: 5424: 5409: 5402: 5383: 5381: 5368: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5338: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5310: 5306: 5293: 5291: 5258: 5254: 5242: 5240: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5188: 5184: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5108: 5104: 5095: 5093: 5076: 5072: 5066:Wayback Machine 5050: 5049: 5042: 5036:Wayback Machine 5020: 5019: 5012: 5003: 5001: 4977: 4973: 4964: 4962: 4951:The Harris Poll 4945: 4944: 4940: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4910: 4904: 4900: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4835: 4833: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4807: 4796: 4795: 4791: 4779: 4777: 4762: 4758: 4747: 4745: 4732: 4724: 4722: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4683: 4679: 4670: 4668: 4659: 4658: 4654: 4646: 4639: 4630: 4628: 4597: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4571:Blumenthal, Max 4568: 4564: 4555: 4553: 4527: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4483: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4452: 4448: 4440: 4436: 4424: 4422: 4398: 4394: 4381: 4379: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4299: 4276: 4270:Nelson, Paul A. 4267: 4263: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4199: 4189: 4185: 4176: 4174: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4145: 4134: 4130: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4081: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4026: 4024: 4013: 4009: 3997: 3995: 3984: 3980: 3967: 3965: 3952: 3948: 3939: 3937: 3892: 3888: 3879: 3877: 3864: 3863: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3831: 3827: 3814: 3813: 3809: 3800: 3798: 3782: 3778: 3769: 3767: 3765:Lee Enterprises 3751: 3747: 3738: 3736: 3717: 3713: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3666: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3639: 3637: 3628: 3627: 3620: 3611: 3609: 3605:. Seattle, WA: 3593: 3589: 3576: 3574: 3550: 3546: 3533: 3531: 3521: 3517: 3508: 3506: 3495: 3491: 3482: 3480: 3455: 3451: 3442: 3440: 3413: 3406: 3395: 3393: 3375: 3373: 3352: 3348: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3274: 3261: 3257: 3248: 3246: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3124: 3122: 3115:Trinity College 3101: 3100: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3073: 3050: 3046: 3028: 3026: 3017:(Book review). 3005: 3001: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2943: 2941: 2917: 2913: 2902: 2900: 2878: 2876: 2843: 2839: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2810: 2808: 2804:. Seattle, WA: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2763: 2759: 2750: 2748: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2708: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2660: 2653: 2644: 2642: 2628: 2624: 2613: 2606: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2572: 2570: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2528: 2516: 2512: 2505: 2501: 2488: 2486: 2461: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2426: 2425: 2414: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2347: 2343: 2334: 2332: 2317: 2316: 2312: 2248:Berceau, Terese 2225: 2223: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2192: 2169: 2167: 2156: 2145: 2143: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2082: 2081: 2077: 2066: 2057: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2032: 2027:. Seattle, WA: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1982: 1973: 1966: 1958: 1954: 1945: 1943: 1939:. Seattle, WA: 1929: 1928: 1924: 1864: 1854:Boudry, Maarten 1851: 1847: 1843: 1802: 1790: 1766: 1763: 1655:Ohio University 1640:god-of-the-gaps 1635:Alister McGrath 1627:Barbara Forrest 1607: 1590: 1566: 1519:Robert B. Sloan 1511: 1471:First Amendment 1459: 1451:Main articles: 1449: 1392: 1386: 1333:neo-creationism 1302: 1215: 1160: 1154: 1149: 1112: 1096: 1093: 1050: 1045: 973: 964: 929: 923: 853: 847: 802: 796: 766: 760: 674:Darwin on Trial 665:Darwin on Trial 643:] In 1989, 620:Charles Thaxton 606: 586: 570: 567: 540:epistemological 532: 516:Richard Dawkins 391: 383:problem of evil 344:neo-creationist 332: 278: 275: 269: 239: 236: 230: 227: 221: 218: 127: 90: 86:Neo-creationism 47: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7265: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7209: 7208: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7130: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7110: 7102: 7094: 7085: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7060: 7059: 7053: 7047: 7041: 7035: 7029: 7024: 7018: 7013: 7006: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6959:Marcus R. Ross 6956: 6954:Georgia Purdom 6951: 6946: 6941: 6939:John D. Morris 6936: 6931: 6926: 6924:Dean H. Kenyon 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6856: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6833: 6827: 6826: 6798: 6783:The New Yorker 6770: 6711:(March 2002). 6705: 6673:Pearcey, Nancy 6669: 6637: 6615: 6596:(April 2002). 6590: 6565: 6515: 6502: 6492:paleontologist 6466: 6461: 6454: 6453:External links 6451: 6449: 6448: 6426: 6405: 6383: 6375:Fortress Press 6366: 6344: 6327: 6305: 6287:, ed. (2001). 6281: 6259: 6237: 6216:978-0309064064 6215: 6191: 6169: 6151: 6129: 6108: 6086: 6071: 6049: 6034: 6012: 5998:Gross, Paul R. 5990: 5968: 5945: 5923: 5909:. Foreword by 5897: 5875: 5865:. Foreword by 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5820: 5792: 5759: 5734: 5722: 5691: 5665: 5637: 5611: 5600: 5571: 5542: 5517: 5505: 5501:Phy-Olsen 2010 5493: 5482: 5453: 5433: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5362: 5332: 5304: 5252: 5217: 5182: 5157: 5112:Gey, Steven G. 5102: 5070: 5040: 5010: 4971: 4938: 4921:Archived from 4898: 4842: 4816: 4789: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4702: 4677: 4652: 4637: 4609:The Public Eye 4591: 4562: 4521: 4492: 4461: 4446: 4434: 4392: 4351: 4339: 4308: 4261: 4233: 4208: 4183: 4154: 4128: 4109: 4090: 4061: 4036: 4007: 3978: 3946: 3886: 3854: 3825: 3807: 3776: 3745: 3727:. Tupelo, MS: 3711: 3675: 3646: 3618: 3587: 3562:(Newsletter). 3544: 3515: 3489: 3449: 3416:Bailey, Ronald 3404: 3402: 3401: 3346: 3322:6News Lawrence 3308: 3283: 3255: 3230: 3218: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3143: 3131: 3094: 3082: 3044: 2999: 2987: 2975: 2950: 2911: 2909: 2908: 2837: 2817: 2788: 2757: 2717: 2703:Archived from 2681: 2674: 2651: 2622: 2604: 2579: 2555:The New Yorker 2537: 2510: 2499: 2454: 2438: 2412: 2393: 2367: 2341: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2236:Sober, Elliott 2231: 2200: 2175: 2154: 2095: 2075: 2055: 2008: 1964: 1952: 1922: 1896:1854/LU-952482 1887:10.1086/656904 1844: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1835:Wedge strategy 1832: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1801: 1798: 1789: 1786: 1782:wedge strategy 1761: 1741:Sahotra Sarkar 1709:Nobel laureate 1606: 1603: 1594:United Kingdom 1589: 1586: 1565: 1562: 1536:, host of the 1510: 1507: 1448: 1445: 1388:Main article: 1385: 1382: 1378:AIDS denialism 1310:public opinion 1301: 1298: 1297: 1296: 1277: 1246: 1223: 1214: 1211: 1156:Main article: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1111: 1108: 1091: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 972: 969: 963: 960: 955:Larry Caldwell 925:Main article: 922: 916: 901:kangaroo court 869:origin of life 849:Main article: 846: 843: 825: 824: 821: 810:Wedge Document 800:Wedge strategy 798:Main article: 795: 792: 762:Main article: 759: 756: 752:Jonathan Wells 748:Paul A. Nelson 740:Walter Bradley 734:(co-author of 732:Dean H. Kenyon 605: 602: 585: 582: 565: 531: 528: 475:wedge strategy 424:convictions." 390: 387: 334: 333: 331: 330: 323: 316: 308: 305: 304: 303: 302: 289: 288: 282: 281: 280: 279: 272: 268: 267: 265:Roman Catholic 262: 256: 253: 252: 248: 247: 246: 245: 240: 233: 231: 224: 222: 215: 213: 208: 203: 195: 194: 190: 189: 188: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 165:Jonathan Wells 159: 158: 154: 153: 152: 151: 144: 136: 135: 129: 128: 126: 125: 118: 113: 111:Wedge strategy 108: 102: 99: 98: 92: 91: 89: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 57: 54: 53: 49: 48: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7264: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7247:Pseudoscience 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7196: 7193: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7174:Pseudoscience 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7154:Cryptozoology 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127:philosophical 7123: 7116: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7080: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003:Organizations 7001: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6914:John Hartnett 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6849: 6847: 6842: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6831: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6774:Orr, H. Allen 6771: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6642: 6641:Mooney, Chris 6638: 6627: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6580: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6539:: 2277–2281. 6538: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6480: 6479: 6473:(Flash Video) 6471: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6212: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6009: 6005: 6004: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5872: 5868: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5854: 5835: 5831: 5824: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5782:on 2006-08-06 5781: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5695: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5641: 5626: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5604: 5588: 5581: 5575: 5561:on 2014-07-05 5560: 5556: 5552: 5546: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5486: 5472:on 2014-06-06 5471: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5437: 5423:on 2006-02-10 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5396: 5395:Wilgoren 2005 5393: 5392: 5390: 5379: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5352:on 2018-04-11 5351: 5347: 5343: 5336: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5238: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5221: 5206:on 2006-10-20 5205: 5201: 5200:Gothamist LLC 5197: 5193: 5186: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5147:on 2013-12-20 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5074: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5047: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5017: 5015: 5000:on 2007-02-03 4999: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4980:Mooney, Chris 4975: 4961:on 2005-12-17 4960: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4928:on 2015-09-24 4924: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4888:on 2007-06-22 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4853: 4846: 4831: 4827: 4820: 4805: 4804: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4776:on 2006-09-02 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4744:on 2014-07-14 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4730: 4721:on 2014-07-14 4720: 4716: 4712: 4711:"Our History" 4706: 4691: 4687: 4681: 4666: 4662: 4656: 4650:, pp. 165-167 4649: 4644: 4642: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4552:on 2014-06-07 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4530:Olson, Walter 4525: 4511:on 2014-02-09 4510: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4482:on 1997-06-08 4481: 4477: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4431: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4396: 4389: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4318: 4312: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4251:on 2011-06-04 4247: 4243: 4237: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4173:on 2011-04-11 4172: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4113: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4033: 4022: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3890: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3859: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3811: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3749: 3735:on 2006-08-22 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3696:on 2007-10-14 3692: 3685: 3679: 3665:on 2007-06-16 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3635: 3631: 3625: 3623: 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Retrieved 1934: 1925: 1874: 1868: 1848: 1827: 1805: 1793: 1791: 1779: 1768: 1758: 1739: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1705: 1672: 1666: 1665:for Bohlin, 1662: 1644: 1608: 1596:, the group 1591: 1580: 1578: 1567: 1554: 1527: 1521:to form the 1512: 1502: 1497: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1473:grounds. In 1460: 1434: 1429: 1423: 1404: 1393: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1344: 1330: 1322: 1303: 1292: 1197:, including 1187: 1183: 1176: 1171: 1165: 1161: 1140: 1113: 1101: 1098: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1062: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1036: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1000: 998: 994: 981: 974: 965: 950: 944: 932: 930: 918: 913: 906: 895:organized a 890: 882: 874: 854: 838: 832: 830: 826: 814: 803: 780:John G. West 769: 767: 743: 735: 724:Michael Behe 713: 710:Michael Ruse 702: 690: 677: 673: 663: 659: 658: 654: 644: 638: 637:." 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