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elements and save them as a reusable template. The properties of a class — its font size, for example — could be changed and automatically applied to every instance of that class. If this caused a change in pagination — increasing the font size could change where the page breaks were — the software would update the screen quickly enough for the author to continue typing, including altering all of the cross-references that the author may have inserted; this WYSIWYG capability was a competitive advantage for the company. The structured nature of the documents also enabled TPS to provide
284:
through multi-chapter and multi-volumes sets, increased graphics capabilities, automatic index and table of content generation, hyphenation, equations, "microdocuments" that recursively allowed fully functional whole document elements to be embedded in any document, and the ability to program any element of a document (a capability the company called "Active
Documents"). Interleaf software was available in many languages including Japanese text layout.
309:" (capabilities), and could respond to changes in the content or structure of the document itself. Typical applications included documents that automatically generated and updated charts based upon data expressed in the document, pages that altered themselves based on data accessed from databases or other sources, and systems that dynamically created pages to guide users through complex processes such as filling out insurance forms.
27:
367:. Using Interleaf's technical publishing system's ability to reformat documents rapidly, Worldview Press enabled the creation of documents formatted for particular delivery vehicles. For example, the same documents could be formatted for reading on a small laptop screen or for a large workstation's monitor. WorldView Press, developed in Lisp, was conceived and implemented by Jim Giza.
134:("what you see is what you get") output at near-typeset quality. It also had early products in the document management, electronic publishing, and Web publishing spaces. Interleaf's "Active Documents" functionality, integrated into its text and graphics editing products in the early 1990s, was the first to give document creators programmatic access (via
283:
TPS (later renamed to "Interleaf 5," up through "Interleaf 7") was an integrated, networked text-and-graphics document creation system initially designed for technical publishing departments. Versions after its first release in 1984 added instantaneous updating of page numbering and reference numbers
252:
in 2000, which renamed its authoring products "Quicksilver". The availability of
Quicksilver 3.0 was announced in March 2007. The availability of QuickSilver 3.5 was announced in May 2010. QuickSilver 3.7 was released in July 2014. Quicksilver is currently sold and supported by Aurea Software, Inc.
265:
Because of the aging of the
Interleaf/Quicksilver code, by the early 2000s there were few technical options to convert Interleaf/Quicksilver documents. One option is to retype the entire document manually. This is only cost effective using labor in countries with low labor costs like China and the
261:
There remain engineering companies and defense contractors that have their archives in the
Interleaf/Quicksilver format, however in the 2000s it became increasingly difficult and expensive to maintain documents in that format, thus, established users of Quicksilver and the original Interleaf often
287:
TPS was a structured document editor. That is, it internally treated a document as a set of element classes, each with its own set of properties. Classes might include common document elements such as a body, paragraphs, titles, subheadings, captions, etc. Authors were free to create any set of
269:
Based on a web search, there appear to have been few software based, programmatic conversion services for
Interleaf/Quicksilver. By 2023, we found only one such service in the marketplace: ZANDAR Corporation's TagWrite, that claims to have the ability to make precise, programmatic conversion of
325:
to manage the elements of complex document sets, including their versions. Team of authors and editors would "check in" their documents when done with a work session, and begin a new session by "checking them out." In so doing, RDM would ensure that the authors were working on the most current
379:
became increasingly adopted as the preferred mechanism for distributing electronic documents, Interleaf added
Cyberleaf, a version of the WorldView Press that produced HTML documents. Bill O'Donnell was the designer and developer of Cyberleaf. Later versions were worked on by Brenda White.
296:
about them, and then automatically assemble versions of the document based upon those tags. For example, an aircraft manufacturer might tag paragraphs with the model number of the planes to which they applied and then assemble versions of the documentation specific to each model.
731:, Mark Dionne and David Walden, 2019. This is "the author’s version of an article that has been published in the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. Changes were made to this version by the publisher prior to publication. The final version of record is available at
342:(PDF) viewers, although Worldview preceded it by a year Worldview allowed document sets created with Interleaf's technical publishing tools to be viewed on workstations, Macintoshes, and PCs, retaining page fidelity, and including hyperlinks among the pages
304:
enables contemporary software developers to add functionality and "intelligence" to Web documents, Interleaf used LISP to enable document authors and engineers to enhance its authoring electronic publishing systems. Any document element could be given new
227:. This capability was so unusual in 1985 that the company's name referred to the "interleaving" of text and graphics. TPS was also noted for its ability to handle the sorts of long documents corporate technical publishing departments routinely created.
350:
Worldview Press prepared documents for online viewing via
Worldview. It imported documents created not only with Interleaf's systems but by the other major document creation and graphic systems of the time, including
167:
Interleaf was founded by David
Boucher and Harry George in 1981. Boucher served as chief executive officer from 1981 until 1992; George served as chief financial officer. Earlier, both were among the founders of
223:, TPS (Technical Publishing Software) uniquely enabled authors to write their text and create technical graphics on a computer screen that showed what the page would look like when formatted and printed on a
753:
773:
763:
471:
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176:. The company initially produced "turnkey" systems, that is, combinations of hardware and software integrated by the company. It initially ran on
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694:
126:
products for the technical publishing creation and distribution process. Founded in 1981, its initial product was the first commercial
507:
300:
The fact that it created structured documents enabled
Interleaf to add its Active Document capabilities in the early 1990s. Just as
758:
488:
322:
644:
622:
719:
608:"BroadVision QuickSilver 3.5 is Now Available with Enhanced Usability Features and access to Social Collaboration Services"
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527:
669:
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seek to convert their documents to another format, usually
Microsoft Word because of its ubiquity in large corporations.
438:
740:
A discussion of how to precisely convert Interleaf/Quicksilver including graphics, tables, equations, styles, etc.
549:
528:"One Company On A Roll, The Other In A Skid Interleaf, Xyvision Began 7 Years Ago; Now Their Paths Have Split"
266:
Philippines, however, in any case, a manual conversion process has high risks of human contamination of data.
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product, acquired in the late 1980s and then integrated with Interleaf's other products. RDM used a
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8:
695:"Two for document management road - Interleaf Inc and Documentum offer high-end packages"
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127:
138:) to virtually all of the document's elements, structures, and software capabilities.
738:
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568:"45: Interleaf Inc. (one of 50 articles on top 50 independent software companies)"
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version of the document, even if another author had worked on it in the interim.
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Interleaf/Quicksilver entirely in computer memory without human intervention.
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410:, launched after Interleaf Worldview, became the dominant software.
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acquired Interleaf in January 2000, and Aurea Software Inc. acquired
590:"BroadVision Announces the General Availability of QuickSilver 3.0"
293:
123:
334:
Interleaf Worldview's core functionality is familiar to users of
131:
26:
292:, a feature that enabled users to "tag" document elements with
312:
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Interleaf released its first product in 1985. Inspired by the
364:
360:
135:
399:
In the document management area, Interleaf competed with
197:
188:, but later ported its software to workstations made by
645:"Interleaf Document Viewer to Span Different Platforms"
672:. 1995 Editors' Choice Awards: Awards of Distinction.
624:
Interleaf Document Viewer to Span Different Platforms
130:
that integrated text and graphics editing, producing
502:
500:
490:BROADVISION WILL BUY INTERLEAF FOR $ 851.6 MILLION
745:
497:
388:In the technical authoring and publishing area,
754:Defunct software companies of the United States
592:(Press release). March 27, 2007. Archived from
525:
454:
692:
521:
519:
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234:(IPO) in June 1986, raising $ 24.6 million.
455:English, Paul; Tenneti, Raman (June 1994).
313:Interleaf Relational Document Manager (RDM)
509:Aurea Completes Acquisition of BroadVision
172:. Other early personnel came from NBI and
25:
774:Software companies disestablished in 2000
733:http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.2020.29681
662:
516:
764:Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
769:Software companies established in 1981
746:
370:
329:
642:
493:, EDP Weekly's IT Monitor, 2000-01-31
428:"On Beyond Numbers: New Applications"
406:In the electronic distribution area,
323:relational database management system
273:
122:was a company that created computer
643:Borzo, Jeanette (3 February 1992).
13:
14:
785:
713:
620:Worldview was launched in 1992.
477:from the original on 2022-10-09.
444:from the original on 2022-10-09.
151:Interleaf's headquarters was in
686:
678:. February 1996. Archived from
636:
614:
550:"Electronic Publishing On Rise"
725:"Interleaf, Inc.—1981 to 2000"
633:was released on June 15, 1993.
631:first version of Adobe Acrobat
610:(Press release). May 17, 2010.
600:
582:
560:
542:
526:Jane Fitz Simon (1988-02-03).
481:
448:
420:
383:
237:In 1990, Interleaf moved from
1:
759:Technical communication tools
413:
290:conditional document assembly
256:
190:Digital Equipment Corporation
111:
574:, 1991-06-15, archived from
457:"Interleaf active documents"
7:
83:; 24 years ago
56:in Cambridge, Massachusetts
47:; 43 years ago
10:
790:
693:Frye, Colleen (May 1994),
512:, BusinessWire, 2020-05-19
437:. 1988-02-16. p. 10.
396:became major competitors.
248:The company was bought by
204:, and later still, to the
170:Kurzweil Computer Products
162:
720:QuickSilver official site
346:Interleaf WorldView Press
155:, US, and later moved to
106:
95:
77:
60:
41:
33:
24:
340:Portable Document Format
153:Cambridge, Massachusetts
16:Defunct software company
627:, InfoWorld, 1992-02-03
232:initial public offering
278:
157:Waltham, Massachusetts
670:"Interleaf Cyberleaf"
464:Electronic Publishing
210:IBM Personal Computer
336:Adobe Acrobat Reader
371:Interleaf Cyberleaf
330:Interleaf WorldView
319:document management
21:
554:The New York Times
230:Interleaf had its
206:Apple Macintosh II
128:document processor
19:
699:Software Magazine
572:Software Magazine
394:Ventura Publisher
317:RDM was an early
274:Interleaf History
117:
116:
781:
707:
706:
701:, archived from
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534:. Archived from
532:The Boston Globe
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479:
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186:Apollo Computers
182:Sun Microsystems
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120:Interleaf, Inc.
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20:Interleaf, Inc.
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11:
5:
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714:External links
712:
709:
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685:
682:on 2008-09-05.
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596:on 2012-07-09.
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538:on 2012-10-26.
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377:World Wide Web
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353:Microsoft Word
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705:on 2012-07-08
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675:Byte Magazine
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225:laser printer
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148:in May 2020.
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67:David Boucher
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44:
40:
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28:
23:
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703:the original
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680:the original
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652:. Retrieved
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623:
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594:the original
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576:the original
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536:the original
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470:(2): 75–87.
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178:workstations
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150:
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119:
118:
99:Acquired by
70:Harry George
654:13 November
435:Release 1.0
384:Competitors
250:Broadvision
146:Broadvision
142:Broadvision
101:Broadvision
748:Categories
414:References
401:Documentum
390:Framemaker
357:PostScript
338:and other
302:JavaScript
257:Conversion
221:Apple Lisa
217:Xerox Star
112:§ Products
649:InfoWorld
239:Cambridge
174:Wang Labs
729:preprint
472:Archived
439:Archived
294:metadata
208:and the
124:software
107:Products
61:Founders
37:Software
34:Industry
375:As the
307:methods
243:Waltham
163:History
132:WYSIWYG
86: (
78:Defunct
50: (
42:Founded
629:. The
475:(PDF)
460:(PDF)
442:(PDF)
431:(PDF)
180:from
656:2015
392:and
365:SGML
363:and
361:TIFF
219:and
200:and
184:and
136:LISP
110:See
96:Fate
88:2000
81:2000
52:1981
45:1981
279:TPS
241:to
202:SGI
198:IBM
750::
727:,
697:,
647:.
570:,
552:.
530:.
518:^
499:^
466:.
462:.
433:.
403:.
359:,
355:,
245:.
212:.
196:,
194:HP
192:,
159:.
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90:)
54:)
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