54:
392:
One in five of the middle-aged (65–75 years) population of the United
Kingdom have evidence of peripheral arterial disease on clinical examination, although only a quarter of them have symptoms. The most common symptom is muscle pain in the lower limbs on exercise—intermittent claudication.
279:
Supervised exercise improves maximum walking distance and pain-free walking distance more than home based exercise. Although when monitoring is included in home based exercise programmes similar changes in pain-free walking distance are observed in both supervised and home based exercise.
115:
One of the hallmarks of arterial claudication is that it occurs intermittently. It disappears after a very brief rest and the patient can start walking again until the pain recurs. The following signs are general signs of atherosclerosis of the lower extremity arteries:
360:
to remove or push aside the arterial blockages are the most common procedures for catheter-based intervention. These procedures can be performed by interventional radiologists, interventional cardiologists, vascular surgeons, and thoracic surgeons, among others.
910:
Fowkes, F G R.; Housley, E.; Cawood, E H H.; MacIntyre, C C A.; Ruckley, C. V.; Prescott, R. J. (Jun 1991). "Edinburgh Artery Study: prevalence of asymptomatic and symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in the general population".
388:
Atherosclerosis affects up to 10% of the
Western population older than 65 years and for intermittent claudication this number is around 5%. Intermittent claudication most commonly manifests in men older than 50 years.
342:(selective PDE3 inhibitor) are used for the treatment of intermittent claudication. However, medications will not remove the blockages from the body. Instead, they simply improve blood flow to the affected area.
1075:
1060:
287:, pole-striding and upper or lower limb exercises, compared to usual care or placebo improves maximum walking time, pain-free walking distance and maximum walking distance. Alternative exercise modes, such as
436:
295:
and upper-arm ergometry compared to supervised walking programmes showed no difference in maximum walking distance or pain-free walking distance for people with intermittent claudication.
238:
Intermittent claudication is a symptom and is by definition diagnosed by a patient reporting a history of leg pain with walking relieved by rest. However, as other conditions such as
619:
Visser K, Kuntz KM, Donaldson MC, Gazelle GS, Hunink MG (2003). "Pretreatment imaging workup for patients with intermittent claudication: a cost-effectiveness analysis".
879:""Cilostazol, naftidrofuryl oxalate, pentoxifylline and inositol nicotinate for the treatment of intermittent claudication in people with peripheral arterial disease""
2348:
2238:
2067:
896:
2285:
82:, which occurs during exercise, such as walking, and is relieved by a short period of rest. It is classically associated with early-stage
1143:
801:
Jansen, Sandra Cp; Abaraogu, Ukachukwu
Okoroafor; Lauret, Gert Jan; Fakhry, Farzin; Fokkenrood, Hugo Jp; Teijink, Joep Aw (2020-08-20).
1716:
377:
697:"An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of home-based exercise programs for individuals with intermittent claudication"
2338:
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1488:
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Exaggerated cardiorespiratory response to exercise (tachycardia with tachypnea and/or hyperpnea (exercise hyperventilation))
1493:
441:
605:
1929:
1643:
1260:
91:
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1136:
1594:
648:"Systematic review of exercise training or percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for intermittent claudication"
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1969:
1907:
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1320:
577:
315:
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can mimic intermittent claudication, testing is often performed to confirm the diagnosis of
2280:
2062:
1783:
1778:
1582:
1374:
402:
995:"Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease"
8:
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may increase blood flow to the affected muscles and allow for increased activity levels.
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47:
877:
National
Institute for Health and Care Excellence, (Published date: 25 May 2011).
2297:
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2027:
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1668:
1391:
1346:
1226:
1116:
1095:
373:
201:
78:
on mild exertion (ache, cramp, numbness or sense of fatigue), classically in the
485:
National Center for
Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine
480:
140:
redness when limb is returned to a "dependent" position (part of
Buerger's test)
103:
2227:
2189:
2108:
2057:
2037:
2032:
2010:
1810:
1660:
1523:
1483:
1418:
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744:
Lane, Risha; Harwood, Amy; Watson, Lorna; Leng, Gillian C. (26 December 2017).
369:
335:
98:
1069:
1011:
713:
696:
298:
Pharmacological options exist, as well. Medicines that control lipid profile,
2332:
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967:
876:
826:
769:
646:
Frans, FA; Bipat, S; Reekers, JA; Legemate, DA; Koelemay, MJ (January 2012).
331:
196:
Most commonly, intermittent (or vascular or arterial) claudication is due to
1505:
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1986:
1964:
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230:. It is strongly associated with smoking, hypertension, and diabetes.
2248:
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1231:
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1170:
1165:
664:
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poses a host of risks not present with catheter-based interventions.
645:
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1994:
1939:
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1307:
1241:
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345:
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239:
120:
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2148:
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Inappropriate rapid heart rate response to exercise (tachycardia)
1959:
323:
288:
276:. Both together may be better than one intervention of its own.
71:
564:
Qaja, E; Muco, E; Hashmi, MF (January 2021). "Buerger
Disease".
2143:
1943:
1161:
1064:
204:
resulting in arterial insufficiency. Other uncommon causes are
1937:
260:
among people with intermittent claudication than projectional
2184:
2006:
353:
135:
909:
1951:
1537:
952:"Management of peripheral arterial disease in primary care"
618:
803:"Modes of exercise training for intermittent claudication"
800:
513:
Doshi, Arpan R; Chikkabyrappa, Sathish (5 December 2018).
256:
appear to be slightly more cost-effective in diagnosing
903:
743:
1151:
1042:
1110:Cochrane Peripheral Vascular Diseases Review Group
949:
512:
283:In people with stable leg pain, exercise, such as
2349:Diseases of arteries, arterioles and capillaries
2330:
33:Vascular claudication, claudicatio intermittens
563:
125:atrophic changes like loss of hair, shiny skin
1923:
1137:
950:Burns P, Gough S, Bradbury AW (March 2003).
895:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
860:"Intermittent Claudication Treatment India"
807:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
750:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1930:
1916:
1717:Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency
1144:
1130:
992:
478:
222:functional vasospasm. It is distinct from
52:
1020:
1010:
975:
834:
777:
712:
663:
639:
540:
530:
857:
746:"Exercise for intermittent claudication"
348:-based intervention is also an option.
2331:
272:Exercise can improve symptoms, as can
2274:Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
1911:
1489:Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
1125:
694:
110:
1494:Generalized essential telangiectasia
603:
459:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
372:on arterial blockages or perform an
2073:Dynamic symptoms (exercise-induced)
479:Smith, D. A.; Lilie, C. J. (2022).
13:
943:
515:"Coarctation of Aorta in Children"
316:alpha-1 blockers and beta-blockers
14:
2360:
1038:
688:
1644:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
870:
851:
794:
737:
383:
322:agonists, antiplatelet agents (
216:), in which vasculitis occurs.
1595:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
819:10.1002/14651858.CD009638.pub3
762:10.1002/14651858.CD000990.pub4
652:The British Journal of Surgery
612:
597:
557:
506:
472:
447:
430:
250:Magnetic resonance angiography
97:Claudication derives from
16:Muscle pain from mild exertion
1:
1407:Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
1261:Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis
858:Vascular, Team (2015-01-31).
423:
308:Angiotensin converting enzyme
94:are modified and maintained.
2339:Symptoms and signs: Vascular
1712:Chronic venous insufficiency
1337:Aortoiliac occlusive disease
442:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
364:Surgery is the last resort;
267:
233:
7:
1727:Inferior vena cava syndrome
1722:Superior vena cava syndrome
1449:Vertebral artery dissection
1439:Intracranial berry aneurysm
701:Journal of Vascular Surgery
606:"Intermittent Claudication"
437:"intermittent claudication"
396:
226:, which is associated with
198:peripheral arterial disease
10:
2365:
1828:Hypertensive heart disease
1479:Arteriovenous malformation
1454:Familial aortic dissection
481:"Acute Arterial Occlusion"
214:thromboangiitis obliterans
200:which implies significant
2305:Pseudoathletic appearance
2261:
2167:
2139:Intermittent claudication
2050:
2020:
1985:
1950:
1883:
1853:Renovascular hypertension
1818:
1809:
1796:Hepatic artery thrombosis
1744:
1704:
1659:
1563:
1545:
1536:
1504:
1464:
1444:Carotid artery dissection
1397:Abdominal aortic aneurysm
1369:
1329:
1306:
1247:Intermittent claudication
1217:
1210:Peripheral artery disease
1208:
1178:
1160:
1046:
1012:10.2147/vhrm.2007.3.2.229
714:10.1016/j.jvs.2021.03.063
408:Peripheral artery disease
258:peripheral artery disease
244:peripheral artery disease
202:atherosclerotic blockages
191:
84:peripheral artery disease
64:Intermittent claudication
37:
29:
25:Intermittent claudication
24:
1838:Hypertensive nephropathy
1651:Post-thrombotic syndrome
1632:Paget–Schroetter disease
1424:Coronary artery aneurysm
1402:Thoracic aortic aneurysm
968:10.1136/bmj.326.7389.584
206:coarctation of the aorta
2239:Rippling muscle disease
1893:Orthostatic hypotension
1875:White coat hypertension
1352:Fibromuscular dysplasia
1316:Carotid artery stenosis
883:Retrieved July 28, 2016
224:neurogenic claudication
212:and Buerger's disease (
2217:Muscle channelopathies
2068:Myogenic hyperuricemia
1865:Pulmonary hypertension
1848:Secondary hypertension
1843:Essential hypertension
1833:Hypertensive emergency
1674:Portacaval anastomosis
1610:Portal vein thrombosis
1252:Critical limb ischemia
1153:Cardiovascular disease
999:Vasc Health Risk Manag
585:Cite journal requires
254:duplex ultrasonography
228:lumbar spinal stenosis
88:critical limb ischemia
86:, and can progress to
2114:Hyperthyroid myopathy
1870:Systolic hypertension
1615:Renal vein thrombosis
1474:Arteriovenous fistula
1466:Vascular malformation
1434:Intracranial aneurysm
1321:Renal artery stenosis
68:vascular claudication
2281:Compartment syndrome
2109:Hypothyroid myopathy
2099:Metabolic myopathies
2063:Exercise intolerance
2011:Hypothyroid myopathy
1784:Paradoxical embolism
1779:Cholesterol embolism
1605:May–Thurner syndrome
1600:Budd–Chiari syndrome
1583:Deep vein thrombosis
1578:primarily lower limb
1357:Raynaud's phenomenon
925:10.1093/ije/20.2.384
695:Pymer, Sean (2021).
621:J Vasc Interv Radiol
413:Metabolic myopathies
403:Exercise intolerance
220:Raynaud's phenomenon
2293:Diastasis of muscle
2269:Myositis ossificans
1860:Benign hypertension
993:Shammas NW (2007).
532:10.7759/cureus.3690
368:can perform either
2313:Muscle hypertrophy
2309:Muscle hyperplasia
2244:Periodic paralysis
2195:Muscle contracture
2119:Hypoparathyroidism
1774:Pulmonary embolism
1684:Esophageal varices
1622:upper limb / torso
1266:Arteriolosclerosis
1115:2015-02-23 at the
111:Signs and symptoms
90:unless treated or
2344:Vascular diseases
2326:
2325:
2317:Pseudohypertrophy
2168:Abnormal movement
2051:Low ATP reservoir
1905:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1745:Arteries or veins
1740:
1739:
1565:Venous thrombosis
1532:
1531:
1514:Cherry hemangioma
1414:Aortic dissection
1365:
1364:
1200:Buerger's disease
1105:
1104:
455:"Atherosclerosis"
366:vascular surgeons
312:adrenergic agents
293:strength training
285:strength training
274:revascularization
210:Trousseau disease
161:allor (increased)
107: 'to limp'.
61:
60:
19:Medical condition
2356:
2088:Hitting the wall
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1816:
1815:
1627:Mondor's disease
1570:Thrombophlebitis
1543:
1542:
1219:Arteriosclerosis
1215:
1214:
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791:
781:
756:(12): CD000990.
741:
735:
734:
716:
707:(6): 2076–2085.
692:
686:
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667:
665:10.1002/bjs.7656
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370:endarterectomies
167:ulse (decreased)
66:, also known as
57:
56:
48:vascular surgery
22:
21:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2298:Diastasis recti
2257:
2224:Pseudo-myotonia
2163:
2046:
2028:Muscle weakness
2016:
1981:
1946:
1936:
1906:
1897:
1879:
1805:
1762:Microangiopathy
1757:Macroangiopathy
1736:
1700:
1669:Gastric varices
1655:
1568:
1559:
1528:
1500:
1460:
1392:Aortic aneurysm
1378:
1361:
1347:Erythromelalgia
1325:
1302:
1227:Atherosclerosis
1204:
1168:
1156:
1150:
1117:Wayback Machine
1106:
1101:
1100:
1055:
1041:
962:(7389): 584–8.
946:
944:Further reading
941:
940:
913:Int J Epidemiol
908:
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888:
887:
875:
871:
864:VascularSurgery
856:
852:
813:(8): CD009638.
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693:
689:
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617:
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604:Dr Hicks, Rob.
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374:arterial bypass
270:
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148:"s of ischemia
113:
74:that describes
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11:
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2236:
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2228:Brody myopathy
2221:
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2209:
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2190:Fasciculations
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2129:Hypoxic muscle
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2111:
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2058:Muscle fatigue
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2044:
2038:Muscle atrophy
2035:
2033:Rhabdomyolysis
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2024:
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1661:Varicose veins
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1529:
1527:
1526:
1524:Spider angioma
1521:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1506:Vascular nevus
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1484:Telangiectasia
1481:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1419:Aortic rupture
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1384:
1382:
1380:pseudoaneurysm
1367:
1366:
1363:
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1360:
1359:
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1344:
1339:
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1331:
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1323:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1293:
1291:Oxycholesterol
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1257:
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1249:
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1234:
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1047:Classification
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1039:External links
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2334:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Pseudohypoxia
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1976:
1975:Delayed onset
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:Symptoms and
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Caput medusae
1677:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1342:Degos disease
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1005:(2): 229–34.
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
947:
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:(2): 384–92.
918:
914:
906:
898:
892:
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
854:
846:
842:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
797:
789:
785:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
732:
728:
724:
720:
715:
710:
706:
702:
698:
691:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
661:
657:
653:
649:
642:
634:
630:
626:
622:
615:
608:. BBC Health.
607:
600:
592:
579:
571:
567:
560:
552:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
525:(12): e3690.
524:
520:
516:
509:
494:
490:
486:
482:
475:
460:
456:
450:
444:
443:
438:
433:
429:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
394:
390:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:naftidrofuryl
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
281:
277:
275:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
245:
241:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
186:
183:
181:
179:
175:
173:erishing cold
172:
169:
166:
163:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
149:
147:
139:
137:
133:
131:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
117:
108:
106:
105:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
55:
49:
45:
42:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
2185:Muscle spasm
2175:Muscle cramp
2138:
1987:Inflammation
1965:Fibromyalgia
1942:relating to
1820:Hypertension
1732:Venous ulcer
1638:
1621:
1589:
1577:
1547:Inflammation
1428:
1387:
1276:Hyperplastic
1246:
1237:Fatty streak
1180:Inflammation
1089:
1074:
1059:
1002:
998:
959:
955:
916:
912:
905:
882:
872:
863:
853:
810:
806:
796:
753:
749:
739:
704:
700:
690:
658:(1): 16–28.
655:
651:
641:
627:(1): 53–62.
624:
620:
614:
599:
578:cite journal
559:
522:
518:
508:
496:. Retrieved
484:
474:
462:. Retrieved
458:
449:
440:
432:
391:
387:
384:Epidemiology
378:open surgery
363:
344:
310:inhibitors,
304:hypertension
297:
282:
278:
271:
248:
237:
218:
195:
184:
177:
170:
164:
158:
152:
145:
143:
114:
102:
96:
92:risk factors
67:
63:
62:
2124:Hypokalemia
2093:Second wind
2021:Destruction
2000:Pyomyositis
1885:Hypotension
1429:head / neck
1281:Cholesterol
1171:capillaries
418:Second wind
376:. However,
358:angioplasty
350:Atherectomy
328:clopidogrel
262:angiography
180:araesthesia
130:temperature
80:calf muscle
76:muscle pain
30:Other names
2333:Categories
2253:Hypertonia
2234:Spasticity
2158:Alcoholism
2153:Starvation
2042:Amyotrophy
1940:conditions
1801:Vasculitis
1791:Thrombosis
1752:Angiopathy
1696:Varicocele
1689:Hemorrhoid
1519:Halo nevus
1375:dissection
1166:arterioles
424:References
340:cilostazol
134:decreased
128:decreased
104:claudicare
44:Cardiology
2249:Hypotonia
1555:Phlebitis
1296:Trans fat
1232:Foam cell
1188:Arteritis
1155:(vessels)
891:cite news
827:1469-493X
770:1469-493X
731:235346102
682:205512324
268:Treatment
234:Diagnosis
144:The six "
39:Specialty
2286:Anterior
2212:Myotonia
2205:Adhesion
2200:Fibrosis
2180:Myokymia
2104:Diabetes
2007:Myoedema
1995:Myositis
1769:Embolism
1371:Aneurysm
1308:Stenosis
1242:Atheroma
1193:Aortitis
1162:Arteries
1113:Archived
1031:17580733
986:12637405
845:32829481
788:29278423
723:34087396
674:21928409
633:12525586
570:28613608
551:30761242
493:28722881
397:See also
354:stenting
346:Catheter
314:such as
300:diabetes
240:sciatica
187:aralysis
121:cyanosis
2149:Fasting
1960:Myalgia
1590:abdomen
1271:Hyaline
1096:D007383
1022:1994028
977:1125476
933:1917239
836:8092668
779:6486315
542:6368362
324:aspirin
320:alpha-2
289:cycling
72:symptom
70:, is a
2144:Scurvy
1944:muscle
1085:440.21
1029:
1019:
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843:
833:
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539:
519:Cureus
498:2 July
491:
464:2 July
356:, and
338:, and
302:, and
192:Causes
50:
2262:Other
1970:Acute
1705:Other
1538:Veins
1388:torso
1330:Other
1070:I73.9
727:S2CID
678:S2CID
136:pulse
101:
99:Latin
1952:Pain
1639:head
1169:and
1091:MeSH
1080:9-CM
1027:PMID
982:PMID
929:PMID
897:link
841:PMID
823:ISSN
811:2020
784:PMID
766:ISSN
754:2017
719:PMID
670:PMID
629:PMID
591:help
566:PMID
547:PMID
500:2021
489:PMID
466:2021
326:and
318:and
252:and
1286:LDL
1076:ICD
1061:ICD
1017:PMC
1007:doi
972:PMC
964:doi
960:326
956:BMJ
921:doi
831:PMC
815:doi
774:PMC
758:doi
709:doi
660:doi
537:PMC
527:doi
439:at
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