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mode is flow-controlled ventilation (FCV). FCV is a fully dynamic mode without significant periods of 'no flow'. It is based on creating a stable gas flow into or out of the patient's lungs to generate an inspiration or expiration, respectively. This results in linear increases and decreases in intratracheal pressure. In contrast the conventional modes of ventilation, there are no abrupt drop intrathoracic pressure drops, because of the controlled expiration. Further, this mode allows to use thin endotracheal tubes (~2 – 10 mm inner diameter) to ventilate a patient as expiration is actively supported. In general, the selection of which mode of mechanical ventilation to use for a given patient is based on the familiarity of
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ambient air into the lungs. As the vacuum is released, the pressure inside the tank equalizes to that of the ambient pressure, and the elastic recoil of the chest and lungs leads to passive exhalation. However, when the vacuum is created, the abdomen also expands along with the lung, cutting off venous flow back to the heart, leading to pooling of venous blood in the lower extremities. The patients can talk and eat normally, and can see the world through a well-placed series of mirrors. Some could remain in these iron lungs for years at a time quite successfully.
512:. Alveolar ventilation is the amount of gas per unit of time that reaches the alveoli and becomes involved in gas exchange. PaCO2 is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide of arterial blood, which determines how well carbon dioxide is able to move out of the body. Alveolar volume is the volume of air entering and leaving the alveoli per minute. Mechanical dead space is another important parameter in ventilator design and function, and is defined as the volume of gas breathed again as the result of use in a mechanical device.
180:. Mechanical ventilation helps move air into and out of the lungs, with the main goal of helping the delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide. Mechanical ventilation is used for many reasons, including to protect the airway due to mechanical or neurologic cause, to ensure adequate oxygenation, or to remove excess carbon dioxide from the lungs. Various healthcare providers are involved with the use of mechanical ventilation and people who require ventilators are typically monitored in an
1101:. In most cases, tubes with inflatable cuffs are used for protection against leakage and aspiration. Intubation with a cuffed tube is thought to provide the best protection against aspiration. Tracheal tubes inevitably cause pain and coughing. Therefore, unless a patient is unconscious or anaesthetized for other reasons, sedative drugs are usually given to provide tolerance of the tube. Other disadvantages of tracheal intubation include damage to the mucosal lining of the
1119:— a supraglottic airway (SGA) is any airway device that is seated above and outside the trachea, as an alternative to endotracheal intubation. Most devices work via masks or cuffs that inflate to isolate the trachea for oxygen delivery. Newer devices feature esophageal ports for suctioning or ports for tube exchange to allow intubation. Supraglottic airways differ primarily from tracheal intubation in that they do not prevent aspiration. After the introduction of the
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1787:"International consensus conferences in intensive care medicine: Ventilator-associated Lung Injury in ARDS. This official conference report was cosponsored by the American Thoracic Society, The European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, and The Societé de Réanimation de Langue Française, and was approved by the ATS Board of Directors, July 1999".
1159:. Tracheostomy tubes are well tolerated and often do not necessitate any use of sedative drugs. Tracheostomy tubes may be inserted early during treatment in patients with pre-existing severe respiratory disease, or in any patient expected to be difficult to wean from mechanical ventilation, i.e., patients with little muscular reserve.
484:) is one of the best studied and most commonly used weaning predictors, with no other predictor having been shown to be superior. It was described in a prospective cohort study of mechanically ventilated patients which found that a RSBI > 105 breaths/min/L was associated with weaning failure, while a RSBI < 105 breaths/min/L.
911:
One of the main reasons why a patient is admitted to an ICU is for delivery of mechanical ventilation. Monitoring a patient in mechanical ventilation has many clinical applications: Enhance understanding of pathophysiology, aid with diagnosis, guide patient management, avoid complications, and assess
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The most commonly used high frequency ventilator and only one approved in the United States is the 3100A from Vyaire
Medical. It works by using very small tidal volumes by setting amplitude and a high rate set in hertz. This type of ventilation is primarily used in neonates and pediatric patients who
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Positive-pressure ventilators work by increasing the patient's airway pressure through an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube. The positive pressure allows air to flow into the airway until the ventilator breath is terminated. Then, the airway pressure drops to zero, and the elastic recoil of the chest
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are sometimes used in adults and infants who require mechanical ventilation. For preterm or full term infants who require mechanical ventilation, there is no strong evidence to prescribe opioids or sedation routinely for these procedures, however, some select infants requiring mechanical ventilation
256:
To achieve negative pressure ventilation, there must be a sub-atmospheric pressure to draw air into the lungs. This was first achieved in the late 19th century when John
Dalziel and Alfred Jones independently developed tank ventilators, in which ventilation was achieved by placing a patient inside a
686:
Mechanical ventilation utilizes several separate systems for ventilation, referred to as the mode. Modes come in many different delivery concepts, but all conventional positive pressure ventilators modes fall into one of two categories:volume-cycled or pressure-cycled. A relatively new ventilation
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is inadequate to maintain life. It may be indicated in anticipation of imminent respiratory failure, acute respiratory failure, acute hypoxemia, or prophylactically. Because mechanical ventilation serves only to provide assistance for breathing and does not cure a disease, the patient's underlying
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in the lungs. The existence of a shunt refers to any process that hinders this gas exchange, leading to wasted oxygen inspired and the flow of un-oxygenated blood back to the left heart, which ultimately supplies the rest of the body with de-oxygenated blood. When using 100% oxygen, the degree of
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Spontaneous breathing trials are conducted to assess the likelihood of a patient being able to maintain stability and breath on their own without the ventilator. This is done by changing the mode to one where they have to trigger breaths and ventilatory support is only given to compensate for the
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The design of the modern positive-pressure ventilators were based mainly on technical developments by the military during World War II to supply oxygen to fighter pilots in high altitude. Such ventilators replaced the iron lungs as safe endotracheal tubes with high-volume/low-pressure cuffs were
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The cycle is what causes the breath to transition from the inspiratory phase to the exhalation phase. Breaths may be cycled by a mechanical ventilator when a set time has been reached, or when a preset flow or percentage of the maximum flow delivered during a breath is reached depending on the
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generates a flow of air. In the iron lung by means of a pump, the air is withdrawn mechanically to produce a vacuum inside the tank, thus creating negative pressure. This negative pressure leads to expansion of the chest, which causes a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure, and increases flow of
468:
Timing of withdrawal from mechanical ventilation—also known as weaning—is an important consideration. People who require mechanical ventilation should have their ventilation considered for withdrawal if they are able to support their own ventilation and oxygenation, and this should be assessed
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which presents as acute respiratory distress syndrome. Other complications include diaphragm atrophy, decreased cardiac output, and oxygen toxicity. One of the primary complications that presents in patients mechanically ventilated is acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome
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and maintain breaths with their hands. Mechanical ventilators are ventilators not requiring operator effort and are typically computer-controlled or pneumatic-controlled. Mechanical ventilators typically require power by a battery or a wall outlet (DC or AC) though some ventilators work on a
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Intensive-care ventilators—These ventilators are larger and usually run on AC power (though virtually all contain a battery to facilitate intra-facility transport and as a back-up in the event of a power failure). This style of ventilator often provides greater control of a wide variety of
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pneumatic system not requiring power. There are a variety of technologies available for ventilation, falling into two main (and then lesser categories), the two being the older technology of negative-pressure mechanisms, and the more common positive-pressure types.
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The trigger, either flow or pressure, is what causes a breath to be delivered by a mechanical ventilator. Breaths may be triggered by a patient taking their own breath, a ventilator operator pressing a manual breath button, or based on the set respiratory rate.
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Neonatal ventilators (bubble CPAP, HFJV, HFOV)—Designed with the preterm neonate in mind, these are a specialized subset of ICU ventilators that are designed to deliver smaller volumes and pressures to these patients. These may be conventional or high frequency
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developed. The popularity of positive-pressure ventilators rose during the polio epidemic in the 1950s in
Scandinavia and the United States and was the beginning of modern ventilation therapy. Positive pressure through manual supply of 50% oxygen through a
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790:, also known as the Drinker and Shaw tank, which was developed in 1928 by J.H Emerson Company and was one of the first negative-pressure machines used for long-term ventilation. It was refined and used in the 20th century largely as a result of the
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tube led to a reduced mortality rate among patients with polio and respiratory paralysis. However, because of the sheer amount of man-power required for such manual intervention, mechanical positive-pressure ventilators became increasingly popular.
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to be used, and easy to estimate the shunt fraction. The estimated shunt fraction refers to the amount of oxygen not being absorbed into the circulation. In normal physiology, gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs at the level of the
451:
Mechanical ventilation is often associated with many painful procedures and the ventilation itself can be uncomfortable. For infants who require opioids for pain, the potential side effects of opioids include problems with feeding, gastric and
1064:— In resuscitation and for minor procedures under anaesthesia, a face mask is often sufficient to achieve a seal against air leakage. Airway patency of the unconscious patient is maintained either by manipulation of the jaw or by the use of
402:
Mechanical ventilation is typically used as a short-term measure. It may, however, be used at home or in a nursing or rehabilitation institution for patients that have chronic illnesses that require long-term ventilatory assistance.
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Schmidt J, Wenzel C, Mahn M, et al. Improved lung recruitment and oxygenation during mandatory ventilation with a new expiratory ventilation assistance device: A controlled interventional trial in healthy pigs. Eur J Anaesthesiol.
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Hospital staff examine a patient in an Iron lung tank respirator during the polio epidemic. The machine creates a negative pressure around the thoracic cavity, thereby causing air to rush into the lungs to equalize intrapulmonary
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Mechanical ventilation is often a life-saving intervention, but carries potential complications. A common complication of positive pressure ventilation stemming directly from the ventilator settings include volutrauma and
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The first type of high frequency ventilator made for neonates and the only jet type is made by
Bunnell Incorporated. It works in conjunction with a separate CMV ventilator to add pulses of air to the control breaths and
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where sufficient invasive ventilation capacity is not available (or in some milder cases), but pressurized protection suits for caregivers are recommended due to the risks of poorly fitting masks emitting contaminating
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may have been the first to describe mechanical ventilation: "If you take a dead animal and blow air through its larynx , you will fill its bronchi and watch its lungs attain the greatest distention." In the 1600s,
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A cuff leak test is done to detect if there is airway edema to show the chances of post-extubation stridor. This is done by deflating to the cuff to check if air begins leaking around the endotracheal tube.
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Modern ventilators have advanced monitoring tools. There are also monitors that work independently of the ventilator which allow for measuring patients after the ventilator has been removed, such as a
759:, a shell-like unit used to create negative pressure only to the chest using a combination of a fitting shell and a soft bladder. In recent years this device has been manufactured using various-sized
2494:"Effects of short-term pressure-controlled ventilation on gas exchange, airway pressures, and gas distribution in patients with acute lung injury/ARDS: comparison with volume-controlled ventilation"
2567:
Esteban A, Anzueto A, AlĂa I, Gordo F, ApezteguĂa C, Pálizas F, et al. (May 2000). "How is mechanical ventilation employed in the intensive care unit? An international utilization review".
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is often performed for mechanical ventilation of hours to weeks duration. A tube is inserted through the nose (nasotracheal intubation) or mouth (orotracheal intubation) and advanced into the
1976:
Teboul JL, Pinsky MR, Mercat A, Anguel N, Bernardin G, Achard JM, et al. (November 2000). "Estimating cardiac filling pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with hyperinflation".
1155:— When patients require mechanical ventilation for several weeks, a tracheostomy may provide the most suitable access to the trachea. A tracheostomy is a surgically created passage into the
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Some of the problems with the full body design were such as being unable to control the inspiratory to expiratory ratio and the flow rate. This design also caused blood pooling in the legs.
1857:
Jaber S, Petrof BJ, Jung B, Chanques G, Berthet JP, Rabuel C, et al. (February 2011). "Rapidly progressive diaphragmatic weakness and injury during mechanical ventilation in humans".
767:. Its main use has been in patients with neuromuscular disorders that have some residual muscular function. The latter, larger formats are in use, notably with the polio wing hospitals in
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Enk D: Verfahren und
Vorrichtung zur Beatmung eines Patienten (method and device for ventilating a patient). Patent application (DE 10 2016 109 528 A1). German Patent Office, 24.05.2016
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Goligher EC, Dres M, Fan E, Rubenfeld GD, Scales DC, Herridge MS, et al. (January 2018). "Mechanical
Ventilation-induced Diaphragm Atrophy Strongly Impacts Clinical Outcomes".
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Exhalation in mechanical ventilation is almost always completely passive. The ventilator's expiratory valve is opened, and expiratory flow is allowed until the baseline pressure (
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during positive-pressure ventilation in order to allow unimpeded passage of air into the trachea and avoid air passing into the esophagus and stomach. The common method is by
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Fan, Eddy; Zakhary, Bishoy; Amaral, Andre; McCannon, Jessica; Girard, Timothy D.; Morris, Peter E.; Truwit, Jonathon D.; Wilson, Kevin C.; Thomson, Carey C. (1 March 2017).
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Loops can be used to see what is occurring in the patient's lungs. These include flow-volume and pressure-volume loops. They can show changes in compliance and resistance.
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invented in 1950 one of the first intermittent positive pressure ventilator, which delivers air straight into the lungs using an endotracheal tube placed into the windpipe.
1752:
Craven DE, Chroneou A, Zias N, Hjalmarson KI (February 2009). "Ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis: the impact of targeted antibiotic therapy on patient outcomes".
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17:
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1137:— Patients requiring emergency airway management, in whom tracheal intubation has been unsuccessful, may require an airway inserted through a surgical opening in the
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1165:— Less common interface, does not provide protection against aspiration. There are lipseal mouthpieces with flanges to help hold them in place if patient is unable.
636:. For each difference of 100 mmHg, the shunt is 5%. A shunt of more than 25% should prompt a search for the cause of this hypoxemia, such as mainstem intubation or
469:
continuously. There are several objective parameters to look for when considering withdrawal, but there are no specific criteria that generalizes to all patients.
2557:
Barnes T, Enk D. Ventilation for low dissipated energy achieved using flow control during both inspiration and expiration. Trends
Anaesth Crit Care. 2019;24:5–12.
1123:(LMA) in 1998, supraglottic airway devices have become mainstream in both elective and emergency anesthesia. There are many types of SGAs available including the
476:(RSBI, the ratio of respiratory frequency to tidal volume (f/VT), previously referred to as the "Yang Tobin Index" or "Tobin Index" after Dr. Karl Yang and Prof.
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The total PEEP in the patient can be determined by doing an expiratory hold on the ventilator. If this is higher than the set PEEP, this indicates air trapping.
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was introduced as well as synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation. These styles of ventilation had control breaths that patients could breathe between.
268:
Early ventilators were control style with no support breaths integrated into them and were limited to an inspiration to expiration ration of 1:1. In the 1970s,
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Negative pressure mechanical ventilators are produced in small, field-type and larger formats. The prominent design of the smaller devices is known as the
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through the nose or mouth, respectively. Poorly fitted masks often cause nasal bridge ulcers, a problem for some patients. Face masks are also used for
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is a limited resource. For this reason, decisions to commence and remove ventilation may raise ethical debate and often involve legal orders such as
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1475:"Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome"
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ventilation parameters (such as inspiratory rise time). Many ICU ventilators also incorporate graphics to provide visual feedback of each breath.
113:
116:
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Jubran A, Tobin MJ (June 1990). "Reliability of pulse oximetry in titrating supplemental oxygen therapy in ventilator-dependent patients".
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Younes M, Kun J, Webster K, Roberts D (July 2002). "Response of ventilator-dependent patients to delayed opening of exhalation valve".
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The plateau pressure can be found by doing an inspiratory hold. This shows the actual pressure the patient's lungs are experiencing.
38:
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Transport ventilators—These ventilators are small and more rugged, and can be powered pneumatically or via AC or DC power sources.
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breath type and the settings. Breaths can also be cycled when an alarm condition such as a high pressure limit has been reached.
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Ventilators come in many different styles and method of giving a breath to sustain life. There are manual ventilators such as
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Bach JR, Alba AS (March 1991). "Intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator in a regimen of noninvasive ventilatory support".
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In ventilated patients, pulse oximetry is commonly used when titrating FIO2. A reliable target of Spo2 is greater than 95%.
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1316:"Investigating the effect of materials and structures for negative pressure ventilators suitable for pandemic situation"
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3180:(detailed, illustrated slideshow presentation), by Amirali Nader, MD FCCP, Critical Care Medicine, Suburban Hospital,
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There are various procedures and mechanical devices that provide protection against airway collapse, air leakage, and
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box that enclosed the body in a box with sub-atmospheric pressures. This machine came to be known colloquially as the
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Mechanical ventilation is termed invasive if it involves an instrument to create an airway that is placed inside the
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2309:"Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Adults. An Official ATS/ACCP Clinical Practice Guideline"
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640:, and should be treated accordingly. If such complications are not present, other causes must be sought after, and
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Hill, Nicholas S.; Redline, Susan; Carskadon, Mary A.; Curran, Francis J.; Millman, Richard P. (1 December 1992).
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dogs and seemingly bringing them back to life. These experiments all demonstrate positive pressure ventilation.
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in people who are conscious, face or nasal masks are used. The two main types of mechanical ventilation include
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2773:"Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Negative Pressure Ventilators"
2672:"Sleep-disordered breathing in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using negative pressure ventilators"
1274:
Slutsky AS (May 2015). "History of
Mechanical Ventilation. From Vesalius to Ventilator-induced Lung Injury".
473:
364:
200:
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Konrad F, Schreiber T, Brecht-Kraus D, Georgieff M (January 1994). "Mucociliary transport in ICU patients".
2023:, Altaweel L, Nyquist PA, Stevens RD (February 2012). "Acute lung injury in critical neurological illness".
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1713:"Approaches to conventional mechanical ventilation of the patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome"
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261:, which went through many iterations of development. The use of the iron lung became widespread during the
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Image of endotracheal tube placement required to connect a patient's physiologic airway to the ventilator.
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The function of the lungs is to provide gas exchange via oxygenation and ventilation. This phenomenon of
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2265:"A prospective study of indexes predicting the outcome of trials of weaning from mechanical ventilation"
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211:, and their nomenclature has been revised over the decades as the technology has continually developed.
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2724:"Effect of assist negative pressure ventilation by microprocessor based iron lung on breathing effort"
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and the circumstances for which ventilation is needed, additional measures are required to secure the
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of animals. These experiments predate the discovery of oxygen and its role in respiration. In 1908,
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Limit is how the breath is controlled. Breaths may be limited to a set maximum pressure or volume.
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Parker JC, Hernandez LA, Peevy KJ (January 1993). "Mechanisms of ventilator-induced lung injury".
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in conscious patients. A full-face mask does not, however, provide protection against aspiration.
1039:) is reached. Expiratory flow is determined by patient factors such as compliance and resistance.
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644:(PEEP) should be used to treat this intrapulmonary shunt. Other such causes of a shunt include:
437:(ARDS). ALI/ARDS are recognized as significant contributors to patient morbidity and mortality.
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This article is about medical ventilation. For the use in architecture and climate control, see
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that applies pressure externally via an inflated bladder, forcing exhalation, sometimes termed
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508:. Other relevant concepts include alveolar ventilation, arterial PaCO2, alveolar volume, and
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2971:"Non-invasive ventilation versus mechanical ventilation in hypoxemic patients with COVID-19"
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Levine S, Nguyen T, Taylor N, Friscia ME, Budak MT, Rothenberg P, et al. (March 2008).
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Hill, N. S.; Redline, S.; Carskadon, M. A.; Curran, F. J.; Millman, R. P. (December 1992).
2355:"Comparison of Published Pressure Gradient Symbols and Equations in Mechanics of Breathing"
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so that the patient's face (and airway) are exposed to the room air. While the exchange of
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condition should be identified and treated in order to liberate them from the ventilator.
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2604:"Treatment of severe cases of respiratory paralysis by the Engström universal respirator"
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involves the physiologic concepts of air flow, tidal volume, compliance, resistance, and
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293:. RTs participate in the optimization of ventilation management, adjustment, and weaning.
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987:. This includes ventilators for use at home for treatment of chronic conditions such as
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Forrest IS, Jaladanki SK, Paranjpe I, Glicksberg BS, Nadkarni GN, Do R (October 2021).
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and anesthesia bags that require the users to hold the ventilator to the face or to an
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shells with multiple seals, and a high-pressure oscillation pump in order to carry out
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Chiumello, D.; Pelosi, P.; Calvi, E.; Bigatello, L. M.; Gattinoni, L. (October 2002).
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37:"Intermittent positive-pressure ventilation" redirects here. Not to be confused with
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2198:"Different modes of assisted ventilation in patients with acute respiratory failure"
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Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A, Schoenfeld D, Thompson BT, Wheeler A (May 2000).
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inserted through an artificial opening in the neck. In other circumstances simple
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Breath of Life: The Role of the
Ventilator in Managing Life-Threatening Illnesses
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BellĂą R, Romantsik O, Nava C, de Waal KA, Zanini R, Bruschettini M (March 2021).
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that struck the world in the 1940s. The machine is, in effect, a large elongated
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2332:
2233:
1565:"BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings"
1541:
1451:
934:
801:, which encases the patient up to the neck. The neck is sealed with a rubber
760:
544:
3155:
2947:
2739:
2079:
1937:"Rapid disuse atrophy of diaphragm fibers in mechanically ventilated humans"
1532:
1515:
142:
4715:
4557:
4460:
4390:
4385:
4246:
4147:
4014:
4006:
3952:
3854:
3844:
3748:
3705:
3700:
3466:
3127:
3045:
3036:
3019:
3004:
2831:
2757:
2637:
2619:
2588:
2525:
2493:
2340:
2241:
2177:
2128:
2119:
2102:
2044:
1997:
1962:
1913:
1878:
1843:
1808:
1773:
1738:
1729:
1712:
1600:
1591:
1500:
1349:
1295:
1152:
1142:
854:
834:
822:
738:
729:
637:
548:
417:
250:
234:
3562:
2955:
2839:
2804:
2703:
2671:
2290:
2087:
1765:
1689:
1459:
1407:
4695:
4575:
4562:
4552:
4520:
4444:
4395:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4287:
4229:
4152:
3733:
3187:
3109:
1953:
1936:
1835:
1102:
988:
825:
process. In spontaneous breathing, a negative pressure is created in the
649:
543:. Intubation, which provides a clear route for the air can be either an
1516:"Surveillance strategies for COVID-19 human infection. Interim guidance"
305:
Common specific medical indications for mechanical ventilation include:
280:
151:
4685:
4567:
4468:
4369:
4343:
4338:
4315:
4236:
4219:
4131:
4047:
3991:
3797:
3366:
2224:
1106:
1061:
1042:
945:
818:
722:
691:
with modes and the equipment availability at a particular institution.
246:
173:
1194: – Severe inflammatory response in mechanical ventilator patients
829:
by the muscles of respiration, and the resulting gradient between the
591:
for preterm and full term infants who require mechanical ventilation.
4843:
4481:
4400:
4224:
4106:
4042:
3351:
3152:, article on mechanical ventilation along with technical information.
3149:
1191:
1124:
817:
and requires no external work, air must be moved into and out of the
814:
688:
655:
606:) is used initially for an adult, it is easy to calculate the next Fi
584:
532:
336:
322:
258:
97:
2654:, Engström, Carl Gunnar, "Respirator", issued 1951-06-25
2492:
Prella, Maura; Feihl, François; Domenighetti, Guido (October 2002).
2065:
983:
ventilators (PAP) — These ventilators are specifically designed for
515:
219:
4452:
4126:
4077:
4057:
3915:
3834:
3609:
3165:, Resource of information for users of home mechanical ventilation.
3092:
Carley SD, Gwinnutt C, Butler J, Sammy I, Driscoll P (March 2002).
2103:"Prolonged mechanical ventilation: are you a lumper or a splitter?"
1087:
877:
794:
588:
396:
348:
317:
238:
169:
2968:
4662:
4297:
4241:
4121:
3413:
1075:
768:
756:
654:
alveolar collection of material other than gas, such as pus from
524:
297:
Mechanical ventilation is indicated when a patient's spontaneous
188:
137:
1313:
4838:
4535:
4515:
4377:
3695:
1314:
Abughanam N, Gaben SS, Chowdhury ME, Khandakar A (April 2021).
806:
802:
780:
579:
547:, inserted through the natural openings of mouth or nose, or a
528:
298:
241:
too describes ventilation by inserting a reed or cane into the
2144:"Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation"
583:
may require pain medicine such as opioids. It is not clear if
27:
Method to mechanically assist or replace spontaneous breathing
3529:
2195:
1641:"Overview of Mechanical Ventilation - Critical Care Medicine"
1472:
844:
791:
440:
In many healthcare systems, prolonged ventilation as part of
330:
229:
1751:
1562:
898:
813:
between the bloodstream and the pulmonary airspace works by
207:
where air is pulled into the lungs. There are many specific
203:
where air is pushed into the lungs through the airways, and
4116:
3802:
3405:
1036:
992:
798:
509:
237:
conducted experiments on dogs to demonstrate this concept.
4194:
European
Society of Paediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care
2770:
2669:
2569:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1894:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1859:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1824:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1789:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
1276:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
3091:
2141:
1934:
1513:
1131:(LT), and the obsolete esophageal obturator airway (EOA).
965:
Common positive-pressure mechanical ventilators include:
463:
2306:
1975:
1891:
1074:. These are designed to provide a passage of air to the
2566:
2491:
2018:
1856:
1821:
289:(RT) examining a mechanically ventilated patient in an
2380:"21.5A: Pressure Changes During Pulmonary Ventilation"
1563:
O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, Mak V (June 2017).
861:. The name of one such device, the Pneumobelt made by
3825:
Critical illness–related corticosteroid insufficiency
3017:
1667:
1202:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1173:
1043:
Artificial airways as a connection to the ventilator
1228:"Chapter 31 - Armamentarium, Drugs, and Techniques"
2471:"Mechanical ventilation modification of settings"
1421:
1419:
1417:
1386:Tobin MJ (April 1994). "Mechanical ventilation".
930:can be determined when using the GE Carestation.
889:
4880:
3020:"Care for Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19"
3018:Murthy S, Gomersall CD, Fowler RA (April 2020).
624:shunting is estimated as 700 mmHg - measured Pa
3061:"Supraglottic airway devices: recent advances"
1663:
1661:
1414:
4769:
4273:
3578:
3203:
3156:International Ventilator Users Network (IVUN)
999:
741:— the breath-out through passive exhalation.
2560:
2100:
2094:
1928:
1704:
3592:
2933:
2148:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2059:
1658:
1226:Malamed, Stanley F., ed. (1 January 2018),
488:added resistance of the endotracheal tube.
4280:
4266:
3585:
3571:
3217:
3210:
3196:
2851:
2849:
1623:"Diagnosis and Treatment | Botulism | CDC"
851:intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator
845:Intermittent abdominal pressure ventilator
786:The larger units have their origin in the
432:. Another well-documented complication is
406:
249:demonstrated his mechanical respirator by
96:
59:needs attention from an expert in Medicine
18:Intermittent positive pressure ventilation
3117:
3076:
3058:
3035:
2994:
2747:
2627:
2280:
2262:
2223:
2213:
2167:
2118:
1952:
1728:
1590:
1580:
1531:
1514:World Health Organization (20 May 2020).
1490:
1367:
1339:
2817:
2650:
2601:
949:SMART BAG MO Bag-Valve-Mask Resuscitator
944:
897:
876:
704:
514:
279:
218:
39:Intermittent positive pressure breathing
2921:Neonatal and Pediatric Respiratory Care
2855:
2846:
2313:Annals of the American Thoracic Society
1273:
1225:
940:
700:
14:
4881:
3243:Nomenclature of mechanical ventilation
2721:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
1745:
886:are failing conventional ventilation.
464:Withdrawal from mechanical ventilation
384:neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
69:may be able to help recruit an expert.
4261:
3566:
3238:Mechanical ventilation in emergencies
3191:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2302:
2300:
2191:
2189:
2187:
1425:
1385:
587:is safe or effective to be used as a
4073:Recombinant activated protein C
1710:
1381:
1379:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1030:
744:
716:
541:insertion of a tube into the trachea
377:transient neonatal myasthenia gravis
43:
4630:High-resolution computed tomography
4288:Tests and procedures involving the
3786:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
3771:Acute respiratory distress syndrome
3711:Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
2450:
2424:
2372:
2269:The New England Journal of Medicine
1941:The New England Journal of Medicine
1615:
1479:The New England Journal of Medicine
1388:The New England Journal of Medicine
1086:can be considered for epidemics of
857:. The first such apparatus was the
660:acute respiratory distress syndrome
314:acute respiratory distress syndrome
24:
2907:
2710:
2297:
2184:
2135:
1645:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1426:Tobin, Martin J. (14 April 1994).
1240:10.1016/B978-0-323-40053-4.00031-7
1204:, inventor of the pulmoventilateur
270:intermittent mandatory ventilation
25:
4925:
4184:Society of Critical Care Medicine
3881:Ventilator-associated lung injury
3382:Ventilator-associated lung injury
3137:
3059:Cook T, Howes B (December 2011).
2406:"Arterial Blood Gases (ABG) Test"
1376:
1356:
1302:
1262:
1149:is reserved for emergency access.
434:ventilator-associated lung injury
2862:. Scarecrow Press. p. 187.
2202:The European Respiratory Journal
1990:10.1097/00003246-200011000-00014
1682:10.1097/00003246-199301000-00024
1176:
642:positive end-expiratory pressure
523:Due to the anatomy of the human
482:Loyola University Medical Center
48:
3886:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
3819:Critical illness polyneuropathy
3372:Ventilator-associated pneumonia
3233:Modes of mechanical ventilation
3085:
3052:
3011:
2962:
2927:
2883:
2811:
2764:
2663:
2644:
2595:
2551:
2541:
2532:
2485:
2398:
2347:
2325:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201612-993CME
2256:
2012:
1969:
1885:
1850:
1815:
1795:(6): 2118–2124. December 1999.
1780:
1633:
1432:New England Journal of Medicine
1200: – French medical inventor
682:Modes of mechanical ventilation
382:Newborn premature infants with
353:Acid/base derangements such as
209:modes of mechanical ventilation
4408:Laryngotracheal reconstruction
2602:Engstrom CG (September 1954).
2263:Yang KL, Tobin MJ (May 1991).
2160:10.1002/14651858.CD013732.pub2
1556:
1507:
1466:
1219:
890:High Frequency Jet Ventilation
359:Neurological diseases such as
176:to fully or partially provide
13:
1:
4909:Respiratory system procedures
4799:Positive pressure ventilation
3665:Geriatric intensive-care unit
3648:Pediatric intensive care unit
3065:Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care
2923:. Elsevier. pp. 302–334.
2101:O'Connor HH (November 2011).
1801:10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.ats16060
1582:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2016-209729
1520:Pediatria I Medycyna Rodzinna
1370:Respiratory Therapy Equipment
1213:
1125:esophageal-tracheal combitube
906:
872:
648:alveolar collapse from major
569:negative-pressure ventilation
495:
474:Rapid Shallow Breathing Index
365:amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
312:Acute lung injury, including
205:negative pressure ventilation
201:positive pressure ventilation
4794:Negative pressure ventilator
4068:Neuromuscular-blocking drugs
4011:Nutritional supplementation
3642:Neonatal intensive care unit
2581:10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9902018
2215:10.1183/09031936.02.01552001
2037:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182329617
928:Functional Residual Capacity
833:and the pressure inside the
821:to make it available to the
765:biphasic cuirass ventilation
751:Negative pressure ventilator
670:
456:problems, the potential for
7:
4168:Water-electrolyte imbalance
4002:Early goal-directed therapy
2282:10.1056/NEJM199105233242101
2019:Hoesch RE, Lin E, Young M,
1492:10.1056/NEJM200005043421801
1444:10.1056/NEJM199404143301507
1400:10.1056/NEJM199404143301507
1234:, Mosby, pp. 416–433,
1169:
61:. The specific problem is:
10:
4930:
4904:Emergency medical services
4784:Surgical airway management
4640:Ventilation/perfusion scan
4440:Tracheoesophageal puncture
4020:Total parenteral nutrition
3953:Life-supporting treatments
3660:Critical illness insurance
3098:Emergency Medicine Journal
2987:10.1007/s15010-021-01633-6
2892:Mosby's Medical Dictionary
2722:Gorini, M (1 March 2002).
1906:10.1164/rccm.201703-0536OC
1871:10.1164/rccm.201004-0670OC
1368:McPherson, Steven (1990).
1332:10.1007/s42247-021-00181-x
1288:10.1164/rccm.201503-0421PP
1046:
1004:
1000:Breath delivery mechanisms
748:
720:
693:
679:
666:, or blood from hemorrhage
214:
195:or nasotracheal tube. For
191:. This is done through an
36:
32:Ventilation (architecture)
29:
4809:
4762:
4742:
4714:
4671:
4648:
4610:
4603:
4510:
4416:
4305:
4296:
4202:
4189:Surviving Sepsis Campaign
4176:
4140:
4097:
4035:
3985:Ventricular assist device
3980:Intra-aortic balloon pump
3951:
3931:Pulmonary artery catheter
3903:
3853:
3811:
3680:
3673:
3628:
3600:
3494:
3457:
3390:
3334:
3326:List of modes by category
3251:
3225:
865:has to a degree become a
658:, water and protein from
594:When 100% oxygen (1.00 Fi
148:
136:
122:
107:
95:
90:
4864:Pulmonary rehabilitation
4691:Bronchial challenge test
4658:Pneumonia severity index
4650:Clinical prediction rule
3078:10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkq058
2789:10.1378/chest.102.6.1656
2688:10.1378/chest.102.6.1656
2510:10.1378/chest.122.4.1382
1711:Hess DR (October 2011).
1428:"Mechanical Ventilation"
1232:Sedation (Sixth Edition)
1084:Non-invasive ventilation
1080:non-invasive ventilation
1022:
1013:
985:non-invasive ventilation
981:Positive airway pressure
737:wall and lungs push the
675:
664:congestive heart failure
565:non-invasive ventilation
460:, and opioid tolerance.
391:due to paralysis of the
197:non-invasive ventilation
4899:Intensive care medicine
4083:Stress ulcer prevention
4027:Therapeutic hypothermia
3926:Central venous catheter
3594:Intensive care medicine
3170:Mechanical Ventilation,
2948:10.1378/chest.97.6.1420
2740:10.1136/thorax.57.3.258
2608:British Medical Journal
2080:10.1378/chest.105.1.237
1533:10.15557/pimr.2020.0006
1141:. This is similar to a
995:and in the ICU setting.
902:Neonatal Jet ventilator
407:Risks and complications
369:Guillain–Barré syndrome
347:Obstruction, such as a
333:with respiratory arrest
275:
63:Organization of topics.
4889:Mechanical ventilation
4854:Hyperinflation therapy
4819:Artificial respiration
4789:Mechanical ventilation
4724:Bronchoalveolar lavage
4625:CT pulmonary angiogram
4158:Level of consciousness
3965:mechanical ventilation
3863:Methicillin-resistant
3219:Mechanical ventilation
3182:Johns Hopkins Medicine
3145:Mechanical Ventilation
3037:10.1001/jama.2020.3633
2832:10.1378/chest.99.3.630
2620:10.1136/bmj.2.4889.666
2432:"Alveolar Ventilation"
2120:10.4187/respcare.01600
2025:Critical Care Medicine
1978:Critical Care Medicine
1730:10.4187/respcare.01387
1670:Critical Care Medicine
950:
903:
882:
713:
578:Pain medicine such as
520:
422:subcutaneous emphysema
294:
225:
178:artificial ventilation
162:Mechanical ventilation
91:Mechanical ventilation
4834:Decompression chamber
4502:Heart–lung transplant
3865:Staphylococcus aureus
2919:Walsh, Brain (2019).
1766:10.1378/chest.08-1617
1575:(Suppl 1): ii1–ii90.
1139:cricothyroid membrane
1121:laryngeal mask airway
948:
901:
880:
708:
694:Further information:
561:laryngeal mask airway
518:
286:Respiratory therapist
283:
222:
4706:Impulse oscillometry
4681:Body plethysmography
3840:Stress hyperglycemia
3681:Organ system failure
3615:Medical specialities
3362:Pulmonary volutrauma
3357:Pulmonary barotrauma
3110:10.1136/emj.19.2.109
1954:10.1056/NEJMoa070447
1836:10.1164/rccm.2107143
1208:Mean airway pressure
1071:oropharyngeal airway
941:Types of ventilators
849:Another type is the
831:atmospheric pressure
710:Carl Gunnar Engström
701:Types of Ventilation
563:may be employed. If
557:oropharyngeal airway
355:respiratory acidosis
344:requiring intubation
327:Pulmonary hemorrhage
228:The Greek physician
166:assisted ventilation
67:WikiProject Medicine
4914:Respiratory therapy
4829:Hyperbaric medicine
4811:Respiratory therapy
4729:Nasopharyngeal swab
4354:Acoustic rhinometry
4203:Related specialties
4163:Acid–base imbalance
4099:ICU scoring systems
3970:Tracheal intubation
3781:Respiratory failure
3776:Acute liver failure
3766:Acute renal failure
3636:Intensive care unit
3620:Respiratory therapy
2856:Gilgoff IS (2001).
2548:2018;35(10):736–44.
1117:Supraglottic airway
1111:subglottic stenosis
1095:Tracheal intubation
859:Bragg-Paul Pulsator
773:St Thomas' Hospital
454:intestinal mobility
393:respiratory muscles
389:Respiratory failure
342:Acute severe asthma
316:(ARDS), trauma, or
309:Surgical procedures
291:intensive care unit
182:intensive care unit
4894:Emergency medicine
4701:Diffusion capacity
4673:Lung function test
4290:respiratory system
4112:Glasgow Coma Scale
4063:Intravenous fluids
3943:Screening cultures
3911:Arterial blood gas
3876:Refeeding syndrome
3793:Neonatal infection
3754:Vasodilatory shock
3729:Distributive shock
3654:Coronary care unit
3176:2020-07-27 at the
3161:2018-10-05 at the
2895:(8 ed.). 2009
1320:Emergent Materials
951:
935:Tracheal tube test
904:
883:
775:in London and the
714:
521:
446:do-not-resuscitate
361:muscular dystrophy
295:
226:
174:ventilator machine
102:Servo-u Ventilator
4876:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4859:Pulmonary hygiene
4849:Postural drainage
4758:
4757:
4599:
4598:
4255:
4254:
4215:Internal medicine
3961:Airway management
3899:
3898:
3739:Obstructive shock
3724:Cardiogenic shock
3560:
3559:
3030:(15): 1499–1500.
2614:(4889): 666–669.
2412:. 26 October 2020
2410:Michigan Medicine
2275:(21): 1445–1450.
2113:(11): 1859–1860.
1984:(11): 3631–3636.
1947:(13): 1327–1335.
1723:(10): 1555–1572.
1485:(18): 1301–1308.
1438:(15): 1056–1061.
1394:(15): 1056–1061.
1282:(10): 1106–1115.
1249:978-0-323-40053-4
1049:Artificial airway
1031:Breath exhalation
959:artificial airway
745:Negative pressure
717:Positive pressure
696:Prone ventilation
571:is used, then an
545:endotracheal tube
458:opioid dependence
426:pneumomediastinum
416:. Others include
373:myasthenia gravis
193:endotracheal tube
172:term for using a
159:
158:
138:OPS-301 code
84:
83:
16:(Redirected from
4921:
4767:
4766:
4763:Other procedures
4608:
4607:
4303:
4302:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4258:
3976:Cardiac devices
3830:Decubitus ulcers
3744:Neurogenic shock
3678:
3677:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3552:Mechanical power
3212:
3205:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2998:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2942:(6): 1420–1425.
2931:
2925:
2924:
2916:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2783:(6): 1656–1662.
2768:
2762:
2761:
2751:
2719:
2708:
2707:
2682:(6): 1656–1662.
2667:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2631:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2575:(5): 1450–1458.
2564:
2558:
2555:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2504:(4): 1382–1388.
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2467:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2227:
2217:
2193:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2107:Respiratory Care
2098:
2092:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1956:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1717:Respiratory Care
1708:
1702:
1701:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1584:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1423:
1412:
1411:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1311:
1300:
1299:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1223:
1203:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
881:3100A Oscillator
635:
634:
633:
617:
616:
615:
605:
604:
603:
553:airway maneuvers
430:pneumoperitoneum
152:edit on Wikidata
132:
100:
88:
87:
79:
76:
70:
52:
51:
44:
21:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4868:
4805:
4754:
4738:
4710:
4667:
4644:
4612:Medical imaging
4595:
4584:Mediastinoscopy
4524:
4519:
4506:
4492:Transplantation
4487:Wedge resection
4412:
4292:
4286:
4256:
4251:
4198:
4172:
4136:
4093:
4053:Antithrombotics
4031:
4015:Enteral feeding
3997:Kidney dialysis
3947:
3895:
3871:Oxygen toxicity
3849:
3807:
3669:
3624:
3596:
3591:
3561:
3556:
3537:
3533:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3470:
3453:
3449:
3441:
3433:
3425:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3386:
3377:Oxygen toxicity
3335:Related illness
3330:
3247:
3221:
3216:
3178:Wayback Machine
3163:Wayback Machine
3140:
3135:
3090:
3086:
3057:
3053:
3016:
3012:
2967:
2963:
2932:
2928:
2917:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2854:
2847:
2816:
2812:
2769:
2765:
2720:
2711:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2600:
2596:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2473:. 13 April 2018
2469:
2468:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2305:
2298:
2261:
2257:
2194:
2185:
2154:(3): CD013732.
2140:
2136:
2099:
2095:
2064:
2060:
2017:
2013:
1974:
1970:
1933:
1929:
1890:
1886:
1855:
1851:
1820:
1816:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1750:
1746:
1709:
1705:
1666:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1561:
1557:
1512:
1508:
1471:
1467:
1424:
1415:
1384:
1377:
1366:
1357:
1312:
1303:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1201:
1198:Charles Hederer
1184:Medicine portal
1182:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1051:
1045:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1007:
1002:
955:bag valve masks
943:
909:
892:
875:
863:Puritan Bennett
847:
753:
747:
725:
719:
703:
698:
684:
678:
673:
632:
629:
628:
627:
625:
614:
611:
610:
609:
607:
602:
599:
598:
597:
595:
575:is not needed.
498:
478:Martin J. Tobin
466:
409:
278:
217:
155:
128:
103:
80:
74:
71:
65:
53:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4927:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4786:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4771:Oxygen therapy
4764:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4750:Blood gas test
4746:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4734:Sputum culture
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4677:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4654:
4652:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4591:Nuss procedure
4587:
4586:
4581:
4579:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4540:pleural cavity
4531:
4529:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4435:Cricothyrotomy
4432:
4430:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4365:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4349:Rhinomanometry
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4311:
4309:
4300:
4294:
4293:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4262:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4212:
4210:Anesthesiology
4206:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4107:APACHE II
4103:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3938:Blood cultures
3935:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:Shock sequence
3684:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3605:Health science
3601:
3598:
3597:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3575:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:Atelectotrauma
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3223:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3166:
3153:
3139:
3138:External links
3136:
3134:
3133:
3104:(2): 109–113.
3084:
3051:
3010:
2981:(5): 989–997.
2961:
2926:
2906:
2882:
2868:
2845:
2826:(3): 630–636.
2810:
2763:
2734:(3): 258–262.
2709:
2662:
2643:
2594:
2559:
2550:
2540:
2531:
2484:
2449:
2438:. 15 July 2013
2423:
2397:
2371:
2346:
2319:(3): 441–443.
2296:
2255:
2208:(4): 925–933.
2183:
2134:
2093:
2074:(1): 237–241.
2058:
2031:(2): 587–593.
2011:
1968:
1927:
1900:(2): 204–213.
1884:
1865:(3): 364–371.
1849:
1814:
1779:
1760:(2): 521–528.
1744:
1703:
1676:(1): 131–143.
1657:
1632:
1629:. 7 June 2021.
1614:
1555:
1506:
1465:
1413:
1375:
1355:
1326:(1): 313–327.
1301:
1261:
1248:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1147:cricothyrotomy
1135:Cricothyrotomy
1132:
1129:laryngeal tube
1114:
1092:
1066:nasopharyngeal
1047:Main article:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
978:
974:
970:
942:
939:
908:
905:
891:
888:
874:
871:
869:for the type.
846:
843:
827:pleural cavity
811:carbon dioxide
777:John Radcliffe
749:Main article:
746:
743:
721:Main article:
718:
715:
702:
699:
680:Main article:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
667:
652:
630:
612:
600:
573:airway adjunct
497:
494:
465:
462:
442:intensive care
408:
405:
400:
399:
386:
380:
357:
351:
345:
339:
334:
328:
325:
320:
310:
277:
274:
265:of the 1900s.
263:polio epidemic
216:
213:
157:
156:
149:
146:
145:
140:
134:
133:
126:
120:
119:
111:
105:
104:
101:
93:
92:
82:
81:
56:
54:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4926:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4674:
4670:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4620:Bronchography
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4548:Thoracentesis
4546:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4528:
4522:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4497:Decortication
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4477:Pneumonectomy
4475:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4269:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4177:Organisations
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4139:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4127:SAPS III
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:Arterial line
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:Complications
3810:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:Organ failure
3759:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Severe sepsis
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3643:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:General terms
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3583:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3493:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3389:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
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2386:. 26 May 2020
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68:
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60:
57:This article
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
4788:
4574:
4558:Thoracoscopy
4534:
4467:
4461:Bronchoscopy
4451:
4425:
4391:Laryngectomy
4386:Laryngoscopy
4376:
4360:
4314:
4247:Traumatology
4148:Hemodynamics
4122:SAPS II
4089:Vasopressors
4007:Induced coma
3964:
3864:
3855:Iatrogenesis
3845:Stress ulcer
3749:Spinal shock
3706:Septic shock
3547:A-a gradient
3226:Fundamentals
3218:
3169:
3143:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3071:(2): 56–61.
3068:
3064:
3054:
3027:
3023:
3013:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2939:
2935:
2929:
2920:
2897:. Retrieved
2891:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2858:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2731:
2727:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2646:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2543:
2534:
2501:
2497:
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2440:. Retrieved
2435:
2426:
2414:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2349:
2316:
2312:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2205:
2201:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2028:
2024:
2021:Gottesman RF
2014:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1830:(1): 21–30.
1827:
1823:
1817:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1673:
1669:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1526:(1): 40–44.
1523:
1519:
1509:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1435:
1431:
1391:
1387:
1369:
1323:
1319:
1279:
1275:
1253:, retrieved
1231:
1221:
1162:
1153:Tracheostomy
1143:tracheostomy
1069:
1065:
1052:
1034:
1026:
1017:
1008:
964:
952:
932:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
910:
893:
884:
867:generic name
855:exsufflation
850:
848:
840:
823:gas exchange
785:
754:
739:tidal volume
735:
730:tracheostomy
726:
685:
638:pneumothorax
593:
577:
549:tracheostomy
522:
499:
490:
486:
471:
467:
450:
439:
418:pneumothorax
410:
401:
304:
296:
284:
267:
255:
251:asphyxiating
235:Robert Hooke
227:
186:
165:
161:
160:
85:
72:
62:
58:
4696:Capnography
4576:mediastinum
4563:Thoracotomy
4553:Pleurodesis
4521:mediastinum
4445:Tracheotomy
4396:Laryngotomy
4334:Somnoplasty
4329:Septoplasty
4324:Rhinoplasty
4230:Pulmonology
4153:Hypotension
4048:Antibiotics
3891:Dialytrauma
3734:Anaphylaxis
2225:2434/177087
1627:www.cdc.gov
1103:nasopharynx
989:sleep apnea
650:atelectasis
502:respiration
4883:Categories
4779:Intubation
4686:Spirometry
4568:Chest tube
4512:Chest wall
4370:Sinusotomy
4344:Rhinectomy
4339:Alarplasty
4237:Pediatrics
4220:Cardiology
4141:Physiology
4043:Analgesics
3992:Chest tube
3821:/ myopathy
3798:Polytrauma
3674:Conditions
3367:Rheotrauma
2899:11 October
2875:11 October
2384:LibreTexts
1214:References
1163:Mouthpiece
1107:oropharynx
1055:aspiration
907:Monitoring
873:Oscillator
723:Ventilator
689:clinicians
506:dead space
496:Physiology
414:barotrauma
395:caused by
375:including
247:George Poe
75:April 2022
4844:Nebulizer
4635:Spiral CT
4527:diaphragm
4482:Lobectomy
4401:Thyrotomy
4225:Neurology
4078:Sedatives
4058:Inotropes
3904:Diagnosis
3352:Biotrauma
3150:eMedicine
2975:Infection
2797:0012-3692
2696:0012-3692
2518:0012-3692
2333:2329-6933
2234:0903-1936
1550:242479451
1542:1734-1531
1452:0028-4793
1192:Biotrauma
1091:aerosols.
1062:Face mask
815:diffusion
788:iron lung
671:Technique
656:pneumonia
585:clonidine
533:esophagus
337:Hypoxemia
323:Pneumonia
299:breathing
259:Iron lung
224:pressure.
4716:Cytology
4453:bronchus
4418:Lower RT
4307:Upper RT
3916:Catheter
3835:Fungemia
3610:Medicine
3391:Pressure
3174:Archived
3159:Archived
3128:11904254
3046:32159735
3005:34089483
2758:11867832
2638:13190223
2589:10806138
2526:12377869
2477:16 April
2442:16 April
2416:16 April
2390:16 April
2364:16 April
2341:28029806
2250:17395437
2242:12412685
2178:33729556
2129:22035828
2045:21946655
1998:11098965
1963:18367735
1914:28930478
1879:20813887
1844:12091166
1809:10588637
1774:18812452
1739:22008397
1698:23200644
1650:29 April
1601:28507176
1501:10793162
1350:33821231
1296:25844759
1170:See also
1088:COVID-19
912:trends.
795:epidemic
771:such as
589:sedative
448:orders.
397:botulism
318:COVID-19
239:Vesalius
4663:CURB-65
4427:trachea
4298:Surgery
4242:Surgery
3459:Volumes
3119:1725832
2996:8179090
2956:2347228
2840:1899821
2805:1446467
2749:1746266
2704:1446467
2629:2079443
2291:2023603
2169:8121090
2088:8275739
2053:9038265
2006:9583325
1922:3716085
1690:8420720
1609:9755201
1460:8080509
1408:8080509
1341:8012748
1157:trachea
1127:(ETC),
1099:trachea
1076:pharynx
1005:Trigger
769:England
757:cuirass
621:alveoli
580:opioids
525:pharynx
367:(ALS),
243:trachea
215:History
189:trachea
170:medical
168:is the
130:D012121
4839:Heliox
4536:pleura
4516:pleura
4378:larynx
3717:Other
3696:Sepsis
3650:(PICU)
3644:(NICU)
3512:static
3126:
3116:
3044:
3003:
2993:
2954:
2866:
2838:
2803:
2795:
2756:
2746:
2728:Thorax
2702:
2694:
2658:
2636:
2626:
2587:
2524:
2516:
2436:LSUHSC
2360:. 2006
2339:
2331:
2289:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2176:
2166:
2127:
2086:
2051:
2043:
2004:
1996:
1961:
1920:
1912:
1877:
1842:
1807:
1772:
1737:
1696:
1688:
1607:
1599:
1569:Thorax
1548:
1540:
1499:
1458:
1450:
1406:
1348:
1338:
1294:
1246:
1145:but a
977:types.
835:thorax
807:oxygen
803:gasket
781:Oxford
537:airway
531:, and
529:larynx
428:, and
379:, etc.
4743:Other
4604:Tests
4362:sinus
4085:drugs
4036:Drugs
3719:shock
3656:(CCU)
3638:(ICU)
3495:Other
3253:Modes
2936:Chest
2820:Chest
2777:Chest
2676:Chest
2498:Chest
2358:(PDF)
2246:S2CID
2068:Chest
2049:S2CID
2002:S2CID
1918:S2CID
1754:Chest
1694:S2CID
1605:S2CID
1546:S2CID
1255:2 May
1023:Limit
1014:Cycle
895:PEEP.
819:lungs
792:polio
676:Modes
555:, an
349:tumor
331:Apnea
230:Galen
150:[
114:93.90
109:ICD-9
4525:and
4469:lung
4316:nose
4132:SOFA
4117:PIM2
3963:and
3803:Coma
3691:SIRS
3448:plat
3342:ARDS
3301:APRV
3296:CPAP
3292:/NIV
3290:BPAP
3265:SIMV
3124:PMID
3042:PMID
3024:JAMA
3001:PMID
2952:PMID
2901:2016
2877:2016
2864:ISBN
2836:PMID
2801:PMID
2793:ISSN
2754:PMID
2700:PMID
2692:ISSN
2634:PMID
2585:PMID
2522:PMID
2514:ISSN
2479:2021
2444:2021
2418:2021
2392:2021
2366:2021
2337:PMID
2329:ISSN
2287:PMID
2238:PMID
2230:ISSN
2174:PMID
2152:2021
2125:PMID
2084:PMID
2041:PMID
1994:PMID
1959:PMID
1910:PMID
1875:PMID
1840:PMID
1805:PMID
1770:PMID
1735:PMID
1686:PMID
1652:2022
1597:PMID
1538:ISSN
1497:PMID
1456:PMID
1448:ISSN
1404:PMID
1346:PMID
1292:PMID
1257:2022
1244:ISBN
1109:and
1037:PEEP
993:COPD
809:and
799:tank
510:FiO2
472:The
276:Uses
143:8-71
124:MeSH
117:96.7
4824:CPR
3504:dyn
3406:FiO
3400:EEP
3321:HFV
3316:ASV
3311:PAV
3306:MMV
3285:PAP
3280:CSV
3275:ACV
3270:CMV
3261:IMV
3148:at
3114:PMC
3106:doi
3073:doi
3032:doi
3028:323
2991:PMC
2983:doi
2944:doi
2828:doi
2785:doi
2781:102
2744:PMC
2736:doi
2684:doi
2680:102
2624:PMC
2616:doi
2577:doi
2573:161
2506:doi
2502:122
2321:doi
2277:doi
2273:324
2220:hdl
2210:doi
2164:PMC
2156:doi
2115:doi
2076:doi
2072:105
2033:doi
1986:doi
1949:doi
1945:358
1902:doi
1898:197
1867:doi
1863:183
1832:doi
1828:166
1797:doi
1793:160
1762:doi
1758:135
1725:doi
1678:doi
1587:hdl
1577:doi
1528:doi
1487:doi
1483:342
1440:doi
1436:330
1396:doi
1392:330
1336:PMC
1328:doi
1284:doi
1280:191
1236:doi
1105:or
1068:or
991:or
779:in
567:or
559:or
480:of
164:or
4885::
4514:,
3542:OI
3534:/V
3440:AW
3424:IP
3122:.
3112:.
3102:19
3100:.
3096:.
3069:11
3067:.
3063:.
3040:.
3026:.
3022:.
2999:.
2989:.
2979:49
2977:.
2973:.
2950:.
2940:97
2938:.
2909:^
2848:^
2834:.
2824:99
2822:.
2799:.
2791:.
2779:.
2775:.
2752:.
2742:.
2732:57
2730:.
2726:.
2712:^
2698:.
2690:.
2678:.
2674:.
2632:.
2622:.
2610:.
2606:.
2583:.
2571:.
2520:.
2512:.
2500:.
2496:.
2452:^
2434:.
2408:.
2382:.
2335:.
2327:.
2317:14
2315:.
2311:.
2299:^
2285:.
2271:.
2267:.
2244:.
2236:.
2228:.
2218:.
2206:20
2204:.
2200:.
2186:^
2172:.
2162:.
2150:.
2146:.
2123:.
2111:56
2109:.
2105:.
2082:.
2070:.
2047:.
2039:.
2029:40
2027:.
2000:.
1992:.
1982:28
1980:.
1957:.
1943:.
1939:.
1916:.
1908:.
1896:.
1873:.
1861:.
1838:.
1826:.
1803:.
1791:.
1768:.
1756:.
1733:.
1721:56
1719:.
1715:.
1692:.
1684:.
1674:21
1672:.
1660:^
1643:.
1625:.
1603:.
1595:.
1585:.
1573:72
1571:.
1567:.
1544:.
1536:.
1524:16
1522:.
1518:.
1495:.
1481:.
1477:.
1454:.
1446:.
1434:.
1430:.
1416:^
1402:.
1390:.
1378:^
1358:^
1344:.
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