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stationed for much longer. At one point they lost all communications with anyone over their radios for one month except the expedition on the North Pole. At another point the ice sheet broke up and their fuel tanks started floating away from the base. They had to put pans under the plane engines as soon as they landed as any oil spots would go straight through the ice in the intense sunshine. Their only casualty was a man who got too close to the propeller with the oil pan.
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but could not resupply the station. The 1957 winterers were retrieved by helicopter, but bad weather prevented going back for the station's 15 sled dogs, which were left chained up. When the ship returned a year later, two of the dogs, Taro and Jiro, were still alive. They had escaped the dogline and
527:
Ice Skate 2 was a floating research station constructed and staffed by U.S. scientists. It mapped the bottom of the Arctic Ocean. Zeke
Langdon was a meteorologist on the project. Ice Skate 2 was planned to be staffed in 6 month shifts, but due to soft ice surfaces for landing some crew members were
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was added in 1957, in the
Vestfold Hills, 400 miles (640 km) east of Mawson. The wintering parties for the IGY numbered 29 at Mawson and 4 at Davis, all male. (Both stations now have 16 to 18 winterers, including both sexes.) As a part of the IGY activities, a two-man camp was installed beside
1594:, hosts the repositories for data collected during the IGY. Seven of the 15 World Data Centers in the United States are co-located at NOAA National Data Centers or at NOAA affiliates. These ICSU Data Centers not only preserve historical data, but also promote research and ongoing data collection.
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would eventually archive a complete set of IGY data to deter losses prevalent during the
International Polar Year of 1932. Each World Data Center was equipped to handle many different data formats, including computer punch cards and tapeâthe original computer media. In addition, each host country
362:
In April 1957, just three months before the IGY began, scientists representing the various disciplines of the IGY established the World Data Center system. The United States hosted World Data Center "A" and the Soviet Union hosted World Data Center "B". World Data Center "C" was subdivided among
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troubling to the IGY organizing committee. The committee resolved that "all observational data shall be available to scientists and scientific institutions in all countries." They felt that without the free exchange of data across international borders, there would be no point in having an IGY.
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Although the 1932 Polar Year accomplished many of its goals, it fell short on others because of the advance of World War II. In fact, because of the war, much of the data collected and scientific analyses completed during the 1932 Polar Year were lost forever, something that was particularly
507:.In December 1958, four team members were stranded several hundred kilometers inland when one of the skis on their light aircraft broke on landing. After a ten-day ordeal, they were rescued by an IL-14 aircraft after a flight of 1,940 miles (3,100 km) from the Soviet base,
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agreed to abide by the organizing committee's resolution that there should be a free and open exchange of data among nations. ICSU-WDS goals are to preserve quality-assured scientific data and information, to facilitate open access, and promote the adoption of standards.
1662:. The characters in the strip refer to the scientific initiative as the "G.O. Fizzickle Year". During this run, the characters try to make their own contributions to scientific endeavours, such as putting a flea on the moon. Compilations of the strips were published by
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was erected as the first permanent structure at the South Pole in
January 1957. It survived intact for 53 years, but was slowly buried in the ice (as all structures there eventually sink into the icy crust), until it was demolished in December 2010 for safety reasons.
20:
1587:(WDS) was created by the 29th General Assembly of the International Council for Science (ICSU) and builds on the 50-year legacy of the former ICSU World Data Centres (WDCs) and former Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data-analysis Services (FAGS).
411:
Taylor
Glacier, 60 miles (97 km) west of Mawson. Its principal purpose was to enable parallactic photography of the aurora australis (thus locating it in space), but it also permitted studies of Emperor penguins in the adjacent rookery.
264:'s press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between 1 July 1957 and 31 December 1958 as part of the United States contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY).
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to use one of their US Army missiles for the
Explorer program (there was not yet an inhibition about using military rockets to get into space). On 8 November 1957, the US Secretary of Defense instructed the US Army to use a modified
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in
November 1956. It shows the three main superpowers UK, USA and USSR at the South Pole, each with a gathering of penguins which they are trying to educate with "culture". The penguins in the British camp are being bored with
233:'s living room and suggested that the time was ripe to have a worldwide Geophysical Year instead of a Polar Year, especially considering recent advances in rocketry, radar, and computing. Berkner and Chapman proposed to the
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The fourth
International Polar Year on 2007â2008 focused on climate change and its effects on the polar environment. Sixty countries participated in this effort and it included studies in the Arctic and Antarctic.
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survived by killing Adélie penguins in a nearby rookery (which were preserved by the low temperature). The two dogs became instant national heroes in Japan. A Japanese movie about this story was made in 1983,
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In 1952 the Comité Speciale de l'Année Géophysique
Internationale (CSAGI), a special committee of the ICSU, was established to coordinate the International Geophysical Year (IGY) under president
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when scientific interchange between East and West had been seriously interrupted. Sixty-seven countries participated in IGY projects, although one notable exception was the mainland
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that an
International Geophysical Year (IGY) be planned for 1957â58, coinciding with an approaching period of maximum solar activity. In 1952, the IGY was announced.
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When the ship returned a year later, it became beset offshore (stuck in the sea-ice). It was eventually freed with the assistance of the US icebreaker
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163:, launched on October 4, 1957, was the first successful artificial satellite. Other significant achievements of the IGY included the discovery of the
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Fraser, Ronald. (1957). Once Round the Sun: The Story of the International Geophysical Year, 1957â58. London, England: Hodder and Stroughton Limited.
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In the end, the IGY was a resounding success, and it led to advancements that live on today. For example, the work of the IGY led directly to the
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created in 2008 superseded the World Data Centers (WDCs) and Federation of Astronomical and Geophysical data analysis Services (FAGS) created by
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research. More than 70 existing national scientific organizations then formed IGY committees, and participated in the cooperative effort.
47:, was an international scientific project that lasted from 1 July 1957 to 31 December 1958. It marked the end of a long period during the
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spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite in the "near future".
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Ad -hoc Strategic Coordinating Committee on Information and Data Interim Report to the ICSU Committee on Scientific Planning and Review
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Sullivan, Walter. (1961). Assault on the Unknown: The International Geophysical Year. New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
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The BritishâAmerican survey of the Atlantic, carried out between September 1954 and July 1959, discovered the full length of the
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rocket to launch a satellite. The US achieved this goal only four months later with Explorer 1, on 1 February 1958, but after
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was the project leader for Drifting Station Alpha and in 2008 produced and narrated a documentary about the project for the
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The song is sung from an optimistic viewpoint during the IGY, and features references to then-futuristic concepts, such as
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Ad hoc Strategic Committee on Information and Data. Final Report to the ICSU Committee on Scientific Planning and Review
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launches would be followed by considerable political consequences, one of which was the creation of the US space agency
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A commemorative stamp issued by Japan in 1957 to mark the IGY. The illustration depicts the Japanese Research Ship
142:. The timing of the IGY was particularly suited for studying some of these phenomena, since it covered the peak of
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as the first artificial Earth satellite on 4 October 1957. After several failed Vanguard launches,
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Wilson, J. Tuzo. (1961). IGY: The Year of the New Moons. New York, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.
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Documents regarding the International Geophysical Year, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library
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2701:"International Geophysical Year, 1957-1958: Drifting Station Alpha Documentary Film, Version 1"
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in 1954. It is now the longest continuously operating station south of the Antarctic Circle.
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2987:. 2011 radio documentary with John C. Behrendt, Tony Gowan, Phil Smith, and Charlie Bentley.
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The IGY features in two episodes of the 1960â61 season of the documentary television series
1726:, with barbed-wire fences and the penguins are made to march and perform military maneuvers.
432:. The bay where the expedition set up their base was named Halley Bay, after the astronomer
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James Van Allen, From High School to the Beginning of the Space Era: A Biographical Sketch
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241:'s death in 1953 opened the way for international collaboration with the Soviet Union.
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2443:"Constitution of the International Council for Science World Data System (ICSU WDS)"
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spent nine months of 1949/50 at the coast of Adelie Land. The first French station,
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Korsmo, Fae L. (1 July 2007). "The Genesis of the International Geophysical Year".
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2611:"French IGY â Following the Data of the International Geophysical Year (1957â8)"
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recorded a "Dedicatory Piece to the Geo-Physical Year of 1957" for his album
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Australia established its first permanent base on the Antarctic continent at
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2572:"ISAS â International Geophysical Year/ History of Japanese Space Research"
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55:, which was protesting against the participation of the Republic of China (
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A replica of Sputnik 1, which was launched into orbit on October 4, 1957.
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The origin of the International Geophysical Year can be traced to the
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The Race: The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon
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The Race: The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon
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hosted seven of the fifteen World Data Centers in the United States.
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was founded in 1956 for the IGY by an expedition from the (British)
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History of ionosondes, at the U.K.'s Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
2220:"Rockets, Radar, and Computers: The International Geophysical Year"
1821:"Rockets, Radar, and Computers: The International Geophysical Year"
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as secretary general of the associated international organization.
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The participating countries for the IGY included the following:
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83:
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2700:
2467:"International science community to build a 'World Data System'"
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to manage data generated by the International Geophysical Year.
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3740:
3110:
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Beardsley, Ann; Garcia, C. Tony; Sweeney, Joseph (2016-09-09).
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takes place in and around an IGY research station in Greenland.
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1212:
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854:
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395:, a parent body, broadened the proposals from polar studies to
56:
66:
3801:
2636:"Belgium Federal Science Policy and Polar Secretariat â Home"
2204:; van der Linden, Robert (November 2007), "Out of the Past",
1723:
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The IGY triggered an 18-month year of Antarctic science. The
171:
and mid-ocean submarine ridges, an important confirmation of
52:
2494:"International Science Council to Revamp World Data Centers"
2781:
2048:"Shaping the Space Age: The International Geophysical Year"
1581:
1227:
1004:
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The launch of the satellite Explorer 1 on February 1, 1958.
1964:"Korolev, Sputnik, and The International Geophysical Year"
1645:
on 27 November â 11 December 1982 and was nominated for a
19:
2587:"Taro and Jiro â A story of canine strength and tenacity"
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2281:
Odishaw, Hugh (1959). "International Geophysical Year".
281:
Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation
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The IGY is featured prominently in a 1957â1958 run of
2661:"South Pole's first building blown up after 53 years"
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2274:
213:. On 5 April 1950, several top scientists (including
2200:
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Two years later, Australia took over the running of
16:
18-month collaboration in Earth sciences (1957â1958)
363:countries in Western Europe, Australia, and Japan.
2941:
2271:
2170:
1677:Pogo: The Complete Daily & Sunday Comic Strips
331:became the fourth, launched on 17 March 1958. The
3027:Events commemorating achievements in the sciences
2518:
1876:CSAGI Guide to the IGY World Data Centers (1959)
6315:
2109:"The White House: Statement by James C. Hagerty"
1426:
59:). East and West agreed to nominate the Belgian
2228:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1939:"The International Geophysical Year, 1957â1958"
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2825:"Lyrics â The Nightfly (1982) â D. Fagen Solo"
2243:Historical guide to NASA and the space program
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1306:
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2716:"The International Geophysical Year 1957/58"
1878:Annals of the International Geophysical Year
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350:); it was a major discovery during the IGY.
3137:Second International Polar Year (1932â1933)
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980:
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3132:First International Polar Year (1882â1883)
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3005:
2547:"History of Australian Antarctic stations"
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393:International Council of Scientific Unions
235:International Council of Scientific Unions
2194:
1802:
1495:
1411:
1291:
1128:
1010:
950:
935:
830:
785:
755:
611:
596:
581:
6273:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
2939:
2752:"Introduction to ICSU World Data System"
2374:. ICSU. 2008. p. 25. Archived from
2168:
1381:
1351:
1248:
1203:
1173:
1098:
1025:
905:
845:
669:
626:
495:Base in 1958. The expedition was led by
289:
182:
65:
18:
5848:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3091:International Day of Human Space Flight
2280:
2106:
1674:in 1979. The run was also included in
1336:
1055:
1040:
965:
890:
800:
697:
476:. As a forerunner expedition, the ship
6316:
2673:
1976:
1845:
1218:
995:
727:
327:the third artificial Earth satellite.
4992:
3234:
3222:
3196:
3167:International Year of Crystallography
3000:
2855:"25th Grammy Awards list of nominees"
2584:
2570:Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration.
1839:
1707:The IGY was featured in a cartoon by
1601:
353:
3142:International Polar Year (2007â2008)
3045:Darwin Centennial Celebration (1959)
2804:"International Polar Year 2007â2008"
2521:"The International Geophysical Year"
2015:"The International Geophysical Year"
1782:Baker-Nunn satellite tracking camera
1754:Man's First Winter at the South Pole
110:determinations (precision mapping),
5634:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
3831:Norse colonization of North America
2909:University of Saskatchewan Archives
2713:
2663:. OurAmazingPlanet.com. 2011-03-31.
1797:Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station
157:for this event; the Soviet Union's
13:
5163:United States Exploring Expedition
3152:International Year of Planet Earth
2569:
2107:Hagerty, James C. (29 July 1955).
1772:International Year of Planet Earth
14:
6375:
6237:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
5605:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
2969:
2723:World Meteorological Organization
1679:Vol. 5: Out of This World at Home
536:National Snow and Ice Data Center
516:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
310:and his team convinced President
153:and the U.S. launched artificial
43:), also referred to as the third
6131:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
5524:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
2991:The Papers of Robert L. Long Jr.
2887:. PUNCH Magazine Cartoon Archive
1891:"International GeoPhysical Year"
1767:International Biological Program
1638:. The song peaked at #26 on the
1634:, and an undersea international
1553:
1539:
1526:
1512:
1497:
1482:
1467:
1454:
1442:
1428:
1413:
1398:
1383:
1368:
1353:
1338:
1323:
1308:
1293:
1279:
1265:
1250:
1235:
1220:
1205:
1190:
1175:
1160:
1145:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1086:
1072:
1057:
1042:
1027:
1012:
997:
982:
967:
952:
937:
922:
907:
892:
877:
862:
847:
832:
817:
802:
787:
772:
757:
743:
729:
714:
699:
685:
671:
657:
643:
628:
613:
598:
583:
568:
553:
41:Année géophysique internationale
3162:International Year of Chemistry
3157:International Year of Astronomy
3040:Alfred Russel Wallace centenary
2847:
2817:
2796:
2770:
2744:
2707:
2693:
2667:
2653:
2628:
2603:
2578:
2563:
2539:
2512:
2485:
2459:
2435:
2392:
2359:
2333:
2234:
2212:
2162:
2133:
2114:(Press release). Archived from
2100:
2078:"This Month in Physics History"
2070:
2039:
1936:
1609:I.G.Y. (What a Beautiful World)
6364:History of the Ross Dependency
3147:International Geophysical Year
2983:, produced by Barbara Bogaev,
2145:U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
2007:
1970:
1956:
1930:
1897:
1883:
1870:
1813:
1690:Jazz saxophonist and composer
1632:space travel for entertainment
272:and to be based on developing
29:International Geophysical Year
1:
5510:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
5445:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
4993:
2926:History of arctic exploration
2585:Solar, Igor I. (2012-11-21).
1777:List of Antarctic expeditions
386:
298:To the surprise of many, the
74:The IGY encompassed fourteen
5867:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
5683:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
5489:French Antarctic Expeditions
5419:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
5305:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
3423:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
2993:at Dartmouth College Library
2881:"Russell Brockbank Cartoons"
2020:National Academy of Sciences
505:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
7:
4952:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
4631:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
3496:Andrée's balloon expedition
3172:International Year of Light
2303:10.1126/science.129.3340.14
2046:Matthew Kohut (Fall 2008).
1880:Vol 7 Part 2 Pergamon Press
1760:
323:on 3 November 1957, making
10:
6380:
6354:United Nations observances
4153:Franklin's lost expedition
3853:Christian IV's expeditions
3235:
3182:World Year of Physics 2005
2054:(32). NASA. Archived from
1912:Global Monitoring Division
503:who had led the 1897â1899
248:, a British geophysicist.
178:
53:People's Republic of China
23:Official emblem of the IGY
5970:
5701:
5288:
5028:
5005:
5001:
4988:
4507:Great Northern Expedition
4401:
4183:RaeâRichardson expedition
3932:
3777:
3383:British Arctic Expedition
3275:
3247:
3243:
3230:
3124:
3053:
3032:
2407:. ICSU. 2011. p. 7.
2341:"World Data System (WDS)"
2245:. Lanham, Massachusetts:
2224:US Department of Commerce
1825:NOAA Celebrates 200 Years
1568:
522:
283:in Copenhagen, scientist
270:Naval Research Laboratory
251:
198:International Polar Years
165:Van Allen radiation belts
6349:History of Earth science
5791:British Antarctic Survey
5785:Captain Arturo Prat Base
5030:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
3177:International Space Year
3033:Anniversary celebrations
2940:Schefter, James (1999).
2778:"ICSU World Data System"
2247:Rowman & Littlefield
2169:Schefter, James (1999).
491:Belgium established the
470:Dumont d'Urville Station
279:Four days later, at the
268:would be managed by the
211:March 2007 to March 2009
45:International Polar Year
6267:Pole of inaccessibility
5930:Antarctic Treaty System
4271:2nd Grinnell expedition
2948:. New York: Doubleday.
2519:US National Academies.
2177:. New York: Doubleday.
1672:Pogo's Will Be That Was
1664:Simon & Schuster SC
542:Participating countries
472:and Charcot Station in
426:Halley Research Station
209:and most recently from
3101:National Astronaut Day
2780:. ICSU. Archived from
2754:. ICSU. Archived from
2023:. 2005. Archived from
1848:"Information Overload"
1846:Everts, Sarah (2016).
1803:References and sources
1626:(first used in 1958),
1287:Rhodesia and Nyasaland
377:ICSU World Data System
295:
192:
71:
40:
24:
5937:Transglobe Expedition
5836:Operation Deep Freeze
5245:Challenger expedition
4111:Coppermine expedition
3632:Drifting ice stations
2551:www.antarctica.gov.au
1649:for song of the year.
293:
186:
173:plate-tectonic theory
69:
22:
2885:magazine.punch.co.uk
2676:"Shared Photographs"
1792:Operation Phototrack
1750:The Frozen Continent
1630:(invented in 1959),
532:Norbert Untersteiner
312:Dwight D. Eisenhower
262:Dwight D. Eisenhower
6107:South magnetic pole
4773:Brusilov expedition
3882:Danish colonization
3320:North magnetic pole
2784:on 30 December 2015
2295:1959Sci...129...14O
2058:on 19 February 2013
1993:2007PhT....60g..38K
1787:Operation Moonwatch
1668:G.O. Fizzickle Pogo
468:France contributed
344:mid-Atlantic ridges
100:ionospheric physics
6334:1958 in Antarctica
6324:1957 in Antarctica
5798:Operation Windmill
5779:Operation Highjump
4754:Rusanov expedition
4659:A. E. Nordenskiöld
4403:North East Passage
4207:McClure expedition
3106:National Space Day
2914:2020-12-18 at the
2500:on 21 October 2012
2141:"Vanguard Project"
1602:In popular culture
780:Dominican Republic
501:Adrien de Gerlache
497:Gaston de Gerlache
478:Commandant Charcot
354:World Data Centers
296:
193:
72:
25:
6311:
6310:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6302:
5765:Operation Tabarin
5627:Far Eastern Party
5473:Nimrod Expedition
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4543:M. Pronchishcheva
4465:Siberian Cossacks
3934:Northwest Passage
3267:Research stations
3224:Polar exploration
3190:
3189:
2835:on 15 August 2015
2674:Harrington, Jon.
2492:Cheryl Pellerin.
2414:978-0-930357-85-6
2256:978-1-4422-6287-4
2206:Aerospace America
2088:(9). October 2007
2001:10.1063/1.2761801
1827:. 24 October 2022
1736:Night Without End
1709:Russell Brockbank
1592:World Data System
1585:World Data System
372:World Data Center
339:on 29 July 1958.
308:Wernher von Braun
256:On 29 July 1955,
120:nuclear radiation
6371:
5812:Ronne Expedition
5297:
5291:
5155:Dumont d'Urville
5003:
5002:
4990:
4989:
4538:V. Pronchishchev
3245:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3125:Year long events
3071:Cosmonautics Day
3061:Ada Lovelace Day
3054:Regular holidays
3021:
3014:
3007:
2998:
2997:
2981:"IGY On the Ice"
2959:
2947:
2933:by George Ludwig
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2851:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2831:. Archived from
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2758:on 10 April 2016
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2725:. Archived from
2720:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2638:. Archived from
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2613:. Archived from
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2523:. Archived from
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2496:. Archived from
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2417:. Archived from
2406:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2373:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:. Archived from
2337:
2331:
2330:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:isbn:0385492537.
2176:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2147:. Archived from
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2120:
2113:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1941:. Archived from
1934:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1914:. Archived from
1901:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1731:Alistair MacLean
1702:Prestige Records
1697:Primitive Modern
1658:comic strips by
1611:" is a track on
1575:Antarctic Treaty
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1022:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
992:
988:
986:
985:
977:
973:
971:
970:
962:
958:
956:
955:
947:
943:
941:
940:
932:
928:
926:
925:
917:
913:
911:
910:
902:
898:
896:
895:
887:
883:
881:
880:
872:
868:
866:
865:
857:
853:
851:
850:
842:
838:
836:
835:
827:
823:
821:
820:
812:
808:
806:
805:
797:
793:
791:
790:
782:
778:
776:
775:
767:
763:
761:
760:
749:
747:
746:
739:
735:
733:
732:
724:
720:
718:
717:
709:
705:
703:
702:
691:
689:
688:
681:
677:
675:
674:
663:
661:
660:
653:
649:
647:
646:
638:
634:
632:
631:
623:
619:
617:
616:
608:
604:
602:
601:
593:
589:
587:
586:
578:
574:
572:
571:
563:
559:
557:
556:
274:sounding rockets
266:Project Vanguard
258:James C. Hagerty
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6370:
6369:
6368:
6339:1958 in science
6329:1957 in science
6314:
6313:
6312:
6299:
5974:
5966:
5842:McMurdo Station
5711:Modern research
5709:
5697:
5432:O. Nordenskjöld
5295:
5289:
5284:
5200:Ross expedition
5024:
4997:
4976:
4405:
4397:
3938:Northern Canada
3936:
3928:
3781:
3773:
3279:
3271:
3239:
3226:
3221:
3191:
3186:
3120:
3049:
3028:
3025:
2972:
2956:
2916:Wayback Machine
2900:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2836:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2785:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2732:on 28 July 2013
2729:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2672:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2593:
2591:Digital Journal
2583:
2579:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2501:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2289:(3340): 14â25.
2279:
2272:
2257:
2239:
2235:
2230:. May 12, 2017.
2218:
2217:
2213:
2202:Winter, Frank H
2199:
2195:
2185:
2167:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2121:on 5 March 2019
2118:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2089:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2028:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1937:WMO, Archives.
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1763:
1636:high-speed rail
1615:'s 1982 album,
1604:
1571:
1566:
1554:
1552:
1540:
1538:
1527:
1525:
1513:
1511:
1498:
1496:
1483:
1481:
1468:
1466:
1455:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1429:
1427:
1414:
1412:
1399:
1397:
1384:
1382:
1369:
1367:
1354:
1352:
1339:
1337:
1324:
1322:
1309:
1307:
1294:
1292:
1280:
1278:
1266:
1264:
1251:
1249:
1236:
1234:
1221:
1219:
1206:
1204:
1191:
1189:
1176:
1174:
1161:
1159:
1146:
1144:
1131:
1129:
1116:
1114:
1101:
1099:
1087:
1085:
1073:
1071:
1058:
1056:
1043:
1041:
1028:
1026:
1013:
1011:
998:
996:
983:
981:
968:
966:
953:
951:
938:
936:
923:
921:
908:
906:
893:
891:
878:
876:
863:
861:
848:
846:
833:
831:
818:
816:
803:
801:
788:
786:
773:
771:
758:
756:
744:
742:
730:
728:
715:
713:
700:
698:
686:
684:
672:
670:
658:
656:
644:
642:
629:
627:
614:
612:
599:
597:
584:
582:
569:
567:
554:
552:
544:
525:
389:
356:
348:plate tectonics
285:Leonid I. Sedov
254:
231:James Van Allen
181:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6377:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6359:Science events
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6309:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6263:
6262:
6261:
6259:Vostok Station
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6210:Cherry-Garrard
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6175:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6074:
6073:
6072:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6050:Southern Cross
6046:
6045:
6044:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6016:
6011:
6010:
6009:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5980:
5978:
5972:Farthest South
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5933:
5926:
5925:
5924:
5923:
5922:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5887:
5882:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5856:
5844:
5839:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5794:
5787:
5782:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5761:
5760:
5759:
5747:
5746:
5745:
5733:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5713:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5669:Ross Sea party
5665:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5630:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5616:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5534:
5520:
5519:
5518:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5469:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5453:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5394:
5393:
5392:
5387:
5373:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5363:Southern Cross
5356:Southern Cross
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5300:
5298:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5241:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5221:
5215:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5102:Bellingshausen
5092:
5085:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
4999:
4998:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4961:
4949:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4750:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4698:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4411:
4409:
4407:Russian Arctic
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4223:
4218:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4179:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4164:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3897:
3892:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3849:
3844:
3842:SnÊbjörn galti
3839:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3744:
3737:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3709:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3635:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3277:Farthest North
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3220:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3066:Astronauts Day
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2978:
2971:
2970:External links
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2937:
2934:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2898:
2872:
2846:
2816:
2795:
2769:
2743:
2706:
2692:
2666:
2652:
2627:
2602:
2577:
2562:
2538:
2527:on 7 June 2013
2511:
2484:
2458:
2434:
2413:
2391:
2358:
2332:
2270:
2255:
2233:
2211:
2193:
2183:
2161:
2132:
2099:
2069:
2038:
2027:on 21 May 2016
2006:
1969:
1955:
1929:
1918:on 17 May 2008
1896:
1882:
1869:
1838:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1740:
1727:
1705:
1700:, released by
1688:
1650:
1603:
1600:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1549:
1547:Vietnam, South
1536:
1534:Vietnam, North
1523:
1508:
1493:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1451:
1436:United Kingdom
1424:
1409:
1394:
1379:
1364:
1349:
1334:
1319:
1304:
1289:
1276:
1261:
1246:
1231:
1216:
1201:
1186:
1171:
1156:
1141:
1126:
1111:
1096:
1083:
1068:
1053:
1038:
1023:
1008:
993:
978:
963:
948:
933:
918:
903:
888:
873:
858:
843:
828:
813:
798:
783:
768:
753:
751:Czechoslovakia
740:
725:
710:
695:
682:
667:
654:
639:
624:
609:
594:
579:
564:
548:
543:
540:
524:
521:
388:
385:
355:
352:
253:
250:
246:Sydney Chapman
223:S. Fred Singer
219:Sydney Chapman
191:and a penguin.
180:
177:
144:solar cycle 19
140:solar activity
61:Marcel Nicolet
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6376:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6319:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
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6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6068:
6067:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6052:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5876:
5875:
5871:
5870:
5869:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5851:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5795:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5700:
5692:
5691:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5635:
5631:
5629:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5614:
5609:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5390:Discovery Hut
5388:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5151:
5150:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4921:
4920:A. Sibiryakov
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4892:Glavsevmorput
4889:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4827:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
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4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
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3086:Evolution Day
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2642:on 2012-03-24
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2473:. 28 Oct 2008
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2424:on 2015-09-10
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2151:on 2020-02-16
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2016:
2010:
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1982:
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1980:Physics Today
1973:
1965:
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1945:on 2016-07-02
1944:
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1933:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1906:
1905:"IGY History"
1900:
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1852:Distillations
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1720:Francis Bacon
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1684:Fantagraphics
1681:published by
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885:Germany, West
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870:Germany, East
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509:Mirny Station
506:
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493:King Baudouin
489:
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455:Burton Island
451:
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440:Showa Station
437:
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434:Edmond Halley
431:
430:Royal Society
427:
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420:Casey Station
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239:Joseph Stalin
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227:Harry Vestine
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215:Lloyd Berkner
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78:disciplines:
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76:Earth science
68:
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58:
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38:
34:
30:
21:
6265:
6253:Pole of Cold
6251:
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6056:Borchgrevink
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5508:
5496:Pourquoi-Pas
5495:
5487:
5479:
5471:
5466:Orcadas Base
5464:
5456:
5443:
5437:C. A. Larsen
5425:
5417:
5403:
5396:
5383:
5375:
5369:Borchgrevink
5362:
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5311:
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5278:C. A. Larsen
5271:
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4215:Investigator
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4205:
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4138:
4109:
4086:
4071:
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4026:
4011:
3981:
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3851:
3847:Erik the Red
3829:
3807:
3800:
3757:submersibles
3754:
3748:Arktika 2007
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3513:
3502:S. A. Andrée
3494:
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3448:
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3421:
3403:
3390:
3381:
3363:
3354:
3352:
3318:
3146:
3116:Yuri's Night
2984:
2943:
2889:. Retrieved
2884:
2875:
2863:. Retrieved
2858:
2849:
2837:. Retrieved
2833:the original
2828:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2798:
2786:. Retrieved
2782:the original
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2756:the original
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2727:the original
2714:Nicolet, M.
2709:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2679:
2669:
2655:
2644:. Retrieved
2640:the original
2630:
2619:. Retrieved
2615:the original
2605:
2594:. Retrieved
2590:
2580:
2565:
2554:. Retrieved
2550:
2541:
2529:. Retrieved
2525:the original
2514:
2502:. Retrieved
2498:the original
2487:
2475:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2449:. Retrieved
2437:
2426:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2400:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2376:the original
2367:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2335:
2286:
2282:
2242:
2236:
2214:
2208:, p. 38
2205:
2196:
2188:
2172:
2164:
2153:. Retrieved
2149:the original
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2116:the original
2102:
2090:. Retrieved
2085:
2081:
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2056:the original
2052:ASK Magazine
2051:
2041:
2029:. Retrieved
2025:the original
2018:
2009:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1958:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:the original
1932:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1908:
1899:
1885:
1877:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1855:
1851:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1815:
1743:
1734:
1712:
1695:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1647:Grammy Award
1640:
1618:The Nightfly
1616:
1613:Donald Fagen
1596:
1589:
1579:
1572:
1373:
1331:Soviet Union
1316:South Africa
1080:Korea, North
545:
530:
526:
513:
490:
477:
467:
460:
454:
447:
438:
424:
413:
401:
390:
369:
361:
357:
341:
297:
278:
260:, president
255:
243:
196:
194:
158:
151:Soviet Union
148:
116:oceanography
92:geomagnetism
73:
32:
28:
26:
5956:Lake Vostok
5906:Tryoshnikov
5828:Schlossbach
5719:Christensen
5661:James Caird
5582:E. R. Evans
5348:Dobrowolski
5318:de Gerlache
5020:Expeditions
4906:Aviaarktika
4860:Samoylovich
4731:Kolomeitsev
4625:Middendorff
4585:Gedenshtrom
4005:I. Fyodorov
3767:Chilingarov
3655:E. Fyodorov
3262:Expeditions
2736:28 November
2125:1 September
2092:1 September
1745:Expedition!
1666:in 1958 as
1624:solar power
1376:Switzerland
1243:Philippines
1168:New Zealand
1153:Netherlands
486:Port Martin
482:French Navy
474:Adélie Land
444:ice breaker
397:geophysical
112:meteorology
88:cosmic rays
6344:Geophysics
6318:Categories
6179:Terra Nova
6084:Shackleton
6027:J. C. Ross
5986:Resolution
5976:South Pole
5751:New Swabia
5675:Mackintosh
5647:Shackleton
5566:Terra Nova
5559:Terra Nova
5293:Heroic Age
5253:Challenger
5213:J. C. Ross
5123:Bransfield
5055:Resolution
4970:icebreaker
4934:Chelyuskin
4675:expedition
4653:Expedition
4595:Matyushkin
4553:Kh. Laptev
4548:Chelyuskin
4442:Heemskerck
4432:Chancellor
4427:Willoughby
4422:Koch boats
4365:Stefansson
4299:McClintock
4263:Inglefield
4105:J. C. Ross
4012:Resolution
3864:Cunningham
3762:Sagalevich
3451:expedition
3410:Stephenson
3370:C. F. Hall
3357:expedition
3331:J. C. Ross
3294:Heemskerck
3281:North Pole
3076:Darwin Day
2985:Soundprint
2955:0385492537
2859:grammy.com
2646:2016-06-29
2621:2016-06-29
2596:2021-03-25
2556:2019-03-03
2428:2016-06-29
2385:2016-06-29
2155:2015-08-13
1949:2016-06-29
1858:(2): 26â33
1808:References
1670:and later
1660:Walt Kelly
1561:Yugoslavia
1462:Tanganyika
462:Antarctica
387:Antarctica
329:Vanguard 1
325:Explorer 1
229:), met in
205:, then in
169:Explorer 1
155:satellites
136:satellites
128:seismology
124:glaciology
6278:Tolstikov
6064:Discovery
6034:HMS
6019:HMS
6001:Adventure
5999:HMS
5984:HMS
5920:Tolstikov
5641:Endurance
5426:Antarctic
5411:Drygalski
5384:Discovery
5377:Discovery
5338:Arctowski
5251:HMS
5224:HMS
5218:Abernethy
5206:HMS
5184:USS
5171:Vincennes
5169:USS
5149:Astrolabe
5089:San Telmo
5070:Adventure
5068:HMS
5053:HMS
5048:Kerguelen
5010:Continent
4995:Antarctic
4872:Urvantsev
4830:Vilkitsky
4683:Jeannette
4681:USS
4673:Jeannette
4637:Weyprecht
4615:Pakhtusov
4565:Chichagov
4558:D. Laptev
4501:Permyakov
4476:Stadukhin
4471:Perfilyev
4448:Mangazeya
4386:H. Larsen
4351:Rasmussen
4306:HMS
4277:USS
4226:HMS
4213:HMS
4177:Collinson
4167:HMS
4159:HMS
4137:HMS
4085:HMS
4070:HMS
4055:HMS
4040:Mackenzie
4027:Discovery
4025:HMS
4010:HMS
3982:Discovery
3961:Frobisher
3924:Rasmussen
3837:Gunnbjörn
3783:Greenland
3712:USS
3703:USS
3575:Ellsworth
3517:Roosevelt
3447:Nansen's
3404:Discovery
3402:HMS
3389:HMS
3336:Abernethy
3304:Marmaduke
2891:25 August
2839:14 August
2685:March 25,
2311:0036-8075
2265:949912296
2031:14 August
1987:(7): 38.
1922:14 August
1831:22 August
1692:Gil Mellé
1641:Billboard
1520:Venezuela
990:Indonesia
930:Guatemala
576:Australia
561:Argentina
499:, son of
321:Sputnik 2
317:Jupiter-C
304:Sputnik 1
302:launched
207:1932â1933
203:1882â1883
160:Sputnik 1
149:Both the
104:longitude
6290:A. Fuchs
6247:V. Fuchs
6227:McKinley
6190:E. Evans
6149:Bjaaland
6144:Amundsen
6094:Marshall
6007:Furneaux
5859:V. Fuchs
5823:E. Ronne
5818:F. Ronne
5757:Ritscher
5611:SY
5599:Filchner
5543:Framheim
5537:Amundsen
5343:RacoviÈÄ
5328:Amundsen
5323:Lecointe
5192:Ringgold
5186:Porpoise
5076:Furneaux
4912:Shevelev
4867:Begichev
4846:Amundsen
4808:NagĂłrski
4786:Brusilov
4780:Sv. Anna
4694:Melville
4664:Palander
4620:Tsivolko
4580:Sannikov
4575:Billings
4518:Chirikov
4437:Barentsz
4379:St. Roch
4370:Bartlett
4344:Amundsen
4328:Sverdrup
4228:Resolute
4117:Franklin
4045:Kotzebue
3912:Sverdrup
3895:Scoresby
3869:Lindenov
3720:Plaisted
3705:Nautilus
3650:Shirshov
3624:Belyakov
3619:Baydukov
3593:Nautilus
3555:Amundsen
3515:SS
3474:Sverdrup
3469:Johansen
3439:Brainard
3434:Lockwood
3289:Barentsz
3096:Mole Day
2912:Archived
2865:16 April
2327:17794348
2082:APS News
1862:20 March
1761:See also
1687:in 2018.
1406:Thailand
1273:Portugal
1198:Pakistan
1123:Mongolia
825:Ethiopia
722:Colombia
651:Bulgaria
201:held in
108:latitude
49:Cold War
6295:Messner
6242:Hillary
6222:Balchen
6170:Polheim
6164:Wisting
6042:Crozier
6014:Weddell
5992:J. Cook
5962:Kapitsa
5943:Fiennes
5885:Klenova
5854:Hillary
5804:Ketchum
5730:BANZARE
5705:·
5550:Polheim
5516:Shirase
5502:Charcot
5312:Belgica
5231:Crozier
5143:Morrell
5138:Weddell
5116:Lazarev
5061:J. Cook
5015:History
4965:Arktika
4941:Krassin
4926:Voronin
4898:Schmidt
4884:Ushakov
4823:Vaygach
4791:Albanov
4760:Rusanov
4741:Kolchak
4736:Matisen
4710:Makarov
4689:De Long
4590:Wrangel
4570:Lyakhov
4523:Malygin
4481:Dezhnev
4308:Pandora
4279:Advance
4246:Kennedy
4241:Belcher
4234:Kellett
4221:McClure
4145:Beechey
4139:Blossom
4132:Simpson
4100:Crozier
4093:Hoppner
4050:J. Ross
4018:J. Cook
3966:Gilbert
3859:J. Hall
3825:IngĂłlfr
3815:Naddodd
3809:Vikings
3796:Brendan
3791:Pytheas
3779:Iceland
3733:Arktika
3725:Herbert
3690:Badygin
3660:Krenkel
3645:Papanin
3614:Chkalov
3600:Wilkins
3565:Wisting
3509:F. Cook
3415:Markham
3375:Bessels
3364:Polaris
3355:Polaris
3326:J. Ross
3309:Carolus
3257:History
3081:DNA Day
2903:Sources
2809:17 July
2788:17 July
2762:17 July
2531:21 June
2504:12 June
2477:12 June
2451:12 June
2351:12 June
2319:1755204
2291:Bibcode
2283:Science
1989:Bibcode
1752:" and "
1643:Hot 100
1628:Spandex
1505:Uruguay
1421:Tunisia
1301:Romania
1138:Morocco
1020:Ireland
960:Iceland
945:Hungary
840:Finland
795:Ecuador
765:Denmark
621:Bolivia
606:Belgium
591:Austria
480:of the
179:History
132:rockets
96:gravity
84:airglow
6205:Bowers
6200:Wilson
6159:Hassel
6154:Helmer
6123:Mackay
6113:Mawson
6078:Nimrod
6036:Terror
6021:Erebus
5948:Burton
5743:Rymill
5619:Mawson
5613:Aurora
5592:Lashly
5577:Wilson
5480:Nimrod
5457:Scotia
5264:Murray
5239:Cooper
5226:Terror
5208:Erebus
5177:Wilkes
5128:Palmer
5096:Vostok
5043:Bouvet
4967:-class
4947:Gakkel
4815:Taymyr
4796:Konrad
4765:Kuchin
4703:Yermak
4610:Lavrov
4528:Ovtsyn
4513:Bering
4491:Ivanov
4454:Hudson
4416:Pomors
4393:Cowper
4358:Karluk
4257:Isabel
4251:Bellot
4201:Austin
4169:Terror
4161:Erebus
4057:Griper
4033:Clerke
3993:Baffin
3976:Hudson
3907:Nansen
3820:GarĂ°ar
3741:Barneo
3608:ANT-25
3584:Italia
3560:Nobile
3529:Henson
3488:Amedeo
3464:Nansen
3429:Greely
3299:Hudson
3237:Arctic
3111:Pi Day
2952:
2861:. 1983
2471:itnews
2411:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2263:
2253:
2181:
2062:5 July
1733:novel
1569:Legacy
1558:
1544:
1531:
1517:
1502:
1487:
1474:Uganda
1459:
1433:
1418:
1403:
1391:Taiwan
1388:
1361:Sweden
1358:
1343:
1328:
1313:
1298:
1284:
1270:
1258:Poland
1255:
1240:
1225:
1213:Panama
1210:
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1183:Norway
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1150:
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1120:
1108:Mexico
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1094:Malaya
1091:
1077:
1062:
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1035:Israel
1032:
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1002:
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957:
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915:Greece
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633:
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416:Wilkes
404:Mawson
333:Soviet
252:Events
225:, and
138:, and
80:aurora
57:Taiwan
37:French
6285:Crary
6232:Dufek
6195:Oates
6185:Scott
6118:David
6099:Adams
6070:Barne
5891:Mirny
5880:Somov
5690:Quest
5587:Crean
5572:Scott
5451:Bruce
5405:Gauss
5398:Gauss
5272:Jason
5259:Nares
5133:Davis
5110:Mirny
5083:Smith
5038:Roché
4958:Lenin
4878:Sadko
4803:Wiese
4748:Sedov
4719:Zarya
4642:Payer
4605:Litke
4600:Anjou
4533:Minin
4496:Vagin
4486:Popov
4459:Poole
4314:Young
4127:Dease
4072:Hecla
4063:Parry
3988:Bylot
3971:Davis
3946:Cabot
3919:Peary
3901:Jason
3888:Egede
3802:Papar
3714:Skate
3695:Wiese
3675:NP-37
3668:NP-36
3548:Norge
3536:Sedov
3524:Peary
3482:Jason
3397:Nares
3391:Alert
3346:Hayes
3314:Parry
3252:Ocean
2730:(PDF)
2719:(PDF)
2446:(PDF)
2422:(PDF)
2405:(PDF)
2379:(PDF)
2372:(PDF)
2315:JSTOR
2119:(PDF)
2112:(PDF)
1724:gulag
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1449:Kenya
1346:Spain
1065:Japan
1050:Italy
975:India
900:Ghana
810:Egypt
707:Chile
665:Burma
408:Davis
370:Each
6217:Byrd
6138:Fram
6089:Wild
5771:Marr
5737:BGLE
5724:Byrd
5652:Wild
5531:Fram
5333:Cook
4854:AARI
4839:Maud
4726:Toll
4651:Vega
4337:GjĂža
4322:Fram
4285:Kane
4122:Back
4087:Fury
4078:Lyon
4000:Munk
3639:NP-1
3541:Byrd
3458:Fram
3449:Fram
3341:Kane
2950:ISBN
2893:2023
2867:2016
2841:2015
2811:2013
2790:2013
2764:2013
2738:2013
2687:2016
2533:2013
2506:2013
2479:2013
2453:2013
2409:ISBN
2353:2013
2323:PMID
2307:ISSN
2261:OCLC
2251:ISBN
2179:ISBN
2127:2018
2094:2018
2064:2012
2033:2015
1924:2015
1910:ESRL
1864:2018
1833:2023
1729:The
1655:Pogo
1582:ICSU
1580:The
1228:Peru
1005:Iran
737:Cuba
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448:SĆya
381:ICSU
365:NOAA
337:NASA
300:USSR
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