2572:, thousands of Soviet Central Asians were drafted into the Soviet Army to fight their co-religionists (and sometimes fellow ethics), the Afghan Mujahideen. As Islam and Central Asian peoples had been repressed by the Sovietsâoften brutallyâmany were "deeply affected by the dedication" of their putative enemies. "Hundreds of Uzbek and Tajik Muslims travelled secretly to Pakistan and Saudi Arabia to study in madrasahs or to train as guerrilla fighters against the Soviets in Afghanistan." Many of these were influenced by the idea of armed jihad taught at Deobandi madrasahs in Pakistan where "places specifically for Central Asian radicals, who arrived without passports or visas and received a free education and a living allowance." Salafism also made headway with the help of Saudi funding and Saudi-trained preachers. In the late 1980s, at the same time as the Soviets were starting to withdraw from Afghanistan there was "an explosion of interest" in Islam in Central Asia. "Thousands of mosques were built, Qurans and other Islamic literature were brought in from Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and distributed free among the population."
2009:, Saudi High Commission for Relief, Muwaffaq Foundations â as well as from non-Saudi Islamic groups. A 1996 report by the CIA stated that "all of the major and most of the minor Islamic charities are significant players in the former Yugoslavia", particularly in aiding Bosnian Muslims, delivering food, clothing, and medicine; supporting orphanages, schools, hospitals, agricultural, and refugee camps; and constructing housing, infrastructure. According to the Saudi Embassy to the US, the Saudi Joint Committee for Collection of Donations for Bosnia donated $ 500 million in aid to Muslims for medical care, refugee camps, education during the Bosnian War, and later reconstruction projects for mosques and religious schools. In just one year (1994) Saudi nationals alone gave $ 150 million through Islamic NGOs for aid to Bosnia. However, a "growing body of reporting indicates that some of these charities are being used to aid Islamic extremist groups that engage in terrorism."
3127:, the world's largest Muslim country, historically religiously tolerant and diverse. It has built more than 150 mosques (albeit in a country that has about 800,000), a huge free university in Jakarta, and several Arabic language institutes; supplied more than 100 boarding schools with books and teachers; brought in preachers and teachers; and disbursed thousands of scholarships for graduate study in Saudi Arabia. Kuwait, and Qatar have also "invested heavily" in building religious schools and mosques throughout Indonesia. Salafi radio stations, TV channels and website in Indonesia (and Southeast Asia) have undergone a "rapid rise". The conservative funding sources are eager to strip traditional Indonesian Islam of local customs containing elements of Hindu ritual and Sufi mysticism.
1981:'s key lieutenant) as an accountant for the International Islamic Relief Organization (IIRO). (Unbeknownst to Albanians, in addition to helping with relief and spreading correct Islam, IIRO was charged with the task of helping other members of Islamic Jihad find jobs within "charitable organizations building mosques, orphanages and clinics." By the mid-1980s, the Tirana cell of Islamic Jihad numbered 16 members, including a specialist in false identity documents, a recruit wanted on suspicion of involvement in the attempted assassination. This was later exposed during an investigation carried out by the American and Albanian secret services, In June 1998 three Egyptian Islamist accused of terrorist activities were arrested in Albania, with further arrests in September after the
2465:
Salafisâapolitical and nonviolentâas a religious counterweight and to use their religious influence to persuade the
Islamists to stop fighting. In return the government has shown tolerance towards the Salafis. Culturally, as of 2010 Salafis have exerted "a growing influence over society and how people dress, deal with the state and do business" in Algeria. Their putative quietism notwithstanding they have protested a government plan to make women remove their headscarves for passport photographs, pressuring shopkeepers to stop selling tobacco and alcohol. In June 2010, a group of Salafist clerics attending an official function along with the minister of religious affairs showed their rejection of modern political systems as an illegitimate innovation or "
6328:`I remember` says Ahmed Rashid, `that all the Taliban who had worked or done hajj in Saudi Arabia were terribly impressed by the religious police and tried to copy that system to the letter. The money for their training and salaries came partly from Saudi Arabia.` Ahmed Rashid took the trouble to collect and document the Taliban's medieval flailings against the modern West, and a few months later he stumbled on a spectacle that they were organizing for popular entertainment. Wondering why ten thousand men and children were gathering so eagerly in the Kandahar football stadium one Thursday afternoon, he went inside to discover a convicted murderer being led between the goalposts to be executed by a member of the victim's family.
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thousands of new madrases. Their number grew from around 900 in 1971 to over 8000 official ones and another 25,000 unofficial ones in 1988. With financial support from Saudi Arabia, Deobandi madrasas were part of this vast proliferation in religious education, much of it located in Afghan refugee camps that sprang up in the 1980s. This rapid expansion came at the expense of doctrinal coherence as there were not enough qualified teachers to staff all the new schools. Quite a few teachers did not discern between tribal values of their ethnic group, the
Pushtuns and the religious ideals. The result was an interpretation of Islam that blended
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2016:) gave it leverage to undermined competing local secular and more traditional Muslim groups. The SDA prohibited consumption of alcohol and pork, "brought Muslim religious instruction into the schools, opened up prayer rooms, and used the leverage of its distribution of aid to pressurize the population to adopt Muslim names, to wear the veil, and grow beards." A 1992 conference on the protection of human rights in Bosnia brought together representatives from 30 Muslims countries. It passed resolutions declaring "without ambiguity that the aim of the Bosnian conflict was the extermination of Bosnia's Muslims."
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organisations and individuals likely to receive Saudi subsidies. On a doctrinal level, the differences are certainly significant between the MBs and the
Wahhabis, but their common references to Hanbalism ... their rejection of the division into juridical schools, and their virulent opposition to Shiism and popular religious practices (the cult of 'saints') furnished them with the common themes of a reformist and puritanical preaching. This alliance carried in its wake older fundamentalist movements, non-Wahhabi but with strong local roots, such as the Pakistani Ahl-i Hadith or the Ikhwan of continental China
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2816:, home to the Kists, a small Muslim ethnic group, the older generation of Sufis is gradually giving away to younger Salafis who "scorn" the old practices and pray in "new, gleaming mosques". Wahhabi missionary activism entered into "a dozen Pankisi villages in the 1990s, popularized by young people educated in Arab countries". (The "Wahhabis" do not use the term but rather identify as Salafis.) According to a 2015 report, "a year ago, about 70 per cent" of the younger generation were Salafis and "now almost 90 per cent of them are."
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Palestinian
Muhahedeen, led by Prince Salman bin Abdul Aziz, now minister of defense, who often is touted as a potential future king. Supporting da'wah, which literally means `making an invitation` to Islam, is a religious requirement that Saudi rulers feel they cannot abandon without losing their domestic legitimacy as protectors and propagators of Islam. Yet in the wake of 9/11, American anger at the kingdom led the U.S. government to demand controls on Saudi largesse to Islamic groups that funded terrorism.
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institutions, the curriculum began to combine
Deobandi ideology with Wahhabism as reflected in the education imparted to students in Saudi Arabia. Wahhabi Islam divided the world into believers and unbelievers, and enjoined the former to convert the later to the true faith. This intolerance toward non-Muslims in encapsulated in the line that Muslim pupils in radical madrassas chant at the morning assembly: `When people deny our faith, ask them to convert and if they don't destroy them utterly.`
3323:(the largest city on New Zealand's South Island) the local mosque was "funded largely from private Saudi sources". As of 2006 the management the mosque's association (the Canterbury Muslim Association or MAC) is "commonly labelled âWahhabiâ by its opponents" (following "serious and sometimes well-publicised divisions since the early 1990s", stemming from issues including interpretation of Islamic practice). In 2003 it sought "to turn the mosque property over to a trust dominated by the Saudi
976:
2767:, the capital. It became "one of the most successful mosques" in Azerbaijan, with 5000 people typically attending Friday prayer (compared to 300 for an average Azerbaijan mosque) and the "myriad" of social opportunities it provided created an "attractive network for its relatively young believers," and was "a great impetus for the Salafi movement". Its Imam for many years (Gamat Suleymanov) was a graduate of the Islamic University of Madinah of
3311:, the Saudi government has donated hundreds of thousands of dollars to private Islamic schools in Canada. Saudi diplomatic cables from 2012 and 2013 disclosed by WikiLeaks contain conversations "about a $ 211,000 donation to a school in Ottawa and $ 134,000 to a school in Mississauga", according to the report. (The schools confirmed that they had sought the donations to help expand their facilities but denied the money came with conditions.)
2053:), the mosque is well financed and "the most radical mosque in the whole Bosnia-Herzegovina. ... All those guys that actually performed some kind of terrorist activity in Bosnia-Herzegovina were part of that mosque". In October 2008, eight people were injured when men in hoods attacked participants at a gay festival in Sarajevo, dragging some people from vehicles and beating others while they chanted, âKill the gays!â and âAllahu Akbar!â
2376:. Strengthening revivalism was a campaign of Arabization and Islamization by the government (FLN) to suppress the use of the French language (which was still dominant in higher education and the professions), to promote Algerian/Arab identity over residual French colonial culture. To do this Egyptians were recruited by the Algerian state to Arabize and de-Frenchify the school system. Like Saudi Arabia, Algeria saw an influx of Egyptian
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2346:, who later became the grand mufti of Egypt, spent four years at the Islamic University. Tantawy demonstrated his devotion to the kingdom in a June 2000 interview with the Saudi newspaper Ain al-Yaqeen, where he blamed the "violent campaign" against Saudi human rights policy on the campaigners' antipathy towards Islam. "Saudi Arabia leads the world in the protection of human rights because it protects them according to the
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the universities, in the
Islamic Ministry, they are all spreading this form of Islam.â In April 2017, Yameen Rasheed, a liberal blogger and "a strong voice against growing Islamic radicalization", was stabbed to death "by multiple assailants". According to a study by the Soufan Group, the islands supply 200 fighters to extremist outfits in Syria and Iraqâthe world's highest per-capita number of foreign fighters.
2098:, Enver Rexhepi, was "abducted and savagely beaten by masked men" in 2004 after clashing with a Saudi trained student (Zekirja Qazimi) over whether to continue the long-standing practice of displaying the Albanian flag in his (Rexhepi's) mosque. (Qazimi believed the depiction of the dragon on the flag idolatrous.) Kosovo also had "the highest number" of Muslims per capita of any country in Europe leave to fight for
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965:
1041:
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village". Returning migrants "boldly" critiqued the
Islamic authenticity of local practices such as "mourning rituals, wedding customs and reverence for holy men in particular." More well-to-do villagers were "building high brick or cement walls around their homes", women began wearing ankle-length robes. Traditional wedding rituals with singing and mixing of genders were called into question.
1708:
Racism. In
February 2017 the Belgium Coordination Unit for Threat Analysis (OCAD/OCAM, which evaluates terrorist and extremist threats in and to Belgium) voiced concerns over the spread of Saudi-backed Salafism in Belgium and the rest of Europe, stating âAn increasing number of mosques and Islamic centres in Belgium are controlled by Wahhabism. This is the Salafist missionary apparatus.â
3364:(FIANZ), created controversy when he was videoed saying, "The Christians are using the Jews, and the Jews are using everybody, because they think that their protocol is to rule the entire world....", in a speech at the mosque. In reply he stated that his statement was taken out of context and demanded an apology. He was later terminated as Secretary for the Ulama Board of the FIANZ.
3218:("Ahok") the Chinese-Christian governor of Jakarta. When Shihab asked the crowd, âIf our demands are not heard, are you ready to turn this into a revolution?â they screamed their affirmation. Ahok was later sentenced to two years in prison for blasphemy, and in the next presidential election, candidates "played up their Islamic credentials" to appeal to the new political trend.
2320:) taking with it nearly all of Sudan's oil fields. Turabi himself reversed earlier Islamist positions on marriage and inequality in favor of liberal positions, leading some conservatives to call him an apostate. Al Jazeera estimates that as of 2012 10% of Sudanese are tied to Salafi groups, (more than 60% of Sudanese are affiliated with Sufism), but that number is growing.
1901:, commissioned by the government of the UK, stated that Middle Eastern nations are providing financial support to mosques and Islamic educational institutions, which have been linked to the spread of extremist material with "an illiberal, bigoted Wahhabi ideology". The report said that the number of Salafi mosques in Britain had increased from 68 in 2007 to 110 in 2014.
5758:... it is important to refer to the position of Shikh `Abdil-Halim Mahmud (d.1978) Shikh of al-'Azhar ... towards Saudi Arabia. Shikh Mahmud had an ideological affinity with the Saudi interpretation of Islam. Due to his links with Saudi Arabia, he moved loser to al-Ikhwan al-Muslimum. This position contrasted with the position of al-`Azhar in the 1960s...
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influence on banking or migrant workers. International organizations alleged war crimes, ethnic cleansing, a revival of slavery, torture of opponents, an unprecedented number of refugees fleeing country, and Turabi and allies were expelled from power in 1999. The jihad in the south ended unsuccessfully with the south seceding from Sudan (forming
3408:, (a professor of the history of Islam at the Georgetown center), records of the Muslim World League show that during a two-year span in the 1980s, the League spent about $ 10 million in the United States on mosque construction. The Saudi royal family directly contributed to the construction of a dozen mosques, including the $ 8.1 million
2471:" by refusing to stand for the national anthem. Salafist Sheikh Abdelfettah Zeraoui explains criticism of Salafism as the work of Western powers who have pressured Muslim governments "to crack down on the Salafi current because it represents the pure Islam." The Salafis connection with Saudi Arabia includes Saudi Grand Mufti, Sheikh
2579:, to become 'agitprop invective' and a âpolemic foil in sectarian arguments' used by authoritarian governments against Islamic "reformists and âtroublesome Muslim opponentsâ", or even against "any and all expressions of nontraditional Islamâ. They tend to equate "Wahhabism" with local Sufi-influenced traditional religious culture.
3092:. It has also forced the closure of some development organizations, accusing them of spreading immorality by employing female staff. Other scholars argue that outside influences are not alone in generating sectarianism and jihadist violence in Pakistan, which has roots in the country's origins in the partition of India in 1947.
3353:("The Khilafah and man's role as Khalifah"); and on the South Island (Muslim students camp near Mosgiel) where the theme was âIslam is the Solutionâ (a slogan of the Muslim Brotherhood). The Saudi supported World Assembly of Muslim Youth held a 10-day Intensive Islamic course for "more than 300 brothers and sisters" in 2003.
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economic system.` Two years later, the Saudis helped finance the government-sponsored Bank Islam
Malaysia. These actions led some cynics to argue `that the expanded interest in Islam among Malaysian politicians reflects a desire to obtain economic aid from the Arabs or to guarantee continued oil during future embargoes.`
2871:, the celebration of the Prophet Muhammad's birthday and formerly "an integral part of Bangladeshi culture" is no longer popular, while black burqas for women are much more so. In Saudi Arabia Mawlid is officially ignored, while for women in public places all-covering black (or similar dark color) hijab is required.
3711:"STATEMENT OF ZUHDI JASSER, M.D., PRESIDENT, AMERICAN ISLAMIC FORUM FOR DEMOCRACY. 2013 ANTIâSEMITISM: A GROWING THREAT TO ALL FAITHS. HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON AFRICA, GLOBAL HEALTH, GLOBAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES"
6462:
conservative people have cited the deterioration of traditionalist values in
Azerbaijan and come to perceive Islam as a symbol of local (ethnic) cultural revival. Furthermore, Azerbaijanis have increasingly turned to Salafism as an ideological alternative of political opposition to the current regime.
3167:
in East Java â are filled with books from Saudi Arabia. The Saudi religious affairs office in Jakarta provides about one million Arabic religious books translated into Indonesian every year. The titles include "Questions and Answers about Islamic Principles," by Bin Baaz, one of Saudi Arabia's most
2951:
were getting challenged. After the 2004 tsunami, Saudi funded preachers gained influence. Within a short period of a decade fundamentalist practices dominated the culture. It is reported that Maldives has a, "growing Wahhabist majority and an autocratic government . . . or, according to the Maldivian
1965:
According to Olivier Roy and Antoine Sfeir, the "organized project undertaken by preachers and Islamic NGOs" was to "expunge indigenous Albanian ideas about Islam, before replacing it with a version of the faith more in conformity with the Wahhabi model. ... Islam in its most radical form was taught
1707:
in Belgium committing terrorist acts in Paris and Brussels in 2015 and 2016. (Altogether 162 people were killed in the attacks.) . In the capital Brussels, as of 2016, 95 percent of the courses offered on Islam for Muslims used preachers trained in Saudi Arabia, according to European Network Against
3066:
government and non-governmental sources claimed that financial support estimated at nearly $ 100 million USD annually was making its way to Deobandi and Ahl-e-Hadith clerics in the region from "missionary" and "Islamic charitable" organizations in Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates ostensibly
2625:
After the Taliban came to power the Saudis helped them in a number of ways. Saudi Arabia was one of only three countries (Pakistan and United Arab Emirates being the others) officially to recognize the Taliban as the official government of Afghanistan before the 9/11 attacks, (after 9/11 no country
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ended badly with an estimated 200,000 Algerians, many of them civilians, killed. FIS did not recover from the war, but by 2002 another strict/conservative Islamic forceâSalafismâbegan to emerge. To end the war, the government needed help disarming the Islamists fighters and were able to enlist the
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members hired to teach Arabic and eager to escape government suppression. While the leftist FLN Algerian government was totally uninterested in Islam as a foundation for conducting worldly affairs (as opposed to building a national identity), the Muslim Brotherhood teachers very much were, and many
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against an elected government negotiating to end the war with the animist and Christian South established Sudan as the first Sunni Islamist state. Al-Turabi became the "power behind the throne" of the al-Bashir government from 1989 to 1999. The revivalist tenure in power was not as successful as its
2154:
movement started taking roots in the country, whilst coming in conflict with the Tatar's local practicing of the faith. A Saudi donor Shaykh Abdullatif al Fozan (ranked 51 in 2013 on the Forbes' list of richest Arabs) sponsored (4,000,000 euro) the construction of the "Center of a Muslim Culture" in
2117:
According to Carlotta Gall, as of 2016 "Kosovo Central Bank figures show grants from Saudi Arabia averaging âŹ100,000 a year for the past five years", a reduction from the decade earlier, (although payments can be diverted through another country" to obscure their origin and destination"). Picking up
2113:
Saudi aid has also affected the architecture of Islam in Kosovo, leading to the dismantling of centuries-old Ottoman mosques whose ornamentation was offensive to Salafism, including the Hadim Suleiman Aga mosque and Library in Djakovica, Kosovo. Among the destroyed buildings are "a historic library
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in the 1980s ... during the Afghan resistance against the Soviet invasion, elements in Saudi Arabia poured in money, arms and extremist ideology. Through a network of madrasas, Saudi-sponsored Wahhabi Islam indoctrinated young Muslims with fundamentalist Puritanism, denouncing Sufi music and poetry
4140:
A former US Treasury Department official is quoted by Washington Post reporter David Ottaway in a 2004 article as estimating that the late king spent `north of $ 75 billion` in his efforts to spread Wahhabi Islam. According to Ottaway, the king boasted on his personal Web site that he established
3942:
The Muslim Brothers agreed not to operate in Saudi Arabia itself, but served as a relay for contacts with foreign Islamist movements. The MBs also used as a relay in South Asia movements long established on an indigenous basis (Jamaat-i Islami). Thus the MB played an essential role in the choice of
3415:
The Saudi embassy's "Department of Islamic Affairs" was founded in 1982 and was directed by Prince Muhammad ibn Faysal ibn Abd al-Rahman for many years. At its height in the late 1990s, the department had 35-40 diplomats and an annual budget of $ 8 million according to a Saudi official contacted by
3075:
The network reportedly exploited worsening poverty in these areas of the province to recruit children into the divisions' growing Deobandi and Ahl-eHadith madrassa network from which they were indoctrinated into jihadi philosophy, deployed to regional training/indoctrination centers, and ultimately
3005:
hold the most favorable perception of the desert kingdom in the world, with 95 percent Pakistanis surveyed viewing Saudi Arabia favorably. Support is also high for strict/traditional Islamic law favored by Saudi rulers in Pakistani opinion polls â stoning as punishment for adultery (82%), whippings
2704:
is believed to have been funded by Saudis, Pakistanis, Turks, Iranians, and Osama bin Laden. Namangani was one of the most important âforeign Talibanâ commanders in northern Afghanistan during the recent fighting there. He led a pan-Islamic force of Uzbeks, Tajiks, Pakistanis, Chechens, and Uighurs
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common in Saudi Arabia. Ahmed Rashid came across ten thousand men and children gathering at Kandahar football stadium one Thursday afternoon, curious as to why (the Taliban had banned sports) he "went inside to discover a convicted murderer being led between the goalposts to be executed by a member
2282:
The influx of Sudanese labor migrants to Saudi as truck drivers, electricians, factory workers and sales clerks, was also significant. By 1985, according to one source, about 2/3 of the professional and skilled Sudanese workers were employed outside the Sudan, many in the Gulf States. (As of 2013
2085:
corps of extremist clerics and secretive associations funded by Saudi Arabia and other conservative Arab countries in the Persian Gulf region using an obscure, labyrinthine network of donations from charities, private individuals and government ministries ... transformed this once-tolerant Muslim
2077:
Saudi-sponsored charities sponsored education, classes not only in religion but English and computers, often paying salaries and overhead costs. Families were given monthly stipends. All this was appreciated in the "poor and war ravaged" country but local Kosovar imams complained that stipends were
2056:
Salafi charity organizations also physically influenced Bosnian religious culture following the war. Saudis have helped restore some of the hundreds of mosques and monuments Serb nationalist forces destroyed during the war. While this assistance was badly needed and greatly helpful to thepersecuted
2044:
From the end of the Bosnian War to 2007, Saudi-financed organizations spent about $ 700 million in Bosnia, "often in mosques", according to analysts quoted by the New York Times. "More than half a dozen new madrasas", (religious secondary schools), have been built throughout the country, as have
2967:
According to Azra Naseem, a Maldivian researcher on extremism at Dublin City University, âyou can't say all of Salafism is radical Islam, but it's a form of Islam that's completely brought into the Maldives from Saudi Arabia and other places. Now, it's being institutionalized, because everybody in
2803:
An Islamist insurgency in the North Caucasus is "particularly intense" in Dagestan. As of 2011, Suicide bombers were killing an average of three policemen per week, with numerous civilians also becoming casualties. From January to June 2011, Police claimed to have killed 100 "rebels" according to
2758:
Although 85% of Azerbaijanis are members of the Shiite branch of Islam, (which Salafis strongly oppose), and Muslims in Azerbaijan have a tradition of secularism, Salafism has made headway among the 15% of the country that identify themselves as Sunni Muslims and primarily inhabit the northern and
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of 1999 that helped Muslim Kosovo gain independence from Orthodox Christian Serbia, the Saudi government and private sources began to provide aid. Saudi citizens donated $ 20 million to Kosovo in cash as well as food and medical supplies, and the Saudi Red Crescent sent medical volunteers. The
1702:
According to Hind Fraihi, a Moroccan-Belgian journalist, Saudi-trained imams and literature from Saudi Arabia glorifying jihad and advocating Islam versus non-Muslims thinking was âpart of the cocktailâ (other factors being "economic frustration, racism, a generation that feels it has no futureâ)
7766:
When Prince Muhammad al-Faysal of Saudi Arabia visited Malaysia in December 1980, he offered $ 100 million for an interest-free finance corporation. Not surprisingly, the Malaysian finance minister responded by announcing that the government would study the possibility of establishing an `Islamic
7303:
After 11 years of Islamization by Zia ul Haq, the madrassa total then ballooned to 2801 with the Deobandis accounting for 64% of the total, and the Barelvis only 25 per cent. Situated mostly in Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the megalopolis of Karachi. ... With the inflow of Saudi funds in these
3696:
Well before the full emergence of Islamism in the 1970s, a growing constituency nicknamed `petro-Islam` included Wahhabi ulemas and Islamist intellectuals and promoted strict implementation of the sharia in the political, moral and cultural spheres; this proto-movement had few social concerns and
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views, precisely the hallmark of the Taliban." Another source describes the madrasses as combining Deobandi ideology with Salafism. Saudi Arabia provides much of the school funding. Critics (such as Dilip Hiro) complained of intolerance teachings as reflected in the chant at the morning student
2886:
One burka-wearing Bangladeshi told the DW journalist who interviewed Imtiyaz Ahmed that she started wearing a burqa because at her son's school (a Quomi madrassas) "the teachers scold the students whose mothers don't wear burqas. So, I asked my nephew who works in the Middle East to get me one."
1957:
and Islamic associations worked toward re-Islamization of Albania, including thirteen of the organizations formed a `Coordination Council of Arab Foundations.` Saudi Arabia sponsored `Al Haramein` and `Musafaq` (which were based in Britain) foundations which "vied" with Islamic organizations from
3367:
In January 2017 Taie bin Salem bin Yaslam al-Saya'ari, a Saudi citizen who is "believed to have lived and studied in New Zealand between 2008 and 2013" and become radicalized there, was killed by Saudi security forces. Bin Yaslam al-Saya'ari is thought to have planned a July 2016 attack on the
3088:(Movement for the Enforcement of Islamic Law) in 1992. Described as an ardent Salafist who has "remained associated with Saudi-sponsored groups from the Afghan theater of 1980-88", he was imprisoned on January 15, 2002, but the group has gone on to bomb girls schools, video and CD shops, and the
1988:
How successful the proselytizing has been is unclear. Roy and Sfeir believe that with NGO work in the 1990s "Islamists gained an important foothold", however, a 2012 Pew Research study found that only 15% of Muslims surveyed considered religion "a very important factor" in their livesâthe lowest
7371:
Jamaati Ulama Islam ... figured as a fairly minor part of Pakistan's religious scene until the regime of General Zia al-Haq ... who used an Islamic policy to buttress his military dictatorship. Part of his policy to `Islamize` Pakistan was a campaign to expand religious education with funds for
2762:
Salafism was proselytized and catalyzed starting with the dissolution of the Soviet Union by missionaries and funds from Arab countries such as Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and Salafists mainly from Chechnya and Dagestan. In 1997, the Azerbaijani branch of the Kuwaiti Revival of Islamic Heritage
2653:
Another activity Afghan Muslims had not engaged in before this time was destruction of statues. In 2001, the Taliban dynamited and rocketed the nearly 2000-year-old statues Buddhist Bamiyan Valley, which had been undamaged by Afghan Sunni Muslim for centuries prior to then. Mullah Omar declared
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who has endorsed opposition to international regulations requiring photographs for passports show a person's forehead and ears even if they are a woman. Abdelmalek Ramdaniâthe most prominent Salafist imam in Algeriaâlives in Saudi Arabia, and prominent Salafist preachersâincluding Ali Ferkous,
7334:
In Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami proved a natural and enthusiastic ally for the Wahhabis. Maududi's writings, while more anti-establishment than Saudi Arabia's self-protecting monarchy might tolerate at home, nonetheless promoted many of the Islamic moral and social transformations sought by Saudi
3171:
As Salafism has expanded, some Indonesia have become alarmed at what they call the "arabization" of their country and called for an Islam with freedom of opinion and tolerance, that does not reject pluralism and democracy. A graduate of LIPIA (Farid Okhbah) helped found the National Anti-Shia
2874:
One way conservative Saudi religious practices are spread is through schools. Nearly 6 million Bangladeshi children attend schools at (private) Quomi madrassas. Unlike regulated state schools these madrasses are free and entirely supported by private donations, which come from both inside and
4177:
The Kingdom's 70 or so embassies around the world already featured cultural, educational, and military attaches, along with consular officers who organized visas for the hajj. Now they were joined by religious attaches, whose job was to get new mosques built in their countries and to persuade
4200:
To this day, the regime funds numerous international organizations to spread fundamentalist Islam, including the Muslim World League, the World Assembly of Muslim Youth, the International Islamic Relief Organization, and various royal charities such as the Popular Committee for Assisting the
2286:
Looking at the change in religious practices of a village in northern Sudan over a five-year period from 1982 to 1988, anthropology researcher Victoria Bernal found labor migration of villagers to Saudi Arabia "were catalysts for change, stimulating the rise of `fundamentalist` Islam in the
4023:
In the melting pot of Arabia during the 1960s, local clerics trained in the Wahhabite tradition joined with activists and militants affiliated with the Muslims Brothers who had been exiled from the neighboring countries of Egypt, Syria and Iraq .... The phenomenon of Osama bin Laden and his
6461:
The initial introduction of Salafism to Azerbaijan was due to outside influence; however, its evolution and radicalization within Azerbaijan is a local phenomenon that, besides the Dagestan-based Northern Caucasian insurgency, has been influenced rather weakly by outside factors. Foremost,
2596:) for Afghan refugees in Pakistan which appeared in the 1980s near the Afghan-Pakistan border. In 1988, the Muslim World League stated that it had opened 150 Quran study centers and 85 Islamic schools for Afghan refugee students in Peshawar, a short distance across the border in Pakistan.
3226:
In 1980 Prince Muhammad al-Faysal of Saudi Arabia offered that Malaysia $ 100 million for an interest-free finance corporation, and two years later the Saudis helped finance the government-sponsored Bank Islam Malaysia. In 2017 it was reported that Salafi doctrines are spreading among
1775:
announced that he was "shocked to the point of paralysis" to learn from Saudi Arabian Ambassador, that Saudi Arabia planned to donate $ 1 million to the building of a mosque. GrĂmsson expressed concern that Saudi Arabian financing of the mosque would fuel radical Islam in Iceland.
2093:
Part of the Salafi influence can be found in more conservative practices, such as the refusal by some women to shake hands with or talk to male relatives. But threats â or acts â of violence against academics, journalists and politicians have also occurred. One imam in the city of
3037:
in doctrine and often sponsored by Jamaati Ulama Islam. "This rapid expansion came at the expense of doctrinal coherence as there were not enough qualified teachers to staff all the new schools. Quite a few teachers did not discern between tribal values of their ethnic group, the
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has built 700 mosques and 150 schools in JK and claims that 16 percent of Kashmir's population are members. Police in Jammu and Kashmir believe this is the result of a $ 35 billion plan approved by Saudi Arabia's government in 2005 to build mosques and madrassas in South Asia.
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Saudi Joint Committee for Collection of Donations for Kosovo and Chechnya sent $ 45 million for humanitarian relief services (medical care, refugee camps, education, and later reconstruction of mosques and schools) to Kosovo according to the Embassy of Saudi Arabia in the US.
2073:
240 mosques have been built in Kosovo since the 1999 war. The Saudi Joint Committee for Relief of Kosovo and Chechnya built approximately 100 mosques in rural areas, some with Quranic schools adjacent, and sent 388 foreign teachers to spread "their interpretations of Islam".
3248:, Saudi funds have used to build and/or operate mosques, schools, charities, a university and Australian Islamic institutions, with estimates up to US$ 100 million. This funding has generated tensions between Australian Muslim organizations. In 2015, it was uncovered by
2155:
Warsaw. The building is fully equipped; has a store, a restaurant, library, prayer hall and even a gym. While officially promoting (Sunni) Islam, the Center adheres to Salafi principles. Originally, it was meant to be built as a "Centre of Arabic Studies" adjacent to the
2109:
After two Muslims from Kosovo killed themselves in suicide bombings in Iraq and Turkey, Kosovo intelligence began an investigation of "sources of radicalism." The Saudi charity Al Waqf al Islami and twelve other Islamic charities were shut down, and 40 people arrested.
4331:
A whole generation of Muslims, therefore, has grown up with a maverick form of Islam that has given them a negative view of other faiths and an intolerantly sectarian understanding of their own. While not extremist per se, this is an outlook in which radicalism can
1925:, provided an opportunity for international Islamic charities to Islamization (or re-Islamization) people who had been living under an irreligious Communist government. Islamic charitiesâoften with the backing of oil-rich Gulf kingdomsâbuilt mosques and madrassas in
3022:. Saudis have helped fund Jamaat-e-Islami's educational networks since the 1960s. The party has been active in the Saudi-founded Muslim World League and "segments of the party "came to accept Wahhabism." The constituent council of the Muslim World League included
3346:, Yahya Ibrahimâheld workshops in mosques and university student halls "up and down New Zealand". The conservative Investigate Magazine complains that works by some of the preachers include books that urge "followers to kill Jews, Christians, pagans and Hindus".
2828:
has "steadily gained influence among Muslim communities" in South Asia since the late 1970s, "significantly" changing "the nature" of South Asian Islam, and bringing an increase in "Islamist violence" in "Pakistan, Indian Kashmir, and Bangladesh". According to
3420:. The department provided regular financial support "to radical mosques and madrassas (religious schools)" in the United States, "including several attended by the 9/11 hijackers and otherwise linked to terrorist activities" according to author Harry Helms.
5725:
Almost two decades of such Saudi funding had made the state's largest Islamic institution even more conservative. Many ulema had worked in Saudi Arabia, among them Mufti Tantawi, Egypt's chief sheikh, who had spent four years at the Islamic University of
3471:(in Washington), Howard University, Duke University, and Johns Hopkins University were supported by the Saudis. These donations to academia have been described as aimed more at influencing Western public opinion than Muslims. Donors (such as Saudi Prince
1553:
Islam. The money was used to established 200 Islamic colleges, 210 Islamic centers, 1500 mosques, and 2000 schools for Muslim children in Muslim and non-Muslim majority countries. The schools were "fundamentalist" in outlook and formed a network "from
2057:
Bosniaks, it involved removing the Islamic calligraphy that adorned many Balkan Muslim tombstones, which Salafis considered idolatrous and unIslamic. Critics complain that the graveyards were "often all that was left" of the local Bosnian heritage.
2290:
According to Victoria Bernel, "Adopting fundamentalist practices" had become a "way to assert one's sophistication, urbanity and material success." Migrant workers also formed connections with, and helped finance, the Muslim Brotherhood affiliated
4141:
200 Islamic colleges, 210 Islamic centers, 1500 mosques, and 2000 schools for Muslim children in non-Islamic nations. The late king also launched a publishing center in Medina that by 2000 had distributed 138 million copies of the Koran worldwide.
2984:. Over decades, Saudi has spent billions of dollars in Pakistan, while the $ billions in remittances from the almost one million Pakistanis living and working in Saudi Arabia (as of 2010) are a vital source of income for Pakistan. Many of the
2641:`I remember that all the Taliban who had worked or done hajj in Saudi Arabia were terribly impressed by the religious police and tried to copy that system to the letter. The money for their training and salaries came partly from Saudi Arabia.`
1605:, "when Saudi imams arrived in Muslim countries, or in Muslim communities in Europe or the Americas, wearing traditional Arabian robes, speaking the language of the Quran â and carrying a generous checkbook â they had automatic credibility."
1843:. In 2001, the King Abdul Aziz Foundation gave ÂŁ1 million (SR 6.1 million) to the Middle East Center. There are many other donors. Oxford's ÂŁ75 million (SR 454.6 million) Islamic Studies Center was supported by 12 Muslim countries. Ruler of
2895:
Between 2011 and 2013, 25,000 Saudi clerics arrived in India with $ 250 million to build mosques and universities and to hold seminars. There is concern regarding the increasing Saudi-Wahhabi influence in the North West and in the East of
3175:
According to Sidney Jones, the director of the Institute for Policy Analysis of Conflict in Jakarta, Saudi influence âhas contributed to a more conservative, more intolerant atmosphere,â and may be behind campaigns against Shia and
2862:
Bangladesh also receives a concession from Saudi on the price of oil imports. With the concession has come changes in religious practices, according to Imtiyaz Ahmed, a religious scholar and professor of International Relations at
1744:
The German government has expressed concern that religious organizations from the Middle East may be supporting German Salafists through the construction of mosques, training facilities, and the utilization of radical preachers.
2587:
Saudi and Islamist forces helped the Afghan Mujahideen in their struggle against the Soviets, with Saudi Arabian government providing approximately $ 4 billion in aid to the mujahidin from 1980 to 1990. Saudi Arabia and other
1813:
Over the past decade, Saudi Arabia has been the largest source of donations from Islamic states and royal families to British universities, much of which is devoted to the study of Islam, the Middle East and Arabic literature.
2274:
any enterprise that needed capital had to be part of Turabi's network to gain access to financial markets. Over time, this has concentrated economic power in the old families from the "Three Tribes" who were loyal to the new
2626:
recognized it). King Fahd of Saudi Arabia âexpressed happiness at the good measures taken by the Taliban and over the imposition of shariâa in our country," During a visit by the Taliban's leadership to the kingdom in 1997.
3570:
A report examining "the political consciousness of madrassa teachers and graduate students in Bangladesh," found that 70 of 77 respondents at madrassas replied Saudi Arabia when asked "Which country is the best friend of
2078:
given "on the condition that they attended sermons in the mosque and that women and girls wore the veil". âPeople were so needy, there was no one who did not join,â according to one Kosovo politician (Ajnishahe Halimi).
2295:
political party which could remit their salaries back home to families in Sudan evading taxation in exchange for a percentage (that was less than the taxation). Saudi helped found the African Islamic Center (later the
3172:
Alliance (ANNAS) of Indonesia. Although Shia make up only about 1% of the population of the country, Okhbah has called Shia Islam a bigger threat to Indonesia than communism in the 1960s and urged the sect be banded.
1730:). This was because it is being funded by Bahrain and Saudi Arabia and may introduce "Sunni-Shia hate politics into Finland", as both Bahrain and Saudi Arabia are Sunni ruled and have cracked down on Shia protestors.
2794:
Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov has said, that the spread of Salafism must be contained noting the need to, "crack down on the ideology of Wahhabism" in mosques, on TV, on social networks, through mobile devices.
2634:
5106:
1958:
Libya, Sudan, Iran and Turkey in "instumentalization of humanitarian aid as a means of proselytization." At least the Saudi and Sunni Islamist groups preached for creation of an Islamic society influenced by
7985:
2255:) was second biggest in Sudan in terms of money held on deposit. Shortly after another similar bank (Al Baraka Bank) was founded. Both provided rewards for whose affiliated with Hassan al-Turabi's Islamist
4567:
4435:
2033:
causing disturbances in the ceremonies of brotherhoods they deemed to be deviant, .... smashing up cafes, and ... sharia marriages to Bosnian girls that were not declared to the civil authorities.
2453:
After the FLN saw how unpopular it was and canceled the elections, a bloody civil war broke out. The Salafist-jihadis returning to Algeria supported the FIS and later provided military skill in the
2372:
Diminishing indigenous Islam was the dismantling of Sufi mystical brotherhoods and the confiscation and redistribution of their land in retaliation for their lack of support for the FLN during the
2361:
Political Islam and salafist "Islamic revivalism" became dominant and the indigenous "popular" or Sufi Islam found in much of North Africa greatly weakened, in large part because of the 1954-1962
3210:, Indonesia's capital city, shutting down all the city's major arteries in the largest Islamist demonstration in Indonesian history and a political "turning point" in the nation's history. Led by
3479:) believe they are incentive for "Middle East researchers, instructors and center directors" in Western countries to "behave" and "say the things the Saudis like" in exchange for large donations.
2241:) who were each attached to a political party, had great influence among the masses of Muslims. Saudi funding, investment, and labor migration from Sudan has all worked over time to change that.
3152:
sermons "across Indonesia" as well as Arabic teachers. The LIPIA, an all-expenses paid Salafist university in Jakarta, has produced tens of thousands of graduates since its founding in 1980. h
2824:
Salafi missionary activism is also occurring in South Asia through the funding of mosques, Islamic schools, cultural institutions and social services. With "public and private Saudi funding",
2614:
were graduates of these schools. (Eight Taliban government ministers came from one school, Dar-ul-Uloom Haqqania.) While in power, the Taliban implemented the "strictest interpretation of
4500:
2049:, a $ 28 million complex including a sports and cultural center. According to a former Bosnian intelligence agent (Goran Kovacevic) interviewed by a public television network in the US, (
3214:
of the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), whose connections with Saudi Arabia "date back three decades", the demonstrators called for the rejection of "the leaders of infidels,â referring to
5344:
5274:
1685:
The funding has been criticized for promoting an intolerant, fanatical form of Islam that allegedly helped to breed radicalism. The volunteers mobilized to fight in Afghanistan (such as
7793:
7068:
3400:
In the US, where Muslims make up an estimated 1% of the population, Saudi Arabia funds, at least in part, an estimated 80 percent of all mosques. According to an official Saudi weekly,
3349:
Islamic youth camps were held in 2001 on the North Island (at the Kauaeranga Forest Education Camp on the Coromandel Peninsula), where the "theme" was the restoration of the Islamic
3231:'s elite, and the traditional Islamic theology currently taught in Government schools is shifted to a Salafi view of theology derived from the Middle East, particularly Saudi Arabia.
1573:
In the 1980s, religious attaches in the Kingdom's ~70 embassies around the world worked to "get new mosques built in their countries and to persuade existing mosques to propagate the
1790:
According to a report by Anthony Glees, extremist ideas being spread allow with donations from Saudi and Arab Muslim sources to British universities. Eight universities, "including
2749:
advocacy of sharia law and organized Salafi enforcement of it plays into the desire for protection against post-Soviet criminal predation and the arbitrary brutality of the police.
3730:
Lastly, the Saudis spent tens of billions of dollars throughout the world to pump Wahhabism or petro-Islam, a particularly virulent and militant version of supremacist Islamism.
3146:
in Riyadh Saudi Arabia). The Saudi embassy's Religious Attache Offices provides scholarships for students to go to Saudi Arabia and pays for "Attache preachers" to give Friday
2381:
of the generation of "strictly Arabphone teachers" trained by the Brothers adopted the beliefs of their teachers and went on to form the basis of an "Islamist intelligentsia".
2065:
One country where Saudi Arabia has been particularly successful in spreading conservative Salafism where once Sufi local Islamic beliefs held sway is Kosovo. Following the
2705:
from Xinjiang province in China. They fought on the side of the Taliban in Afghanistan, but their long-range goal was to establish an Islamic state throughout Central Asia.
3195:, a Southeast Asian Islamist organization that aims to build Islamic states in the region and has bombed many civilian targets. (The spiritual guide of Jemaah Islamiyyah (
3130:
Saudi influence began around 1988, when President Suharto, encouraged a Saudi presence in Indonesia. The "primary conduits" of Saudi Islamic funding in Indonesia are the
2150:(1,916 per 2011 census) only nominally adheres to Sunni Islam. However, together with an immigration of refugees and foreign students from Muslim majority countries, the
3584:
was reported to be attempting to set up an organisation in New Zealand to establish an Islamic school and an "Islamic Bank" in a proposal involving "millions of dollars".
3252:
that the Saudi Government has provided finance to build mosques, to support Islamic community activities and to fund visits by Sunni clerics to counter Shiite influence.
1598:), has been called "a religious requirement" for Saudi rulers that cannot be abandoned "without losing their domestic legitimacy" as protectors and propagators of Islam.
6972:
6702:
2855:
of any country and about a 30% poverty rate. Since the late 1970s, Saudi Arabia has funded the construction of thousands of mosques and madrasas in Bangladesh. Deobandi
6687:
2396:, to "strengthen the religious dimension" of the "nationalist ideology" of the FLN. This was less than successful as the clerics supported "Islamic awakening", were "
8419:
8055:
6732:
5110:
7942:
2037:
Rather than spreading strict Islamic practice, these activities were so unpopular with the Bosnian public and media they were condemned by the SDA. According to
7742:
4367:
3378:) which killed four Saudi security force members. He is said to have been inspired by another student studying in New Zealand who went to Syria to fight for the
2353:
Saudi funding to Egypt's al-Azhar center of Islamic learning, has been credited with causing that institution to adopt a more religiously conservative approach.
6482:
6440:
4575:
3475:) have described them as intended to "promote peace and help bridge the gap between East and West"; Critics (primarily Western political conservatives such as
3033:
With the help of funding from Saudi Arabia and other sources, thousands of religious schools (madrasses) were established during the 1980s in Pakistan, usually
4439:
3290:
the Salaheddin Islamic Centre received substantial funding from donors in Saudi Arabia, Qatar and the UAE in 2009 and 2010. One of the founders of the centre (
7133:
2557:
argues that even before the fall of Communism, Saudi Arabia had substantial influence on Islam in Central Asia because of its prestige as the location of the
2931:
2259:âemployment and wealth as a reward for young militant college graduates and low interest loans for investors and businessmen unable to find loans elsewhere.
1689:) who became "exultant" at their success against the Soviet superpower, went on to fight Jihad against Muslim governments and civilians in other countries.
8206:
7525:
2422:
When the FLN followed the example of post-Communist Eastern European government and held elections in 1989, the main beneficiary was the massively popular
6951:
6752:
4315:
3168:
venerated interpreters of Islam. As of 2003, a pew poll found Crown Prince Abdullah, was rated as one of the three leaders Indonesians trusted the most.
6858:
4302:
Hostile as they were to the `sheikists`, the jihadist-salafists were even angrier with the Muslim Brothers, whose excessive moderation they denounced ...
3488:
427:
135:
19:
8634:
6582:
3959:
3123:
Since 1980, Saudi government, individual Saudis, and Saudi religious foundations and charities has devoted millions of dollars to exporting Salafism to
6997:
8385:
7807:
3260:
Canada has approximately one million Muslim out of a population of 35 million. Among the institutions in Canada Saudis have funded include mosques in
2522:(propagation of the faith) and in Nigeria has many institutions all over the country and is influential at the local, state, and even federal levels.
3361:
2603:
religious party and became "a supply line for jihad" in Afghanistan. According to analysts the ideology of the schools became "hybridization" of the
2251:
In the fall of 1977, an Islamic bank with 60% of its start up capital coming from Saudi Arabia opened a branch in Sudan. By the mid-1980s this bank (
8013:
6560:
5310:(Aspects of Experience in the Islamic Economy) (Jeddah: Saudi Publishing and Distributing House, 1998), esp. pp.54-55, 60, quoted in Kepel, Gilles,
3159:
and more remote islands are beneficiaries of Saudi largess. As of 2016, the number of "pesantren" (religious boarding schools) following the Salafi
4597:
549:
516:
8252:
3089:
2746:
it takes advantage of public resentment against the existing corrupt and incompetent governments which traditional Islamic leaders are tainted by;
2743:
the Salafi adversarial role toward the non-Muslim government (i.e. Russia's) fills the traditional role of Islam toward the Russian government and
7867:
4990:
1839:
has been the largest British beneficiary of Saudi support. In 2005, Prince Sultan, the late crown prince, gave ÂŁ2 million (SR 12 million) to the
561:
6911:
8453:
7913:
6088:
4058:... money that brought Wahabis power throughout the Arab world and financed networks of fundamentalist schools from Sudan to northern Pakistan.
1962:
doctrines. Saudi NGOs built 200 mosques and King Fahd of Saudi Arabia donated one million copies of an Albanian-language version of the Quran.
851:
7719:
6871:
6608:
4942:
4541:
501:
6673:
5193:
4278:
4108:
4037:
1966:
as the only true faith, while tolerance was seen as an indication of weakness. ... Hatred of the West was raised to the status of a creed."
8275:
7167:
586:
511:
4611:
4917:
4421:
3409:
2529:, who quantifies the rise of Salafism in Africa by basing himself on diverse scholarship, when it comes to West Africa in particular, in
537:
7779:
7578:
8713:
7286:
4396:
1004:
8078:
7053:
6003:
2029:("enjoin good and forbid wrong") including attempting to impose the veil on women and the beard on men. In addition they engaged in
4345:
3294:), left Canada to join an al-Qaeda-linked group in Iraq, where he allegedly commanded a squad of suicide bombers. The centre's imam (
3143:
2859:, controls over 14,000 mosques and madrasas where up to 1.4 million students get an Islamic education without any state supervision.
2561:, its financial resources and because of the large number of Central Asian pilgrims (and their descendants) who had gone to Saudi on
2006:
1589:
841:
229:
4720:
In the 39 countries surveyed, the percentage saying religion is very important to them ranges from 15% in Albania to 98% in Senegal.
3191:
financed educational institutions with the approval of the Indonesian Ministry of Religion, and "served as a conduit" for money to
3180:
Islam, but very few of the Indonesians arrested on terrorism charges in Indonesia since 2002, have any ties to Salafi institutions.
2005:(where the approximately 43% of the population that was Muslim formed the largest religious group) received aid from Saudi groups â
1524:
achieved a "preeminent position of strength in the global expression of Islam." The Saudi interpretation of Islam not only includes
8523:
8229:
4761:
4464:
4381:
3298:) is known for his "controversial comments" on homosexuality and Canadian law, and for refusing to sign a statement condemning the
3010:
the Muslim religion (76%). A major source of Salafi missionary impact in Pakistan has been through the Pakistani religious parties
2328:
Muslim Brethren who became wealthy in Saudi Arabia became key contributors to Egypt's Islamist movements. Many of Egypt's future
506:
7026:
1612:, other strict and conservative interpretations of Sunni Islam directly or indirectly assisted by funds from Saudi Arabia and the
3464:
3051:
assembly at certain radical madrassas: "When people deny our faith, ask them to convert and if they don't destroy them utterly."
2679:
846:
8322:
7196:
8034:
7392:
5878:
5550:
1558:(the spread of Salafism played a key role in the Sudanese civil war that ended with the creation in 2011 of Christian-majority
8298:"'He changed - became more isolated' - former New Zealand student allegedly inspired by death of friend to plan mosque attack"
7317:
5179:
5162:
3742:
Musa, Mohd Faizal (2018). "The Riyal and Ringgit of Petro-Islam: Investing Salafism in Education". In Saat, Norshahril (ed.).
3423:
As in the UK and some other countries, universities in America have received funding from petroleum exporting Muslim states.
2404:, supporters of Saudi Arabia and the other Gulf monarchies, and had little interest in serving the secularist FLN government.
6357:
5148:
3651:
3085:
2846:
2759:
western regions, specifically those of Dagestani ethnicity (Avars, Lezgins, Tsakhurs, Rutuls) in areas bordering Dagestan.
2730:
Salafi funding, institutions, and missionaries are particularly useful because they fill the gap left by the collapse of the
2472:
1487:
6622:
8600:
7361:
6516:
4258:
3379:
3200:
2434:, was a state school teacher and a prime example or this. The Saudis supporting the party, and the Front's other co-leader
2146:
Although the majority Catholic country has an Islamic population of roughly only 0.1%, its indigenous Muslim population of
2103:
2099:
8363:
7444:
6782:
4732:
4703:
3710:
3280:
himself with a "US$ 5 million capital grant" and a further "US$ 1.5 million per year for operations", according to author
2911:
2697:. In 1995, Namangani traveled to Saudi Arabia to undergo "religious and intelligence training from Saudi intelligence".
2385:
2366:
1982:
1798:", accepted "more than ÂŁ233.5 million from Saudi and Muslim sources" from 1995 to 2008, "with much of the money going to
1580:
The Saudi Arabian government funds a number of international organizations to spread fundamentalist Islam, including the
7592:
7296:
6377:
6111:
5048:
3440:
2297:
5528:
2438:
received much aid from Saudi Arabia and other oil monarchies. (This did not prevent him from coming out in support of
1670:
and their Afghan allies in Afghanistan in the 1980s. (The alliance was not permanent and the Muslim Brotherhood and
8693:
8667:
8644:
8613:
8429:
8395:
7752:
7327:
6416:
6321:
6188:
6154:
6040:
5913:
5751:
5711:
5677:
5354:
5284:
5227:
5058:
4835:
4771:
4680:
4643:
4288:
4170:
4009:
3969:
3928:
3890:
3880:
3767:
3689:
2646:
2041:, as of 2003, the only thing left of their presence were "a few naturalized Arab subjects married to Bosnian women."
1330:
698:
486:
8481:"The Link Between Saudi Donations to U.S. Universities and the Israeli Apartheid Week [incl. John Esposito]"
7142:
5131:
3132:
2270:
law including interest-free Islamic banking. The traditional Sudanese banking system was abolished and afterwards
2196:
which has also resulted in a regional rivalry between Sunni Muslim Saudi Arabia and Shia Muslim Iran. According to
1894:
called for should start with "Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states that have funded and fuelled extremist ideology".
1062:
6406:
5739:
5667:
2867:, "Saudi Arabia is giving oil, Saudi Arabia would definitely want that some of their ideas to come with oil." The
8746:
7832:
7101:
7069:"It is difficult to see how the Chinese could do anything other than control the Maldives: Ex-Maldives president"
4670:
3164:
3054:
Another complaint about religious schools leading to extremism comes from a 2008 US diplomatic cable released by
2927:
2887:
While rising crime and desire to feel safe are factors in the popularity of burkas, religious pressure is also.
2734:, where traditional Islamic leaders were relatively unknowledgeable, and accustomed to surviving by subservience;
2589:
1866:'s Islamic studies center with more than ÂŁ5 million (SR 30 million) since 2001. Trinity Saint David, part of the
1651:
1631:. Salafism and forms of Islamism are said to have formed a "joint venture", sharing a strong "revulsion" against
1613:
4633:
2875:
outside Bangladesh. Quomi madrassas syllabus follows "orthodox Islamic teaching", being "restricted to study of
8348:
6948:
6760:
4825:
3118:
2694:
2663:
2454:
2102:
in the two years from 2014 to 2016. Kosovar police have identified 314 people who have left Kosovo to join the
1767:
had been underway for more than a decade, there has been controversy over funding of the mosque. Following the
1585:
997:
7624:
6651:
4225:
2678:
wanting to fight on the side of the Islamic revival not against it. He associated with local Islamists of the
1726:
to "unite all Finnish Muslims", has met with resistance from among others the incoming mayor of the capital (
1650:
Later the two movements are said to have been "fused", or formed a "hybrid", particularly as a result of the
8297:
5701:
2670:, (who was killed in November 2001) was indirectly influenced by outside Islamic revival when serving in the
2335:
1954:
1859:
708:
6896:
5500:
Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn; Lobban, Richard (Spring 2001). "The Sudan Since 1989: National Islamic Front Rule".
4501:"Jeremy Corbyn calls for 'difficult conversations' with Saudi Arabia and Gulf states over extremism funding"
4436:"President of Iceland fears Saudi Arabian funding of ReykjavĂk Mosque will fuel Muslim extremism in Iceland"
748:
7811:
3508:
2388:(FLN) party and secular socialism waned in Algeria, the government imported two renowned Islamic scholars,
2252:
898:
8714:"THE INVOLVEMENT OF SALAFISM/WAHHABISM IN THE SUPPORT AND SUPPLY OF ARMS TO REBEL GROUPS AROUND THE WORLD"
3327:
in return for money to establish a school, and still evidently wants to establish some sort of a trust".
1953:"turned to Saudi Arabia for financial support," and for assistance in "re-Islamizing" the country. Thirty
8741:
3299:
3177:
2488:âa Salafi missionary group established 1978âhas become one of the largest Islamic societies in Nigeria,
2046:
1946:
1875:
1785:
1772:
1768:
1635:, a belief in strict implementation of injunctions and prohibitions of sharia law, an opposition to both
1539:
1264:
173:
6803:
5598:
5248:
2952:
opposition, a pliant ally where few questions are asked and fewer are allowed". In 2017, Members of the
1941:
A Muslim-majority country, Albania had been under anti-clerical communist control for 45 years when the
7466:
7211:
5014:
2953:
2919:
2915:
2856:
2654:"Muslims should be proud of smashing idols. It has given praise to Allah that we have destroyed them."
2576:
2066:
2013:
1369:
818:
481:
295:
97:
7968:
2114:
in Gjakova and several 400-year-old mosques, as well as shrines, graveyards and Dervish monasteries".
7918:
7836:
7690:
7540:
3808:
3273:
2714:
Salafi proselytising has been particularly successful in the ex-Soviet Muslim-majority areas such as
2500:. Izala is funded by Saudi Arabia and led by the World Muslim League. It fights what it sees as the
1883:
1704:
1480:
1092:
1050:
990:
945:
260:
7661:
6078:
5983:
3552:
led by Prince Salman bin Abdul Aziz, minister of defense at the time who became king in January 2015
2248:, enjoyed "close relations" with "some of the more conservative members of the Saudi royal family".
8766:
6308:
Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
4478:
4157:
Inside the Kingdom : Kings, Clerics, Modernists, Terrorists, and the Struggle for Saudi Arabia
4077:
3027:
3011:
2883:-e-Quran (understanding and interpretation of Hadith and Quran) with emphasis on aspects of Jihad"
2830:
2600:
2419:, these fighters tended to consider the fight against the Soviets a "prelude" to jihad in Algeria.
2090:
Conservatives came to dominate the Islamic Community of Kosovo, the national Islamic organization.
1851:, gave ÂŁ3.1 million (SR 18.8 million) to Cambridge to fund two posts, including a chair of Arabic.
1764:
1628:
1521:
7508:
7270:
The Rise of the Taliban in Afghanistan: Mass Mobilization, Civil War, and the Future of the Region
6688:"Creating Frankenstein: The Impact Of Saudi Export Of Ultra-Conservatism In South Asia â Analysis"
4946:
3791:
Hasan, Noorhaidi (2010). "The Failure of the Wahhabi Campaign: Transnational Islam and the Salafi
2907:
in 2015, 140 Muslim preachers are listed as on the Saudi Consulate's payroll in New Delhi alone.
2674:
fighting Afghan mujahideen. He was radicalized by the experience and returning to his home in the
2138:
6239:
4112:
4045:
3435:). Other Saudi gifts reportedly included $ 20 million to the Middle East Studies Center at the
3187:, Saudis have also discreetly provided funds for "militant Islamic groups". The Saudi foundation
2423:
2343:
2142:"The Centre of a Muslim Culture" (pl. OĆrodek Kultury MuzuĆmaĆskiej) was built in 2015 in Warsaw.
1848:
1826:
1795:
1087:
888:
8546:
7175:
6313:
3854:
3612:
Wagemakers, Joas (2021). "Part 3: Fundamentalisms and Extremists â The Citadel of Salafism". In
630:
8119:
8093:
7892:
7242:
6032:
4885:
4162:
3581:
3503:
3436:
3356:
In November 2016 Mohammad Anwar Sahib, Imam of At-Taqwa mosque in New Zealand's largest city,
3324:
3215:
3211:
2837:
approved a $ 35-billion (Rs 1,75,000 crore) plan to build mosques and madrassas in South Asia.
2292:
2256:
2002:
1974:
1387:
1072:
763:
179:
6349:
4001:
3920:
3330:
From 2006 to 2013, conservative Islamic preachers associated in some way with Saudi Arabia or
3006:
and cutting off of hands for crimes like theft and robbery (82%), death penalty for those who
7947:
7244:
International Relations of an Islamist Movement: The Case of the Jama'at-i Islami of Pakistan
6934:
5577:
4064:
3679:
3493:
3428:
3244:
Australia has approximately 600,000 Muslim among its population of about 25 million. Within
3163:(path) had grown to about 100. The libraries of other pesantren â including the prestigious
2985:
2948:
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2213:, a poor country with a majority Muslim Arab population whose coastline lies just across the
1922:
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7417:
3084:. Originally an activist of Jamaat-e-Islami (JI), he fought in the Afghan jihad and founded
2960:
to "sell" one of Maldives 26 atolls, to Saudi Arabia will aggravate Salafi preaching in the
2575:
In Central Asia the label "Wahhabism" has evolved from its original meaning of followers of
1817:
A large share of this money went toward establishing Islamic study centers. In 2008, Prince
8756:
7135:
FOREIGN FIGHTERS: An Updated Assessment of the Flow of Foreign Fighters into Syria and Iraq
3452:
3277:
3023:
2537:
Salafis are said to represent more or so half of the countryâs urban Muslim population, in
2156:
2127:
2086:
society at the hem of Europe into a font of Islamic extremism and a pipeline for jihadists.
1863:
1822:
1791:
1546:
1473:
1023:
753:
670:
542:
102:
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5475:
5430:
5378:
2312:
2202:, spread of Salafism, is a, "key concern of the west, and of many local players as well".
2171:
8:
8719:. European Parliament - DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR EXTERNAL POLICIES OF THE UNION. June 2013
8230:"What Is the Muslim Brotherhood, and What Does It Have to Do With the Qatar-Saudi Split?"
8178:
6079:"They're Only Sleeping: Why militant Islamicists in Central Asia aren't going to go away"
3804:
3513:
3472:
3468:
3448:
3432:
3374:
2997:
2864:
2541:
around 10% of Muslims are Salafis with numbers going up to 20% in some regions, while in
2430:
law in Algeria. "Islamist intelligentsia" formed its leadership, FIS second in command,
2389:
2339:
2229:
was very different from that of Saudis or Muslim Brotherhood. Popular local Islam of the
1918:
1867:
1818:
1640:
1581:
1422:
1082:
933:
883:
82:
8038:
5942:
1969:
One of the first Islamists to come to Albania was Muhammad al Zawahiri, (the brother of
8761:
7484:
6830:
6342:
6306:
6025:
5509:
5223:
4155:
3836:
3828:
3773:
3460:
3456:
3444:
3424:
3307:
3245:
3071:
But the diplomat complained many of the students ended up in terrorist training camps.
3015:
2461:
2443:
2401:
2377:
2338:
in Saudi which was established as an alternative to the Egyptian government-controlled
2045:
dozens of mosques. In the capital and largest city Sarajevo, Saudi Arabia financed the
1624:
1067:
858:
703:
688:
476:
451:
361:
209:
2633:, "Wahhabi" practices might have influenced the Deobandi Taliban. One example was the
8751:
8689:
8682:
8663:
8640:
8624:
8609:
8425:
8391:
8153:
7748:
7323:
7292:
7109:
6412:
6378:"Addressing Terrorist Threats in Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan: Winning Hearts and Minds"
6353:
6317:
6184:
6180:
6036:
5747:
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4676:
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3763:
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3657:
3647:
3007:
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2788:
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1855:
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234:
219:
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152:
147:
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54:
7808:"2071.0 - Reflecting a Nation: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016"
5554:
5407:
5030:
3319:
New Zealand has approximately 46,000 Muslims out of a population of 4.6 million. In
6344:
American Taliban: How War, Sex, Sin, and Power Bind Jihadists and the Radical Right
6008:
3812:
3755:
3751:
3637:
3633:
3613:
3528:
3281:
3196:
3192:
3136:(the Indonesian Society for the Propagation of Islam, or DDII founded in 1967) and
3076:
sent to terrorist training camps in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).
3059:
2977:
2852:
2526:
2308:
2245:
1840:
1754:
1739:
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6973:"The Radicalization of South Asian Islam: Saudi Money and the Spread of Wahhabism"
6703:"The Radicalization of South Asian Islam: Saudi Money and the Spread of Wahhabism"
4794:
4316:"Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism"
2545:, Nigeriaâs largest city, as of 2014 some 60% of the youth was said to be Salafi.
1592:, and various royal charities. Supporting proselytizing or preaching of Islam (
7002:
6955:
5408:"300,000 Sudanese expat workers could face deportation from Saudi Arabia: report"
3523:
3431:
universities both received $ 20 million in 2005 from a Saudi businessman (Prince
3395:
3106:
3042:
and the religious ideals. The result was an interpretation of Islam that blended
3019:
2476:
Azzedine Ramdani and Al Eid Cherifiâreceived religious training in Saudi Arabia.
2397:
2222:
1978:
1799:
1686:
1679:
1671:
1609:
1526:
1501:
1438:
1428:
1347:
1077:
980:
913:
718:
625:
456:
366:
290:
130:
125:
87:
35:
23:
7943:"WikiLeaks 'Saudi Cables' reveal secret Saudi government influence in Australia"
6912:"Why a Saudi award for televangelist Zakir Naik is bad news for India's Muslims"
4514:
3561:
the director of Brunel University's Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies
3109:
particularly relation to its Islamic-status and its oil-leverage in the region.
2607:
school of the Pakistani sponsors and the Salafism supported by Saudi financers.
2384:
In addition, in the 1980s, as interest in Islam grew and devotion to the ruling
8480:
7373:
7319:
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from ...
6083:
5582:
5107:"OpenDemocracy: Why are Polish people so wrong about Muslims in their country?"
4090:
According to author Dore Gold this funding was for non-Muslim countries alone.
2957:
2897:
2675:
2667:
2554:
2447:
2435:
2263:
2226:
1989:
percentage in the world amongst countries with significant Muslim populations.
1914:
1727:
1632:
1505:
1279:
1207:
926:
873:
783:
733:
693:
660:
620:
554:
466:
446:
417:
392:
346:
8571:
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3759:
3642:
2812:
Although Georgia is predominantly Christian, it has Muslim minorities. In the
2311:
and his National Islamic Front grew in influence and in 1989 a coup d'Ă©tat by
8735:
7113:
4897:
4237:
3824:
3661:
3405:
3335:
3291:
3286:
3081:
2834:
2813:
2784:
2485:
2439:
2369:(FLN) was interested in socialism and Arab nationalism, not political Islam.
2234:
2221:
province of Saudi Arabia, has had close relations with the kingdom since the
1887:
1831:
1289:
1222:
1197:
1192:
878:
793:
778:
728:
713:
655:
640:
566:
461:
302:
239:
8656:
8056:"Saudi government funding private Islamic schools in Canada, documents show"
7969:
National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011 - Option 2: Select from a list
7625:"Indonesia: The Saudis Are Coming [complete article behind paywall]"
7565:"Nurturing Sala manhaj: A study of Sala pesantren in contemporary Indonesia"
6173:
3062:(specifically the Multan, Bahawalpur, and Dera Ghazi Khan Divisions there),
7031:
6547:"Chechnya's leader, top cleric discuss struggle against terrorist ideology"
6483:"The Rise of Militant Salafism in Azerbaijan and Its Regional Implications"
6441:"The Rise of Militant Salafism in Azerbaijan and Its Regional Implications"
5529:"Sudan's Bashir Wins Presidential Election in Vote Boycotted by Opposition"
3816:
3476:
3343:
3339:
3320:
3206:
On 4 November 2016 approximately 500,000 demonstrators gathered in central
2666:(IMU) has been influenced by the Salafi and Deobandi traditions. IMU head,
2630:
2619:
2534:
2416:
2412:
2373:
2362:
2198:
2147:
2038:
1950:
1942:
1655:
1517:
1463:
1443:
1357:
1271:
969:
950:
908:
903:
813:
798:
738:
615:
412:
397:
356:
285:
256:
27:
8636:
Hatred's Kingdom : How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism
7986:"We should arm the Saudis while protecting Canada against their influence"
7027:"Paradise jihadis: Maldives sees surge in young Muslims leaving for Syria"
5308:
Muhammad Faysal Al Saoud: malamih min tajriba al iqtissadiyya al islamiyya
5050:
Rediscovering the Umma: Muslims in the Balkans Between Nationalism and ...
4763:
Rediscovering the Umma: Muslims in the Balkans Between Nationalism and ...
4094:
Hatred's Kingdom : How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism
3961:
Hatred's Kingdom : How Saudi Arabia Supports the New Global Terrorism
2930:), 1.5 of the 8 million Muslims affiliated to Salafism. The Saudi-funded
1760:
1549:), over $ 75 billion is estimated to have been spent in efforts to spread
8253:"Auckland Imam demands apology after backlash from anti-Semitic speeches"
6847:
Qaumi madrassas are financed by donors from inside Bangladesh and abroad.
6277:
Dupree Hatch, Nancy. "Afghan Women under the Taliban" in Maley, William.
4918:"Is Saudi-funded mosque in Sarajevo threat to Bosnia's moderate Muslims?"
4196:
On Saudi Arabia : Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
4136:
On Saudi Arabia : Its People, Past, Religion, Fault Lines and Future
3518:
3417:
3269:
3188:
3142:(the Institute of Islamic and Arabic Studies, or LIPIA, a branch of the
2431:
2317:
2020:
1998:
1891:
1682:
groups differing with the less extreme Muslim Brotherhood, for example.)
1602:
1559:
1513:
1040:
1031:
893:
788:
773:
650:
579:
7579:"Saudi Arabia Is Redefining Islam for the World's Largest Muslim Nation"
6583:"In Russia's Dagestan, Salafi Muslims clash with government authorities"
5513:
3832:
2130:â each of which average "approximately âŹ1 million a year" in donations.
1566:". By 2000 Saudi Arabia had also distributed 138 million copies of the
975:
8039:
Summary of the Security Intelligence Report concerning Mahmoud Jaballah
7102:"Maldives, Tourist Haven, Casts Wary Eye on Growing Islamic Radicalism"
6408:
Dagestan: Russian Hegemony and Islamic Resistance in the North Caucasus
3617:
3002:
2923:
2467:
2407:
Also in the 1980s, several hundred youth left Algeria for the camps of
2023:" veterans fighting Serbs in Bosnia as volunteers took upon themselves
1933:, Salafism is getting established particularly in the remote villages.
1275:
863:
645:
407:
164:
4704:"August 9, 2012 Infographic: The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"
2956:
have raised concerns that the decision by the government of President
2943:
In the late 1990s, with the growth of Salafi missionary activities in
2415:. As the FLN government was a close ally of the jihadists' enemy, the
2244:
Saudi provided funding for the Muslim Brotherhood whose local leader,
3747:
3391:
3350:
3295:
3249:
3124:
3055:
2904:
2515:
2511:
2502:
1871:
1806:
1531:
1508:
and the vast increase in petroleum export revenue that followed, the
1404:
1352:
1229:
422:
214:
7564:
4568:"Saudi Arabian Extremism in the UK: Inside the Henry Jackson Report"
2300:) to help train African Muslim preachers and missionaries "with the
1913:
were introduced to Islam while under the domination of the Sufi-led
5034:
4542:"Theresa May sitting on report on foreign funding of UK extremists"
3498:
3369:
3357:
3228:
3047:
3039:
3034:
2989:
2980:
in the world and approximately 30% of its people living below the
2961:
2944:
2914:(part of Indian-administered Kashmir that has been the site of the
2779:
2719:
2715:
2604:
2538:
2497:
2408:
2301:
2238:
2190:
1723:
1675:
1617:
1535:
1285:
1152:
1145:
402:
278:
120:
62:
39:
8276:"Auckland Imam permanently stood down after anti-Semitic speeches"
6546:
7376:
ideals and Deobandi views, precisely the hallmark of the Taliban.
6004:"Salafis, Sufis, and the Contest for the Future of African Islam"
4226:"Saudis and Extremism: 'Both the Arsonists and the Firefighters'"
3265:
3207:
3148:
3043:
2611:
2214:
2193:
2181:
Saudi leaders have endeavoured to influence, trade, resources in
1926:
1910:
1659:
1181:
1112:
387:
159:
8572:"The Saudi Fifth Column On Our Nation's Campuses - Campus Watch"
6872:"Reforming Qaumi Madrassas of Bangladesh | Bangladesh Live News"
5703:
God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East
5654:
God has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East
5081:
5010:
5008:
3404:, Saudi money helped finance 16 American mosques. According to
1542:
Islam, and a "hybrid" of the two interpretations (until 1990s).
7831:
7393:"How Saudi Wahhabism Is the Fountainhead of Islamist Terrorism"
4111:. Council on foreign relations. Washington Post. Archived from
3629:
3625:
3261:
2880:
2876:
2868:
2768:
2615:
2427:
2267:
2119:
2095:
2025:
1930:
1667:
1636:
1399:
1374:
1308:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1162:
1057:
308:
201:
7168:"WikiLeaks: The Saudis' Close but Strained Ties with Pakistan"
7054:"Saudis make Maldives land grab to secure oil routes to China"
5431:"THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN SUDAN: FROM REFORMS TO RADICALISM*"
5379:"THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN SUDAN: FROM REFORMS TO RADICALISM*"
5132:"LudnoĆÄ. Stan i struktura demograficzno-spoĆeczna - NSP 2011"
4024:
associates cannot be understood outside this hybrid tradition.
2283:
there were 900,000 Sudanese migrant workers in Saudi Arabia.)
2081:
According to a critical article by journalist Carlotta Gall,
1658:, and resulted in the training and equipping of thousands of
7418:"(S/NF) EXTREMIST RECRUITMENT ON THE RISE IN SOUTHERN PUNJAB"
7350:. Oneonta, NY: Islamic Publications International. pp. 49, 50
6228:
5985:
SUFISM IN NORTHERN NIGERIA: FORCE FOR COUNTER-RADICALIZATION?
5005:
3138:
2740:
fills the ideological void left by the collapse of socialism;
2542:
2530:
2519:
2493:
2330:
2218:
2210:
2186:
2182:
2123:
2118:
the slack in financing "hard-line" Islam have been donors in
2106:, "including two suicide bombers, 44 women and 28 children".
1644:
1594:
1567:
1555:
1394:
1316:
1299:
1122:
1117:
327:
315:
267:
77:
7720:"How Saudi Arabia's religious project transformed Indonesia"
5440:. THE PROJECT FOR THE RESEARCH OF ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS (PRISM)
5388:. THE PROJECT FOR THE RESEARCH OF ISLAMIST MOVEMENTS (PRISM)
5194:"Middle East's leaders cross the Red Sea to woo east Africa"
4612:"Muslim radicals in mountain villages spark fears in Bosnia"
4515:"Saudi Arabia has 'clear link' to UK extremism, report says"
3580:
Investigate Magazine also writes that in November 2003, the
3080:
One militant who has fought for Salafi Islam in Pakistan is
1917:
and have majority or large minority Muslim populations. The
8387:
Citizen Islam: The Future of Muslim Integration in the West
8349:"How Saudi Arabia dangerously undermines the United States"
7073:
6650:
Chitanava and, Eka; Kochiashvili, Marika (25 August 2010).
5578:"The Moderate Martyr: A radically peaceful vision of Islam"
5346:
Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur: What Everyone Needs to Know
5276:
Sudan, South Sudan, and Darfur: What Everyone Needs to Know
5180:"Meczet, ktĂłrego nie chciaĆ Uniwersytet Warszawski - rp.pl"
3439:; $ 5 million to the Center for Middle East Studies at the
3156:
2764:
2731:
2562:
2558:
2507:
2489:
2230:
1844:
1312:
1185:
1157:
1132:
1127:
7445:"The Black-Turbaned Brigade: The Rise of TNSM in Pakistan"
6998:"Tourists blissfully unaware of Islamist tide in Maldives"
4283:. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 220.
3855:"6 common misconceptions about Salafi Muslims in the West"
3624:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21.
6958:,â Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, December 13, 2011
6649:
6517:"Who is Behind the Bombing of the Salafi Mosque in Baku?"
4598:"Two Albanian-majority countries fear growth of Islamism"
2050:
1890:
stated that the "difficult conversations" Prime Minister
1167:
7197:
Saudi Arabia's Image Falters among Middle East Neighbors
6859:
Views from the Madrassa: Islamic Education in Bangladesh
6674:"Radicalisation in Georgia: a self-fulfilling prophecy?"
6112:"RELIGION AND ISLAM IN CENTRAL ASIA | Facts and Details"
4737:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
4382:"OCAM warns against advance of radical Islam in Belgium"
8454:"Saudi Prince Gives Millions to Harvard and Georgetown"
6783:"How Saudi Arabia finances radical Islam in Bangladesh"
6561:"Russian forces kill seven terror suspects in Dagestan"
6339:
4733:"Infographic: The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity"
4397:"Bahrain-backed mosque sparks 'Wahhabi' row in Finland"
4394:
1678:. Revivalist groups also disagreed among themselves --
6637:"Saakashvili Warns Over "Wahhabism Threat" in Georgia"
3459:. Academic chairs for Islamic Studies were donated at
2833:
and Indian Central intelligence officers, in 2005 the
2279:
and who have "transformed themselves into Islamists."
1639:
and popular Islamic religious practices (the cult of `
8200:
8198:
8196:
7747:(5th ed.). Transaction Publishers. p. 314.
7713:
7711:
7473:
Web site, November 1, 2007, accessed November 7, 2007
6753:"FIELD LISTING :: POPULATION BELOW POVERTY LINE"
6072:
6070:
6068:
6066:
6064:
6062:
4755:
4753:
7515:
Website, October 27, 2007, accessed November 7, 2007
7250:. New York: council on foreign relations. p. 42
6027:
Radical Islam in Central Asia: Between Pen and Rifle
5641:
Fundamentalism and Intellectuals in Egypt, 1973-1999
5599:"Salafis in Sudan:Non-Interference or Confrontation"
4991:"How Kosovo Was Turned Into Fertile Ground for ISIS"
4193:
4133:
2599:
Many were radical schools sponsored by the Pakistan
1949:
was elected to power in 1992, and the government of
8707:
The Failure of Political Islam muslim world league.
8625:
The Call: Inside the Global Saudi Religious Project
8517:
8515:
8513:
8445:
7412:
7410:
6831:"Bangladesh plans $ 100m madrassa reform programme"
6609:"Why Georgians in a remote valley are joining ISIL"
5784:
5782:
5499:
3489:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
1510:
international propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
20:
International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism
8681:
8655:
8355:
8193:
8111:
8070:
8007:
8005:
8003:
7979:
7977:
7962:
7708:
7662:"Saudis Quietly Promote Strict Islam in Indonesia"
7526:"King Salman's Return to Brunei Two Decades Later"
7386:
7384:
6480:
6438:
6341:
6305:
6279:Fundamentalism Reborn? Afghanistan and the Taliban
6172:
6059:
6024:
5669:Princes of Darkness: The Saudi Assault on the West
4750:
4459:
4457:
4154:
4146:
3993:
3912:
3447:in Ithaca, New York and a half million dollars to
8049:
8047:
7141:. THE SOUFAN GROUP. December 2015. Archived from
6297:
5914:"Hard-line Islam steps out of shadows in Algeria"
5907:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5819:
5817:
5740:"The Attitudes Towards Selected Muslim Countries"
5322:
5320:
5099:
5031:World: Middle East Gulf Arabs aid Kosovo refugees
5025:
5023:
4984:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4307:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3362:Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand
2903:According to Saudi diplomatic cables released by
8733:
8510:
8244:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7645:
7436:
7407:
7236:
7234:
7232:
6966:
6964:
5879:"'Quietist' and 'Firebrand' Salafism in Algeria"
5849:
5779:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4966:
4964:
4368:"The Saudi origins of Belgium's Islamist threat"
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
2682:(IRP) and the local Islamic revolutionary party
2592:became "important backers" for Islamic schools (
2518:Sufi orders. It is very active in education and
2446:, despite the adamant fear of and opposition to
2426:(FIS) political party which sought to establish
2159:, but the University's staff refused the offer.
1763:, the capital of Iceland where plans to build a
8315:
8120:"NEW ZEALAND'S MUSLIMS AND THEIR ORGANISATIONS"
8079:"NEW ZEALAND'S MUSLIMS AND THEIR ORGANISATIONS"
8000:
7974:
7940:
7865:
7618:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7381:
6281:. London: Hurst and Company, 2001, pp. 145-166.
6199:
6016:
5731:
5249:"Migration, Modernity and Islam in Rural Sudan"
5082:"Hadim Suleiman Aga Library. Djakovica, Kosovo"
4565:
4465:"'Extremism' fear over Islam studies donations"
4454:
4029:
1722:A 2017 proposal to construct a large mosque in
8323:"A new estimate of the U.S. Muslim population"
8170:
8054:FREEZE, COLIN; CHOWDHRY, AFFAN (2 July 2015).
8053:
8044:
7914:"Revealed: the Saudis' paymaster in Australia"
7688:
7538:
6694:
6481:Souleimanov, Emil; Ehrmann, Maya (Fall 2013).
6439:Souleimanov, Emil; Ehrmann, Maya (Fall 2013).
5896:
5833:
5814:
5798:
5763:
5553:. Sudan Tribune. 24 April 2006. Archived from
5452:
5317:
5200:
5020:
4945:. Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from
4851:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4787:
4539:
3744:Islam in Southeast Asia: Negotiating Modernity
3598:
2700:According to journalist Ahmed Rashid, the IMU
8629:Columbia Global Reports. ISBN 978-1733623766.
8592:
8421:40 Lingering Questions about the 9/11 Attacks
8028:
7744:In the Path of God: Islam and Political Power
7684:
7682:
7642:
7511:, Associated Press report, as it appeared at
7229:
6961:
6432:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6236:The Taliban Phenomenon, Afghanistan 1994â1997
5617:
5040:
4961:
4886:"Islamic Revival Tests Bosnia's Secular Cast"
4830:. Columbia University Press. pp. 89â92.
4638:. Columbia University Press. pp. 28â30.
3978:
3720:. U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. p. 27
3105:Saudi Arabia is strengthening its links with
3067:with the direct support of those governments.
2442:âalong with most other Islamistsâwhen Saddam
2012:Aid to the local Bosnian Islamist party (the
1821:donated ÂŁ8 million (SR 48.5 million) each to
1481:
998:
7599:
7442:
7280:
7278:
6970:
6822:
6747:
6745:
6700:
6375:
6128:
5253:Middle East Research and Information Project
4187:
3996:The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West
2548:
1643:`), and a belief in the importance of armed
550:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
8472:
8014:"Toronto's million-dollar 'radical mosque'"
7780:"Wahabism spreading among Malaysia's elite"
7689:von der Mehden, Fred R. (1 December 2014).
7539:von der Mehden, Fred R. (1 December 2014).
6971:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (20 December 2014).
6701:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (20 December 2014).
6510:
6508:
5975:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5737:
5659:
4934:
4812:
4250:
4107:Ibrahim, Youssef Michel (August 11, 2002).
4100:
4036:Ibrahim, Youssef Michel (August 11, 2002).
2225:. However, the dominant interpretation of
1870:, has received donations from the ruler of
8521:
8411:
8377:
8221:
7893:"Mosques hooked on foreign cash lifelines"
7852:
7734:
7679:
7482:
7288:Apocalyptic Realm: Jihadists in South Asia
6476:
6474:
6472:
6470:
6391:
6364:Muslims should be proud of smashing idols.
6023:Naumkin, VitaliÄ ViÍĄacheslavovich (2005).
5991:. Strategic Studies Institute. p. 18.
5971:. US Institute of Peace Press. p. 28.
5656:, (New York: Touchstone Books, 1996), p.79
5468:
5400:
5336:
5279:. Oxford University Press. pp. 85â6.
5266:
5046:
4759:
4479:"British universities receive Saudi funds"
4471:
4127:
4109:"The Mideast Threat That's Hard to Define"
4038:"The Mideast Threat That's Hard to Define"
3953:
3951:
3872:
3611:
2851:Bangladesh has the forth or fifth largest
1516:favored by the conservative oil-exporting
1488:
1474:
1005:
991:
8364:"Saudis Seek U.S. Muslims for Their Sect"
7794:"The radicalisation of Islam in Malaysia"
7275:
7159:
6929:
6927:
6903:
6828:
6804:"'Petro-Islam' on the rise in Bangladesh"
6742:
6553:
6164:
5543:
4827:The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism
4635:The Columbia World Dictionary of Islamism
4313:
4270:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3673:
3671:
3641:
3144:Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University
2007:International Islamic Relief Organization
1904:
1590:International Islamic Relief Organization
842:Liberal and reform movements within Islam
8524:"Saudis' Multi-Million Dollar PR Agenda"
7691:"Saudi Religious Influence in Indonesia"
7541:"Saudi Religious Influence in Indonesia"
6897:"How Saudi Arabia exports radical Islam"
6798:
6796:
6794:
6792:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6505:
6149:
6147:
6001:
5960:
5936:
5934:
5865:
5672:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 56.
5665:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5236:
4883:
3735:
3183:However, according to a 2003 article in
3155:Both affluent and poor schools, in both
2778:
2262:In 1983 Saudis persuaded then-President
2137:
8451:
8204:
8151:
8117:
8076:
7983:
7717:
7593:"In Indonesia, Madrassas of Moderation"
7509:"Inside rebel Pakistan cleric's domain"
7359:
7165:
7099:
7095:
7093:
7091:
6909:
6757:US Central Intelligence Agency Factbook
6514:
6467:
6022:
5428:
5422:
5376:
5349:. Oxford University Press. p. 90.
5342:
5272:
5074:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4627:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4256:
4106:
4035:
3948:
3622:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements
3433:Alwaleed bin Talal bin Abdulaziz Alsaud
3139:Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Islam dan Arab
8734:
8569:
8544:
8452:ARENSON, KAREN W. (13 December 2005).
8361:
8273:
8176:
8035:Canadian Security Intelligence Service
7659:
7467:"Militants gaining ground in Pakistan"
7291:. Yale University Press. p. 162.
6924:
6575:
6271:
6076:
5911:
5699:
5693:
5590:
5575:
5569:
5526:
5520:
5370:
4943:"Cultural Terrorism and Wahhabi Islam"
4795:"CIA Report on NGOs With Terror Links"
4422:"Saudis support German salafist scene"
4395:Thomas-Johnson, Amandla (2 May 2017).
4280:Jihad: On the Trail of Political Islam
3899:
3668:
3465:University of California Santa Barbara
2763:society, built the Abu Bakr mosque in
2722:for a number of reasons, according to
8478:
8417:
8383:
8227:
7740:
7622:
7309:
7200:Pew Research Global Attitudes Project
7066:
7024:
6789:
6720:
6376:Salayeva, Rena; Baranick, Michael J.
6303:
6170:
6144:
5966:
5940:
5931:
5596:
5493:
5233:
5053:Oxford University Press. p. 65.
4879:
4877:
4875:
4823:
4766:Oxford University Press. p. 64.
4631:
4314:Armstrong, Karen (27 November 2014).
4276:
4223:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4152:
3991:
3878:
3790:
3702:
3677:
3086:Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
2988:funded through Gulf finances support
2947:, the local-traditional practices of
2804:Russian Interior Ministry officials.
1545:From 1982 to 2005 (the reign of King
8674:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.
8602:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
8522:Stakelbeck, Erick (March 15, 2008).
8274:MARTIN, HANNAH (November 23, 2016).
8250:
8127:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies
8086:New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies
8011:
7623:Scott, Margaret (October 27, 2016).
7501:
7476:
7459:
7390:
7363:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
7315:
7284:
7240:
7088:
6829:Ethirajan, Anbarasan (31 May 2011).
6643:
6623:"Pankisi, the land of the offspring"
6404:
6179:. Harvard University Press. p.
6091:from the original on 24 January 2016
6031:. Rowman & Littlefield. p.
6002:Meservey, Joshua (25 October 2021).
5981:
5876:
5576:Packer, George (11 September 2006).
5551:"Sudan's Turabi considered apostate"
5149:"Forbes:The World Richest Arab 2013"
4988:
4940:
4669:Freeman, Michael, ed. (2013-04-28).
4659:
4618:
4260:The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia
4091:
4000:. Harvard University Press. p.
3919:. Harvard University Press. p.
3741:
3199:) has now pledged his allegiance to
3014:(Jamaati Ulama Islam before 1988),
8658:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
8362:HARDEN, BLAINE (October 20, 2001).
8179:"Transcript of Sheikh Khalid Yasin"
7718:Varagur, Krithika (16 April 2020).
7166:Tharoor, Ishaan (6 December 2010).
6515:Valiyev, Anar (September 2, 2008).
5527:Bariyo, Nicholas (April 27, 2015).
5429:Warburg, Gabriel R. (August 2006).
5377:Warburg, Gabriel R. (August 2006).
4696:
3910:
3882:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
3681:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
3368:mosque where the Prophet of Islam
2687:
1983:1998 United States embassy bombings
1835:business daily reported yesterday.
1674:broke with Saudi Arabia during the
13:
8118:SHEPARD, William (December 2006).
8077:SHEPARD, William (December 2006).
8012:Bell, Stewart (16 February 2012).
7984:Solomon, Lawrence (1 April 2016).
6977:Georgetown Security Studies Review
6707:Georgetown Security Studies Review
5706:. Simon and Schuster. p. 79.
5643:, (London: Frank Cass, 1995), p.47
4872:
4438:. 24 November 2015. Archived from
4346:"Pakistan must confront Wahhabism"
4206:
4178:existing mosques to propagate the
3708:
3441:University of California, Berkeley
3360:, and a religious advisor for the
2298:International University of Africa
562:Principles of State and Government
538:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate
14:
8778:
8712:
8547:"Islam Buys Out Western Academia"
8479:Doiny, Ezequiel (25 March 2016).
8251:BATH, BROOKE (22 November 2016).
8205:WISHART, IAN (12 February 2013).
7025:Burke, Jason (26 February 2015).
6949:Kashmir: The Rise of a Hard Faith
6910:Daniyal, Shoaib (10 March 2015).
6589:. The National. 14 September 2011
6077:Rashid, Ahmed (14 January 2002).
5982:Hill, Jonathan N. C. (May 2010).
5912:Chikhi, Lamine (10 August 2010).
5017:. Saudi Embassy, 31 October 1999.
4672:Financing Terrorism: Case Studies
4343:
3467:. Islamic research institutes at
3095:
2910:In the Indian union territory of
2847:BangladeshâSaudi Arabia relations
2506:, (innovation), practiced by the
2365:âdespite the fact the victorious
1779:
1692:
1530:(often referred by outsiders as "
487:List of Islamic political parties
8598:
8563:
8538:
8498:
8341:
8290:
8267:
8181:. Sunday Nights With John Cleary
8145:
7941:Dorling, Philip (20 June 2015).
7934:
7906:
7885:
7859:
7825:
7800:
7786:
7772:
7585:
7571:
7557:
7532:
7518:
7353:
7340:
7262:
7204:
7190:
7126:
7060:
7046:
7018:
6990:
6941:
6889:
6864:
6852:
6775:
6680:
6666:
6652:"A Growing Gap in Pankisi Gorge"
6629:
6615:
6601:
6539:
6411:. NY: Routledge. pp. 91â2.
6369:
6340:Markos Moulitsas ZĂșniga (2010).
6333:
6284:
6258:
6245:
6215:
6109:
5410:. sudan tribune. 6 November 2013
5246:
3574:
3564:
3385:
3234:
3133:Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia
2555:VitaliÄ ViÍĄacheslavovich Naumkin
1457:
1039:
974:
963:
8653:
8545:Meotti, Giulio (23 June 2011).
7833:Australian Bureau of Statistics
7483:Rose, Mark (November 6, 2007).
7272:(New York: Palgrave, 2002), 119
6205:
6103:
6054:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan.
5995:
5855:
5823:
5804:
5788:
5769:
5646:
5633:
5623:
5476:"Biography of Hassan al Turabi"
5458:
5326:
5300:
5216:
5206:
5186:
5172:
5155:
5141:
5124:
4910:
4862:
4725:
4604:
4590:
4566:Dorsey, James M (6 July 2017).
4559:
4533:
4507:
4493:
4428:
4414:
4388:
4374:
4360:
4337:
4084:
3555:
3546:
2978:third largest Muslim population
2693:), and became a founder of the
2590:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
2510:brotherhoods, specifically the
2172:Islam_in_Africa § Salafism
1929:and other Balkan countries. In
1614:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
8684:The Failure of Political Islam
8679:
8390:. A&C Black. p. 105.
8152:WISHART, IAN (November 2003).
7866:Kerbaj, Richard (3 May 2008).
7443:Hassan Abbas (12 April 2006).
7369:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 191â2.
5839:
5605:. AlJazeera Center for Studies
4989:GALL, CARLOTTA (21 May 2016).
4540:Elgot, Jessica (4 July 2017).
4481:. ARAB NEWS. 30 September 2012
3915:The Failure of Political Islam
3885:. I.B. Tauris. pp. 61â2.
3847:
3784:
3697:even fewer revolutionary ones.
3314:
2695:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
2664:Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
2582:
2525:As per Joshua Meservey of the
2455:Armed Islamic Group of Algeria
2233:or mystical brotherhoods (the
2176:
1945:fell in 1991. The pro-Islamic
1610:Salafi interpretation of Islam
1586:World Assembly of Muslim Youth
1:
8632:
7660:PERLEZ, JANE (July 5, 2003).
7485:"Pakistan's Heritage at Risk"
7469:, Associated Press report at
6935:"Threat to National Security"
6134:
5969:Faith and Politics in Nigeria
5015:Saudi aid to Kosovo continues
4194:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
4134:House, Karen Elliott (2012).
3957:
3534:
3090:statues of Buddhas in Bamiyan
2840:
2819:
2657:
2336:Islamic University of Madinah
1860:Sultan bin Muhammad Al-Qasimi
1502:embargo by Arab oil exporters
709:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
8688:. Harvard University Press.
8662:. Harvard University Press.
8599:Commins, David Dean (2006).
8570:Kaplan, Lee (5 April 2004).
8424:. Harry Helms. p. 100.
8177:Cleary, John (9 July 2003).
7810:. Abs.gov.au. Archived from
7067:Clark, Amanda (7 May 2017).
5738:Abdelnasser, Walid (2011) .
4884:Bilefsky, Dan (2008-12-26).
4824:Sfeir, Antoine, ed. (2007).
4632:Sfeir, Antoine, ed. (2007).
3591:
3509:Islamic schools and branches
3412:in Culver City, California.
3239:
3112:
2992:and Salafi interpretations.
2253:Faisal Islamic Bank of Sudan
1882:In June 2017, following the
1771:, the President of Iceland,
1601:In the words of journalist
7:
8209:. investigatemagazine.co.nz
8158:www.investigatemagazine.com
7391:Butt, Yousaf (2015-01-20).
7348:Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
7100:Schultz, Kai (2017-06-18).
6861:Mumtaz Ahmad, Table 4, p.53
6405:Ware, Robert Bruce (2010).
6348:. Polipoint Press. p.
6292:Wahhabism: A Critical Essay
5343:Natsios, Andrew S. (2012).
5273:Natsios, Andrew S. (2012).
4675:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
4224:Shane, Scott (2016-08-25).
3684:. I.B. Tauris. p. 51.
3482:
3221:
2971:
2938:
2709:
2645:The taliban also practiced
1884:London Bridge terror attack
1876:Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
1786:Islam in the United Kingdom
498:Militant Islamism based in
10:
8783:
8622:Varagur, Krithika (2020).
8593:Books, articles, documents
8228:ABBAS, MO (15 July 2017).
7316:Coll, Steve (2004-12-28).
6876:www.bangladeshlivenews.com
6487:Middle East Policy Council
6445:Middle East Policy Council
5943:"Sharia Debates in Africa"
5842:Failure of Political Islam
5666:Murawiec, Laurent (2003).
4266:. I.B.Tauris. p. 141.
3389:
3116:
2954:Maldivian Democratic Party
2920:Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
2916:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
2844:
2672:Soviet army in Afghanistan
2577:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2479:
2356:
2169:
1936:
1909:Historically parts of the
1897:A July 2017 report by the
1783:
1752:
1748:
1737:
1733:
1715:
1711:
1697:
819:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
482:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan
141:Salafism by country/region
17:
8154:"THE ROCKING OF THE DOME"
7919:The Sydney Morning Herald
5744:Islamic Movement In Egypt
5228:Democratic Unionist Party
3809:SOAS University of London
3795:in post-9/11 Indonesia".
3760:10.1355/9789814818001-006
3643:10.1163/9789004435544_019
3305:According to a report in
3274:Salaheddin Islamic Centre
3255:
3100:
2783:Wahhabi Mosque in Duisi,
2680:Islamic Renaissance Party
2650:of the victim's family."
2549:Central Asia and Caucasus
2450:by the Gulf oil states.)
2386:National Liberation Front
2367:National Liberation Front
2165:
2133:
2060:
1992:
1769:2015 Paris terror attacks
1654:of the 1980s against the
1265:Sunni schools of theology
946:Islam and other religions
899:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi
428:International propagation
136:International propagation
7895:. Smh.com.au. 2002-11-25
7629:New York Review of Books
6161:, NovemberâDecember 2000
6155:Pakistan's Jihad Culture
5047:Merdjanova, Ina (2013).
4760:Merdjanova, Ina (2013).
4355:as decadent and immoral.
3964:. Regnery. p. 237.
3797:South East Asia Research
3539:
3012:Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (F)
2890:
2831:Jammu and Kashmir Police
2374:fight against the French
2323:
2205:
1504:during the Israeli-Arab
590:Governance of the Jurist
8092:(2): 24. Archived from
7868:"Saudis' secret agenda"
7741:Pipes, Daniel (2009) .
7360:Commins, David (2009).
6240:Oxford University Press
5967:Paden, John N. (2008).
5700:Miller, Judith (1996).
4257:Commins, David (2009).
4096:. Regnery. p. 126.
2637:, according to Rashid.
2424:Islamic Salvation Front
2344:Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy
1849:Qaboos bin Said al Said
1518:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1063:Prophets and Messengers
699:JamÄl al-DÄ«n al-AfghÄnÄ«
8747:Islamic fundamentalism
8654:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
7841:2016 Census QuickStats
7447:. Jamestown Foundation
6304:Lacey, Robert (2009).
6171:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
5502:Arab Studies Quarterly
4277:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
4198:. Knopf. p. 234.
4153:Lacey, Robert (2009).
4138:. Knopf. p. 234.
3992:Kepel, Gilles (2004).
3879:Kepel, Gilles (2003).
3817:10.5367/sear.2010.0015
3678:Kepel, Gilles (2006).
3582:al-Haramain Foundation
3504:Islamic fundamentalism
3437:University of Arkansas
3325:al-Haramain Foundation
3216:Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
3212:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
3078:
3069:
3018:and in particular the
2791:
2707:
2662:The leadership of the
2643:
2635:Saudi religious police
2293:National Islamic Front
2277:
2257:National Islamic Front
2143:
2088:
2035:
2003:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1975:Egyptian Islamic Jihad
1905:Eastern Europe/Balkans
1880:
1773:Ălafur Ragnar GrĂmsson
1331:Contemporary movements
1146:Rightly-Guided Caliphs
1073:Succession to Muhammad
764:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani
180:Islamic fundamentalism
8680:Roy, Olivier (1994).
8418:Helms, Harry (2008).
8384:Baran, Zeyno (2011).
7948:Sydney Morning Herald
7695:Middle East Institute
7545:Middle East Institute
7346:Algar, Hamid (2002).
7322:Penguin. p. 26.
7268:Neamotollah, Nojumi,
5531:. Wall Street Journal
5163:"Muslims in Visegrad"
3911:Roy, Olivier (1994).
3494:Islam in Saudi Arabia
3382:and was also killed.
3276:was funded by King
3117:Further information:
3073:
3064:
2949:Islam in the Maldives
2853:population of Muslims
2782:
2702:
2639:
2565:and decided to stay.
2272:
2141:
2083:
2067:NATO bombing campaign
2031:
1999:1992-1995 Bosnian War
1923:breakup of Yugoslavia
1899:Henry Jackson Society
1811:
1800:Islamic study centres
837:Criticism of Islamism
831:Criticism of Islamism
749:Necip Fazıl KısakĂŒrek
666:Hibatullah Akhundzada
44:Sufi-Salafi relations
18:Further information:
8576:www.campus-watch.org
8551:Israel National News
8058:. The Globe and Mail
7971:. Statistics Canada.
7285:Hiro, Dilip (2012).
7212:"Stoning Adulterers"
6739:, December 23, 2011.
6733:The Wahhabi Invasion
6654:. Transitions Online
6563:. AFP. 22 March 2015
5196:. 12 September 2016.
4115:on September 4, 2014
4048:on September 4, 2014
3805:Taylor & Francis
3636:. pp. 333â347.
3453:Princeton University
3300:2005 London bombings
3278:Fahd of Saudi Arabia
3058:concerning southern
2559:holy places of Hejaz
2473:Abdul-Aziz al-Sheikh
2413:jihad in Afghanistan
2157:University of Warsaw
2128:United Arab Emirates
1973:, the leader of the
1886:, opposition leader
1547:Fahd of Saudi Arabia
1113:Declaration of Faith
671:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi
631:Recep Tayyip ErdoÄan
588:Islamic Government:
8633:Gold, Dore (2003).
8207:"Preachers of Hate"
8041:, February 22, 2008
7922:. 10 September 2005
7595:. 10 February 2015.
7241:Nasr, Vali (2000).
7216:Pew Research Center
7178:on 28 December 2010
6639:. 17 February 2004.
6312:. Viking. pp.
6234:Matinuddin, Kamal,
6116:factsanddetails.com
4949:on 4 September 2014
4941:Finn, Helena Kane.
4424:. 12 December 2016.
4092:Gold, Dore (2003).
3958:Gold, Dore (2003).
3514:Muslim World League
3469:American University
3449:University of Texas
3375:Al-Masjid an-Nabawi
3284:. According to the
2998:Pew Research Center
2932:Jamiat Ahl-e-Hadith
2926:, and the ongoing
2865:University of Dhaka
2390:Mohammed al-Ghazali
2340:Al-Azhar University
1868:University of Wales
1819:Al-Waleed bin Talal
1608:In addition to the
1582:Muslim World League
981:Politics portal
934:Islam and modernity
592:("Velayat-e faqih")
574:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq
8742:Islam and politics
8458:The New York Times
7782:. 14 January 2017.
7567:. 27 January 2014.
7106:The New York Times
6954:2016-03-04 at the
6676:. 23 October 2015.
6625:. 17 October 2016.
6611:. 21 October 2015.
6242:, (1999), pp. 25â6
5941:Ben Amara, Ramzi.
5883:carnegie endowment
5877:Boukhars, Anouar.
5597:Al Sharif, Jamal.
5557:on 31 October 2015
5480:Human Rights Watch
5247:Bernal, Victoria.
5226:for Ansar and the
4890:The New York Times
4442:on 24 October 2017
4384:. 8 February 2017.
4230:The New York Times
4161:. Viking. p.
4072:Unknown parameter
3754:. pp. 63â88.
3473:Alwaleed Bin-Talal
3461:Harvard Law School
3457:Rutgers University
3445:Cornell University
3443:; $ 11 million to
3308:The Globe and Mail
3272:. In Toronto, the
3185:The New York Times
3016:Jamiat Ahle Hadith
2792:
2462:Algerian Civil War
2402:Muslim Brotherhood
2378:Muslim Brotherhood
2144:
1829:for this purpose,
1805:A 2012 article in
1765:new, larger mosque
1633:Western influences
1625:Muslim Brotherhood
1370:Neo-traditionalism
859:Khaled Abu al-Fadl
704:Qazi Hussain Ahmad
689:Abu Hamza al-Masri
517:Sub-Saharan Africa
477:Muslim Brotherhood
452:Iranian Revolution
362:Islamic Golden Age
230:Islamic liberalism
210:Islamic governance
8329:. January 6, 2016
7796:. 28 August 2016.
6587:14 September 2011
6359:978-1-936227-02-0
5037:, April 24, 1999.
4600:. 21 August 2016.
3807:on behalf of the
3718:FEBRUARY 27, 2013
3653:978-90-04-43554-4
3614:Cusack, Carole M.
3455:; $ 5 million to
3451:; $ 1 million to
3410:King Fahad Mosque
3119:Islamic Modernism
3024:Abul A'la Maududi
2982:poverty threshold
2976:Pakistan has the
2912:Jammu and Kashmir
2724:Robert Bruce Ware
2647:public beheadings
2618:ever seen in the
2570:SovietâAfghan War
2394:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
1971:Ayman al Zawahiri
1919:fall of Communism
1616:include those of
1564:northern Pakistan
1498:
1497:
1343:Deobandi movement
1015:
1014:
869:Abdelwahab Meddeb
804:Haji Shariatullah
769:Yusuf al-Qaradawi
754:Abul A'la Maududi
744:Ruhollah Khomeini
724:Rached Ghannouchi
636:Ruhollah Khomeini
543:RashÄ«d RÄ«Äha 1922
433:by country/region
322:Two-nation theory
274:Islamic terrorism
235:Islamic socialism
220:Islamic democracy
196:Apostasy in Islam
153:Deobandi jihadism
148:Deobandi movement
8774:
8728:
8726:
8724:
8718:
8709:
8704:
8702:
8687:
8676:
8661:
8650:
8619:
8607:
8586:
8585:
8583:
8582:
8567:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8542:
8536:
8535:
8533:
8531:
8519:
8508:
8502:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8460:. New York Times
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8415:
8409:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8372:
8370:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8351:. 16 April 2016.
8345:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8334:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8309:
8304:. 9 January 2017
8294:
8288:
8287:
8285:
8283:
8271:
8265:
8264:
8262:
8260:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8239:
8237:
8225:
8219:
8218:
8216:
8214:
8202:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8186:
8174:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8164:
8149:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8124:
8115:
8109:
8108:
8106:
8104:
8098:
8083:
8074:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8063:
8051:
8042:
8032:
8026:
8025:
8023:
8021:
8009:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7988:. Financial Post
7981:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7938:
7932:
7931:
7929:
7927:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7889:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7878:
7863:
7857:
7856:
7851:
7849:
7847:
7835:(27 June 2017).
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7819:
7804:
7798:
7797:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7776:
7770:
7769:
7763:
7761:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7715:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7701:
7686:
7677:
7676:
7674:
7672:
7657:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7635:
7620:
7597:
7596:
7589:
7583:
7582:
7575:
7569:
7568:
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7551:
7536:
7530:
7529:
7528:. 20 March 2017.
7522:
7516:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7495:
7480:
7474:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7452:
7440:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7414:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7388:
7379:
7378:
7368:
7357:
7351:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7313:
7307:
7306:
7282:
7273:
7266:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7249:
7238:
7227:
7226:
7224:
7223:
7208:
7202:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7174:. Archived from
7163:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7147:
7140:
7130:
7124:
7123:
7121:
7120:
7097:
7086:
7085:
7083:
7081:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7050:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7022:
7016:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7006:. 16 August 2014
6994:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6968:
6959:
6945:
6939:
6938:
6931:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6907:
6901:
6900:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6868:
6862:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6842:
6826:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6800:
6787:
6786:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6763:on June 13, 2007
6759:. Archived from
6749:
6740:
6729:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6713:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6659:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6605:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6549:. 16 April 2017.
6543:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:
6512:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6478:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6436:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6402:
6389:
6388:
6382:
6373:
6367:
6366:
6347:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6311:
6301:
6295:
6288:
6282:
6275:
6269:
6262:
6256:
6249:
6243:
6232:
6226:
6219:
6213:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6178:
6168:
6162:
6153:Jessica Stern, "
6151:
6142:
6137:Hatred's Kingdom
6132:
6126:
6125:
6123:
6122:
6107:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6074:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6049:
6030:
6020:
6014:
6013:
6009:Hudson Institute
5999:
5993:
5992:
5990:
5979:
5973:
5972:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5953:
5938:
5929:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5909:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5874:
5863:
5853:
5847:
5837:
5831:
5821:
5812:
5802:
5796:
5786:
5777:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5722:
5720:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5663:
5657:
5650:
5644:
5637:
5631:
5621:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5610:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5562:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5472:
5466:
5456:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5435:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5383:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5340:
5334:
5324:
5315:
5304:
5298:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5244:
5231:
5220:
5214:
5204:
5198:
5197:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5159:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:
5109:. Archived from
5103:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5044:
5038:
5029:Gardner, Frank.
5027:
5018:
5012:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4998:
4993:. New York Times
4986:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4914:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4881:
4870:
4860:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4821:
4810:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4652:
4629:
4616:
4615:
4614:. 20 April 2016.
4608:
4602:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4574:. Archived from
4572:The Market Mogal
4563:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4537:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4475:
4469:
4468:
4467:. 13 April 2008.
4461:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4432:
4426:
4425:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4378:
4372:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4341:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4326:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4221:
4204:
4203:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4160:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4060:
4055:
4053:
4044:. Archived from
4033:
4027:
4026:
4020:
4018:
3999:
3989:
3976:
3975:
3955:
3946:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3918:
3908:
3897:
3896:
3876:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3788:
3782:
3781:
3752:ISEAS Publishing
3739:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3715:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3645:
3634:Brill Publishers
3609:
3585:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3529:Wahhabi movement
3282:Lawrence Solomon
3197:Abu Bakar Bashir
3193:Jemaah Islamiyah
3165:Gontor pesantren
2692:
2689:
2527:Hudson Institute
2398:fellow travelers
2309:Hassan al-Turabi
2304:view of Islam."
2246:Hassan al-Turabi
2223:Arab Oil Embargo
2047:King Fahd Mosque
1947:Democratic Party
1862:, has supported
1841:Ashmolean Museum
1755:Islam in Iceland
1740:Islam in Germany
1718:Islam in Finland
1705:ISIL terror cell
1506:October 1973 War
1490:
1483:
1476:
1464:Islam portal
1462:
1461:
1460:
1338:Barelvi movement
1304:
1303:
1217:
1216:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1000:
993:
979:
978:
970:Islam portal
968:
967:
966:
852:in North America
809:Hassan Al-Turabi
759:Abul Hasan Nadwi
352:Anti-imperialism
250:Islamic republic
245:Islamic monarchy
225:Islamic feminism
65:
59:
58:
48:
47:
32:Wahhabi movement
8782:
8781:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8773:
8772:
8771:
8767:Islam by region
8732:
8731:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8700:
8698:
8696:
8670:
8647:
8616:
8608:. I.B. Tauris.
8605:
8595:
8590:
8589:
8580:
8578:
8568:
8564:
8555:
8553:
8543:
8539:
8529:
8527:
8520:
8511:
8507:, March 1, 2002
8503:
8499:
8489:
8487:
8477:
8473:
8463:
8461:
8450:
8446:
8436:
8434:
8432:
8416:
8412:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8382:
8378:
8368:
8366:
8360:
8356:
8347:
8346:
8342:
8332:
8330:
8327:pewresearch.org
8321:
8320:
8316:
8307:
8305:
8296:
8295:
8291:
8281:
8279:
8272:
8268:
8258:
8256:
8249:
8245:
8235:
8233:
8226:
8222:
8212:
8210:
8203:
8194:
8184:
8182:
8175:
8171:
8162:
8160:
8150:
8146:
8136:
8134:
8122:
8116:
8112:
8102:
8100:
8099:on 6 April 2017
8096:
8081:
8075:
8071:
8061:
8059:
8052:
8045:
8033:
8029:
8019:
8017:
8016:. National Post
8010:
8001:
7991:
7989:
7982:
7975:
7967:
7963:
7953:
7951:
7939:
7935:
7925:
7923:
7912:
7911:
7907:
7898:
7896:
7891:
7890:
7886:
7876:
7874:
7864:
7860:
7845:
7843:
7830:
7826:
7817:
7815:
7806:
7805:
7801:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7778:
7777:
7773:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7739:
7735:
7725:
7723:
7716:
7709:
7699:
7697:
7687:
7680:
7670:
7668:
7658:
7643:
7633:
7631:
7621:
7600:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7581:. 2 March 2017.
7577:
7576:
7572:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7549:
7547:
7537:
7533:
7524:
7523:
7519:
7506:
7502:
7493:
7491:
7481:
7477:
7465:Gannon, Kathy.
7464:
7460:
7450:
7448:
7441:
7437:
7427:
7425:
7416:
7415:
7408:
7398:
7396:
7389:
7382:
7366:
7358:
7354:
7345:
7341:
7330:
7314:
7310:
7299:
7283:
7276:
7267:
7263:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7239:
7230:
7221:
7219:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7179:
7164:
7160:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7118:
7116:
7098:
7089:
7079:
7077:
7065:
7061:
7056:. 3 March 2017.
7052:
7051:
7047:
7037:
7035:
7023:
7019:
7009:
7007:
7003:The Irish Times
6996:
6995:
6991:
6981:
6979:
6969:
6962:
6956:Wayback Machine
6946:
6942:
6933:
6932:
6925:
6916:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6899:. 8 April 2015.
6895:
6894:
6890:
6881:
6879:
6870:
6869:
6865:
6857:
6853:
6840:
6838:
6827:
6823:
6813:
6811:
6802:
6801:
6790:
6781:
6780:
6776:
6766:
6764:
6751:
6750:
6743:
6730:
6721:
6711:
6709:
6699:
6695:
6690:. 30 June 2016.
6686:
6685:
6681:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6657:
6655:
6648:
6644:
6635:
6634:
6630:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6607:
6606:
6602:
6592:
6590:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6559:
6558:
6554:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6530:
6528:
6521:Terrorism Focus
6513:
6506:
6496:
6494:
6479:
6468:
6454:
6452:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6403:
6392:
6380:
6374:
6370:
6360:
6338:
6334:
6324:
6302:
6298:
6289:
6285:
6276:
6272:
6263:
6259:
6250:
6246:
6233:
6229:
6220:
6216:
6204:
6200:
6191:
6169:
6165:
6159:Foreign Affairs
6152:
6145:
6133:
6129:
6120:
6118:
6110:Hays, Jeffrey.
6108:
6104:
6094:
6092:
6075:
6060:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6021:
6017:
6000:
5996:
5988:
5980:
5976:
5965:
5961:
5951:
5949:
5939:
5932:
5922:
5920:
5910:
5897:
5887:
5885:
5875:
5866:
5854:
5850:
5838:
5834:
5822:
5815:
5803:
5799:
5787:
5780:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5736:
5732:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5698:
5694:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5664:
5660:
5652:Judith Miller,
5651:
5647:
5638:
5634:
5622:
5618:
5608:
5606:
5595:
5591:
5574:
5570:
5560:
5558:
5549:
5548:
5544:
5534:
5532:
5525:
5521:
5498:
5494:
5484:
5482:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5457:
5453:
5443:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5391:
5389:
5381:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5341:
5337:
5325:
5318:
5306:Moussa Yaqoub,
5305:
5301:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5271:
5267:
5257:
5255:
5245:
5234:
5221:
5217:
5205:
5201:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5178:
5177:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5134:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5116:
5114:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5045:
5041:
5028:
5021:
5013:
5006:
4996:
4994:
4987:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4924:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4902:
4900:
4882:
4873:
4861:
4852:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4822:
4813:
4803:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4758:
4751:
4742:
4740:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4713:
4711:
4710:. 9 August 2012
4702:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4667:
4660:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4630:
4619:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4548:
4538:
4534:
4524:
4522:
4513:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4455:
4445:
4443:
4434:
4433:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4401:Middle East Eye
4393:
4389:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4370:. 2 March 2016.
4366:
4365:
4361:
4344:Pabst, Adrian.
4342:
4338:
4324:
4322:
4312:
4308:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4275:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4251:
4242:
4240:
4222:
4207:
4192:
4188:
4180:dawah wahhabiya
4173:
4151:
4147:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4105:
4101:
4089:
4085:
4073:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4034:
4030:
4016:
4014:
4012:
3990:
3979:
3972:
3956:
3949:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3909:
3900:
3893:
3877:
3873:
3864:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3789:
3785:
3770:
3740:
3736:
3723:
3721:
3713:
3709:JASSER, ZUHDI.
3707:
3703:
3692:
3676:
3669:
3654:
3610:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3524:Salafi movement
3485:
3398:
3396:Salafi movement
3388:
3332:Salafiyya da'wa
3317:
3258:
3242:
3237:
3224:
3121:
3115:
3103:
3098:
3028:Jamaat-e-Islami
3020:Jamaat-e-Islami
2995:According to a
2974:
2941:
2924:1999 Kargil War
2893:
2857:Hefazat-e-Islam
2849:
2843:
2822:
2712:
2690:
2660:
2585:
2551:
2482:
2359:
2326:
2208:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2136:
2063:
2001:, the state of
1995:
1979:Osama bin Laden
1939:
1907:
1788:
1782:
1757:
1751:
1742:
1736:
1720:
1714:
1703:leading to the
1700:
1695:
1687:Osama bin Laden
1672:Osama bin Laden
1629:Jamaat-e-Islami
1575:dawah salafiyya
1522:Gulf monarchies
1494:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1429:Kutub al-Sittah
1418:
1410:
1409:
1390:
1380:
1379:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1297:
1296:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1214:
1213:
1188:
1173:
1172:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1108:
1098:
1097:
1053:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1020:
1011:
973:
964:
962:
956:
955:
929:
919:
918:
914:Magnus Ranstorp
832:
824:
823:
719:Hassan al-Banna
684:
676:
675:
626:Muammar Gaddafi
611:
603:
602:
589:
532:
524:
523:
457:Jamaat-e-Islami
380:
372:
371:
367:Islamic revival
342:
334:
333:
291:Political Islam
191:
183:
182:
176:
131:Salafi jihadism
126:Salafi movement
116:
108:
107:
73:
61:
60:
52:
51:
46:
36:Salafi jihadism
24:Salafi movement
12:
11:
5:
8780:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8730:
8729:
8710:
8694:
8677:
8668:
8651:
8645:
8630:
8620:
8614:
8594:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8562:
8537:
8509:
8497:
8471:
8444:
8430:
8410:
8396:
8376:
8354:
8340:
8314:
8289:
8266:
8243:
8220:
8192:
8169:
8144:
8110:
8069:
8043:
8027:
7999:
7973:
7961:
7933:
7905:
7884:
7872:The Australian
7858:
7824:
7799:
7785:
7771:
7753:
7733:
7722:. The Guardian
7707:
7678:
7666:New York Times
7641:
7598:
7584:
7570:
7556:
7531:
7517:
7500:
7475:
7458:
7435:
7406:
7380:
7352:
7339:
7328:
7308:
7298:978-0300173789
7297:
7274:
7261:
7228:
7203:
7189:
7158:
7125:
7087:
7059:
7045:
7017:
6989:
6960:
6940:
6923:
6902:
6888:
6863:
6851:
6821:
6788:
6785:. 29 May 2017.
6774:
6741:
6719:
6693:
6679:
6665:
6642:
6628:
6614:
6600:
6574:
6552:
6538:
6504:
6466:
6431:
6417:
6390:
6387:. p. 196.
6368:
6358:
6332:
6322:
6296:
6290:Algar, Hamid,
6283:
6270:
6257:
6251:Ahmed Rashid,
6244:
6227:
6214:
6198:
6189:
6163:
6143:
6127:
6102:
6084:The New Yorker
6058:
6041:
6015:
5994:
5974:
5959:
5930:
5895:
5864:
5848:
5832:
5813:
5797:
5778:
5762:
5752:
5730:
5712:
5692:
5678:
5658:
5645:
5632:
5616:
5589:
5583:The New Yorker
5568:
5542:
5519:
5492:
5467:
5451:
5421:
5399:
5369:
5355:
5335:
5316:
5299:
5285:
5265:
5232:
5215:
5199:
5185:
5171:
5154:
5140:
5123:
5098:
5073:
5059:
5039:
5019:
5004:
4960:
4933:
4909:
4871:
4850:
4836:
4811:
4799:wikisource.org
4786:
4772:
4749:
4724:
4695:
4681:
4658:
4644:
4617:
4603:
4589:
4558:
4532:
4506:
4503:. 5 June 2017.
4492:
4470:
4453:
4427:
4413:
4387:
4373:
4359:
4336:
4306:
4289:
4269:
4249:
4205:
4186:
4171:
4145:
4126:
4099:
4083:
4028:
4010:
3977:
3970:
3947:
3929:
3898:
3891:
3871:
3846:
3783:
3768:
3734:
3701:
3690:
3667:
3652:
3618:Upal, M. Afzal
3596:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3573:
3563:
3554:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3481:
3387:
3384:
3316:
3313:
3257:
3254:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3223:
3220:
3114:
3111:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Southeast Asia
3094:
2973:
2970:
2958:Abdulla Yameen
2940:
2937:
2892:
2889:
2842:
2839:
2821:
2818:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2777:
2776:
2771:Saudi Arabia.
2756:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2735:
2711:
2708:
2691: Justice
2676:Fergana Valley
2668:Juma Namangani
2659:
2656:
2584:
2581:
2550:
2547:
2481:
2478:
2448:Saddam Hussein
2444:invaded Kuwait
2436:Abbassi Madani
2358:
2355:
2325:
2322:
2313:Omar al-Bashir
2264:Gaafar Nimeiry
2227:Islam in Sudan
2207:
2204:
2178:
2175:
2167:
2164:
2135:
2132:
2062:
2059:
1994:
1991:
1938:
1935:
1915:Ottoman Empire
1906:
1903:
1781:
1780:United Kingdom
1778:
1750:
1747:
1735:
1732:
1728:Jan Vapaavuori
1713:
1710:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:Western Europe
1691:
1500:Following the
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1294:
1293:
1283:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1088:Predestination
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1002:
995:
987:
984:
983:
958:
957:
954:
953:
948:
943:
942:
941:
930:
927:Related topics
925:
924:
921:
920:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
874:Maryam Namazie
871:
866:
861:
856:
855:
854:
849:
839:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
784:Ata Abu Rashta
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
734:Muhammad Iqbal
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
694:Muhammad Abduh
691:
685:
683:Key ideologues
682:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
668:
663:
661:House of Thani
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
621:Omar al-Bashir
618:
612:
610:Heads of state
609:
608:
605:
604:
601:
600:
583:
576:("Milestones")
570:
558:
546:
533:
530:
529:
526:
525:
522:
521:
520:
519:
514:
512:Southeast Asia
509:
504:
490:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
467:Salafist Front
464:
459:
454:
449:
447:Hizb ut-Tahrir
438:
437:
436:
435:
430:
420:
418:Sahwa movement
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
393:Dawat-e-Islami
390:
381:
378:
377:
374:
373:
370:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
347:Anti-communism
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
324:
319:
312:
305:
300:
299:
298:
288:
283:
282:
281:
276:
264:
254:
253:
252:
247:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
206:
205:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
178:
177:
170:
169:
168:
167:
157:
156:
155:
145:
144:
143:
138:
133:
123:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
74:
71:
70:
67:
66:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8779:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8737:
8715:
8711:
8708:
8697:
8695:9780674291416
8691:
8686:
8685:
8678:
8675:
8671:
8669:9780674010901
8665:
8660:
8659:
8652:
8648:
8646:9781596988194
8642:
8638:
8637:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8621:
8617:
8615:1-84885-014-X
8611:
8604:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8577:
8573:
8566:
8552:
8548:
8541:
8525:
8518:
8516:
8514:
8506:
8505:Ain al-Yaqeen
8501:
8486:
8482:
8475:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8433:
8431:9781438295305
8427:
8423:
8422:
8414:
8399:
8397:9781441112484
8393:
8389:
8388:
8380:
8365:
8358:
8350:
8344:
8328:
8324:
8318:
8303:
8299:
8293:
8277:
8270:
8254:
8247:
8231:
8224:
8208:
8201:
8199:
8197:
8180:
8173:
8159:
8155:
8148:
8132:
8128:
8121:
8114:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8057:
8050:
8048:
8040:
8036:
8031:
8015:
8008:
8006:
8004:
7987:
7980:
7978:
7970:
7965:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7937:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7894:
7888:
7873:
7869:
7862:
7855:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7828:
7814:on 2017-07-09
7813:
7809:
7803:
7795:
7789:
7781:
7775:
7768:
7756:
7754:9781412826167
7750:
7746:
7745:
7737:
7721:
7714:
7712:
7696:
7692:
7685:
7683:
7667:
7663:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7630:
7626:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7605:
7603:
7594:
7588:
7580:
7574:
7566:
7560:
7546:
7542:
7535:
7527:
7521:
7514:
7510:
7504:
7490:
7486:
7479:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7446:
7439:
7423:
7422:wikileaks.org
7419:
7413:
7411:
7394:
7387:
7385:
7377:
7375:
7365:
7364:
7356:
7349:
7343:
7336:
7331:
7329:9781101221433
7325:
7321:
7320:
7312:
7305:
7300:
7294:
7290:
7289:
7281:
7279:
7271:
7265:
7246:
7245:
7237:
7235:
7233:
7217:
7213:
7207:
7201:
7198:
7193:
7177:
7173:
7169:
7162:
7148:on 2015-12-23
7144:
7137:
7136:
7129:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7096:
7094:
7092:
7076:
7075:
7070:
7063:
7055:
7049:
7034:
7033:
7028:
7021:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6993:
6978:
6974:
6967:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6950:
6944:
6937:. 1 May 2017.
6936:
6930:
6928:
6913:
6906:
6898:
6892:
6877:
6873:
6867:
6860:
6855:
6848:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6809:
6805:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6784:
6778:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6746:
6738:
6734:
6731:Asit Jolly, â
6728:
6726:
6724:
6708:
6704:
6697:
6689:
6683:
6675:
6669:
6653:
6646:
6638:
6632:
6624:
6618:
6610:
6604:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6562:
6556:
6548:
6542:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6511:
6509:
6492:
6488:
6484:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6471:
6463:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6435:
6420:
6418:9781317473459
6414:
6410:
6409:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6386:
6379:
6372:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6345:
6336:
6329:
6325:
6323:9780670021185
6319:
6315:
6310:
6309:
6300:
6293:
6287:
6280:
6274:
6267:
6261:
6254:
6248:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6224:
6221:Ahmed Rahid,
6218:
6211:
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6190:9780674008779
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5753:9781136159602
5749:
5746:. Routledge.
5745:
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5713:9781439129418
5709:
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5679:9780742542785
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5356:9780199764198
5352:
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5339:
5332:
5330:
5323:
5321:
5314:, 2002, p.180
5313:
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5286:9780199764198
5282:
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5144:
5133:
5127:
5113:on 2017-04-26
5112:
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5087:
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5062:
5060:9780199964031
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4837:9780231146401
4833:
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4775:
4773:9780190462505
4769:
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4764:
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4738:
4734:
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4721:
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4705:
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4682:9781409476832
4678:
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4665:
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4645:9780231146401
4641:
4637:
4636:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4613:
4607:
4599:
4593:
4578:on 3 May 2018
4577:
4573:
4569:
4562:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4521:. 5 July 2017
4520:
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4502:
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4398:
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4377:
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4351:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4321:
4320:New Statesman
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4310:
4303:
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4290:9781845112578
4286:
4282:
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4273:
4262:
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4239:
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4220:
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4210:
4202:
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4181:
4174:
4172:9780670021185
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4095:
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4074:|agency=
4066:
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3971:9781596988194
3967:
3963:
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3954:
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3932:
3930:9780674291416
3926:
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3892:9781845112578
3888:
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3875:
3860:
3856:
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3842:
3838:
3834:
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3818:
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3798:
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3769:9789814818001
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3419:
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3407:
3406:Yvonne Haddad
3403:
3402:Ain al-Yaqeen
3397:
3393:
3386:United States
3383:
3381:
3380:Islamic State
3377:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3354:
3352:
3347:
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3341:
3337:
3336:Bilal Philips
3333:
3328:
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3322:
3312:
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3292:Hassan Farhat
3289:
3288:
3287:National Post
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3235:Other regions
3232:
3230:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3204:
3202:
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3082:Sufi Mohammad
3077:
3072:
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3057:
3052:
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3036:
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2835:House of Saud
2832:
2827:
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2814:Pankisi Gorge
2807:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2785:Pankisi Gorge
2781:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2752:
2748:
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2739:
2736:
2733:
2729:
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2677:
2673:
2669:
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2655:
2651:
2648:
2642:
2638:
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2632:
2629:According to
2627:
2623:
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2602:
2597:
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2580:
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2486:Izala Society
2477:
2474:
2470:
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2463:
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2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2440:Sadam Hussein
2437:
2433:
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2420:
2418:
2414:
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2399:
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2379:
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2364:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:attended the
2333:
2332:
2321:
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2305:
2303:
2299:
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2288:
2284:
2280:
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2266:to institute
2265:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
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2203:
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2200:
2195:
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2184:
2173:
2163:
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2158:
2153:
2149:
2140:
2131:
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2125:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2104:Islamic State
2101:
2097:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2068:
2058:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1977:movement and
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1888:Jeremy Corbyn
1885:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1832:Al Eqtisadiah
1828:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1680:Salafi Jihadi
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:organizations
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1290:Ahl al-Hadith
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
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1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1177:
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1169:
1166:
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1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:Judgement Day
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1003:
1001:
996:
994:
989:
988:
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982:
977:
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912:
910:
907:
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902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
879:Maajid Nawaaz
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
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862:
860:
857:
853:
850:
848:
845:
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843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
828:
827:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
794:Navvab Safavi
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
779:Tariq Ramadan
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
729:Safwat Hegazi
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Muhammad Asad
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
680:
679:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
656:House of Saud
654:
652:
651:Mohammed Omar
649:
647:
644:
642:
641:Mohamed Morsi
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
607:
606:
598:
597:Khomeini 1970
594:
593:
591:
584:
581:
577:
575:
571:
568:
564:
563:
559:
556:
552:
551:
547:
544:
540:
539:
535:
534:
528:
527:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
495:
494:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
462:Salafist Call
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
443:
442:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
385:
384:
376:
375:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
338:
337:
330:
329:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:
313:
311:
310:
306:
304:
303:Post-Islamism
301:
297:
294:
293:
292:
289:
287:
284:
280:
277:
275:
272:
271:
270:
269:
265:
262:
258:
255:
251:
248:
246:
243:
242:
241:
240:Islamic state
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
197:
194:
193:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:Shia Islamism
172:
171:
166:
163:
162:
161:
158:
154:
151:
150:
149:
146:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
124:
122:
119:
118:
112:
111:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
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76:
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69:
68:
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49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
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16:
8721:. Retrieved
8706:
8699:. Retrieved
8683:
8673:
8657:
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8623:
8601:
8579:. Retrieved
8575:
8565:
8554:. Retrieved
8550:
8540:
8528:. Retrieved
8504:
8500:
8488:. Retrieved
8485:Camput Watch
8484:
8474:
8462:. Retrieved
8457:
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8435:. Retrieved
8420:
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8401:. Retrieved
8386:
8379:
8367:. Retrieved
8357:
8343:
8333:December 17,
8331:. Retrieved
8326:
8317:
8306:. Retrieved
8301:
8292:
8280:. Retrieved
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8257:. Retrieved
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8234:. Retrieved
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8183:. Retrieved
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8130:
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8101:. Retrieved
8094:the original
8089:
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8072:
8060:. Retrieved
8030:
8018:. Retrieved
7990:. Retrieved
7964:
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7946:
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7917:
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7887:
7875:. Retrieved
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7861:
7844:. Retrieved
7840:
7827:
7816:. Retrieved
7812:the original
7802:
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7765:
7758:. Retrieved
7743:
7736:
7724:. Retrieved
7698:. Retrieved
7694:
7669:. Retrieved
7665:
7632:. Retrieved
7628:
7587:
7573:
7559:
7548:. Retrieved
7544:
7534:
7520:
7512:
7507:Khan, Riaz.
7503:
7492:. Retrieved
7488:
7478:
7470:
7461:
7449:. Retrieved
7438:
7426:. Retrieved
7424:. 2008-11-13
7421:
7397:. Retrieved
7395:. World Post
7370:
7362:
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7318:
7311:
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7287:
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7264:
7252:. Retrieved
7243:
7220:. Retrieved
7218:. 2011-01-18
7215:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7180:. Retrieved
7176:the original
7171:
7161:
7150:. Retrieved
7143:the original
7134:
7128:
7117:. Retrieved
7105:
7080:18 September
7078:. Retrieved
7072:
7062:
7048:
7038:18 September
7036:. Retrieved
7032:The Guardian
7030:
7020:
7010:18 September
7008:. Retrieved
7001:
6992:
6980:. Retrieved
6976:
6947:Tariq Mir, â
6943:
6915:. Retrieved
6905:
6891:
6880:. Retrieved
6875:
6866:
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6846:
6839:. Retrieved
6834:
6824:
6812:. Retrieved
6810:. 2011-06-20
6807:
6777:
6765:. Retrieved
6761:the original
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6736:
6710:. Retrieved
6706:
6696:
6682:
6668:
6656:. Retrieved
6645:
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6591:. Retrieved
6586:
6577:
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6490:
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6460:
6453:. Retrieved
6448:
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6422:. Retrieved
6407:
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6273:
6268:(2000), p.29
6265:
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6119:. Retrieved
6115:
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6082:
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6046:. Retrieved
6026:
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5984:
5977:
5968:
5962:
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5946:
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5917:
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5882:
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5851:
5841:
5835:
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5724:
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5702:
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5683:. Retrieved
5668:
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5648:
5640:
5635:
5625:
5619:
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5603:03 July 2012
5602:
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5571:
5559:. Retrieved
5555:the original
5545:
5533:. Retrieved
5522:
5505:
5501:
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5479:
5470:
5460:
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5437:
5424:
5412:. Retrieved
5402:
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5385:
5372:
5360:. Retrieved
5345:
5338:
5328:
5311:
5307:
5302:
5290:. Retrieved
5275:
5268:
5256:. Retrieved
5252:
5230:for Khatmiya
5218:
5208:
5202:
5188:
5174:
5157:
5143:
5137:(in Polish).
5126:
5115:. Retrieved
5111:the original
5101:
5089:. Retrieved
5085:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5049:
5042:
4995:. Retrieved
4951:. Retrieved
4947:the original
4936:
4925:. Retrieved
4922:PBS NewsHour
4921:
4912:
4901:. Retrieved
4889:
4864:
4841:. Retrieved
4826:
4802:. Retrieved
4798:
4789:
4777:. Retrieved
4762:
4741:. Retrieved
4739:. 2012-08-09
4736:
4727:
4719:
4712:. Retrieved
4708:pewforum.org
4707:
4698:
4686:. Retrieved
4671:
4649:. Retrieved
4634:
4606:
4592:
4580:. Retrieved
4576:the original
4571:
4561:
4549:. Retrieved
4546:The Guardian
4545:
4535:
4523:. Retrieved
4518:
4509:
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4473:
4444:. Retrieved
4440:the original
4430:
4416:
4404:. Retrieved
4400:
4390:
4376:
4362:
4353:
4349:
4339:
4330:
4323:. Retrieved
4319:
4309:
4301:
4294:. Retrieved
4279:
4272:
4259:
4252:
4241:. Retrieved
4229:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4179:
4176:
4156:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4113:the original
4102:
4093:
4086:
4065:cite journal
4057:
4050:. Retrieved
4046:the original
4041:
4031:
4022:
4015:. Retrieved
3995:
3960:
3941:
3934:. Retrieved
3914:
3881:
3874:
3863:. Retrieved
3861:. 2016-10-05
3858:
3849:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3743:
3737:
3729:
3722:. Retrieved
3717:
3704:
3695:
3680:
3621:
3576:
3571:Bangladesh?"
3566:
3557:
3548:
3477:Daniel Pipes
3422:
3414:
3401:
3399:
3373:
3366:
3355:
3348:
3344:Siraj Wahhaj
3340:Khalid Yasin
3331:
3329:
3321:Christchurch
3318:
3306:
3304:
3285:
3259:
3243:
3225:
3205:
3184:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3122:
3104:
3079:
3074:
3070:
3065:
3053:
3032:
3026:(founder of
2996:
2994:
2975:
2966:
2942:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2885:
2873:
2861:
2850:
2826:Salafi da'wa
2825:
2823:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2761:
2757:
2737:
2713:
2703:
2699:
2683:
2661:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2631:Ahmed Rashid
2628:
2624:
2620:Muslim world
2610:Many of the
2609:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2574:
2568:During the
2567:
2552:
2535:Burkina Faso
2524:
2501:
2483:
2466:
2459:
2452:
2421:
2417:Soviet Union
2406:
2383:
2371:
2363:Algerian War
2360:
2352:
2347:
2342:in Cairo.
2329:
2327:
2306:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2261:
2250:
2243:
2209:
2199:the Guardian
2197:
2180:
2161:
2151:
2148:Lipka Tatars
2145:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2055:
2043:
2039:Gilles Kepel
2036:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2011:
1996:
1987:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1951:Sali Berisha
1943:Eastern bloc
1940:
1908:
1896:
1881:
1853:
1830:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1789:
1758:
1743:
1721:
1701:
1684:
1656:Soviet Union
1652:Afghan jihad
1649:
1623:such as the
1607:
1600:
1593:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1550:
1544:
1534:") but also
1525:
1509:
1499:
1427:
1358:Ahl-i Hadith
1298:In terms of
1295:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1212:
1106:Five Pillars
961:
951:Islamophobia
909:Shiraz Maher
904:Gilles Kepel
814:Ahmed Yassin
799:Ali Shariati
739:Ali Khamenei
616:Ali Khamenei
587:
585:
573:
560:
548:
536:
492:
491:
440:
439:
432:
398:Ahl-i Hadith
382:
357:Anti-Zionism
326:
314:
307:
286:Pan-Islamism
266:
261:of knowledge
257:Islamization
200:
140:
72:Fundamentals
28:Ahl-i Hadith
15:
8757:Sunni Islam
8639:. Regnery.
7837:"Australia"
7489:Archaeology
7182:13 December
6982:10 November
6835:31 May 2011
6737:India Today
6712:10 November
5438:e-prism.org
5386:e-prism.org
3811:: 675â705.
3519:Petro-Islam
3418:Zeyno Baran
3372:is buried (
3315:New Zealand
3270:Quebec City
3189:Al Haramain
3046:ideals and
2583:Afghanistan
2432:Ali Belhadj
2318:South Sudan
2177:East Africa
2021:Afghan Arab
1997:During the
1892:Theresa May
1603:Scott Shane
1570:worldwide.
1560:South Sudan
1514:Sunni Islam
1444:Persecution
1280:Ahl al-Ra'y
1032:Sunni Islam
894:Bassam Tibi
889:Olivier Roy
789:Rashid Rida
774:Sayyid Qutb
555:Iqbal 1930s
502:MENA region
472:MillĂź GörĂŒĆ
8736:Categories
8581:2017-07-24
8556:2017-07-24
8308:2017-07-20
8278:. National
8255:. National
8232:. NBC News
8163:2017-07-20
7899:2015-03-30
7818:2017-06-27
7700:17 October
7634:17 October
7550:2017-07-24
7494:2007-11-12
7428:6 November
7399:31 October
7254:26 October
7222:2017-06-22
7152:2017-07-08
7119:2017-06-19
6917:2013-12-03
6882:2017-06-28
6837:. BBC News
6121:2017-07-06
6095:6 February
5947:circa 2007
5923:18 October
5888:20 October
5508:(2): 1â9.
5485:4 November
5224:Umma Party
5117:2017-07-20
4927:2017-06-19
4903:2017-06-19
4743:2020-11-12
4243:2017-06-22
4119:25 October
3865:2021-08-20
3535:References
3429:Georgetown
3390:See also:
3003:Pakistanis
2928:insurgency
2845:See also:
2841:Bangladesh
2820:South Asia
2754:Azerbaijan
2658:Uzbekistan
2616:Sharia law
2170:See also:
1784:See also:
1753:See also:
1738:See also:
1716:See also:
1540:revivalist
1520:and other
1423:Literature
1388:Holy sites
1276:Maturidism
1133:Pilgrimage
1068:Holy books
884:Sam Harris
864:Farag Foda
646:Zia ul-Haq
507:South Asia
408:Madkhalism
383:Scholastic
341:Influences
165:Khomeinism
115:Ideologies
103:Secularism
8762:Wahhabism
8302:NZ Herald
7926:1 January
7671:21 August
7513:USA Today
7471:USA Today
7114:0362-4331
6385:ismor.com
5862:: p.172-3
5795:: p.162-3
4898:0362-4331
4238:0362-4331
4076:ignored (
4052:21 August
3841:147114018
3825:2043-6874
3778:159438333
3748:Singapore
3662:1874-6691
3592:Citations
3392:Wahhabism
3351:caliphate
3338:, Sheikh
3334:âsuch as
3296:Aly Hindy
3250:WikiLeaks
3246:Australia
3240:Australia
3125:Indonesia
3113:Indonesia
3056:WikiLeaks
2986:madrassas
2905:WikiLeaks
2738:Salafiyya
2594:madrassas
2411:to fight
2400:" of the
2350:of God."
2217:from the
2152:Salafiyya
1960:Salafiyya
1872:Abu Dhabi
1858:, Sheikh
1854:Ruler of
1847:, Sultan
1827:Edinburgh
1823:Cambridge
1807:Arab News
1796:Cambridge
1761:ReykjavĂk
1551:Salafiyya
1532:Wahhabism
1527:Salafiyya
1405:Jerusalem
1365:Modernism
1353:Wahhabism
1313:al-Wijdan
1272:Ash'arism
939:Modernism
847:in Europe
580:Qutb 1965
567:Asad 1961
531:Key texts
441:Political
423:Wahhabism
379:Movements
215:Caliphate
93:Economics
8752:Islamism
7954:24 April
7877:26 April
7760:30 March
7726:16 April
7451:19 April
6952:Archived
6814:23 March
6266:Taliban,
6089:Archived
5561:27 April
5535:27 April
5514:41858370
5444:28 April
5392:28 April
5362:22 April
5292:22 April
5035:BBC News
4953:4 August
4843:14 April
4804:14 April
4714:14 April
4688:14 April
4651:14 April
4350:Guardian
4332:develop.
3833:23750964
3724:31 March
3620:(eds.).
3499:Islamism
3483:See also
3463:and the
3370:Muhammad
3358:Auckland
3229:Malaysia
3222:Malaysia
3048:Deobandi
3040:Pushtuns
3035:Deobandi
3001:survey,
2990:Deobandi
2972:Pakistan
2962:Maldives
2945:Maldives
2939:Maldives
2799:Dagestan
2775:Chechnya
2720:Chechnya
2716:Dagestan
2710:Caucasus
2605:Deobandi
2553:Scholar
2539:Cameroon
2498:Cameroon
2409:Peshawar
2302:Salafist
2239:Khatmiya
2237:and the
2191:Ethiopia
2126:and the
1809:reported
1724:Helsinki
1676:Gulf War
1666:against
1618:Islamist
1536:Islamist
1348:Salafism
1317:al-Kashf
1286:Atharism
1153:Abu Bakr
1024:a series
1022:Part of
493:Militant
403:Deobandi
279:Jihadism
190:Concepts
121:Islamism
98:Politics
63:Islamism
55:a series
53:Part of
40:Islamism
8701:2 April
8530:23 July
8490:23 July
8464:23 July
8369:2 April
8282:20 July
8259:20 July
8236:23 July
8213:20 July
8185:20 July
8137:20 July
8133:(2): 22
8103:20 July
8062:20 July
8020:20 July
7992:20 July
7846:27 June
7374:Pashtun
7335:clergy.
6841:5 April
6767:21 July
6294:, p.57.
6264:Rashid,
6253:Taliban
6223:Taliban
6212:: p.223
6206:Kepel,
6141:: p.127
5918:Reuters
5856:Kepel,
5846:: p.119
5830:: p.164
5824:Kepel,
5811:: p.165
5805:Kepel,
5789:Kepel,
5776:: p.166
5770:Kepel,
5726:Medina.
5719:2 April
5685:2 April
5624:Kepel,
5609:7 April
5465:: p.181
5459:Kepel,
5333:: p.180
5327:Kepel,
5258:25 June
5213:: p.177
5207:Kepel,
5086:Archnet
4869:: p.251
4863:Kepel,
4485:23 July
4406:23 June
4042:cfr.org
4017:4 April
3936:2 April
3859:OUPblog
3793:madrasa
3425:Harvard
3416:author
3266:Calgary
3208:Jakarta
3149:Khutbah
3044:Pushtun
2808:Georgia
2789:Georgia
2688:transl.
2612:Taliban
2480:Nigeria
2457:(GIA).
2357:Algeria
2275:regime"
2215:Red Sea
2194:Somalia
1937:Albania
1927:Albania
1911:Balkans
1874:Sheikh
1856:Sharjah
1749:Iceland
1734:Germany
1712:Finland
1698:Belgium
1668:Soviets
1660:Muslims
1512:within
1439:History
1208:Hanbali
1203:Shafi'i
1182:schools
1128:Fasting
1123:Charity
1051:Beliefs
388:Barelvi
296:aspects
259: (
160:Qutbism
88:Culture
83:History
8723:12 May
8692:
8666:
8643:
8612:
8428:
8394:
7751:
7326:
7295:
7112:
6878:. 2013
6658:20 May
6567:21 May
6531:22 May
6497:22 May
6455:22 May
6424:21 May
6415:
6356:
6320:
6255:, p.90
6225:, p.90
6210:, 2002
6187:
6139:, 2003
6135:Gold,
6048:9 July
6039:
5952:22 May
5860:, 2002
5844:, 1994
5828:, 2002
5809:, 2002
5793:, 2002
5774:, 2002
5750:
5710:
5676:
5630:: p.51
5628:, 2002
5512:
5463:, 2002
5353:
5331:, 2002
5283:
5211:, 2002
5091:13 May
5066:14 May
5057:
4997:1 July
4896:
4867:, 2002
4834:
4779:4 July
4770:
4679:
4642:
4582:7 July
4551:5 July
4525:5 July
4446:8 July
4325:12 May
4296:6 July
4287:
4236:
4169:
4008:
3968:
3927:
3889:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3776:
3766:
3688:
3660:
3650:
3630:Boston
3626:Leiden
3262:Ottawa
3256:Canada
3178:Ahmadi
3161:manhaj
3107:Brunei
3101:Brunei
3060:Punjab
2922:, the
2918:, the
2881:Tafsir
2877:Hadith
2869:Mawlid
2769:Medina
2684:Adolat
2512:Qadiri
2496:, and
2468:bidâah
2428:sharia
2348:sharia
2268:sharia
2166:Africa
2134:Poland
2120:Kuwait
2096:Gjilan
2061:Kosovo
2026:Hisbah
1993:Bosnia
1931:Bosnia
1864:Exeter
1837:Oxford
1792:Oxford
1641:saints
1637:Shiism
1595:da'wah
1588:, the
1584:, the
1400:Medina
1375:Farahi
1251:Jariri
1244:Laythi
1237:Thawri
1230:Awza'i
1223:Zahiri
1215:Others
1198:Maliki
1193:Hanafi
1180:Sunni
1163:Uthman
1118:Prayer
1093:Sahaba
1078:Angels
309:Sharia
202:Takfir
42:, and
8717:(PDF)
8606:(PDF)
8526:. CBN
8437:7 May
8403:7 May
8123:(PDF)
8097:(PDF)
8082:(PDF)
7367:(PDF)
7248:(PDF)
7146:(PDF)
7139:(PDF)
6593:7 May
6381:(PDF)
6314:200â1
6208:Jihad
6175:Jihad
5989:(PDF)
5858:Jihad
5840:Roy,
5826:Jihad
5807:Jihad
5791:Jihad
5772:Jihad
5626:Jihad
5510:JSTOR
5461:Jihad
5434:(PDF)
5414:2 May
5382:(PDF)
5329:Jihad
5312:Jihad
5209:Jihad
5166:(PDF)
5135:(PDF)
4865:Jihad
4264:(PDF)
3837:S2CID
3829:JSTOR
3803:(4).
3774:S2CID
3714:(PDF)
3540:Notes
3008:leave
2898:India
2891:India
2543:Lagos
2531:Ghana
2520:Daâwa
2516:Tijan
2503:bidâa
2494:Niger
2331:ulama
2324:Egypt
2235:Ansar
2219:Hijaz
2211:Sudan
2206:Sudan
2187:Kenya
2183:Sudan
2124:Qatar
1664:fight
1645:jihad
1568:Quran
1562:) to
1556:Sudan
1417:Lists
1395:Mecca
1311:(Ahl
1309:Sufis
1300:Ihsan
413:Nurcu
328:Ummah
316:Shura
268:Jihad
78:Islam
8725:2015
8703:2015
8690:ISBN
8664:ISBN
8641:ISBN
8610:ISBN
8532:2017
8492:2017
8466:2017
8439:2015
8426:ISBN
8405:2015
8392:ISBN
8371:2015
8335:2016
8284:2017
8261:2017
8238:2017
8215:2017
8187:2017
8139:2017
8105:2017
8064:2017
8022:2017
7994:2017
7956:2017
7928:2015
7879:2017
7848:2017
7762:2015
7749:ISBN
7728:2020
7702:2016
7673:2014
7636:2016
7453:2015
7430:2015
7401:2015
7324:ISBN
7293:ISBN
7256:2014
7184:2010
7172:Time
7110:ISSN
7082:2024
7074:WION
7040:2024
7012:2024
6984:2015
6843:2014
6816:2014
6769:2017
6714:2015
6660:2015
6595:2013
6569:2015
6533:2015
6527:(31)
6499:2015
6457:2015
6426:2015
6413:ISBN
6354:ISBN
6318:ISBN
6185:ISBN
6097:2016
6050:2017
6037:ISBN
5954:2014
5925:2016
5890:2016
5748:ISBN
5721:2015
5708:ISBN
5687:2015
5674:ISBN
5611:2013
5563:2015
5537:2015
5487:2014
5446:2015
5416:2015
5394:2015
5364:2015
5351:ISBN
5294:2015
5281:ISBN
5260:2014
5222:the
5093:2015
5068:2015
5055:ISBN
4999:2017
4955:2014
4894:ISSN
4845:2015
4832:ISBN
4806:2015
4781:2017
4768:ISBN
4716:2015
4690:2015
4677:ISBN
4653:2015
4640:ISBN
4584:2017
4553:2017
4527:2017
4487:2017
4448:2017
4408:2017
4327:2015
4298:2015
4285:ISBN
4234:ISSN
4167:ISBN
4121:2014
4078:help
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