861:
327:(1982) that was driven both by objective factors (a dramatic increase in sea and air traffic, concerns about pollution and accidents in straits, and the general desire of coastal states to increase the territorial waters to 12 miles) and the common interest of the United States and USSR in opening sea and air passage through the international straits. Although during the planning of the conference it was declared that it will concentrate on exploitation of the
319:
done since 1949. Regarding the straits, the convention introduced a non-suspendable innocent passage for the international straits as the straits connecting high seas to a territorial sea of a foreign state. Otherwise, the international straits were governed by the same innocent passage provisions as
204:
De Vattel was the first to highlight the difference between the straits that "serve as a mean of communication between two seas" and the one without such function. The passage of ships through the former cannot be prohibited as long as it does not adversely affect the security of the coastal state.
172:
early in the 17th century recognized the right of the owner of the shore to appropriate the water expanses that can be seen from the shore, and an obligation of the owner to allow innocent (unarmed) navigation through these waters. Grotius also suggested the right for the owner to collect fees for
331:, in practice it was in large extent driven by the desire of "the United States and the Soviet Union to protect their strategic interests in transiting the oceans, particularly international straits". As a result of the political compromise, UNCLOS III adopted its "crowning achievement", a new
220:
in the 19th century, the ability to navigate along the shortest route became a significant economic factor, spurring development of special regimes for transit, similar to high seas. At the same time, a distinction was made between the wartime and peacetime navigation.
651:
125:
choosing to keep 3-mile territorial waters thus preserving the high seas regime at the centerline of the strait. In this case only innocent passage is possible in the territorial waters;
284:
the international strait is defined geographically by being a connection between two areas of high seas, it does not have to be a route heavily used by the international shipping;
128:
44:
of bordering country or countries overlap. Worldwide, more than 200 straits might satisfy the criteria of an international strait. Notable international straits include
308:
134:
144:
303:
33:
260:
728:
750:
Priestnall, Graham (1997). "The
Regimes of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and Straits' Transit Passage – Similarities and Differences".
335:
regime with no previous legal precedents. This regime provided the coastal states with much less enforcement ability in the straits.
287:
warships have the right of innocent passage through such strait that cannot be denied or subject to conditions in the peacetime.
232:
principle in the traits where there is no high seas lanes due to overlapping territorial waters. Some work was also done by the
213:, many other 18th century thinkers supported the right of a coastal state to exclude foreign ships from its territorial waters.
834:
740:
711:
684:
249:
248:(1907) only made it clear that the international straits require their own regime. No agreement was also reached at the
95:
Some experts suggest a broader definition of the "international strait". In particular, the following list is proposed:
902:
792:
672:
638:
781:"Navigating the Oceans: Old and New Challenges for the Law of the Sea for Straits Used for International Navigation"
296:
225:
277:
138:
233:
194:
316:
295:
had shown the limits of innocent passage: the rules of this regime makes the warships participating in the
926:
237:
29:
108:
where a high seas corridor remains. The territorial waters part of such strait is governed by the
931:
921:
245:
895:
292:
40:
regime prevails in such straits for both ships and aircraft with few exceptions, even when the
876:
253:
85:
84:. The convention does not use the words "international strait" to prevent a confusion with
121:
straits where a high seas alternatives are of "similar convenience", typically due to the
8:
256:, "the treatment of the question of straits between 1894 and 1930 was unsatisfactory".
57:
936:
804:
273:
267:
263:, "International Straits. A Treatise on International Law", was published in the 1947.
53:
41:
240:
between 1910 and 1915. Like the IDI's declarations, these efforts were stopped by the
888:
840:
830:
796:
767:
736:
707:
688:
157:
822:
763:
759:
229:
224:
A major effort on codification of the legal regime for the straits was made by the
109:
69:
156:
The interest in the rights of navigation through straits dates as far back as the
701:
332:
241:
61:
37:
872:
280:(ICJ) in 1949 established the rules for the innocent passage through a strait:
65:
844:
228:(IDI) between 1894 and 1912. 1894, in particular, saw the proclamation of the
915:
800:
771:
692:
122:
210:
190:
186:
165:
49:
808:
780:
324:
198:
174:
81:
827:
Navigational rights and freedoms in the international law and practice
860:
217:
206:
178:
25:
299:
vulnerable in a case of encounter with the navy of a coastal state.
703:
International
Straits: Concept, Classification and Rules of Passage
312:
45:
21:
735:(10th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Quick Reference.
328:
182:
169:
244:, no international agreements followed, the discussion at the
118:. Sailing through such straits is governed by the conventions;
578:
544:
542:
481:
479:
645:. International law studies. Vol. 64. pp. 91–108.
503:
418:
416:
414:
389:
387:
590:
566:
554:
539:
452:
131:
are governed by a non-suspendable innocent passage regime;
868:
515:
476:
350:
348:
309:
Convention on the
Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
440:
411:
399:
384:
614:
345:
428:
491:
602:
527:
464:
259:The "now classic" book on international straits by
666:] (in Russian). Минск: ГИУСТ БГУ. p. 223.
360:
323:Major changes to the strait passage were made by
80:The term is defined in articles 37 and 38 of the
913:
173:such passage. The latter practice, supported by
304:United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
254:Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
34:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
372:
201:that were collected for four hundred years).
896:
181:, persisted until the mid-19th century, when
116:straits governed by long-standing conventions
32:, used for international navigation. Per the
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596:
584:
572:
560:
548:
521:
509:
485:
458:
829:. Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. p. 89.
670:
446:
422:
405:
393:
903:
889:
749:
434:
68:, with the most famous being probably the
636:
354:
252:. Overall, per the 1992 statement of the
100:straits used for international navigation
90:straits used for international navigation
821:
497:
293:incident that was considered in the case
914:
649:
366:
185:dropped the levies for the passage of
685:Stockton Center for International Law
641:. In Robertson, Horace B. Jr. (ed.).
250:1930 Hague Conference on Codification
855:
778:
660:Белорусская юридическая энциклопедия
620:
608:
533:
470:
205:While Vattel based his ideas on the
726:
378:
13:
793:University of California, Berkeley
102:with their transit passage regime;
14:
948:
727:Law, Jonathan, ed. (2022-03-17).
859:
236:(ILA) between 1893 and 1910 and
654:[International strait]
297:freedom of navigation operation
226:Institut de Droit International
764:10.1080/07266472.1997.10878494
706:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
278:International Court of Justice
139:archipelagic sea lanes passage
75:
1:
700:López Martín, Ana G. (2010).
338:
234:International Law Association
195:Copenhagen Convention of 1857
161:
147:with innocent passage regime.
875:. You can help Knowledge by
664:Belorussian law encyclopedia
637:Alexander, Lewis M. (1991).
317:International Law Commission
24:connecting two parts of the
7:
643:The Law of Naval Operations
315:, codified the work of the
10:
953:
854:
630:
320:other territorial waters.
301:
265:
151:
677:International Law Studies
311:, adopted in 1958 by the
238:Inter-parliamentary Union
129:straits formed by islands
88:, describing instead the
30:exclusive economic zones
673:"International Straits"
650:Brovka, Yu. P. (2009).
639:"International straits"
246:Second Peace Conference
871:-related article is a
779:Oral, Nilufer (2019).
729:"international strait"
652:"Международный пролив"
785:Ecology Law Quarterly
823:Bugajski, Dariusz R.
671:SJ Advocate (2021).
216:With the arrival of
135:archipelagic straits
86:international waters
20:is a narrow natural
18:international strait
733:A Dictionary of Law
623:, pp. 173–174.
58:Strait of Gibraltar
274:Corfu Channel case
268:Corfu Channel case
106:geographic straits
54:Strait of Magellan
42:territorial waters
927:International law
884:
883:
836:978-83-961549-1-0
742:978-0-19-289749-7
713:978-3-642-12906-3
597:López Martín 2010
587:, pp. 21–22.
585:López Martín 2010
573:López Martín 2010
561:López Martín 2010
549:López Martín 2010
522:López Martín 2010
510:López Martín 2010
486:López Martín 2010
459:López Martín 2010
158:Peloponnesian War
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447:SJ Advocate 2021
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406:SJ Advocate 2021
403:
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394:SJ Advocate 2021
391:
382:
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364:
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230:innocent passage
163:
145:dead end straits
110:innocent passage
70:Strait of Hormuz
952:
951:
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946:
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516:
512:, pp. 4–7.
508:
504:
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492:
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477:
469:
465:
461:, pp. 2–3.
457:
453:
445:
441:
435:Priestnall 1997
433:
429:
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412:
404:
400:
392:
385:
377:
373:
365:
361:
353:
346:
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333:transit passage
306:
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242:First World War
197:abolishing the
154:
78:
62:Strait of Dover
38:transit passage
12:
11:
5:
950:
940:
939:
934:
932:Legal concepts
929:
924:
922:Law of the sea
908:
907:
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893:
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835:
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776:
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668:
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632:
629:
626:
625:
613:
611:, p. 188.
601:
589:
577:
565:
553:
538:
536:, p. 165.
526:
514:
502:
490:
475:
473:, p. 164.
463:
451:
439:
427:
410:
398:
383:
371:
359:
355:Alexander 1991
343:
342:
340:
337:
302:Main article:
289:
288:
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266:Main article:
153:
150:
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142:
132:
126:
119:
113:
103:
77:
74:
66:Danish straits
9:
6:
4:
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2:
949:
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933:
930:
928:
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923:
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648:
644:
640:
635:
634:
622:
617:
610:
605:
599:, p. 23.
598:
593:
586:
581:
575:, p. 16.
574:
569:
563:, p. 13.
562:
557:
551:, p. 12.
550:
545:
543:
535:
530:
523:
518:
511:
506:
499:
498:Bugajski 2021
494:
487:
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472:
467:
460:
455:
449:, p. 43.
448:
443:
436:
431:
425:, p. 42.
424:
419:
417:
415:
408:, p. 41.
407:
402:
396:, p. 40.
395:
390:
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357:, p. 91.
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177:and later by
176:
171:
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146:
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127:
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123:coastal state
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55:
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47:
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39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
877:expanding it
866:
851:
826:
812:. Retrieved
788:
784:
758:(96): 1–12.
755:
751:
732:
717:. Retrieved
702:
680:
676:
663:
659:
642:
616:
604:
592:
580:
568:
556:
529:
524:, p. 9.
517:
505:
493:
488:, p. 3.
466:
454:
442:
430:
401:
374:
362:
322:
307:
290:
271:
258:
223:
215:
211:right of way
203:
187:Danish belts
155:
115:
105:
99:
94:
89:
79:
36:(UNCLOS), a
17:
15:
795:: 163–190.
367:Brovka 2009
291:Still, the
209:concept of
76:Terminology
50:Dardanelles
916:Categories
845:1267382284
814:2024-08-31
719:2024-08-29
339:References
325:UNCLOS III
261:Erik Brüel
218:steamships
199:Sound Dues
175:Puffendorf
82:UNCLOS III
937:Law stubs
801:0046-1121
772:0726-6472
693:2375-2831
687:: 39–44.
621:Oral 2019
609:Oral 2019
534:Oral 2019
471:Oral 2019
207:Roman law
193:(cf. the
179:de Vattel
26:high seas
825:(2021).
809:26853549
379:Law 2022
329:sea beds
313:UNCLOS I
46:Bosporus
22:waterway
631:Sources
276:at the
183:Denmark
170:Grotius
152:History
141:regime;
112:regime;
843:
833:
807:
799:
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739:
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867:This
805:JSTOR
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662:[
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191:sunds
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