872:
338:(1982) that was driven both by objective factors (a dramatic increase in sea and air traffic, concerns about pollution and accidents in straits, and the general desire of coastal states to increase the territorial waters to 12 miles) and the common interest of the United States and USSR in opening sea and air passage through the international straits. Although during the planning of the conference it was declared that it will concentrate on exploitation of the
330:
done since 1949. Regarding the straits, the convention introduced a non-suspendable innocent passage for the international straits as the straits connecting high seas to a territorial sea of a foreign state. Otherwise, the international straits were governed by the same innocent passage provisions as
215:
De Vattel was the first to highlight the difference between the straits that "serve as a mean of communication between two seas" and the one without such function. The passage of ships through the former cannot be prohibited as long as it does not adversely affect the security of the coastal state.
183:
early in the 17th century recognized the right of the owner of the shore to appropriate the water expanses that can be seen from the shore, and an obligation of the owner to allow innocent (unarmed) navigation through these waters. Grotius also suggested the right for the owner to collect fees for
342:, in practice it was in large extent driven by the desire of "the United States and the Soviet Union to protect their strategic interests in transiting the oceans, particularly international straits". As a result of the political compromise, UNCLOS III adopted its "crowning achievement", a new
231:
in the 19th century, the ability to navigate along the shortest route became a significant economic factor, spurring development of special regimes for transit, similar to high seas. At the same time, a distinction was made between the wartime and peacetime navigation.
662:
136:
choosing to keep 3-mile territorial waters thus preserving the high seas regime at the centerline of the strait. In this case only innocent passage is possible in the territorial waters;
295:
the international strait is defined geographically by being a connection between two areas of high seas, it does not have to be a route heavily used by the international shipping;
139:
55:
of bordering country or countries overlap. Worldwide, more than 200 straits might satisfy the criteria of an international strait. Notable international straits include
319:
145:
155:
314:
44:
271:
739:
761:
Priestnall, Graham (1997). "The
Regimes of Archipelagic Sea Lanes Passage and Straits' Transit Passage – Similarities and Differences".
346:
regime with no previous legal precedents. This regime provided the coastal states with much less enforcement ability in the straits.
298:
warships have the right of innocent passage through such strait that cannot be denied or subject to conditions in the peacetime.
243:
principle in the traits where there is no high seas lanes due to overlapping territorial waters. Some work was also done by the
224:, many other 18th century thinkers supported the right of a coastal state to exclude foreign ships from its territorial waters.
845:
751:
722:
695:
260:
17:
259:(1907) only made it clear that the international straits require their own regime. No agreement was also reached at the
106:
Some experts suggest a broader definition of the "international strait". In particular, the following list is proposed:
913:
803:
683:
649:
792:"Navigating the Oceans: Old and New Challenges for the Law of the Sea for Straits Used for International Navigation"
307:
236:
288:
149:
244:
205:
327:
306:
had shown the limits of innocent passage: the rules of this regime makes the warships participating in the
937:
248:
40:
119:
where a high seas corridor remains. The territorial waters part of such strait is governed by the
942:
932:
256:
906:
303:
51:
regime prevails in such straits for both ships and aircraft with few exceptions, even when the
887:
264:
96:
95:. The convention does not use the words "international strait" to prevent a confusion with
132:
straits where a high seas alternatives are of "similar convenience", typically due to the
8:
267:, "the treatment of the question of straits between 1894 and 1930 was unsatisfactory".
68:
947:
815:
284:
278:
274:, "International Straits. A Treatise on International Law", was published in the 1947.
64:
52:
251:
between 1910 and 1915. Like the IDI's declarations, these efforts were stopped by the
899:
851:
841:
807:
778:
747:
718:
699:
168:
833:
774:
770:
240:
235:
A major effort on codification of the legal regime for the straits was made by the
120:
80:
167:
The interest in the rights of navigation through straits dates as far back as the
712:
343:
252:
72:
48:
883:
291:(ICJ) in 1949 established the rules for the innocent passage through a strait:
76:
855:
239:(IDI) between 1894 and 1912. 1894, in particular, saw the proclamation of the
926:
811:
782:
703:
133:
221:
201:
197:
176:
60:
819:
791:
335:
209:
185:
92:
838:
Navigational rights and freedoms in the international law and practice
871:
228:
217:
189:
36:
310:
vulnerable in a case of encounter with the navy of a coastal state.
714:
International
Straits: Concept, Classification and Rules of Passage
323:
56:
32:
746:(10th ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford Quick Reference.
339:
193:
180:
255:, no international agreements followed, the discussion at the
129:. Sailing through such straits is governed by the conventions;
589:
555:
553:
492:
490:
656:. International law studies. Vol. 64. pp. 91–108.
514:
429:
427:
425:
400:
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601:
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463:
142:
are governed by a non-suspendable innocent passage regime;
879:
526:
487:
361:
359:
320:
Convention on the
Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone
451:
422:
410:
395:
625:
356:
439:
502:
613:
538:
475:
270:The "now classic" book on international straits by
677:] (in Russian). Минск: ГИУСТ БГУ. p. 223.
371:
334:Major changes to the strait passage were made by
91:The term is defined in articles 37 and 38 of the
924:
184:such passage. The latter practice, supported by
315:United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
265:Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
45:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
383:
212:that were collected for four hundred years).
907:
192:, persisted until the mid-19th century, when
127:straits governed by long-standing conventions
43:, used for international navigation. Per the
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607:
595:
583:
571:
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532:
520:
496:
469:
840:. Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. p. 89.
681:
457:
433:
416:
404:
914:
900:
760:
445:
79:, with the most famous being probably the
647:
365:
263:. Overall, per the 1992 statement of the
111:straits used for international navigation
101:straits used for international navigation
832:
508:
304:incident that was considered in the case
14:
925:
660:
377:
196:dropped the levies for the passage of
696:Stockton Center for International Law
652:. In Robertson, Horace B. Jr. (ed.).
261:1930 Hague Conference on Codification
866:
789:
671:Белорусская юридическая энциклопедия
631:
619:
544:
481:
216:While Vattel based his ideas on the
737:
389:
24:
804:University of California, Berkeley
113:with their transit passage regime;
25:
959:
738:Law, Jonathan, ed. (2022-03-17).
870:
247:(ILA) between 1893 and 1910 and
665:[International strait]
308:freedom of navigation operation
237:Institut de Droit International
775:10.1080/07266472.1997.10878494
717:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
289:International Court of Justice
150:archipelagic sea lanes passage
86:
13:
1:
711:López Martín, Ana G. (2010).
349:
245:International Law Association
206:Copenhagen Convention of 1857
172:
158:with innocent passage regime.
886:. You can help Knowledge by
675:Belorussian law encyclopedia
648:Alexander, Lewis M. (1991).
328:International Law Commission
35:connecting two parts of the
7:
654:The Law of Naval Operations
326:, codified the work of the
10:
964:
865:
641:
331:other territorial waters.
312:
276:
162:
688:International Law Studies
322:, adopted in 1958 by the
249:Inter-parliamentary Union
140:straits formed by islands
99:, describing instead the
41:exclusive economic zones
684:"International Straits"
661:Brovka, Yu. P. (2009).
650:"International straits"
257:Second Peace Conference
882:-related article is a
790:Oral, Nilufer (2019).
740:"international strait"
663:"Международный пролив"
796:Ecology Law Quarterly
18:International straits
834:Bugajski, Dariusz R.
682:SJ Advocate (2021).
227:With the arrival of
146:archipelagic straits
97:international waters
31:is a narrow natural
29:international strait
744:A Dictionary of Law
634:, pp. 173–174.
69:Strait of Gibraltar
285:Corfu Channel case
279:Corfu Channel case
117:geographic straits
65:Strait of Magellan
53:territorial waters
938:International law
895:
894:
847:978-83-961549-1-0
753:978-0-19-289749-7
724:978-3-642-12906-3
608:López Martín 2010
598:, pp. 21–22.
596:López Martín 2010
584:López Martín 2010
572:López Martín 2010
560:López Martín 2010
533:López Martín 2010
521:López Martín 2010
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470:López Martín 2010
169:Peloponnesian War
16:(Redirected from
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241:innocent passage
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156:dead end straits
121:innocent passage
81:Strait of Hormuz
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446:Priestnall 1997
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396:
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344:transit passage
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253:First World War
208:abolishing the
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73:Strait of Dover
49:transit passage
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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943:Legal concepts
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622:, p. 188.
612:
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549:
547:, p. 165.
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486:
484:, p. 164.
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370:
366:Alexander 1991
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313:Main article:
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277:Main article:
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77:Danish straits
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633:
628:
621:
616:
610:, p. 23.
609:
604:
597:
592:
586:, p. 16.
585:
580:
574:, p. 13.
573:
568:
562:, p. 12.
561:
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546:
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534:
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522:
517:
510:
509:Bugajski 2021
505:
498:
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466:
460:, p. 43.
459:
454:
447:
442:
436:, p. 42.
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419:, p. 41.
418:
413:
407:, p. 40.
406:
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391:
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379:
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188:and later by
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134:coastal state
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888:expanding it
877:
862:
837:
823:. Retrieved
799:
795:
769:(96): 1–12.
766:
762:
743:
728:. Retrieved
713:
691:
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653:
627:
615:
603:
591:
579:
567:
540:
535:, p. 9.
528:
516:
504:
499:, p. 3.
477:
465:
453:
441:
412:
385:
373:
333:
318:
301:
282:
269:
234:
226:
222:right of way
214:
198:Danish belts
166:
126:
116:
110:
105:
100:
90:
47:(UNCLOS), a
28:
26:
806:: 163–190.
378:Brovka 2009
302:Still, the
220:concept of
87:Terminology
61:Dardanelles
927:Categories
856:1267382284
825:2024-08-31
730:2024-08-29
350:References
336:UNCLOS III
272:Erik Brüel
229:steamships
210:Sound Dues
186:Puffendorf
93:UNCLOS III
948:Law stubs
812:0046-1121
783:0726-6472
704:2375-2831
698:: 39–44.
632:Oral 2019
620:Oral 2019
545:Oral 2019
482:Oral 2019
218:Roman law
204:(cf. the
190:de Vattel
37:high seas
836:(2021).
820:26853549
390:Law 2022
340:sea beds
324:UNCLOS I
57:Bosporus
33:waterway
642:Sources
287:at the
194:Denmark
181:Grotius
163:History
152:regime;
123:regime;
854:
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816:JSTOR
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673:[
667:(PDF)
202:sunds
148:with
884:stub
852:OCLC
842:ISBN
808:ISSN
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700:ISSN
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