2632:
3132:
45:
2751:
3272:
7846:
3183:, QSFP-DD, OSFP, 400ZR or OpenZR+ may be used alongside DWDM and many vendors have proprietary offerings. Long-haul networks transport data across longer distances than metro networks, such as through submarine cables, or connecting several metropolitan networks. Optical line systems and packet optical transport systems can also be used for data transmission. Ultra long haul transmission transports data over distances of over 1500 kilometers.
7856:
7835:
7866:
3235:(WISP) is an Internet service provider with a network based on wireless networking. Technology may include commonplace Wi-Fi wireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open 900 MHz, 2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5.2, 5.4, 5.7, and 5.8 GHz bands or licensed frequencies such as 2.5 GHz (EBS/BRS), 3.65 GHz (NN) and in the UHF band (including the
5306:"Mailbox Provider" refers to an organization that accepts, stores, and offers access to RFC 5322 messages ("email messages") for end users. Such an organization has typically implemented SMTP RFC 5321 and might provide access to messages through IMAP RFC 3501, the Post Office Protocol (POP) RFC 1939, a proprietary interface designed for HTTP RFC 7230, or a proprietary protocol.
3255:, where there exists a market typically controlled by just one provider. A lack of competition problematically causes subscription rates to rise disproportionately with the quality of service in rural areas, causing broadband connection to be unaffordable for some, even when the infrastructure supports service in a given area.
3259:
potentially negatively affected the innovation and development of infrastructure in specific rural areas remains a question. The exploration and answers developed to the question could provide guidance for possible interventions and solutions meant to remedy the digital divide between rural and urban connectivity.
3170:
depend on Tier 1 ISPs and often have their own networks, but must pay for transit or internet access to Tier 1 ISPs, but may peer or send transit without paying, to other Tier 2 ISPs. Tier 3 ISPs do not engage in peering and only purchase transit from Tier 2 and Tier 1 ISPs, and often specialize in
3258:
In contrast, consumers in urban areas typically benefit from lower rates and higher quality of broadband services, not only due to more advanced infrastructure but also the healthy economic competition caused by having several ISPs in a given area. How the difference in competition levels has
3139:
Just as their customers pay them for
Internet access, ISPs themselves pay upstream ISPs for Internet access. An upstream ISP such as a tier 2 or tier 1 ISP usually has a larger network than the contracting ISP or is able to provide the contracting ISP with access to parts of the Internet the
2911:
proposed an end to net neutrality, awaiting votes from the commission. On 21 November 2017, Pai announced that a vote will be held by FCC members on 14 December 2017 on whether to repeal the policy. On 11 June 2018, the repeal of the FCC's network neutrality rules took effect.
3340:
Tier 1 ISPs are also interconnected with a mesh network topology. Internet
Exchange Points (IXPs) are public locations where several networks are connected to each other. Public peering is done at IXPs, while private peering can be done with direct links between networks.
3336:
Network hardware, software and specifications, as well as the expertise of network management personnel are important in ensuring that data follows the most efficient route, and upstream connections work reliably. A tradeoff between cost and efficiency is possible.
3143:
In the simplest case, a single connection is established to an upstream ISP and is used to transmit data to or from areas of the
Internet beyond the home network; this mode of interconnection is often cascaded multiple times until reaching a
3152:(PoP) may have separate connections to an upstream ISP at multiple PoPs, or they may be customers of multiple upstream ISPs and may have connections to each one of them at one or more point of presence. Transit ISPs provide large amounts of
2899:
is a plan to regulate free speech. They both stand for the same concept." On 12 March 2015, the FCC released the specific details of the net neutrality rules. On 13 April 2015, the FCC published the final rule on its new
3326:(IXPs), allowing routing of data between each network, without charging one another for the data transmitted—data that would otherwise have passed through a third upstream ISP, incurring charges from the upstream ISP.
3949:
3179:) for transmitting data over optical fiber. For transmissions in a metro area such as a city and for large customers such as data centers, special pluggable modules in routers, conforming to standards such as
2824:. On 15 May 2014, the FCC decided to consider two options regarding Internet services: first, permit fast and slow broadband lanes, thereby compromising net neutrality; and second, reclassify broadband as a
4689:
4048:
3092:, as well as the relevant department of companies, universities, organizations, groups, and individuals that manage their mail servers themselves. The task is typically accomplished by implementing
6333:
3913:
3171:
offering internet service to end customers such as businesses and individuals. Some organizations act as their own ISPs and purchase transit directly from a Tier 1 ISP. Transit ISPs may use OTN (
4249:
6050:
4477:"Federal Communications Commission - FCC 15-24 - In the Matter of Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - GN Docket No. 14-28 - Report and Order on Remand, Declaratory Ruling, and Order"
3982:
2704:
However, cable television companies and the telephone carriers already had wired connections to their customers and could offer
Internet connections at much higher speeds than dial-up using
6224:
3877:
5030:
John, Wolfgang; Pentikousis, Konstantinos; Agapiou, George; Jacob, Eduardo; Kind, Mario; Manzalini, Antonio; Risso, Fulvio; Staessens, Dimitri; Steinert, Rebecca; Meirosu, Catalin (2013).
3811:
2850:, that makes concessions to net neutrality but prohibits the FCC from accomplishing the goal or enacting any further regulation affecting Internet service providers. On 31 January 2015,
2651:) was developed as a network between government research laboratories and participating departments of universities. Other companies and organizations joined by direct connection to the
4623:
3306:
Altnets (portmanteau of "alternative network provider") are localized broadband networks, typically formed as an alternative to monopolistic internet service providers within a region.
5843:
4561:
2888:
2685:
In 1989, the first
Internet service providers, companies offering the public direct access to the Internet for a monthly fee, were established in Australia and the United States. In
4927:
5466:
4826:
4216:
2941:
Access provider ISPs provide
Internet access, employing a range of technologies to connect users to their network. Available technologies have ranged from computer modems with
2682:(AOL) began to offer limited capabilities to access the Internet, such as e-mail interchange, but full access to the Internet was not readily available to the general public.
2716:(DSL). As a result, these companies often became the dominant ISPs in their service areas, and what was once a highly competitive ISP market became effectively a monopoly or
2659:. By the late 1980s, a process was set in place towards public, commercial use of the Internet. Some restrictions were removed by 1991, shortly after the introduction of the
6326:
6251:
3939:
4453:
3357:
agencies to monitor some or all of the information transmitted by the ISP, or even store the browsing history of users to allow government access if needed (e.g. via the
4321:
4525:
1535:
4354:
4015:
3712:
6319:
4679:
3199:
in this context, which allow the VISP's customers to access the
Internet using services and infrastructure owned and operated by the wholesale ISP. VISPs resemble
4656:
4420:
4285:
3643:
4647:"Net neutrality redux: The battle for an open net continues – The Republican-led FCC is starting to roll back net neutrality rules. Here's what you need to know"
4476:
3215:
Free ISPs are
Internet service providers that provide service free of charge. Many free ISPs display advertisements while the user is connected; like commercial
4038:
3745:
2928:
or households which meet a number of other criteria an up to $ 30 per month discount toward internet service, or up to $ 75 per month on certain tribal lands.
4387:
4081:
3577:
4183:
7110:
5746:
4114:
3610:
6020:
5984:
3900:
3778:
2862:
to the
Internet in a vote expected on 26 February 2015. Adoption of this notion would reclassify Internet service from one of information to one of the
2808:(FCC) was reported to be considering a new rule permitting ISPs to offer content providers a faster track to send content, thus reversing their earlier
4239:
3495:
3374:
5909:
4878:
4722:
6281:
6042:
5760:
3350:
2896:
2847:
3972:
5185:
3251:
It is hypothesized that the vast divide between broadband connection in rural and urban areas is partially caused by a lack of competition between
6221:
3867:
3801:
5955:
5365:
790:
3679:
4150:
2980:
2761:
4613:
3844:
4781:
4551:
3516:
3373:
provides for broad monitoring of
Internet users traffic and has raised concerns about potential violation of the privacy protections in the
7818:
7790:
7785:
6810:
5393:
3901:"H. R. _ 114th Congress, 1st Session [Discussion Draft] - To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to ensure Internet openness..."
5640:
5463:
1115:
5883:
4834:
4206:
5085:
177:
17:
6170:
5619:
5484:
3045:/backbone network; each subsequent network handles more traffic than the last. Mobile service providers also have similar networks.
6241:
1207:
3057:
is an organization that provides services for hosting electronic mail domains with access to storage for mail boxes. It provides
2979:
Customers with more demanding requirements (such as medium-to-large businesses, or other ISPs) can use higher-speed DSL (such as
1462:
1405:
4443:
2631:
7812:
6093:
Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam
3176:
2844:
5438:
3502:, U.S. National Science Foundation, "In March 1991, the NSFNET acceptable use policy was altered to allow commercial traffic."
7807:
7797:
7777:
7579:
6206:
6180:
6154:
6128:
6101:
5893:
5867:
5810:
5784:
5712:
5695:
5668:
5602:
5576:
5550:
5524:
5494:
5448:
5421:
5095:
5061:
4954:
4515:
4311:
3240:
2693:
became the first commercial ISP in the US. Its first customer was served in November 1989. These companies generally offered
2690:
3543:
3471:
1444:
6944:
4344:
4005:
7890:
7869:
7802:
7648:
5857:
3702:
3033:, and have a ring or mesh network topology in their core network. The networks run by access providers can be considered
2961:
2901:
2863:
2740:
2724:
1575:
1517:
1166:
979:
678:
621:
265:
5923:
3365:). Furthermore, in some countries ISPs are subject to monitoring by intelligence agencies. In the U.S., a controversial
7574:
5800:
4410:
4272:
3633:
3413:
3232:
3204:
2957:
2870:, chairman of the FCC, ensure net neutrality. The FCC was expected to enforce net neutrality in its vote, according to
1498:
4646:
4489:
7668:
5988:
4852:
4587:
4547:
4484:
4280:
2805:
2791:
6196:
6144:
6118:
3735:
2832:
recommended that the FCC reclassify broadband Internet service as a telecommunications service in order to preserve
7453:
7001:
6803:
6091:
5514:
4944:
3097:
2837:
4377:
4071:
3567:
3062:
2589:) is an organization that provides myriad services related to accessing, using, managing, or participating in the
7564:
5658:
5411:
5277:
5229:
4909:
4173:
3200:
2921:
640:
5774:
5685:
4104:
3600:
3282:
7559:
6013:
5992:
3008:
2773:
1017:
5592:
4583:
3768:
7584:
6742:
6737:
6342:
5566:
5540:
3492:
3358:
3093:
3026:
2727:
was decommissioned removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic and
941:
829:
527:
4552:"Protecting and Promoting the Open Internet - A Rule by the Federal Communications Commission on 04/13/2015"
7859:
7620:
7517:
7060:
6855:
6827:
6368:
6273:
5273:
Creation and Use of Email Feedback Reports: An Applicability Statement for the Abuse Reporting Format (ARF)
4886:
4712:
3385:
equipment into their networks, which then feeds the data to law-enforcement/intelligence networks (such as
3370:
3163:
2310:
922:
885:
322:
7849:
7356:
6796:
6711:
6691:
6583:
6413:
5729:
5016:
4856:
2697:
connections, using the public telephone network to provide last-mile connections to their customers. The
401:
3219:, in a sense they are selling the user's attention to the advertiser. Other free ISPs, sometimes called
7708:
7630:
7569:
7276:
3220:
3004:
2925:
2884:
2859:
5963:
7480:
7441:
7286:
7186:
7115:
7048:
6875:
6538:
6513:
6378:
5319:
5181:"Matheuristic with Machine-Learning-Based Prediction for Software-Defined Mobile Metro-Core Networks"
3669:
3172:
3022:
2969:
2371:
1480:
772:
4140:
3834:
1360:
603:
7839:
7081:
7016:
6969:
6929:
6762:
6458:
5112:
3428:
3423:
3403:
3366:
3116:
2769:
2686:
2675:
1378:
6311:
2880:
2855:
7678:
7663:
7507:
7458:
7381:
7281:
6959:
6845:
6840:
6696:
6493:
5140:
Junior, Ronaldo R. R.; Vieira, Marcos A. M.; Vieira, Luiz F. M.; Loureiro, Antonio A. F. (2022).
4745:
3512:
3443:
3433:
3323:
3180:
3159:
2953:
2713:
2667:
2432:
1189:
794:
734:
716:
508:
5826:
3940:"In Net Neutrality Push, F.C.C. Is Expected to Propose Regulating Internet Service as a Utility"
3041:, aggregation networks/aggregation layers/distribution layers/edge routers/metro networks and a
7600:
7386:
7201:
7146:
7141:
6954:
6919:
6633:
6526:
6463:
6305:
5141:
3120:
3058:
3000:
2635:
867:
5516:
Internet Computing: Principles of Distributed Systems and Emerging Internet-Based Technologies
3131:
7502:
7306:
7271:
7191:
7171:
7093:
6981:
6902:
6383:
6350:
4312:"In Net Neutrality Victory, F.C.C. Classifies Broadband Internet Service as a Public Utility"
3329:
ISPs requiring no upstream and having only customers (end customers or peer ISPs) are called
3153:
3089:
2655:, or by arrangements through other connected companies, sometimes using dialup tools such as
1962:
1553:
303:
6835:
5180:
5126:
7416:
7376:
7346:
7103:
7038:
6860:
5636:
5291:
5243:
4983:
4757:
3101:
2965:
2728:
2348:
1792:
1148:
31:
6072:
8:
7426:
7366:
7125:
7087:
6885:
6870:
6716:
6653:
6603:
5464:
cisco.com Sample Configuration for BGP with Two Different Service Providers (Multihoming)
5391:
Gerson & Ryan A Primer on Internet Exchange Points for Policymakers and Non-Engineers
4684:
4382:
4043:
3438:
3175:) or SDH/SONET (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/Synchronous Optical Networking) with DWDM (
2813:
2621:
1425:
364:
4987:
4761:
4680:"FCC plan would give Internet providers power to choose the sites customers see and use"
7653:
7610:
7541:
7411:
7341:
7316:
7251:
7098:
6819:
6613:
6483:
6418:
6246:
5357:
5161:
5067:
5039:
4773:
4746:"From internet "Openness" to "Freedom": How far has the net neutrality pendulum swung?"
4717:
4618:
4448:
4415:
4316:
4244:
4211:
4178:
4109:
3977:
3944:
3872:
3806:
3773:
3740:
3707:
3674:
3638:
3605:
3572:
3034:
3014:
2872:
2821:
2613:
2269:
546:
5335:
7693:
7615:
7529:
7512:
7475:
7321:
7151:
7120:
6986:
6880:
6676:
6578:
6556:
6468:
6398:
6373:
6202:
6176:
6150:
6124:
6097:
5889:
5863:
5806:
5780:
5691:
5664:
5598:
5572:
5546:
5520:
5490:
5444:
5417:
5349:
5165:
5091:
5057:
4950:
4946:
Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE) Foundation Learning Guide: (CCNP ROUTE 300-101)
4777:
3665:
3418:
3149:
2825:
2817:
2720:
in countries with a commercial telecommunications market, such as the United States.
2698:
2652:
2625:
2569:
2502:
2480:
2412:, Web-based word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, form, and data storage service
904:
44:
7361:
5361:
3195:(VISP) is an operation that purchases services from another ISP, sometimes called a
2952:
For users and small businesses, traditional options include copper wires to provide
7698:
7658:
7638:
7605:
7534:
7492:
7406:
7261:
7246:
7221:
7196:
7156:
7006:
6865:
6850:
6777:
6681:
6473:
6408:
5339:
5331:
5281:
5267:
5233:
5202:
5194:
5153:
5087:
Networks: Internet, Telephony, Multimedia : Convergences and Complementarities
5071:
5049:
4991:
4765:
4556:
4145:
3054:
3030:
3018:
2992:
2942:
2454:
1660:
998:
7326:
7181:
6949:
6924:
6912:
6571:
6566:
6228:
5470:
5397:
5053:
3839:
3539:
3499:
3382:
3354:
2609:
2602:
2594:
1848:
1304:
5294:
5271:
5246:
5223:
4996:
4971:
3467:
2854:
reported that the FCC will present the notion of applying ("with some caveats")
7524:
7396:
7371:
7331:
7301:
7176:
7011:
6964:
6939:
6897:
6747:
6593:
6548:
6498:
6423:
5157:
5031:
3362:
3330:
3252:
3167:
3162:
is used by routers to connect to other networks, which are identified by their
3145:
3119:
provide email, web-hosting, or online storage services. Other services include
3038:
2988:
2973:
2833:
2809:
2679:
2660:
2390:
2094:
1943:
1341:
960:
5127:"Network Design Models > "Do I Know This Already?" Quiz | Cisco Press"
4769:
3068:
Many mailbox providers are also access providers, while others are not (e.g.,
1126:
Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:
7884:
7673:
7446:
7436:
7351:
7241:
7236:
7226:
7211:
7033:
6892:
6757:
6623:
6561:
6438:
5931:
5353:
3908:
3349:
Internet service providers in many countries are legally required (e.g., via
3319:
2841:
2565:
2524:
2476:
2287:
1774:
1097:
848:
139:
5179:
Alvizu, Rodolfo; Troia, Sebastian; Maier, Guido; Pattavina, Achille (2017).
7551:
7391:
7336:
7266:
7231:
7166:
7065:
7055:
6907:
6648:
6608:
6598:
6521:
6433:
6428:
3408:
3378:
3148:. In reality, the situation is often more complex. ISPs with more than one
3042:
2829:
2828:
service, thereby preserving net neutrality. On 10 November 2014, President
2212:
2098:
2057:
1811:
211:
5198:
4970:
Sharma, Sidharth; Engelmann, Anna; Jukan, Admela; Gumaste, Ashwin (2020).
3973:"F.C.C. Chief Wants to Override State Laws Curbing Community Net Services"
2879:
On 26 February 2015, the FCC ruled in favor of net neutrality by adopting
1518:
ICANN begins accepting applications for new generic top-level domain names
7751:
7401:
7311:
7296:
7256:
7216:
7075:
6721:
6706:
6701:
6686:
6658:
6638:
6488:
6393:
6358:
5207:
4136:
3192:
3077:
3073:
2996:
2892:
2867:
2709:
2617:
2428:
2409:
1736:
1382:
1281:
1078:
697:
120:
38:
5344:
4174:"Courage and Good Sense at the F.C.C. - Net Neutrality's Wise New Rules"
3835:"The World Is Watching Our Net Neutrality Debate, So Let's Get It Right"
3271:
7756:
7463:
7161:
7070:
7026:
6996:
6974:
6388:
6363:
5017:"Selecting a WAN Technology (1.2) > WAN Concepts | Cisco Press"
3216:
2895:, commented, "This is no more a plan to regulate the Internet than the
2671:
2598:
1698:
5844:"Packet-optical transport systems: Platforms for metro transformation"
4207:"As Republicans Concede, F.C.C. Is Expected to Enforce Net Neutrality"
2351:, a collaborative encyclopedia intended to document all living species
7741:
7206:
7021:
6788:
6772:
6767:
6643:
6628:
6403:
6120:
The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet
5542:
Optical Networking Standards: A Comprehensive Guide for Professionals
5286:
5238:
4972:"VNF Availability and SFC Sizing Model for Service Provider Networks"
4141:"FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler: This Is How We Will Ensure Net Neutrality"
2705:
2472:
2250:
1981:
1717:
1300:
584:
4039:"Get ready: The FCC says it will vote on net neutrality in February"
2731:
were created to allow peering arrangements between commercial ISPs.
7736:
7726:
7643:
7468:
7291:
6533:
6448:
6341:
5710:
5390:
4591:
4273:"FCC Adopts Strong, Sustainable Rules To Protect The Open Internet"
3802:"Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation"
3081:
2984:
2908:
2590:
2542:
2520:
2498:
2291:
2117:
2000:
1867:
1606:
dial-up service provider, email, instant messaging, and web browser
1036:
442:
284:
5044:
3568:"F.C.C., in 'Net Neutrality' Turnaround, Plans to Allow Fast Lane"
7731:
7716:
6934:
6503:
6478:
6443:
6043:"Better together: Broadband deployment and broadband competition"
6014:"A Snapshot Of Internet Service Provider Competition in the U.S."
4546:
4349:
4076:
4010:
3393:
in Russia) allowing monitoring of Internet traffic in real time.
3315:
3105:
2851:
2717:
2694:
2648:
2450:
2367:
2329:
2231:
2174:
2136:
2019:
1905:
382:
341:
158:
5735:. Optical Internetworking Forum. March 10, 2020. OIF-400ZR-01.0.
5320:"Competition and compatibility among Internet Service Providers"
3868:"Shifting Politics of Net Neutrality Debate Ahead of F.C.C.Vote"
2812:
position. A possible solution to net neutrality concerns may be
1578:
oversight passes to the global Internet community on October 1st
7761:
7721:
7043:
6752:
3386:
3085:
2561:
2193:
2155:
1886:
1829:
1059:
753:
565:
461:
420:
230:
4848:
4516:"Net neutrality rules get published -- let the lawsuits begin"
4006:"Just whose Internet is it? New federal rules may answer that"
3344:
3223:, are run on a nonprofit basis, usually with volunteer staff.
2593:. ISPs can be organized in various forms, such as commercial,
7746:
7683:
6991:
6618:
6453:
3069:
2946:
2904:" regulations. These rules went into effect on 12 June 2015.
2760:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
2075:
2038:
1924:
1755:
1641:
1571:
1386:
1263:
1185:
659:
489:
101:
48:
Internet connectivity options from end-user to tier 3/2 ISPs
7688:
5029:
4969:
4651:
4520:
3390:
3236:
2656:
2638:
in Manhattan installing fiber for providing Internet access
1679:
1622:
1322:
1264:
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
1225:
424:
360:
82:
37:"Internet service" redirects here. Not to be confused with
5139:
5113:"Survey of Next-Generation Broadband Aggregation Networks"
4802:
1536:
Montevideo Statement on the Future of Internet Cooperation
6668:
6588:
6172:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
6146:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
5486:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
5440:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
5178:
4744:
Koning, Kendall J.; Yankelevich, Aleksandr (2018-10-01).
4614:"F.C.C. Invokes Internet Freedom While Trying to Kill It"
3537:
3096:(SMTP) and possibly providing access to messages through
2924:
has given households in the U.S. at or below 200% of the
2608:
Internet services typically provided by ISPs can include
1603:
1406:
UN World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) phase I
1244:
1055:
6306:
Telecommunications Ownership and Control (TOSCO) dataset
5684:
Jia, Zhensheng; Campos, Luis Alberto (28 October 2019).
5036:
2013 IEEE SDN for Future Networks and Services (SDN4FNS)
4345:"FACT CHECK: Talking heads skew 'net neutrality' debate"
4240:"The Push for Net Neutrality Arose From Lack of Choice"
3769:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules"
2701:
for dial-up ISPs were low and many providers emerged.
1499:
First internationalized country code top-level domains
5985:"FCC: Wireless Services: 3650-3700 MHz Radio Service"
5660:
High-Speed Devices and Circuits with THZ Applications
5119:
4827:"What are the different Internet connection methods?"
2915:
1554:
NetMundial international Internet governance proposal
195:
NPL followed by the ARPANET carry their first packets
5483:Medhi, Deep; Ramasamy, Karthik (6 September 2017).
5437:Medhi, Deep; Ramasamy, Karthik (6 September 2017).
5225:
Complaint Feedback Loop Operational Recommendations
4611:
4171:
4105:"F.C.C. Plans Strong Hand to Regulate the Internet"
3833:Sepulveda, Ambassador Daniel A. (21 January 2015).
3799:
249:
Merit Network's packet-switched network operational
5711:Christian Urricariet; André Guimarães (May 2019).
4310:Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Lohr, Steve (26 February 2015).
3375:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
5859:Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV-A: Components
5032:"Research Directions in Network Service Chaining"
5011:
5009:
5007:
4743:
3468:"Origins and Nature of the Internet in Australia"
3351:Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act
2889:Section 706 in the Telecommunications Act of 1996
27:Organization that provides access to the Internet
7882:
5747:"OpenZR+ MSA Group releases first specification"
5635:
5266:
5186:Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
4072:"FCC to vote next month on net neutrality rules"
3826:
3123:, cloud services, or physical server operation.
2945:to telephone lines, to television cable (CATV),
6343:Internet service providers of the United States
6308:on the ownership of internet service providers.
3859:
3760:
1208:very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS)
472:Merging the networks and creating the Internet:
5142:"Intra and inter-flow link aggregation in SDN"
5004:
4910:"IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE DOCSIS 3.0 SOBRE REDES HFC"
4378:"Net Neutrality Prevails In Historic FCC Vote"
3262:
3061:to send, receive, accept, and store email for
2981:single-pair high-speed digital subscriber line
1481:First meeting of the Internet Governance Forum
1445:UN Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG)
6804:
6327:
6242:"Obama's Speech on N.S.A. Phone Surveillance"
6070:
5910:"The search for ultra-long-haul transmission"
5482:
5436:
4928:"Network Modernization: A TDM to IP Solution"
4638:
4507:
4435:
4402:
3964:
3931:
3727:
3156:for connecting hosting ISPs and access ISPs.
2758:The examples and perspective in this section
6071:Farrell, Maria; Berjon, Robin (2024-04-16).
5318:Foros, Øystein; Hansen, Bjørn (2001-12-01).
4704:
4605:
4468:
4303:
4264:
4231:
4198:
4165:
4129:
4096:
3793:
3694:
3592:
3140:contracting ISP by itself has no access to.
1247:changes pricing model from hourly to monthly
7819:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
6231:. InformationWeek. Retrieved on 2014-03-12.
5761:"Understanding 400ZR/OpenZR+/400ZR+ Optics"
5713:"Trends in 400G Optics for the Data Center"
5508:
5506:
5317:
4925:
4671:
4540:
4369:
4336:
4063:
4030:
3997:
3892:
3736:"F.C.C. Backs Opening Net Rules for Debate"
3658:
3625:
3559:
3345:Law enforcement and intelligence assistance
3088:). The definition given in RFC 6650 covers
1574:contract with U.S. Dept. of Commerce ends,
773:Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX East|FIXes)
7855:
6811:
6797:
6334:
6320:
5617:
2907:Upon becoming FCC chairman in April 2017,
2776:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1143:New Internet architecture with commercial
30:"ISP" redirects here. For other uses, see
6222:NSA PRISM Creates Stir, But Appears Legal
5683:
5343:
5285:
5237:
5221:
5206:
5110:
5043:
4995:
4513:
4474:
4375:
3832:
2792:Learn how and when to remove this message
178:Symposium on Operating Systems Principles
5503:
5413:Networked Life: 20 Questions and Answers
4342:
4309:
4003:
3800:NYT Editorial Board (14 November 2014).
3703:"Searching for Fairness on the Internet"
3664:
3377:. Modern ISPs integrate a wide array of
3246:
3130:
2840:presented legislation, in the form of a
2630:
43:
6089:
5512:
5386:
5384:
5382:
4849:"FTTx: Fiber To The Home/Premises/Curb"
4713:"The Net Neutrality Repeal Is Official"
4710:
4644:
4204:
4172:The Editorial Board (6 February 2015).
4135:
3865:
1116:North American Network Operators' Group
14:
7883:
6818:
6116:
6040:
5568:Telecommunications Technology Handbook
5409:
4441:
4205:Weisman, Jonathan (24 February 2015).
3318:, where multiple ISPs interconnect at
3177:Dense wavelength-division multiplexing
6792:
6315:
5950:
5948:
5594:Springer Handbook of Optical Networks
4692:from the original on 21 November 2017
4612:The Editorial Board (29 April 2017).
4357:from the original on 27 December 2017
4270:
4069:
3898:
3866:Weisman, Jonathan (19 January 2015).
3814:from the original on 15 November 2014
3781:from the original on 14 November 2014
3766:
3733:
3700:
3598:
3565:
3025:. Access providers may have an MPLS (
7865:
6254:from the original on 20 January 2014
6117:Norton, William B. (8 August 2011).
5776:Optical Communications in the 5G Era
5657:Choi, Jung Han (19 September 2017).
5656:
5379:
4859:from the original on August 24, 2013
4725:from the original on 25 January 2019
4677:
4408:
4376:Liebelson, Dana (26 February 2015).
4237:
4153:from the original on 4 February 2015
4102:
4036:
4018:from the original on 1 February 2015
3985:from the original on 3 February 2015
3970:
3952:from the original on 3 February 2015
3937:
3847:from the original on 22 January 2015
3631:
3474:from the original on 9 February 2021
3461:
3459:
3266:
3048:
2744:
2253:anonymous news and information leaks
1812:Yahoo Groups (formerly Yahoo! Clubs)
1361:New top-level domain names activated
5885:Optical Fiber Telecommunications IV
5779:. Academic Press. 23 October 2021.
5687:Coherent Optics for Access Networks
5641:"400G and 800G Ethernet and Optics"
4444:"What the Net Neutrality Rules Say"
4343:Flaherty, Anne (25 February 2015).
4084:from the original on 3 January 2015
4051:from the original on 2 January 2015
3634:"Warnings Along F.C.C.'s Fast Lane"
3205:competitive local exchange carriers
2962:Integrated Services Digital Network
2936:
2891:to the Internet. The FCC Chairman,
2820:, a legal and technology expert at
2741:Net neutrality in the United States
266:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
24:
6284:from the original on 18 March 2015
5945:
5410:Chiang, Mung (10 September 2012).
4915:. Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.
4645:Reardon, Marguerite (2 May 2017).
4626:from the original on 29 April 2017
4528:from the original on 14 April 2015
4411:"F.C.C. Sets Net Neutrality Rules"
4409:Ruiz, Rebecca R. (12 March 2015).
4324:from the original on 14 April 2020
4291:from the original on 12 March 2018
4004:Flaherty, Anne (31 January 2015).
3767:Wyatt, Edward (10 November 2014).
3465:
3414:Index of Internet-related articles
3233:wireless Internet service provider
3135:Tiers 1 and 2 ISP interconnections
2958:asymmetric digital subscriber line
2931:
2916:Provisions for low-income families
756:founded, allows commercial traffic
363:protocol approved and deployed on
344:commercial packet-switched network
25:
7902:
6299:
5989:Federal Communications Commission
5827:"Introduction to DWDM Technology"
5805:. Oxford University Press. 2021.
5513:Sunyaev, Ali (12 February 2020).
4949:. Cisco Press. 29 December 2014.
4907:
4803:"Affordable Connectivity Program"
4588:Federal Communications Commission
4548:Federal Communications Commission
4485:Federal Communications Commission
4456:from the original on 22 June 2018
4423:from the original on 14 June 2018
4390:from the original on 15 June 2018
4281:Federal Communications Commission
4252:from the original on 14 June 2018
4219:from the original on 14 June 2018
4186:from the original on 14 June 2018
4117:from the original on 18 July 2018
3919:from the original on 13 July 2017
3880:from the original on 14 June 2018
3748:from the original on 14 June 2018
3715:from the original on 14 June 2018
3682:from the original on 14 June 2018
3646:from the original on 14 June 2018
3613:from the original on 14 June 2018
3580:from the original on 14 June 2018
3556:Also published as Robert H. Zakon
3540:"Hobbes' Internet Timeline v10.1"
3456:
2806:Federal Communications Commission
2734:
604:First .COM domain name registered
7864:
7854:
7845:
7844:
7833:
7454:Free-space optical communication
6274:"New KGB Takes Internet by SORM"
6090:Hundley, Kent (31 August 2009).
6073:"We Need To Rewild The Internet"
5730:"Implementation Agreement 400ZR"
5620:"400G-ZR(+) Real World Examples"
5324:Information Economics and Policy
5222:J.D. Falk, ed. (November 2011).
4678:Fung, Brian (21 November 2017).
4514:Reisinger, Don (13 April 2015).
4238:Lohr, Steve (25 February 2015).
3270:
3201:mobile virtual network operators
3098:Internet Message Access Protocol
3005:ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
2749:
51:
6266:
6234:
6215:
6198:Information Network Engineering
6189:
6163:
6137:
6110:
6083:
6064:
6053:from the original on 2021-11-14
6041:Sallet, Jonathan (2017-03-15).
6034:
6023:from the original on 2021-11-14
6006:
5977:
5916:
5902:
5876:
5850:
5836:
5819:
5793:
5767:
5753:
5739:
5722:
5704:
5677:
5650:
5629:
5611:
5585:
5559:
5533:
5476:
5457:
5430:
5403:
5368:from the original on 2020-06-23
5311:
5260:
5215:
5172:
5133:
5104:
5078:
5023:
4963:
4937:
4919:
4901:
4871:
4841:
4819:
4795:
4784:from the original on 2022-09-01
4737:
4711:Collins, Keith (11 June 2018).
4659:from the original on 2 May 2017
4576:
4564:from the original on 2 May 2015
4103:Lohr, Steve (4 February 2015).
3971:Lohr, Steve (2 February 2015).
3938:Lohr, Steve (2 February 2015).
3601:"Creating a Two-Speed Internet"
3566:Wyatt, Edward (23 April 2014).
3546:from the original on 5 May 2009
3519:from the original on 2015-07-29
3226:
3186:
3126:
3111:
2922:Affordable Connectivity Program
641:Internet Engineering Task Force
65:Early research and development:
5416:. Cambridge University Press.
5400:Working Paper, August 11, 2012
4442:Sommer, Jeff (12 March 2015).
4037:Fung, Brian (2 January 2015).
3531:
3505:
3486:
3353:(CALEA) in the U.S.) to allow
3009:synchronous optical networking
1586:Examples of Internet services:
1018:Classless Inter-Domain Routing
13:
1:
5597:. Springer. 15 October 2020.
5336:10.1016/S0167-6245(01)00044-0
3734:Wyatt, Edward (15 May 2014).
3450:
3359:Investigatory Powers Act 2016
3108:, or a proprietary protocol.
3094:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
3027:Multiprotocol label switching
3017:is another option, including
2920:Since December 31, 2021, The
2545:, massive open online courses
830:Advanced Network and Services
528:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
85:networking concepts developed
7840:Telecommunication portal
7621:Telecommunications equipment
5924:"Hooking up to the Internet"
5054:10.1109/SDN4FNS.2013.6702549
4590:. 2017-06-12. Archived from
3210:
2311:Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud
1098:Full text web search engines
923:Commercial Internet eXchange
886:Wide area information server
323:Transmission Control Program
7:
7357:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
6692:Consolidated Communications
6584:Consolidated Communications
6414:Consolidated Communications
6201:. 株式会社 オーム社. 20 July 2015.
5956:"Internet service provider"
5545:. Springer. 13 April 2007.
4997:10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3005287
4853:The Fiber Optic Association
4475:FCC Staff (12 March 2015).
3632:Carr, David (11 May 2014).
3396:
3263:Satellite internet services
2804:On 23 April 2014, the U.S.
2772:, discuss the issue on the
1682:online auction and shopping
681:upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s (T1)
10:
7907:
7891:Internet service providers
7061:Telecommunications history
6175:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
6149:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
5158:10.1007/s11235-021-00841-7
4271:Staff (26 February 2015).
3309:
3301:
3207:for voice communications.
2926:Federal Poverty Guidelines
2885:Communications Act of 1934
2860:Communications Act of 1934
2738:
2642:
1737:Outlook (formerly Hotmail)
982:upgraded to 45 Mbit/s (T3)
212:Network Information Center
36:
29:
7828:
7770:
7707:
7669:Public Switched Telephone
7629:
7593:
7550:
7491:
7481:telecommunication circuit
7442:Fiber-optic communication
7425:
7187:Francis Blake (telephone)
7134:
6982:Optical telecommunication
6826:
6730:
6667:
6547:
6512:
6379:Blue Ridge Communications
6349:
6096:. John Wiley & Sons.
5862:. Elsevier. 22 May 2002.
5146:Telecommunication Systems
4770:10.1016/j.jup.2018.07.004
3899:Staff (16 January 2015).
3389:in the United States, or
3173:Optical transport network
3117:Internet hosting services
3023:satellite Internet access
2881:Title II (common carrier)
2856:Title II (common carrier)
2647:The Internet (originally
2583:Internet service provider
1965:peer-to-peer file sharing
1908:peer-to-peer file sharing
1701:classified advertisements
944:allows commercial traffic
851:allows commercial traffic
511:protocol suite formalized
402:Internet Activities Board
56:Internet history timeline
18:Internet Service Provider
7580:Orbital angular-momentum
7017:Satellite communications
6856:Communications satellite
6567:Cincinnati Bell Fioptics
6459:Northland Communications
5888:. Academic Press. 2002.
4883:ciscoccna24.blogspot.com
4070:Staff (2 January 2015).
3429:Network service provider
3424:Internet hosting service
3404:Content delivery network
3367:National Security Agency
3324:Internet exchange points
3065:or other organizations.
2818:Professor Susan Crawford
2687:Brookline, Massachusetts
2668:online service providers
2332:cloud-based file hosting
490:Computer Science Network
233:switched-circuit network
7459:Molecular communication
7282:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
7111:Undersea telegraph line
6846:Cable protection system
6697:Frontier Communications
6494:TruVista Communications
3599:Staff (24 April 2014).
3538:Robert H'obbes' Zakon.
3444:Outline of the Internet
3434:Mobile network operator
3160:Border Gateway Protocol
2972:to end users is called
2960:(ADSL), cable modem or
2714:digital subscriber line
2433:threshold pledge system
2374:music streaming service
1889:mobile internet service
1832:Internet payment system
1625:Internet movie database
735:Border Gateway Protocol
717:Internet protocol suite
325:specification published
7601:Communication protocol
7387:Charles Sumner Tainter
7202:Walter Houser Brattain
7147:Edwin Howard Armstrong
6955:Information revolution
6634:Stealth Communications
6464:OneLink Communications
5571:. Artech House. 2003.
3513:"Web history timeline"
3493:Outreach: The Internet
3279:This section is empty.
3136:
3090:email hosting services
3029:) or formerly a SONET
3001:Primary Rate Interface
2836:. On 16 January 2015,
2639:
2636:Stealth Communications
2120:social networking site
2022:social networking site
813:ARPANET decommissioned
568:split off from ARPANET
49:
7575:Polarization-division
7307:Narinder Singh Kapany
7272:Erna Schneider Hoover
7192:Jagadish Chandra Bose
7172:Alexander Graham Bell
6903:online video platform
5199:10.1364/JOCN.9.000D19
4908:Ramos, Ángel Merino.
3701:Staff (15 May 2014).
3247:ISPs in rural regions
3134:
2989:metropolitan Ethernet
2848:discussion draft bill
2729:network access points
2634:
1795:automatic translation
1739:free web-based e-mail
1325:allows broader access
304:PARC Universal Packet
47:
7417:Vladimir K. Zworykin
7377:Almon Brown Strowger
7347:Charles Grafton Page
7002:Prepaid mobile phone
6930:Electrical telegraph
5637:Andreas Bechtolsheim
4837:on October 13, 2009.
3670:"The Wire Next Time"
3239:frequency band) and
3102:Post Office Protocol
2966:basic rate interface
2949:, and fiber optics.
2770:improve this section
2349:Encyclopedia of Life
2294:and virtual bookshop
2078:Anonymous imageboard
2041:Internet voice calls
1946:Anonymous imageboard
868:Archie search engine
624:with 56 kbit/s links
365:public data networks
287:network demonstrated
32:ISP (disambiguation)
7367:Johann Philipp Reis
7126:Wireless revolution
7088:The Telephone Cases
6945:Hydraulic telegraph
6604:Greenlight Networks
6250:. 17 January 2014.
6123:. DrPeering Press.
6017:BroadbandSearch.net
5763:. 11 December 2020.
5489:. Morgan Kaufmann.
5443:. Morgan Kaufmann.
5270:, ed. (June 2012).
4988:2020IEEEA...8k9768S
4889:on 25 December 2014
4762:2018UtPol..54...37K
4685:The Washington Post
4383:The Huffington Post
4139:(4 February 2015).
4044:The Washington Post
3439:Open-access network
3314:ISPs may engage in
3253:ISPs in rural areas
2814:municipal broadband
2708:technology such as
2003:business networking
1870:Anonymous textboard
1426:National LambdaRail
1284:wireless networking
1118:(NANOG) established
585:OSI Reference Model
445:standard introduced
7565:Frequency-division
7542:Telephone exchange
7412:Charles Wheatstone
7342:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
7317:Innocenzo Manzetti
7252:Reginald Fessenden
6987:Optical telegraphy
6820:Telecommunications
6614:Lumen Technologies
6484:SRT Communications
6419:Cox Communications
6247:The New York Times
6227:2014-01-25 at the
5960:masters.donntu.org
5469:2014-01-19 at the
5396:2020-04-05 at the
5090:. Springer. 2002.
4718:The New York Times
4619:The New York Times
4449:The New York Times
4416:The New York Times
4317:The New York Times
4245:The New York Times
4212:The New York Times
4179:The New York Times
4110:The New York Times
3978:The New York Times
3945:The New York Times
3873:The New York Times
3807:The New York Times
3774:The New York Times
3741:The New York Times
3708:The New York Times
3675:The New York Times
3639:The New York Times
3606:The New York Times
3573:The New York Times
3498:2014-01-18 at the
3137:
3035:wide area networks
2976:or similar names.
2964:(ISDN) (typically
2873:The New York Times
2866:and, according to
2864:telecommunications
2822:Harvard Law School
2666:During the 1980s,
2640:
2270:Google Street View
1079:Mosaic web browser
1001:(ISOC) established
547:Domain Name System
306:development begins
268:(IANA) established
123:concepts conceived
50:
7878:
7877:
7616:Store and forward
7611:Data transmission
7525:Network switching
7476:Transmission line
7322:Guglielmo Marconi
7287:Internet pioneers
7152:Mohamed M. Atalla
7121:Whistled language
6786:
6785:
6682:AT&T Internet
6677:Astound Broadband
6557:Astound Broadband
6469:Satview Broadband
6399:Buckeye Broadband
6374:Astound Broadband
6208:978-4-274-99991-8
6182:978-0-08-047497-7
6156:978-0-08-047497-7
6130:978-1-937451-02-8
6103:978-0-470-52938-6
5895:978-0-12-395172-4
5869:978-0-08-051318-8
5812:978-0-19-883422-9
5786:978-0-12-823134-0
5749:. 8 October 2020.
5697:978-1-000-73650-2
5670:978-1-4665-9012-0
5604:978-3-030-16250-4
5578:978-1-58053-708-7
5552:978-0-387-24063-3
5526:978-3-030-34957-8
5496:978-0-12-800829-4
5450:978-0-12-800829-4
5423:978-1-107-02494-6
5097:978-2-7445-0144-9
5063:978-1-4799-2781-4
4982:: 119768–119784.
4956:978-0-13-396586-5
4926:Sterling Perrin.
4550:(13 April 2015).
3668:(28 April 2014).
3419:Internet backbone
3369:program known as
3299:
3298:
3164:autonomous system
3150:point of presence
3049:Mailbox providers
2974:Fiber To The Home
2956:, DSL, typically
2943:acoustic couplers
2826:telecommunication
2802:
2801:
2794:
2699:barriers to entry
2579:
2578:
2570:social networking
2503:social networking
2481:social networking
2139:media file series
1851:review aggregator
1188:updated to allow
16:(Redirected from
7898:
7868:
7867:
7858:
7857:
7848:
7847:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7709:Notable networks
7699:Wireless network
7639:Cellular network
7631:Types of network
7606:Computer network
7493:Network topology
7407:Thomas A. Watson
7262:Oliver Heaviside
7247:Philo Farnsworth
7222:Daniel Davis Jr.
7197:Charles Bourseul
7157:John Logie Baird
6866:Data compression
6861:Computer network
6813:
6806:
6799:
6790:
6789:
6778:WorldWide Access
6669:Copper / DSL ISP
6474:Service Electric
6409:Charter Spectrum
6336:
6329:
6322:
6313:
6312:
6294:
6293:
6291:
6289:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6259:
6238:
6232:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6193:
6187:
6186:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6141:
6135:
6134:
6114:
6108:
6107:
6087:
6081:
6080:
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6010:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5991:. Archived from
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5962:. Archived from
5952:
5943:
5942:
5940:
5939:
5930:. Archived from
5920:
5914:
5913:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5840:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5802:Optical Networks
5797:
5791:
5790:
5771:
5765:
5764:
5757:
5751:
5750:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5726:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5618:Florian Hibler.
5615:
5609:
5608:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5537:
5531:
5530:
5510:
5501:
5500:
5480:
5474:
5461:
5455:
5454:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5407:
5401:
5388:
5377:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5347:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5301:
5289:
5287:10.17487/RFC6650
5268:Murray Kucherawy
5264:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5241:
5239:10.17487/RFC6449
5219:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5176:
5170:
5169:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5108:
5102:
5101:
5082:
5076:
5075:
5047:
5038:. pp. 1–7.
5027:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4914:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4885:. Archived from
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4833:. Archived from
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4750:Utilities Policy
4741:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4675:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4631:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4571:
4569:
4557:Federal Register
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4495:on 12 March 2015
4494:
4488:. Archived from
4481:
4472:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4373:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4340:
4334:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4290:
4277:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4122:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3990:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3905:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3830:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3618:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3509:
3503:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3463:
3294:
3291:
3281:You can help by
3274:
3267:
3055:mailbox provider
3037:. ISPs can have
3031:backbone network
2993:gigabit Ethernet
2937:Access providers
2797:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2753:
2752:
2745:
2614:internet transit
2573:
2572:
2558:
2556:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2455:digital currency
2447:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2364:
2362:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2315:
2314:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2284:
2282:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2179:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2112:
2103:
2102:
2091:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2054:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1843:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1797:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1741:
1740:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1580:
1579:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:UN WSIS phase II
1459:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1375:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1138:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1003:
1002:
999:Internet Society
995:
993:
984:
983:
976:
974:
965:
964:
957:
955:
946:
945:
938:
936:
927:
926:
919:
917:
908:
907:
901:
899:
890:
889:
882:
880:
871:
870:
864:
862:
853:
852:
845:
843:
834:
833:
826:
824:
815:
814:
810:
808:
799:
798:
787:
785:
776:
775:
769:
767:
758:
757:
750:
748:
739:
738:
731:
729:
720:
719:
712:
710:
701:
700:
694:
692:
683:
682:
675:
673:
664:
663:
656:
654:
645:
644:
637:
635:
626:
625:
618:
616:
607:
606:
600:
598:
589:
588:
581:
579:
570:
569:
562:
560:
551:
550:
543:
541:
532:
531:
524:
522:
513:
512:
505:
503:
494:
493:
486:
484:
466:
465:
458:
456:
447:
446:
439:
437:
428:
427:
417:
415:
406:
405:
398:
396:
387:
386:
379:
377:
368:
367:
357:
355:
346:
345:
338:
336:
327:
326:
319:
317:
308:
307:
300:
298:
289:
288:
281:
279:
270:
269:
262:
260:
251:
250:
246:
244:
235:
234:
227:
225:
216:
215:
208:
206:
197:
196:
192:
190:
181:
180:
174:
172:
163:
162:
155:
153:
144:
143:
136:
134:
125:
124:
117:
115:
106:
105:
104:networking ideas
98:
96:
87:
86:
79:
77:
52:
21:
7906:
7905:
7901:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7895:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7834:
7832:
7824:
7766:
7703:
7625:
7589:
7546:
7495:
7487:
7428:
7421:
7327:Robert Metcalfe
7182:Tim Berners-Lee
7130:
6950:Information Age
6822:
6817:
6787:
6782:
6726:
6663:
6572:Hawaiian Telcom
6543:
6508:
6345:
6340:
6302:
6297:
6287:
6285:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6257:
6255:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6229:Wayback Machine
6220:
6216:
6209:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6183:
6169:
6168:
6164:
6157:
6143:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6088:
6084:
6069:
6065:
6056:
6054:
6039:
6035:
6026:
6024:
6012:
6011:
6007:
5998:
5996:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5969:
5967:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5937:
5935:
5922:
5921:
5917:
5908:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5842:
5841:
5837:
5829:
5825:
5824:
5820:
5813:
5799:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5773:
5772:
5768:
5759:
5758:
5754:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5723:
5715:
5709:
5705:
5698:
5682:
5678:
5671:
5655:
5651:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5622:
5616:
5612:
5605:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5579:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5553:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5527:
5511:
5504:
5497:
5481:
5477:
5471:Wayback Machine
5462:
5458:
5451:
5435:
5431:
5424:
5408:
5404:
5398:Wayback Machine
5389:
5380:
5371:
5369:
5316:
5312:
5299:
5297:
5265:
5261:
5251:
5249:
5220:
5216:
5177:
5173:
5138:
5134:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5111:Belinda Chang.
5109:
5105:
5098:
5084:
5083:
5079:
5064:
5028:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5005:
4968:
4964:
4957:
4943:
4942:
4938:
4930:
4924:
4920:
4912:
4906:
4902:
4892:
4890:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4811:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4787:
4785:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4676:
4672:
4662:
4660:
4643:
4639:
4629:
4627:
4610:
4606:
4597:
4595:
4584:"Open Internet"
4582:
4581:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4545:
4541:
4531:
4529:
4512:
4508:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4479:
4473:
4469:
4459:
4457:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4424:
4407:
4403:
4393:
4391:
4374:
4370:
4360:
4358:
4341:
4337:
4327:
4325:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4275:
4269:
4265:
4255:
4253:
4236:
4232:
4222:
4220:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4170:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4134:
4130:
4120:
4118:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4068:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4002:
3998:
3988:
3986:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3936:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3815:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3699:
3695:
3685:
3683:
3666:Crawford, Susan
3663:
3659:
3649:
3647:
3630:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3597:
3593:
3583:
3581:
3564:
3560:
3549:
3547:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3520:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3500:Wayback Machine
3491:
3487:
3477:
3475:
3466:Clarke, Roger.
3464:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3399:
3383:packet sniffing
3355:law enforcement
3347:
3312:
3304:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3265:
3249:
3229:
3213:
3189:
3129:
3114:
3051:
3039:access networks
3015:Wireless access
2939:
2934:
2932:Classifications
2918:
2897:First Amendment
2816:, according to
2798:
2787:
2781:
2778:
2767:
2754:
2750:
2743:
2737:
2645:
2610:internet access
2603:privately owned
2601:, or otherwise
2595:community-owned
2560:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2449:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2427:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2389:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1849:Rotten Tomatoes
1847:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1810:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1663:online retailer
1659:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1305:Abilene Network
1299:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1096:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1006:
997:
991:
989:
987:
978:
972:
970:
968:
959:
953:
951:
949:
940:
934:
932:
930:
921:
915:
913:
911:
903:
897:
895:
893:
884:
878:
876:
874:
866:
860:
858:
856:
847:
841:
839:
837:
828:
822:
820:
818:
812:
806:
804:
802:
789:
783:
781:
779:
771:
765:
763:
761:
752:
746:
744:
742:
733:
727:
725:
723:
714:
708:
706:
704:
696:
690:
688:
686:
677:
671:
669:
667:
658:
652:
650:
648:
639:
633:
631:
629:
620:
614:
612:
610:
602:
596:
594:
592:
583:
577:
575:
573:
564:
558:
556:
554:
545:
539:
537:
535:
526:
520:
518:
516:
507:
501:
499:
497:
488:
482:
480:
478:
460:
454:
452:
450:
441:
435:
433:
431:
419:
413:
411:
409:
400:
394:
392:
390:
381:
375:
373:
371:
359:
353:
351:
349:
340:
334:
332:
330:
321:
315:
313:
311:
302:
296:
294:
292:
283:
277:
275:
273:
264:
258:
256:
254:
248:
242:
240:
238:
229:
223:
221:
219:
210:
204:
202:
200:
194:
188:
186:
184:
176:
170:
168:
166:
161:planning begins
157:
151:
149:
147:
138:
132:
130:
128:
119:
113:
111:
109:
100:
94:
92:
90:
81:
75:
73:
71:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7904:
7894:
7893:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7862:
7852:
7842:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7794:
7793:
7788:
7780:
7774:
7772:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7713:
7711:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7562:
7560:Space-division
7556:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7532:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7510:
7505:
7499:
7497:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7450:
7449:
7439:
7433:
7431:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7397:Camille Tissot
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7372:Claude Shannon
7369:
7364:
7362:Tivadar Puskás
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7332:Antonio Meucci
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7302:Charles K. Kao
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7277:Harold Hopkins
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7177:Emile Berliner
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7116:Videotelephony
7113:
7108:
7107:
7106:
7101:
7091:
7084:
7079:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7019:
7014:
7012:Radiotelephone
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6898:Internet video
6890:
6889:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6832:
6830:
6824:
6823:
6816:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6793:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6748:Boston CitiNet
6745:
6740:
6734:
6732:
6728:
6727:
6725:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6594:Frontier Fiber
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6564:
6562:AT&T Fiber
6559:
6553:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6518:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6424:Docomo Pacific
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6355:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6339:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6301:
6300:External links
6298:
6296:
6295:
6265:
6233:
6214:
6207:
6188:
6181:
6162:
6155:
6136:
6129:
6109:
6102:
6082:
6063:
6033:
6005:
5976:
5944:
5915:
5901:
5894:
5875:
5868:
5849:
5835:
5818:
5811:
5792:
5785:
5766:
5752:
5738:
5721:
5703:
5696:
5676:
5669:
5649:
5628:
5610:
5603:
5584:
5577:
5558:
5551:
5532:
5525:
5502:
5495:
5475:
5456:
5449:
5429:
5422:
5402:
5378:
5330:(4): 411–425.
5310:
5259:
5214:
5171:
5132:
5118:
5103:
5096:
5077:
5062:
5022:
5003:
4962:
4955:
4936:
4918:
4900:
4870:
4840:
4818:
4794:
4736:
4703:
4670:
4637:
4604:
4575:
4539:
4506:
4467:
4434:
4401:
4368:
4335:
4302:
4263:
4230:
4197:
4164:
4128:
4095:
4062:
4029:
3996:
3963:
3930:
3891:
3858:
3825:
3792:
3759:
3726:
3693:
3657:
3624:
3591:
3558:
3530:
3515:. 2014-03-11.
3504:
3485:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3363:United Kingdom
3346:
3343:
3320:peering points
3311:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3277:
3275:
3264:
3261:
3248:
3245:
3228:
3225:
3212:
3209:
3188:
3185:
3146:tier 1 carrier
3128:
3125:
3121:virtual server
3113:
3110:
3050:
3047:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2917:
2914:
2902:Net Neutrality
2834:net neutrality
2810:net neutrality
2800:
2799:
2764:of the subject
2762:worldwide view
2757:
2755:
2748:
2739:Main article:
2736:
2735:Net neutrality
2733:
2680:America Online
2661:World Wide Web
2644:
2641:
2620:registration,
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2548:
2529:
2507:
2485:
2459:
2437:
2415:
2396:
2377:
2354:
2335:
2316:
2297:
2274:
2256:
2237:
2218:
2199:
2180:
2161:
2142:
2123:
2104:
2095:The Pirate Bay
2081:
2062:
2044:
2025:
2006:
1987:
1968:
1949:
1930:
1911:
1892:
1873:
1854:
1835:
1816:
1798:
1779:
1761:
1742:
1723:
1704:
1685:
1666:
1647:
1628:
1609:
1582:
1581:
1558:
1540:
1522:
1504:
1485:
1467:
1449:
1431:
1411:
1410:
1392:
1365:
1347:
1342:Dot-com bubble
1328:
1309:
1287:
1268:
1250:
1231:
1212:
1194:
1172:
1169:decommissioned
1153:
1122:
1121:
1102:
1084:
1065:
1042:
1023:
1004:
985:
966:
961:World Wide Web
947:
928:
909:
891:
872:
854:
849:UUNET/Alternet
835:
816:
800:
777:
759:
740:
721:
702:
684:
665:
646:
627:
608:
590:
571:
552:
533:
514:
495:
468:
467:
448:
429:
407:
388:
369:
347:
328:
309:
290:
271:
252:
236:
217:
198:
182:
164:
145:
126:
107:
88:
59:
58:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7903:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7871:
7863:
7861:
7853:
7851:
7843:
7841:
7831:
7830:
7827:
7820:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7706:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7585:Code-division
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7570:Time-division
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7526:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7496:and switching
7494:
7490:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7448:
7447:optical fiber
7445:
7444:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7437:Coaxial cable
7435:
7434:
7432:
7430:
7424:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7352:Radia Perlman
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7242:Lee de Forest
7240:
7238:
7237:Thomas Edison
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7227:Donald Davies
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7212:Claude Chappe
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7056:Smoke signals
7054:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7034:Semiconductor
7032:
7028:
7025:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7008:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6976:
6973:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6894:
6893:Digital media
6891:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6814:
6809:
6807:
6802:
6800:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6733:
6729:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:NEP Telephone
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6573:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6514:Satellite ISP
6511:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6332:
6330:
6325:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6307:
6304:
6303:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6269:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6237:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6218:
6210:
6204:
6200:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6178:
6174:
6173:
6166:
6158:
6152:
6148:
6147:
6140:
6132:
6126:
6122:
6121:
6113:
6105:
6099:
6095:
6094:
6086:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6037:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6009:
5995:on 2019-04-05
5994:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5966:on 2021-02-24
5965:
5961:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5934:on 2008-12-19
5933:
5929:
5925:
5919:
5911:
5905:
5897:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5879:
5871:
5865:
5861:
5860:
5853:
5845:
5839:
5828:
5822:
5814:
5808:
5804:
5803:
5796:
5788:
5782:
5778:
5777:
5770:
5762:
5756:
5748:
5742:
5731:
5725:
5714:
5707:
5699:
5693:
5690:. CRC Press.
5689:
5688:
5680:
5672:
5666:
5663:. CRC Press.
5662:
5661:
5653:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5621:
5614:
5606:
5600:
5596:
5595:
5588:
5580:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5543:
5536:
5528:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5509:
5507:
5498:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5479:
5472:
5468:
5465:
5460:
5452:
5446:
5442:
5441:
5433:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5296:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5274:
5269:
5263:
5248:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5226:
5218:
5209:
5208:11311/1046162
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5187:
5182:
5175:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5136:
5128:
5122:
5114:
5107:
5099:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5081:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5026:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5008:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4948:
4947:
4940:
4929:
4922:
4911:
4904:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4874:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4822:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4724:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4674:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4625:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4608:
4594:on 2015-06-15
4593:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4478:
4471:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4372:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4339:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4313:
4306:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4267:
4251:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4234:
4218:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4201:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4168:
4152:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4099:
4083:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4066:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4033:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3967:
3951:
3947:
3946:
3941:
3934:
3915:
3911:
3910:
3909:U.S. Congress
3902:
3895:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3829:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3780:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3763:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3730:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3697:
3681:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3667:
3661:
3645:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3518:
3514:
3508:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3489:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3307:
3293:
3290:December 2023
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:wholesale ISP
3194:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3133:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:email servers
3056:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2944:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2910:
2905:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:U.S. Congress
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2796:
2793:
2785:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2571:
2567:
2566:video sharing
2563:
2549:
2544:
2530:
2526:
2525:photo sharing
2522:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:photo sharing
2474:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2416:
2411:
2397:
2393:search engine
2392:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2355:
2350:
2336:
2331:
2317:
2312:
2298:
2293:
2289:
2275:
2271:
2257:
2252:
2238:
2234:microblogging
2233:
2219:
2215:virtual globe
2214:
2200:
2195:
2181:
2177:video sharing
2176:
2162:
2158:image hosting
2157:
2143:
2138:
2124:
2119:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2082:
2077:
2063:
2059:
2045:
2040:
2026:
2021:
2007:
2002:
1988:
1983:
1969:
1964:
1950:
1945:
1931:
1927:search engine
1926:
1912:
1907:
1893:
1888:
1874:
1869:
1855:
1850:
1836:
1831:
1817:
1813:
1799:
1794:
1780:
1776:
1775:Google Search
1762:
1758:search engine
1757:
1743:
1738:
1724:
1720:search engine
1719:
1705:
1700:
1686:
1681:
1667:
1662:
1648:
1644:web directory
1643:
1629:
1624:
1610:
1605:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1559:
1555:
1541:
1537:
1523:
1519:
1505:
1500:
1486:
1482:
1468:
1464:
1450:
1446:
1432:
1427:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1366:
1362:
1348:
1343:
1329:
1324:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1288:
1283:
1269:
1265:
1251:
1246:
1232:
1227:
1213:
1209:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1173:
1168:
1154:
1150:
1147:connected at
1146:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1103:
1099:
1085:
1080:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1043:
1038:
1024:
1019:
1005:
1000:
986:
981:
967:
962:
948:
943:
929:
924:
910:
906:
892:
887:
873:
869:
855:
850:
836:
831:
817:
801:
796:
792:
778:
774:
760:
755:
741:
736:
722:
718:
703:
699:
685:
680:
666:
661:
647:
642:
628:
623:
609:
605:
591:
586:
572:
567:
553:
548:
534:
529:
515:
510:
496:
491:
477:
476:
475:
474:
473:
463:
449:
444:
430:
426:
422:
408:
403:
389:
384:
370:
366:
362:
348:
343:
329:
324:
310:
305:
291:
286:
272:
267:
253:
237:
232:
218:
213:
199:
183:
179:
165:
160:
146:
141:
140:Merit Network
127:
122:
108:
103:
89:
84:
70:
69:
68:
67:
66:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
46:
40:
33:
19:
7552:Multiplexing
7427:Transmission
7392:Nikola Tesla
7382:Henry Sutton
7337:Samuel Morse
7267:Robert Hooke
7232:Amos Dolbear
7167:John Bardeen
7086:
7066:Telautograph
6970:Mobile phone
6925:Edholm's law
6908:social media
6841:Broadcasting
6649:Verizon FiOS
6609:GTA Teleguam
6599:Google Fiber
6522:Dish Network
6434:Full Channel
6429:Emery Telcom
6286:. Retrieved
6278:Mother Jones
6277:
6268:
6256:. Retrieved
6245:
6236:
6217:
6197:
6191:
6171:
6165:
6145:
6139:
6119:
6112:
6092:
6085:
6076:
6066:
6055:. Retrieved
6046:
6036:
6025:. Retrieved
6016:
6008:
5997:. Retrieved
5993:the original
5979:
5968:. Retrieved
5964:the original
5959:
5936:. Retrieved
5932:the original
5927:
5918:
5904:
5884:
5878:
5858:
5852:
5838:
5821:
5801:
5795:
5775:
5769:
5755:
5741:
5724:
5706:
5686:
5679:
5659:
5652:
5631:
5613:
5593:
5587:
5567:
5561:
5541:
5535:
5519:. Springer.
5515:
5485:
5478:
5459:
5439:
5432:
5412:
5405:
5370:. Retrieved
5345:11250/162960
5327:
5323:
5313:
5305:
5298:. Retrieved
5272:
5262:
5250:. Retrieved
5224:
5217:
5190:
5184:
5174:
5149:
5145:
5135:
5121:
5106:
5086:
5080:
5035:
5025:
4979:
4975:
4965:
4945:
4939:
4921:
4903:
4891:. Retrieved
4887:the original
4882:
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4843:
4835:the original
4830:
4821:
4810:. Retrieved
4806:
4797:
4786:. Retrieved
4753:
4749:
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4716:
4706:
4694:. Retrieved
4683:
4673:
4661:. Retrieved
4650:
4640:
4628:. Retrieved
4617:
4607:
4596:. Retrieved
4592:the original
4578:
4566:. Retrieved
4555:
4542:
4530:. Retrieved
4519:
4509:
4497:. Retrieved
4490:the original
4483:
4470:
4458:. Retrieved
4447:
4437:
4425:. Retrieved
4414:
4404:
4392:. Retrieved
4381:
4371:
4359:. Retrieved
4348:
4338:
4326:. Retrieved
4315:
4305:
4293:. Retrieved
4279:
4266:
4254:. Retrieved
4243:
4233:
4221:. Retrieved
4210:
4200:
4188:. Retrieved
4177:
4167:
4155:. Retrieved
4144:
4137:Wheeler, Tom
4131:
4119:. Retrieved
4108:
4098:
4086:. Retrieved
4075:
4065:
4053:. Retrieved
4042:
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4009:
3999:
3987:. Retrieved
3976:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3943:
3933:
3921:. Retrieved
3907:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3871:
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3838:
3828:
3816:. Retrieved
3805:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3772:
3762:
3750:. Retrieved
3739:
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3706:
3696:
3684:. Retrieved
3673:
3660:
3648:. Retrieved
3637:
3627:
3615:. Retrieved
3604:
3594:
3582:. Retrieved
3571:
3561:
3548:. Retrieved
3533:
3523:21 September
3521:. Retrieved
3507:
3488:
3476:. Retrieved
3409:Geo-blocking
3379:surveillance
3348:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3313:
3305:
3287:
3283:adding to it
3278:
3257:
3250:
3230:
3227:Wireless ISP
3214:
3196:
3190:
3187:Virtual ISPs
3158:
3142:
3138:
3127:Transit ISPs
3115:
3112:Hosting ISPs
3100:(IMAP), the
3067:
3052:
3043:core network
3013:
2978:
2970:fiber-optics
2951:
2940:
2919:
2906:
2878:
2871:
2830:Barack Obama
2803:
2788:
2779:
2759:
2722:
2710:cable modems
2703:
2684:
2665:
2646:
2607:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2213:Google Earth
2099:torrent file
2058:iTunes Store
1585:
1584:
1583:
1282:IEEE 802.11b
1144:
1125:
1124:
1123:
471:
470:
469:
64:
63:
62:
55:
7752:NPL network
7464:Radio waves
7402:Alfred Vail
7312:Hedy Lamarr
7297:Dawon Kahng
7257:Elisha Gray
7217:Yogen Dalal
7142:Nasir Ahmed
7076:Teleprinter
6940:Heliographs
6731:Defunct ISP
6722:Ziply Fiber
6707:TDS Telecom
6687:CenturyLink
6659:Ziply Fiber
6639:TDS Telecom
6489:TDS Telecom
6394:Broadstripe
6384:Blue Stream
6359:Adams Cable
5928:Amazing.com
5912:. May 2001.
5846:. May 2012.
5473:BGP article
4976:IEEE Access
4696:21 November
4394:27 February
4361:26 February
4328:26 February
4295:26 February
4256:25 February
4223:24 February
3818:15 November
3785:15 November
3550:14 November
3331:Tier 1 ISPs
3193:virtual ISP
3168:Tier 2 ISPs
3078:Outlook.com
3074:Yahoo! Mail
2997:Frame Relay
2893:Tom Wheeler
2868:Tom Wheeler
2838:Republicans
2622:web hosting
2618:domain name
2429:Kickstarter
2410:Google Docs
2196:link voting
1383:Code Red II
1039:established
698:Morris worm
464:established
423:news using
121:NPL network
39:Web service
7798:Antarctica
7757:Toasternet
7679:Television
7162:Paul Baran
7094:Television
7078:(teletype)
7071:Telegraphy
7049:transistor
7027:Phryctoria
6997:Photophone
6975:Smartphone
6965:Mass media
6717:Windstream
6702:T-Internet
6654:Windstream
6389:Breezeline
6364:Altice USA
6288:2 February
6258:21 January
6057:2021-11-14
6027:2021-11-14
5999:2008-03-17
5970:2020-05-26
5938:2008-07-02
5372:2020-12-06
5193:(9): D19.
5152:: 95–107.
4893:2 February
4812:2023-07-27
4788:2022-09-08
4729:25 January
4598:2017-11-29
4190:6 February
4157:5 February
4121:5 February
4022:31 January
3989:2 February
3956:2 February
3923:20 January
3884:20 January
3851:20 January
3478:21 January
3451:References
3217:television
2782:April 2024
2672:CompuServe
2626:colocation
2599:non-profit
1963:BitTorrent
1793:Babel Fish
1699:Craigslist
1501:registered
1379:Code Red I
385:introduced
7782:Americas
7771:Locations
7742:Internet2
7503:Bandwidth
7207:Vint Cerf
7104:streaming
7082:Telephone
7022:Semaphore
6913:streaming
6773:Texas.net
6768:Pure Talk
6644:Ting Inc.
6629:Sonic.net
6549:Fiber ISP
6404:Cable One
6369:Armstrong
6351:Cable ISP
6047:Brookings
5354:0167-6245
5166:239542317
5045:1312.5080
4778:158428437
4756:: 37–45.
4088:2 January
4055:2 January
3211:Free ISPs
3154:bandwidth
3063:end users
3011:(SONET).
2968:). Using
2774:talk page
2723:In 1995,
2706:broadband
2691:The World
2473:Instagram
2372:DRM-based
2251:WikiLeaks
1982:Knowledge
1718:AltaVista
1301:Internet2
942:ANS CO+RE
793:(without
715:Complete
7885:Category
7850:Category
7737:Internet
7727:CYCLADES
7644:Ethernet
7594:Concepts
7518:terminal
7469:wireless
7292:Bob Kahn
7135:Pioneers
6960:Internet
6851:Cable TV
6534:Starlink
6527:HughsNet
6449:Mediacom
6282:Archived
6252:Archived
6225:Archived
6051:Archived
6021:Archived
5832:. Cisco.
5467:Archived
5394:Archived
5366:Archived
5362:24402565
4857:Archived
4782:Archived
4723:Archived
4690:Archived
4657:Archived
4630:29 April
4624:Archived
4568:13 April
4562:Archived
4532:13 April
4526:Archived
4499:13 March
4460:13 March
4454:Archived
4427:13 March
4421:Archived
4388:Archived
4355:Archived
4322:Archived
4286:Archived
4250:Archived
4217:Archived
4184:Archived
4151:Archived
4115:Archived
4082:Archived
4049:Archived
4016:Archived
3983:Archived
3950:Archived
3914:Archived
3878:Archived
3845:Archived
3812:Archived
3779:Archived
3746:Archived
3713:Archived
3686:28 April
3680:Archived
3644:Archived
3617:25 April
3611:Archived
3584:23 April
3578:Archived
3544:Archived
3517:Archived
3496:Archived
3472:Archived
3397:See also
3221:freenets
3166:number.
3082:AOL Mail
3019:cellular
2985:Ethernet
2909:Ajit Pai
2768:You may
2670:such as
2653:backbone
2591:Internet
2543:Coursera
2521:Snapchat
2292:e-reader
2118:Facebook
2001:LinkedIn
1984:, the 💕
1228:proposed
1081:released
1037:InterNIC
587:released
443:Ethernet
285:CYCLADES
7870:Commons
7860:Outline
7813:Oceania
7732:FidoNet
7717:ARPANET
7530:circuit
7099:digital
6828:History
6763:Prodigy
6712:Verizon
6504:Xfinity
6479:Shentel
6444:Hargray
5300:28 June
5252:28 June
5072:9770534
4984:Bibcode
4863:June 1,
4831:Windows
4758:Bibcode
4350:AP News
4077:AP News
4011:AP News
3361:in the
3316:peering
3310:Peering
3302:Altnets
3106:Webmail
2999:, ISDN
2954:dial-up
2883:of the
2858:of the
2852:AP News
2718:duopoly
2695:dial-up
2676:Prodigy
2649:ARPAnet
2643:History
2553: (
2534: (
2512: (
2499:Google+
2490: (
2464: (
2451:Bitcoin
2442: (
2420: (
2401: (
2382: (
2368:Spotify
2359: (
2340: (
2330:Dropbox
2321: (
2302: (
2279: (
2261: (
2242: (
2232:Twitter
2223: (
2204: (
2185: (
2175:YouTube
2166: (
2147: (
2137:Podcast
2128: (
2109: (
2086: (
2067: (
2049: (
2030: (
2020:Myspace
2011: (
1992: (
1973: (
1954: (
1935: (
1916: (
1906:Napster
1897: (
1878: (
1859: (
1840: (
1821: (
1803: (
1784: (
1766: (
1756:RankDex
1747: (
1728: (
1709: (
1690: (
1671: (
1652: (
1633: (
1614: (
1595: (
1563: (
1545: (
1527: (
1509: (
1490: (
1472: (
1454: (
1436: (
1428:founded
1417: (
1397: (
1370: (
1352: (
1333: (
1314: (
1292: (
1273: (
1255: (
1236: (
1217: (
1199: (
1177: (
1158: (
1135: (
1107: (
1089: (
1070: (
1047: (
1028: (
1009: (
990: (
971: (
952: (
933: (
914: (
896: (
877: (
859: (
840: (
821: (
805: (
782: (
764: (
745: (
726: (
707: (
689: (
670: (
662:founded
651: (
632: (
613: (
595: (
576: (
557: (
538: (
519: (
500: (
492:(CSNET)
481: (
453: (
434: (
412: (
393: (
383:Minitel
374: (
352: (
342:Telenet
333: (
314: (
295: (
276: (
257: (
241: (
222: (
203: (
187: (
169: (
159:ARPANET
150: (
142:founded
131: (
112: (
93: (
74: (
7808:Europe
7778:Africa
7762:Usenet
7722:BITNET
7659:Mobile
7535:packet
7044:MOSFET
7039:device
6836:Beacon
6753:ATMNet
6539:Viasat
6205:
6179:
6153:
6127:
6100:
5892:
5866:
5809:
5783:
5694:
5667:
5601:
5575:
5549:
5523:
5493:
5447:
5420:
5360:
5352:
5164:
5094:
5070:
5060:
4953:
4879:"CCNA"
4776:
3752:15 May
3719:15 May
3650:11 May
3387:DCSNet
3086:Po box
2725:NSFNET
2678:, and
2624:, and
2562:TikTok
2288:Kindle
2194:Reddit
2156:Flickr
1887:i-mode
1830:PayPal
1661:Amazon
1642:Yahoo!
1385:, and
1344:bursts
1190:TCP/IP
1167:NSFNET
1062:access
1060:USENET
1058:added
1020:(CIDR)
980:NSFNET
905:Gopher
888:(WAIS)
795:TCP/IP
754:PSINet
679:NSFNET
643:(IETF)
622:NSFNET
566:MILNET
530:(SMTP)
509:TCP/IP
462:BITNET
421:USENET
231:Tymnet
95:1962-4
91:1962-4
76:1960-4
72:1960-4
7791:South
7786:North
7747:JANET
7684:Telex
7674:Radio
7513:Nodes
7508:Links
7429:media
7007:Radio
6992:Pager
6920:Drums
6886:video
6881:image
6871:audio
6758:@Home
6619:Midco
6579:Claro
6454:Midco
6077:Noema
5830:(PDF)
5733:(PDF)
5716:(PDF)
5644:(PDF)
5623:(PDF)
5358:S2CID
5162:S2CID
5068:S2CID
5040:arXiv
4931:(PDF)
4913:(PDF)
4774:S2CID
4663:2 May
4493:(PDF)
4480:(PDF)
4289:(PDF)
4276:(PDF)
4146:Wired
3917:(PDF)
3904:(PDF)
3840:Wired
3371:PRISM
3070:Gmail
2947:Wi-Fi
2313:(EC2)
2076:4chan
2039:Skype
1944:2chan
1925:Baidu
1572:ICANN
1389:worms
1387:Nimda
1323:vBNS+
1186:GOSIP
963:(WWW)
925:(CIX)
832:(ANS)
791:GOSIP
737:(BGP)
660:UUNET
549:(DNS)
404:(IAB)
214:(NIC)
7803:Asia
7689:UUCP
7649:ISDN
6738:AGIS
6499:WOW!
6290:2015
6260:2014
6203:ISBN
6177:ISBN
6151:ISBN
6125:ISBN
6098:ISBN
5890:ISBN
5864:ISBN
5807:ISBN
5781:ISBN
5692:ISBN
5665:ISBN
5599:ISBN
5573:ISBN
5547:ISBN
5521:ISBN
5491:ISBN
5445:ISBN
5418:ISBN
5350:ISSN
5302:2012
5295:6650
5278:IETF
5254:2012
5247:6449
5230:IETF
5092:ISBN
5058:ISBN
4951:ISBN
4895:2015
4865:2013
4731:2019
4698:2017
4665:2017
4652:CNET
4632:2017
4570:2015
4534:2015
4521:CNET
4501:2015
4462:2015
4429:2015
4396:2015
4363:2015
4330:2015
4297:2015
4258:2015
4225:2015
4192:2015
4159:2015
4123:2015
4090:2015
4057:2015
4024:2015
3991:2015
3958:2015
3925:2015
3886:2015
3853:2015
3820:2014
3787:2014
3754:2014
3721:2014
3688:2014
3652:2014
3619:2014
3586:2014
3552:2011
3525:2015
3480:2014
3391:SORM
3381:and
3241:LMDS
3237:MMDS
3203:and
3021:and
3007:and
2887:and
2845:H.R.
2712:and
2657:UUCP
2568:and
2555:2016
2551:2016
2536:2012
2532:2012
2514:2011
2510:2011
2492:2011
2488:2011
2479:and
2466:2010
2462:2010
2453:, a
2444:2009
2440:2009
2431:, a
2422:2009
2418:2009
2403:2009
2399:2009
2391:Bing
2384:2009
2380:2009
2370:, a
2361:2008
2357:2008
2342:2008
2338:2008
2323:2008
2319:2008
2304:2008
2300:2008
2281:2007
2277:2007
2263:2007
2259:2007
2244:2007
2240:2007
2225:2006
2221:2006
2206:2005
2202:2005
2187:2005
2183:2005
2168:2005
2164:2005
2149:2004
2145:2004
2130:2004
2126:2004
2111:2004
2107:2004
2101:host
2088:2003
2084:2003
2069:2003
2065:2003
2051:2003
2047:2003
2032:2003
2028:2003
2013:2003
2009:2003
1994:2003
1990:2003
1975:2001
1971:2001
1956:2001
1952:2001
1937:2001
1933:2001
1918:2000
1914:2000
1899:1999
1895:1999
1880:1999
1876:1999
1861:1999
1857:1999
1842:1998
1838:1998
1823:1998
1819:1998
1805:1998
1801:1998
1786:1997
1782:1997
1768:1997
1764:1997
1749:1996
1745:1996
1730:1996
1726:1996
1711:1995
1707:1995
1692:1995
1688:1995
1680:eBay
1673:1995
1669:1995
1654:1995
1650:1995
1635:1994
1631:1994
1623:IMDb
1616:1990
1612:1990
1597:1989
1593:1989
1576:IANA
1565:2016
1561:2016
1547:2014
1543:2014
1529:2013
1525:2013
1511:2012
1507:2012
1492:2010
1488:2010
1474:2006
1470:2006
1456:2005
1452:2005
1438:2004
1434:2004
1419:2003
1415:2003
1399:2003
1395:2003
1372:2001
1368:2001
1354:2001
1350:2001
1335:2000
1331:2000
1316:1999
1312:1999
1294:1999
1290:1999
1275:1999
1271:1999
1257:1998
1253:1998
1238:1996
1234:1996
1226:IPv6
1219:1995
1215:1995
1201:1995
1197:1995
1179:1995
1175:1995
1160:1995
1156:1995
1149:NAPs
1145:ISPs
1137:1995
1133:1995
1109:1994
1105:1994
1091:1994
1087:1994
1072:1993
1068:1993
1049:1993
1045:1993
1030:1993
1026:1993
1011:1993
1007:1993
992:1992
988:1992
973:1992
969:1992
954:1991
950:1991
935:1991
931:1991
916:1991
912:1991
898:1991
894:1991
879:1991
875:1991
861:1990
857:1990
842:1990
838:1990
823:1990
819:1990
807:1990
803:1990
784:1990
780:1990
766:1989
762:1989
747:1989
743:1989
728:1989
724:1989
709:1988
705:1988
691:1988
687:1988
672:1988
668:1988
653:1987
649:1987
634:1986
630:1986
615:1986
611:1986
597:1985
593:1985
578:1984
574:1984
559:1983
555:1983
540:1983
536:1983
521:1982
517:1982
502:1982
498:1982
483:1981
479:1981
455:1981
451:1981
436:1980
432:1980
425:UUCP
414:1980
410:1980
395:1979
391:1979
376:1978
372:1978
361:X.25
354:1976
350:1976
335:1975
331:1975
316:1974
312:1974
297:1973
293:1973
278:1973
274:1973
259:1972
255:1972
243:1972
239:1972
224:1971
220:1971
205:1970
201:1970
189:1969
185:1969
171:1967
167:1967
152:1967
148:1967
133:1966
129:1966
114:1965
110:1965
102:ARPA
83:RAND
7694:WAN
7664:NGN
7654:LAN
6935:Fax
6876:DCT
6743:ANS
6589:EPB
6439:GCI
5340:hdl
5332:doi
5292:RFC
5282:doi
5244:RFC
5234:doi
5203:hdl
5195:doi
5154:doi
5050:doi
4992:doi
4807:FCC
4766:doi
3322:or
3285:.
3181:CFP
2983:),
2587:ISP
2581:An
1868:2ch
1604:AOL
1245:AOL
1056:AOL
7887::
6280:.
6276:.
6244:.
6075:.
6049:.
6045:.
6019:.
5987:.
5958:.
5947:^
5926:.
5639:.
5505:^
5381:^
5364:.
5356:.
5348:.
5338:.
5328:13
5326:.
5322:.
5304:.
5290:.
5280:.
5276:.
5242:.
5232:.
5228:.
5201:.
5189:.
5183:.
5160:.
5150:79
5148:.
5144:.
5066:.
5056:.
5048:.
5034:.
5006:^
4990:.
4978:.
4974:.
4881:.
4855:.
4851:.
4829:.
4805:.
4780:.
4772:.
4764:.
4754:54
4752:.
4748:.
4721:.
4715:.
4688:.
4682:.
4655:.
4649:.
4622:.
4616:.
4586:.
4560:.
4554:.
4524:.
4518:.
4482:.
4452:.
4446:.
4419:.
4413:.
4386:.
4380:.
4353:.
4347:.
4320:.
4314:.
4284:.
4278:.
4248:.
4242:.
4215:.
4209:.
4182:.
4176:.
4149:.
4143:.
4113:.
4107:.
4080:.
4074:.
4047:.
4041:.
4014:.
4008:.
3981:.
3975:.
3948:.
3942:.
3912:.
3906:.
3876:.
3870:.
3843:.
3837:.
3810:.
3804:.
3777:.
3771:.
3744:.
3738:.
3711:.
3705:.
3678:.
3672:.
3642:.
3636:.
3609:.
3603:.
3576:.
3570:.
3542:.
3470:.
3458:^
3333:.
3243:.
3231:A
3191:A
3104:,
3084:,
3080:,
3076:,
3072:,
3053:A
3003:,
2995:,
2991:,
2987:,
2876:.
2689:,
2674:,
2663:.
2628:.
2616:,
2612:,
2605:.
2597:,
2564:,
2559::
2540::
2523:,
2518::
2501:,
2496::
2475:,
2470::
2448::
2426::
2407::
2388::
2365::
2346::
2327::
2308::
2290:,
2285::
2267::
2248::
2229::
2210::
2191::
2172::
2153::
2134::
2115::
2097:,
2092::
2073::
2055::
2036::
2017::
1998::
1979::
1960::
1941::
1922::
1903::
1884::
1865::
1846::
1827::
1809::
1790::
1772::
1753::
1734::
1715::
1696::
1677::
1658::
1639::
1620::
1601::
1569::
1551::
1533::
1515::
1496::
1478::
1460::
1442::
1423::
1403::
1381:,
1376::
1358::
1339::
1320::
1298::
1279::
1261::
1242::
1223::
1205::
1183::
1164::
1141::
1113::
1095::
1076::
1053::
1034::
1015::
996::
977::
958::
939::
920::
902::
883::
865::
846::
827::
811::
788::
770::
751::
732::
713::
695::
676::
657::
638::
619::
601::
582::
563::
544::
525::
506::
487::
459::
440::
418::
399::
380::
358::
339::
320::
301::
282::
263::
247::
228::
209::
193::
175::
156::
137::
118::
99::
80::
7821:)
7817:(
6812:e
6805:t
6798:v
6335:e
6328:t
6321:v
6292:.
6262:.
6211:.
6185:.
6159:.
6133:.
6106:.
6079:.
6060:.
6030:.
6002:.
5973:.
5941:.
5898:.
5872:.
5815:.
5789:.
5718:.
5700:.
5673:.
5646:.
5625:.
5607:.
5581:.
5555:.
5529:.
5499:.
5453:.
5426:.
5375:.
5342::
5334::
5284::
5256:.
5236::
5211:.
5205::
5197::
5191:9
5168:.
5156::
5129:.
5115:.
5100:.
5074:.
5052::
5042::
5019:.
5000:.
4994::
4986::
4980:8
4959:.
4933:.
4897:.
4867:.
4815:.
4791:.
4768::
4760::
4733:.
4700:.
4667:.
4634:.
4601:.
4572:.
4536:.
4503:.
4464:.
4431:.
4398:.
4365:.
4332:.
4299:.
4260:.
4227:.
4194:.
4161:.
4125:.
4092:.
4059:.
4026:.
3993:.
3960:.
3927:.
3888:.
3855:.
3822:.
3789:.
3756:.
3723:.
3690:.
3654:.
3621:.
3588:.
3554:.
3527:.
3482:.
3292:)
3288:(
2900:"
2795:)
2789:(
2784:)
2780:(
2766:.
2585:(
2557:)
2538:)
2516:)
2494:)
2468:)
2446:)
2424:)
2405:)
2386:)
2363:)
2344:)
2325:)
2306:)
2283:)
2265:)
2246:)
2227:)
2208:)
2189:)
2170:)
2151:)
2132:)
2113:)
2090:)
2071:)
2053:)
2034:)
2015:)
1996:)
1977:)
1958:)
1939:)
1920:)
1901:)
1882:)
1863:)
1844:)
1825:)
1807:)
1788:)
1770:)
1751:)
1732:)
1713:)
1694:)
1675:)
1656:)
1637:)
1618:)
1599:)
1567:)
1549:)
1531:)
1513:)
1494:)
1476:)
1458:)
1440:)
1421:)
1401:)
1374:)
1356:)
1337:)
1318:)
1303:/
1296:)
1277:)
1259:)
1240:)
1221:)
1203:)
1181:)
1162:)
1139:)
1111:)
1093:)
1074:)
1051:)
1032:)
1013:)
994:)
975:)
956:)
937:)
918:)
900:)
881:)
863:)
844:)
825:)
809:)
797:)
786:)
768:)
749:)
730:)
711:)
693:)
674:)
655:)
636:)
617:)
599:)
580:)
561:)
542:)
523:)
504:)
485:)
457:)
438:)
416:)
397:)
378:)
356:)
337:)
318:)
299:)
280:)
261:)
245:)
226:)
207:)
191:)
173:)
154:)
135:)
116:)
97:)
78:)
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
