Internet addiction disorder

1904:("brain-waking") therapy, to treat Internet addiction. As part of the therapy, electroconvulsive therapy is implemented with currents of 1–5 milliampere. As Yang put it, the electroconvulsive therapy only involves sending a small current through the brain and will not harm the recipient. As a psychiatric hospital, patients are deprived of personal liberty and are subject to electroconvulsive treatment at the will of hospital staffs. And before admission, parents have to sign contracts in which they deliver their guardianship of kids partially to the hospital and acknowledge that their kids will receive ECT. Frequently, ECT is employed as a punishment method upon patients who breaks any of the center's rules, including "eating chocolate, locking the bathroom door, taking pills before a meal and sitting on Yang's chair without permission". It is reported in a CCTV-12 segment that a DX-IIA electroconvulsive therapy machine is utilized to correct Internet addiction. The machine was, later on, revealed to be illegal, inapplicable to minor and can cause great pain and muscle spasm to recipients. Many former patients in the hospital later on stood out and reported that the ECT they received in the hospital was extremely painful, tore up their head, and even caused incontinence. An Interview of the Internet addiction treatment center in Linyi Psychiatric Hospital is accessible via the following 570:

According to his theory, the flow experience comes from performing challenges at a level similar to the individual's own, which means that people could fully commit to the challenge and do their best to complete it. When individuals are faced with a challenge that is too different from their own level, they may lose interest because it is too easy or too difficult. Online games are a real-life application of this model. Based on Csikszentmihalyi's theory, the theory called GameFlow suggests 8 characteristics that can create a sense of immersion in players: concentration, challenge, skills, control, clear goals, feedback, immersion, and social interaction. With these elements, games would be really addictive and result in Internet addiction.

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do what they want. Because of this anonymity, it is difficult to regulate what individuals do on the Internet, thus creating an Internet addiction. Convenience may be a benefit of the development of the Internet, as people can do certain things such as shopping online and watching movies without leaving their homes. However, this convenience can also lead to addiction and dependence on the Internet. Escape refers to the ability of users to find solace when faced with difficulty or irritation online because the Internet offers a free virtual environment that entices people away from the actual world. Originally the ACE Model was used to describe Internet pornography addiction, but now it is applied to the whole field of IAD.

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changes in neural activity may result in the persistent and excessive use of internet gaming and may contribute to the development of IGD. The study also highlights the role of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in the reinforcement and reward-seeking behavior associated with IGD. They suggest that the neurobiological mechanisms involved in IGD are similar to those observed in substance use disorders, and they propose a framework for understanding IGD as a behavioral addiction. The authors also discuss the potential implications of these findings for the treatment of IGD, suggesting that interventions targeting the neurobiological mechanisms underlying IGD may be effective in reducing problematic internet gaming behaviors.

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that heavy internet users were more likely to use the internet for gaming and entertainment purposes, rather than for work or education. It also went on further to suggest that heavy internet use may be related to certain personality traits, such as sensation-seeking and impulsivity, and highlight the need for further research to better understand the psychological factors that contribute to internet addiction. The study also highlights the need for interventions that target specific groups, such as young males who are heavy internet users, and that address the underlying factors that contribute to problematic internet use behaviors.

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addiction ranged from 4.4% to 32.4%. The authors also identified several risk factors that contribute to the development of internet-based addictive behaviors during the pandemic, including boredom, stress, anxiety, and social isolation. They also highlighted the importance of interventions to prevent and treat internet-based addictive behaviors during the pandemic. These interventions can include psychological therapies, educational interventions, and pharmacological treatments. The authors recommended that these interventions should be tailored to specific age groups and populations to maximize their effectiveness.

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relationship. In addition, some psychopathological factors such as depression, social anxiety and substance dependency might promote maladaptive cognitions and result in more PIU behaviors. In terms of the proximal end, there is the interactive effect of maladaptive cognitions and behavioral symptoms of PIU. Maladaptive cognitions are the central factor of the model and could be split into specific pathological Internet use (SPIU) and generalized pathological Internet use (GPIU). In general, the Internet would lead to maladaptive cognitions, and predisposed vulnerability could reinforce this relationship.

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to government data, about two million of the country's population (less than 50 million) have Internet addiction problem, and approximately 680,000 10–19-year-olds are addicted to the Internet, accounting for roughly 10% of the teenage population. Even the very young generation are faced with the same problem: Approximately 40% of South Korean children between age three to five are using smartphones over three times per week. According to experts, if children are constantly stimulated by smartphones during infancy period, their brain will struggle to balance growth and the risk of Internet addiction.

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risk of Internet addiction. They resort to virtual relationships and support to alleviate their loneliness. As a matter of fact, the most prevalent applications among Internet addicts are chat rooms, interactive games, instant messaging, or social media. Some empirical studies reveal that conflict between parents and children and not living with a mother significantly associated with IA after one year. Protective factors such as quality communication between parents and children and positive youth development are demonstrated, in turn, to reduce the risk of IA.

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problems in one thousand and forty-one teenage students in China. The students were free of depression and anxiety at the start of the study. Nine months later, the youngsters were evaluated again for anxiety and depression, and eighty-seven were judged as having developed depression. Eight reported significant anxiety symptoms. Another longitudinal study of high school students from Helsinki found that problematic internet usage and depressive symptoms may produce a

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Chinese population. The study was conducted among 20,472 participants who were asked to fill out the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) online. The study ultimately shows that the overall prevalence of Internet addiction amounted to 36.7% among the general, and according to IAT scores the level of severe Internet addiction was 2.8%. The conclusion drawn was that the pandemic increased the prevalence and severity of Internet addiction among the general population in China

9842: 1988:, and it primarily affects the youth of Japan in that they are less inclined to leave their residences. Internet addiction can contribute to this effect because of how it diminishes social interactions and gives young people another reason to stay at home for longer. Many of the hikikomori people in Japan are reported to have friends in their online games, so they will experience a different kind of social interaction which happens in a virtual space. 1213:

Addiction in Adolescents" found that internet addiction is a growing concern among adolescents, with many spending a significant amount of time online and exhibiting problematic use behaviors, such as compulsive internet use and withdrawal symptoms when offline. The study also highlighted that certain demographic factors, such as gender and socioeconomic status, may be associated with higher rates of internet addiction.

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Self-Assessment Scale (KS Scale), the Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS), the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS), the Internet Consequences Scale (ICONS), and the Problematic Internet Use Scale (PIUS). Among others, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) by Young (1998) exhibits good internal reliability and validity and has been used and validated worldwide as a screening instrument.

1431:, most members do not define sobriety as avoiding all technology use altogether. Instead, most ITAA members come up with their own definitions of abstinence or problem behaviors, such as not using the computer or internet at certain hours or locations or not going to certain websites or categories of websites that have proven problematic in the past. They refer to these problematic behaviors as " 830:

characteristics (nervous tissue structure, secretion, degradation, and reception of neuromediators), and many are extra-environment factors (family-related, social, and ethnic-cultural). One of the main challenges in the development of the bio-psychosocial model of Internet addiction is to determine which genes and neuromediators are responsible for increased addiction susceptibility.

10321: 1008:. Questions included on the IAT expand upon Young's earlier eight-question assessment in greater detail and include questions such as "Do you become defensive or secretive when anyone asks you what you do online?" and "Do you find yourself anticipating when you go online again?". A complete list of questions can be found in Dr. Kimberly S. Young's 1998 book 889:. Another study in South Korea found an average of 1.5 other diagnoses among adolescent internet addicts. Further, it is noted in the United States that many patients only resort to medical help when experiencing difficulties they attribute to other disorders. For many individuals, overuse or inappropriate use of the Internet is a manifestation of their 314:, that impairs an individual's function over a prolonged period of time. Young people are at particular risk of developing internet addiction disorder, with case studies highlighting students whose academic performance declines as they spend more time online. Some experience health consequences from loss of sleep as they stay up to continue 878:

interactive, and information-driven medium, while other established addiction behaviors such as gambling are often seen as a single, antisocial behavior that has very little socially redeeming value. Many so-called Internet addicts do not experience the same damage to health and relationships that are common to established addictions.

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currently imperfect, it is difficult to regulate individuals' behaviors on the Internet, and the anonymity of the Internet can make individuals' perceptions of themselves and others diminish, resulting in some anti-social behavior. Consequently, this can lead to inappropriate Internet use and addiction without proper restraints.

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guide minors' online behavior. These amendments place "indulgence in the Internet" on par with misbehaviors like smoking and vagrancy. The government has enacted other policies to regulate adolescents' Internet use, including limiting daily gaming time to 3 hours and requiring users' identification in online video games.

1317:. This therapy is a directive, patient-centered counseling style for eliciting behavior change through helping patients explore and resolve ambivalence with a respectful therapeutic manner. It does not, however, provide patients with solutions or problem solving until patients' decision to change behaviors. 1807:(DSM). In his first narration, Internet addictive disorder was described as having the symptoms of "important social or occupational activities that are given up or reduced because of Internet use", "fantasies or dreams about the Internet", and "voluntary or involuntary typing movements of the fingers". 1964:

In response, the South Korea government has launched the first Internet prevention center in the world, the Jump Up Internet Rescue School, where the most severely addicted teens are treated with full governmental financial aid. As of 2007, the government has built a network of 140 Internet-addiction

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Bickham further discussed the various factors that may contribute to the development of internet addiction, including individual factors such as depression, anxiety, and poor self-regulation, as well as environmental factors such as parental monitoring and peer influence. The study also discussed the

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While Young's YDQ assessment for IA has the advantage of simplicity and ease of use, Keith W. Beard and Eve M. Wolf (2001) further asserted that all of the first five (in the order above) and at least one of the final three criteria (in the order above) be met to delineate Internet addiction in order

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Prior addictive or psychiatric history are found to influence the likelihood of being addicted to the Internet. Some individuals with prior psychiatric problems such as depression and anxiety turn to compulsive behaviors to avoid the unpleasant emotions and situation of their psychiatric problems and

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immersive environments or worlds. Experts warn about the dangers of virtual reality, and compare the use of virtual reality (both in its current and future form) to the use of drugs, bringing with these comparisons the concern that, like drugs, users could possibly become addicted to virtual reality.

693:(VGA), also known as gaming disorder or internet gaming disorder, is generally defined as a psychological addiction that is problematic, compulsive use of video games that results in significant impairment to an individual's ability to function in various life domains over a prolonged period of time. 650:

Another study that looked further into the effect of COVID-19 on the prevalence of IAD was "Internet Addiction Increases in the General Population During COVID‐19". The study looked at how the likely increase in stress related to COVID-19 induced quarantine contributed to an increase in IAD among the

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Being almost universally connected to the Internet and boasting online gaming as a professional sport, South Korea deems Internet addiction one of the most serious social issues and describes it as a "national crisis". Nearly 80% of the South Korean population have smartphones. As of 2013, according

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In many camps and clinics, corporal punishment is frequently used in the treatment of Internet addiction disorder. The types of corporal punishment practiced include, but not limited to, kilometers-long hikes, intense squats, standing, starving, and confinement. After physical abuse caused the death

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Screening methods that heavily rely on DSM criteria have been accused of lacking consensus by some studies, finding that screening results generated from prior measures rooted in DSM criteria are inconsistent with each other. As a consequence of studies being conducted in divergent contexts, studies

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Internet addiction is often accompanied by other psychiatric disorders such as personality disorder and intellectual disability. It is found that Internet addiction is accompanied by other DSM-IV diagnosis 86% of the time. In one study conducted in South Korea, 30% of the identified Internet addicts

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A study conducted by Lori C. Soule, L. Wayne Shell, and Betty A. Kleen (2003) titled "Exploring Internet Addiction: Demographic Characteristics and Stereotypes of Heavy Internet Users" found that heavy internet users were more likely to be male and younger than non-heavy users. The study also found

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A study conducted by Aviv Weinstein and Michel Lejoyeux (2020) titled "Neurobiological mechanisms underlying internet gaming disorder" highlights that IGD is associated with alterations in brain regions involved in reward processing, impulse control, decision-making, and executive functioning. These

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This theory suggests that addiction is caused by the characteristics of the Internet itself, including anonymity, convenience and escape, referred to as the ACE model. Anonymity means that individuals are able to hide their true identity and personal information on the Internet and are thus freer to

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It is believed that due to Internet addiction, many tragic events have happened in South Korea: A mother, tired of playing online games, killed her three-year-old son. A couple, obsessed with online child-raising games, let their young daughter die of malnutrition. A 15-year-old teenager killed his

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There are other 12-step programs which touch on recovery from aspects of internet addiction disorder. For instance, SLAA, SAA, SPAA, SA have meetings focused on recovery from the compulsive use of internet pornography. In addition, Underearners Anonymous and Workaholics Anonymous have meetings that

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There are many neurobiological factors that contribute to addiction, with male gender being a risk factor. Like most other psychopathological conditions, Internet addiction belongs to the group of multifactorial polygenic disorders. For each specific case, there is a unique combination of inherited

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Social network addiction is a dependence of people by connection, updating, and control of their and their friend's social network page. For some people, in fact, the only important thing is to have a lot of friends in the network regardless if they are offline or only virtual; this is particularly

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reported concerns of mental health experts and former employees of social media companies over social media's pursuit of addictive use. For example, when a user has not visited Facebook for some time, the platform varies its notifications, attempting to lure them back. It also raises concerns about

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Among Internet addiction rehab centers that use corporal punishment in treatment, Yuzhang Academy in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, is the most notorious. In 2017, the academy was accused of using severe corporal punishment against students, the majority of which are Internet addicts. Former students

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One of the most commonly used treatments for Internet-addicted adolescents in China is inpatient care, either in a legal or illegal camp. It is reported that children were sent to these camps against their will. Some are seized and bound by staff of the camp, some are drugged by their parents, and

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Some scholars and practitioners also attempt to define Internet addiction by a single question, typically the time-use of the Internet. The extent to which Internet use can cause negative health consequences is, however, not clear from such a measure. The latter of which is critical to whether IAD

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Diagnosing Internet addiction is often more complex than substance addiction as internet use has largely evolved into being an integral or necessary part of human lives. The addictive or problematic use of the internet is thus easily masked or justified. Also, the Internet is largely a pro-social,

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There are several social risk factors that have been found to be associated with adult internet addiction such as low income, being a student or unemployed and/or unmarried or in an unstable partnership. Individuals who lack sufficient social connection and social support are found to run a higher

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It is argued that interpersonal difficulties such as introversion, social problems, and poor face-to-face communication skills often lead to internet addiction. Internet-based relationships offer a safe alternative for people with aforementioned difficulties to escape from the potential rejections

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As a result of public outcry over parent-child online gaming conflicts, the government issued legislation. In 2002, the government passed legislation which forbid Internet cafes from allowing minors. The Law on Protection of Minors was amended in 2006 to state that the family and the state should

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Current interventions and strategies used as treatments for Internet addiction stem from those practiced in substance abuse disorder. In the absence of "methodologically adequate research", treatment programs are not well corroborated. Psychosocial treatment is the approach most often applied. In

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A study conducted by Nassim Masaeli and Hadi Farhadi found that the prevalence of internet-based addictive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased compared to pre-pandemic levels. Specifically, the prevalence of IAD ranged from 4.7% to 51.6%, SMA ranged from 9.7% to 47.4%, and gaming

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Internet addiction is commonly referred to as "electronic opium" or "electronic heroin" in China. A government entity in China became the first government body worldwide to recognize the internet addiction when it established "Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Internet Addiction" in 2008. China's

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Given the newness of the Internet and the inconsistent definition of Internet addiction disorder, practical diagnosis is far from clear-cut. With the first research initiated by Kimberly S. Young in 1996, the scientific study of Internet addiction has merely existed for more than 20 years. A few

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Communication addiction disorder (CAD) is a supposed behavioral disorder related to the necessity of being in constant communication with other people, even when there is no practical necessity for such communication. CAD has been linked to Internet addiction. Users become addicted to the social

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facilitated by the Internet. Based on Young's Internet Addiction Test (IAT), Northrup and associates further decompose the internet addiction measure into four addictive processes: Online video game playing, online social networking, online sexual activity, and web surfing. The Internet Process

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The flow experience is an emotional experience in which an individual shows a strong interest in an event or object that drives the individual to become fully engaged in it. It was first introduced by Csikszentmihalyi in the 1960s, and he also proposed a systematic model of the flow experience.

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The invention of email and SMS made online chatting a reality. However, in online communication, the individual's ability to judge the mood, tone and content of the other person is reduced because the necessary social cues, such as situational and personal cues, are missing. As online norms are

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As a result of its complex nature, some scholars do not provide a definition of Internet addiction disorder and throughout time, different terms are used to describe the same phenomenon of excessive Internet use. Internet addiction disorder is used interchangeably with problematic Internet use,

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The best-documented evidence of Internet addiction so far is time-disruption, which subsequently results in interference with regular social life, including academic, professional performance and daily routines. Some studies also reveal that IAD can lead to disruption of social relationships in

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Compulsive VR use (colloquially virtual-reality addiction) is a compulsion to use virtual reality or virtual, immersive environments. Currently, interactive virtual media (such as social networks) are referred to as virtual reality, whereas future virtual reality refers to computer-simulated,

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of Chinese high school students (2010) suggests that individuals with moderate to severe risk of Internet addiction are 2.5 times more likely to develop depressive symptoms than their IAD-free counterparts. Researchers studied pathological or uncontrolled Internet use, and later mental health

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Internet addiction centers in China are private or semi-private. The first such treatment center was founded in 2005. In the absence of guidance from the Ministry of Health and a clear definition of Internet addiction, dubious treatment clinics have sprouted up in the country. As part of the

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The NoSurf Reddit community maintains a list of resources and strategies helpful for people trying to decrease their internet usage. This includes lists of software programs that people use to control which sites they visit and when, as well as a discussion group that takes place on Discord.

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Internet addiction has raised great public concern in Asia and some countries consider Internet addiction as one of the major issues that threatens public health, in particular among adolescents. A study conducted by David S. Bickham (2021) titled "Current Research and Viewpoints on Internet

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Over time, a considerable number of screening instruments have been developed to diagnose Internet addiction, including the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Internet-Related Addictive Behavior Inventory (IRABI), the Chinese Internet Addiction Inventory (CIAI), the Korean Internet Addiction

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Mustafa Savci and Ferda Aysan, reviewed existing research on internet addiction and identified a number of social and emotional factors that have been linked to this phenomenon. These include loneliness, social anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. They argued that these factors can lead

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elements of the Internet, such as Facebook and YouTube. Users become addicted to one-on-one or group communication in the form of social support, relationships, and entertainment. However, interference with these activities can result in conflict and guilt. This kind of addiction is called

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This model defines IAD as pathological Internet use (PIU). It is split into two parts: proximal and distal contributory causes. At the distal end of the model, the developing Internet is the original stressor leading to maladaptive cognitions, and situational cues are the moderator of this

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claiming that those platforms are designed to get children and teens addicted to social media. Meta Platforms, the parent company of Facebook and Instagram, responded that they have implemented many safety features and are disappointed that the states have not worked cooperatively with

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The definition of Internet addiction disorder has troubled researchers ever since its inception. In general, no standardized definition has been provided despite that the phenomenon has received extensive public and scholar recognition. Below are some of the commonly used definitions.

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true for teenagers as a reinforcement of egos. Sometimes teenagers use social networks to show their idealized image to others. However, other studies claim that people are using social networks to communicate their real personality and not to promote their idealized identity.

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studies revealed that IAD contributes to structural and functional abnormalities in the human brain, similar to other behavioral and substance additions. Therefore, objective non-invasive neuroimaging can contribute to the preliminary diagnosis and treatment of IAD.

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Parental educational level, age at first use of the Internet, and the frequency of using social networking sites and gaming sites are found to be positively associated with excessive Internet use among adolescents in some European countries, as well as in the USA.

346:. Controversy around the diagnosis includes whether the disorder is a separate clinical entity, or a manifestation of underlying psychiatric disorders. Definitions are not standardized or agreed upon, complicating the development of evidence-based recommendations. 637:

John suggested that the reason why many people were addicted to the Internet was that they were struggling with the first stage and needed help. Also, he believed that everyone would get to the final stage in the end, and it just took a different amount of time.

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regard being addicted to the Internet a safer alternative to substance addictive tendency. But it is generally unclear from existing research which is the cause and which is the effect partially due to the fact that comorbidity is common among Internet addicts.

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Ivan K. Goldberg, who first broached the concept of Internet addiction in 1995, adopted a few criteria for IAD on the basis of DSM-IV, including "hoping to increase time on the network" and "dreaming about the network." By adapting the DSM-IV criteria for

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Symptoms of withdrawal might include agitation, depression, anger and anxiety when the person is away from technology. These psychological symptoms might even turn into physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, tense shoulders and shortness of breath.

1435:". In contrast, "top lines" are activities, both online and offline, they can do to enhance self esteem without falling into compulsive use. "Middle lines" are behaviors that may be OK sometimes, but can lead to bottom lines if a user is not careful. 432:

Keith W. Beard (2005) states that "an individual is addicted when an individual's psychological state, which includes both mental and emotional states, as well as their scholastic, occupational and social interactions, is impaired by the overuse of ".

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pathological Internet use, and Internet addictive disorder. In some cases, this behavior is also referred to as Internet overuse, problematic computer use, compulsive Internet use, Internet abuse, harmful use of the Internet, and Internet dependency.

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In 2009, a 15-year-old, Senshan Deng, was found dead eight hours after being sent to an Internet-addiction center in Nanning, Guangxi Province. It is reported that the teenager was beaten by his trainers during his stay in the center.

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Turning off social media notifications may help reduce social media use. For some users, changes in web browsing can be helpful in compensating for self-regulatory problems. For instance, a study involving 157 online learners on

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Users start avoiding something addictive. After devoting a long time to using the Internet, individuals might realize that they should not spend too much time on the Internet, so they may reject games or websites that might be

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Floros G, Siomos K, Stogiannidou A, Giouzepas I, Garyfallos G (December 2014). "Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with Internet addiction in a clinical sample: the effect of personality, defense style and psychopathology".

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As many scholars have pointed out, the Internet serves merely as a medium through which tasks of divergent nature can be accomplished. Treating disparate addictive behaviors under the same umbrella term is highly problematic.

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of an adolescent at a treatment camp in 2009, the Chinese government officially prohibited the use physical violence in such places. However, multiple cases of abuse and deaths at such facilities continue to be reported.

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The most reported and controversial clinic treating Internet addiction disorder is perhaps the Linyi Psychiatric Hospital in Shandong Province. Its center for Internet addiction treatment was established in 2006 by

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In China, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is legally used for schizophrenia and mood disorders. Its use in treating adolescent Internet addicts has raised great public concern and stigmatized the legal use of ECT.

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Internet addicts with no previous significant addictive or psychiatric history are argued to develop an addiction to some of the features of Internet use: anonymity, easy accessibility, and its interactive nature.

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claimed that the academy hit problematic students with iron rulers, "whip them with finger-thick steel cables", and lock students in small cells week long. Several suicidal cases emerged under the great pressure.

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Diagnosis of Internet addiction disorder is empirically difficult. Various screening instruments have been employed to detect Internet addiction disorder. Current diagnoses are faced with multiple obstacles.

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Wu XS, Zhang ZH, Zhao F, Wang WJ, Li YF, Bi L, et al. (October 2016). "Prevalence of Internet addiction and its association with social support and other related factors among adolescents in China".

1114:(EEG) readings allows identifying abnormalities in the electrical activity of the human brain caused by IAD. Studies revealed that individuals with IAD predominantly demonstrate increased activity in the 8407: 2924:

Tsitsika A, Janikian M, Schoenmakers TM, Tzavela EC, Olafsson K, Wójcik S, et al. (August 2014). "Internet addictive behavior in adolescence: a cross-sectional study in seven European countries".

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mother for not letting him play online games and then committed suicide. One Internet gaming addict stabbed his sister after playing violent games. Another addict killed one and injured seven others.

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Moreover, the higher the individual's level of adaptation to undesirable behavior, the more likely pathological Internet use is to occur, which also means a higher level of addiction to the Internet.

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The word "development" has two meanings in this context; both the process and stages of development of Internet addictive behavior, and the development of the individual throughout the life cycle.

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Internet addiction has raised great public concern in Asia and some countries consider Internet addiction as one of the major issues that threatens public health, in particular among adolescents.

1412:. There are face-to-face meetings in some cities. Telephone / online meetings take place every day of the week, at various times (and in various languages) that allow people worldwide to attend. 1404:), founded in 2017, is a 12-step program supporting users coping with the problems resulting from compulsive internet and technology use. Some common sub-addictions include smartphone addiction, 817:

The most common co-morbidities that have been linked to IAD are major depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The rate of ADHD and IAD associating is as high as 51.6%.

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In August 2017, an 18-year-old boy, Li Ao, was found dead with 20 external scars and bruises two days after his parents sent him to a military-style boot camp in Fuyang city, Anhui Province.

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and other real-life group activities including military-style obstacle courses and therapeutic workshops on pottery and drumming are used to divert IAs' attention and interest from screens.

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examined the impact of such an intervention. The study reported that providing support in self-regulation was associated with a reduction in time spent online, particularly on entertainment.

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In 2016, after escaping from an Internet addiction rehab center, a 16-year-old girl tied up and starved her mother to death as revenge for being sent to treatment in Heilongjiang Province.

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Black DW, Belsare G, Schlosser S (December 1999). "Clinical features, psychiatric comorbidity, and health-related quality of life in persons reporting compulsive computer use behavior".

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Meetings provide a source of live support for people, to share struggles and victories, and to learn to better function in life once less of it is spent on problematic technology use.

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The Internet fascinates those new to it. In the first stage, users might be excited and curious about the Internet, leading to an increase in the amount of time spent on the Internet.

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loop. Problematic internet usage is also associated with increased risk of substance abuse. A representative study of the German population (N = 2512) from the medical center at the

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Lee J, Hwang JY, Park SM, Jung HY, Choi SW, Kim DJ, et al. (April 2014). "Differential resting-state EEG patterns associated with comorbid depression in Internet addiction".

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Li, Yang-Yang; Sun, Yan; Meng, Shi-Qiu; Bao, Yan-Ping; Cheng, Jia-Lu; Chang, Xiang-Wen; Ran, Mao-Sheng; Sun, Yan-Kun; Kosten, Thomas; Strang, John; Lu, Lin; Shi, Jie (July 2021).

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studies investigated the influence of problematic, compulsive use of the internet on the human brain. Following anecdotal reports and the conclusion by Kimberly S. Young (1998),

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In recent years, the validity of the term "Internet addiction" as a single psychological construct has been criticized. New empirical evidence is emerging to support this view.

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Huang Z, Wang M, Qian M, Zhong J, Tao R (December 2007). "Chinese Internet addiction inventory: developing a measure of problematic Internet use for Chinese college students".

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Numerous lawsuits have been filed in US courts by US states, US school districts and others asserting that social media platforms are deliberately designed to be addictive to

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Mueller K, Glaesmer H, Braehler E, Woelfling K, Beutel E (2014). "Prevalence of internet addiction in the general population: results from a German population-based survey".

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Mueller K, Glaesmer H, Braehler E, Woelfling K, Beutel E (2014). "Prevalence of internet addiction in the general population: results from a German population-based survey".

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Mueller K, Glaesmer H, Braehler E, Woelfling K, Beutel E (2014). "Prevalence of internet addiction in the general population: results from a German population-based survey".

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Douglas AC, Mills JE, Niang M, Stepchenkova S, Byun S, Ruffini C, et al. (2008). "Internet addiction: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996–2006".

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Internet addiction increases the risk of many negative social and health outcomes, including poor academic performance, harmful personality effects, anxiety and depression.

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Petersen KU, Weymann N, Schelb Y, Thiel R, Thomasius R (May 2009). "" [Pathological Internet use--epidemiology, diagnostics, co-occurring disorders and treatment].

2028:, claiming that these companies knowingly cause harm to students by providing addictive social media platforms. This lawsuit was one of many filed in the US as part of a 1371:, was also found to have beneficial effects. However, the available evidence on treatment of IAD is of very low quality at this time and well-designed trials are needed. 1150:

Kimberly S. Young (1999) asserts that Internet addiction is a broad term which can be decomposed into several subtypes of behavior and impulse control problems, namely,

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Young further extended her eight-question YDQ assessment to the now most widely used Internet Addiction Test (IAT), which consists of 20 items with each on a five-point

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Users achieve a balance between surfing and other activities. In the last stage, people might be able to manage their time online well and develop healthy online habits.

8356: 8692:"The development of adaptive and maladaptive patterns of Internet use among European adolescents at risk for internet addictive behaviours: A Grounded theory inquiry" 2358:"Internet addiction disorder and youth: There are growing concerns about compulsive online activity and that this could impede students' performance and social lives" 1289:

Symptom management of CBT-IA treatment has been found to sustain six months post-treatment. There have also been promising CBT-short-term treatments for internet and

1344:

IAD may be associated with a co-morbidity, so treating a related disorder may also help in the treatment of IAD. When individuals with IAD were treated with certain

3060:

Byun S, Ruffini C, Mills JE, Douglas AC, Niang M, Stepchenkova S, et al. (April 2009). "Internet addiction: metasynthesis of 1996-2006 quantitative research".

1984:

Many cases of social withdrawal have been occurring in Japan since the late 1990s which inclines people to stay indoors most of the time. The term used for this is

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activity. Following these findings, studies identified a correlation between the differences in the EEG readings and the severity of IAD, as well as the extent of

8651:

Dowling NA, Quirk KL (February 2009). "Screening for Internet dependence: do the proposed diagnostic criteria differentiate normal from dependent Internet use?".

1909: 7276:"Prevalence of pathological Internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition" 6052: 1282:

Cognitive restructuring to challenge and modify cognitive distortions: Identify, challenge, and modify the rationalizations that justify excessive Internet use;

9060: 8845:

Dreier M, Wölfling K, Müller KW (2013). "Psychological Research and a Sociological Perspective on Problematic and Addictive Computer Game Use in Adolescents".

7198:

Gómez P, Rial A, Braña T, Golpe S, Varela J (April 2017). "Screening of Problematic Internet Use Among Spanish Adolescents: Prevalence and Related Variables".

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against patients, the latter of which has caused wide public concern and controversy. Several forms of mistreatment have been well-documented by news reports.

2828:"Effects of electronic devices and Internet addiction on sleep and academic performance among female egyptian and saudi nursing students: A comparative study" 1939:

In 2009, another 14-year-old teenager, Liang Pu, was taken to hospital with water in the lungs and kidney failure after a similar attack in Sichuan Province.

5353:

Brenner V (June 1997). "Psychology of computer use: XLVII. Parameters of Internet use, abuse and addiction: the first 90 days of the Internet Usage Survey".

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Other psychosocial treatment therapies include reality therapy, Naikan cognitive psychotherapy, group therapy, family therapy, and multimodal psychotherapy.

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Behavior modification to control Internet use: Examine both computer behavior and non-computer behavior and manage Internet addicts' time online and offline;

951: 6425:

Orzack MH, Voluse AC, Wolf D, Hennen J (June 2006). "An ongoing study of group treatment for men involved in problematic Internet-enabled sexual behavior".

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In 1998, Jonathan J. Kandell defined Internet addiction as "a psychological dependence on the Internet, regardless of the type of activity once logged on."

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Harm reduction therapy to address co-morbid issues: Address any co-morbid factors associated with Internet addiction, sustain recovery, and prevent relapse.

9580: 4954:"How Has Internet Addiction Research Evolved Since the Advent of Internet Gaming Disorder? An Overview of Cyberaddictions from a Psychological Perspective" 7316:

Aboujaoude E, Koran LM, Gamel N, Large MD, Serpe RT (October 2006). "Potential markers for problematic internet use: a telephone survey of 2,513 adults".

3836:"Is binge-watching addictive? Effects of motives for TV series use on the relationship between excessive media consumption and problematic viewing habits" 7987:

Tang YL, Jiang W, Ren YP, Ma X, Cotes RO, McDonald WM (December 2012). "Electroconvulsive therapy in China: clinical practice and research on efficacy".

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The notion of "Internet addictive disorder" was initially conjured up by Ivan K. Goldberg in 1995 as a joke to parody the complexity and rigidity of the

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Identifying "triggers" of Internet "binge behavior", such as particular Internet applications, emotional states, maladaptive cognitions, and life events;

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Padilla-Walker LM, Nelson LJ, Carroll JS, Jensen AC (February 2010). "More than a just a game: video game and internet use during emerging adulthood".

2690:"From procrastination to engagement? An experimental exploration of the effects of an adaptive virtual assistant on self regulation in online learning" 1076:

constantly modify scales for their own purposes, thereby imposing a further challenge to the standardization in assessing Internet addiction disorder.

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Risks to gamblers and their families of problematic gambling have increased with the advent of online gambling. This is particularly true for minors.

5493:

Meerkerk GJ, Van Den Eijnden RJ, Vermulst AA, Garretsen HF (February 2009). "The Compulsive Internet Use Scale (CIUS): some psychometric properties".

9871: 9600: 926: 76: 5008:

Rao, Yichen (2024). "How China's Young "Internet Addicts" Gamify the Disciplinary Treatment Camp". In Guo, Li; Eyman, Douglas; Sun, Hongmei (eds.).

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Video streaming addiction is an addiction to watching online video content, such as those accessed through free online video sharing sites such as

8499: 6073:

Choi JS, Park SM, Lee J, Hwang JY, Jung HY, Choi SW, et al. (September 2013). "Resting-state beta and gamma activity in Internet addiction".

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Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CS, Chen CC, Yen CF (February 2008). "Psychiatric comorbidity of internet addiction in college students: an interview study".

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In 2014, a 19-year-old, Lingling Guo, died in an Internet-addiction center with multiple injuries on head and neck in Zhengzhou, Henan Province.

8324: 4917:

Campanella M, Mucci F, Baroni S, Nardi L, Marazziti D (2017). "Prevalence of Internet Addiction: A Pilot Study in a Group of Italian Students".

1973: 1817:

English psychologist Mark D. Griffiths (1998) conceived Internet addiction as a subtype of broader technology addiction, and also a subtype of

4296:

Cho SM, Sung MJ, Shin KM, Lim KY, Shin YM (August 2013). "Does psychopathology in childhood predict internet addiction in male adolescents?".

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individuals to use the internet as a way of coping with negative emotions or social isolation, which can in turn lead to addictive behavior.

10341: 9864: 8110: 6914:"Internet Addiction and Its Relationship with Depression and Academic Performance: A Cross-Sectional Study at a Medical School in Pakistan" 905:. It generally remains unclear from existing literature whether other psychiatric disorders is the cause or manifest of Internet addiction. 38: 8294: 6666: 5832:

Soule LC, Shell LW, Kleen BA (2003). "Exploring Internet addiction: Demographic characteristics and stereotypes of heavy Internet users".

1932:

At clinics and rehab centers, at least 12 cases of physical abuse have been revealed by media in the recent years including seven deaths.

1217:

potential negative consequences of internet addiction, such as poor academic performance, disrupted sleep patterns, and social isolation.

417:

found pathological usage to be associated with negative psychosocial and health consequences in addicted users compared to regular users.

137: 1348:, the time online was reduced by 65% and cravings of being online also decreased. The antidepressants that have been most successful are 1063:

More recently, researchers Mark D. Griffiths (2000) and Jason C. Northrup and colleagues (2015) claim that Internet per se is simply the

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and seeking monetary damages. The tech companies have responded that they have policies and procedures in place to insure public safety.

1976:", also known as the "Cinderella Act", to prevent children under 16 years old from playing online games from midnight (12:00) to 6 a.m. 1034:

Although the various screening methods are developed from diverse contexts, four dimensions manifest themselves across all instruments:

109: 8708:"Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood" 4640:

Shapira NA, Goldsmith TD, Keck PE, Khosla UM, McElroy SL (2000). "Psychiatric features of individuals with problematic internet use".

4543: 2458:"Internet use and Problematic Internet Use: A systematic review of longitudinal research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood" 1924:, a type of medication invented by himself. Neither the effectiveness nor applicability of the medication has been assessed, however. 7884: 6651: 2168: 1262:

Learning to manage emotions and control impulses related to accessing the Internet, such as muscles or breathing relaxation training;

1059:

Internet use caused negative consequences in various aspects, including problematic performance in social, academic, or work domains.

971:, to detect Internet addiction. A person who fulfills any five of the eight adapted criteria would be regarded as Internet addicted: 7597: 10092: 6854: 5921:"Electroencephalography (EEG) as a Research Tool in the Information Systems Discipline: Foundations, Measurement, and Applications" 886: 360:, reporting "FAD was significantly positively related to the personality trait narcissism and to negative mental health variables ( 333: 116: 8944:

Hansen S (2002). "Excessive Internet usage or 'Internet Addiction'? The implications of diagnostic categories for student users".

8140: 1965:

counseling centers besides treatment programs at around 100 hospitals. Typically, counselor- and instructor-led music therapy and

10361: 6053:"A Novel Machine Learning Approach for High-Performance Diagnosis of Premature Internet Addiction Using the Unfolded EEG Spectra" 2970:

Chou C, Hsiao MC (2000). "Internet addiction, usage, gratification, and pleasure experience: the Taiwan college students' case".

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that were marketed to minors. It is expected that the defendant social media companies will seek to have these cases dismissed.

1349: 8741:

Beard KW (February 2005). "Internet addiction: a review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions".

3014:

Beard KW (February 2005). "Internet addiction: a review of current assessment techniques and potential assessment questions".

10222: 9521: 8921: 3555: 3304: 2190: 123: 921:

is listed in DSM-5 as a condition that requires more research in order to be considered as a full disorder in May 2013. The

778:. The social nature of the internet has a reinforcing effect on the individual's consumption habits, as well as normalizing 3477: 9066: 7422:"Conceptual Issues Concerning Internet Addiction and Internet Gaming Disorder: Further Critique on Ryding and Kaye (2017)" 3680: 950:

Most of the criteria utilized by research are adaptations of listed mental disorders (e.g., pathological gambling) in the

9887: 9793: 9265: 9122: 6791:"Sexaholics Anonymous | The Official Website for Sexaholics Anonymous, a Program of Recovery from Sex and Lust Addiction" 4342:

Przepiorka AM, Blachnio A, Miziak B, Czuczwar SJ (April 2014). "Clinical approaches to treatment of Internet addiction".

2148: 8085: 6510: 5573:

Clark DJ, Frith KH (September 2005). "The development and initial testing of the Internet Consequences Scales (ICONS)".

105: 9655: 8879:

Dreier M, Wölfling K, Beutel ME (1 June 2014). "Internetsucht bei Jugendlichen" [Internet addiction in youth].

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across multiple clinics that looked at a treatment for internet addiction. However further investigation with a bigger

10249: 10134: 10080: 8856:"Psychological research and a sociological perspective on problematic and addictive computer game use in adolescence" 7580: 6888: 5150: 5021: 4526: 4054: 3166:

Gunraj, Danielle N.; Drumm-Hewitt, April M.; Dashow, Erica M.; Upadhyay, Sri Siddhi N.; Klin, Celia M. (2016-02-01).

2498: 234: 216: 194: 52: 5260:"Internet addiction prevalence and quality of (real) life: a meta-analysis of 31 nations across seven world regions" 187: 95: 10212: 9718: 9585: 1799: 44: 5694:"A psychometric comparison of the Internet Addiction Test, the Internet-Related Problem Scale, and self-diagnosis" 5693: 454:

Physical symptoms include a weakened immune system due to lack of sleep, loss of exercise, and increased risk for

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Leung L (April 2007). "Stressful life events, motives for Internet use, and social support among digital kids".

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Kuss D, Lopez-Fernandez O (2016). "Internet-use related addiction: The state of the art of clinical research".

6149:

Kuss D, Lopez-Fernandez O (2016). "Internet-use related addiction: The state of the art of clinical research".

5013: 4134:"Excessive Internet Use: The Role of Personality, Loneliness and Social Support Networks in Internet Addiction" 2235:"Problematic internet use and protective factors related to family and free time activities among young people" 1428: 3291:

Massimini, Fausto; Carli, Massimo (1988), Csikszentmihalyi, Isabella Selega; Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly (eds.),

10356: 9421: 5618:"The three-factor model of Internet addiction: the development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire" 4163:"Predictive values of psychiatric symptoms for internet addiction in adolescents: a 2-year prospective study" 429:

Europe and Taiwan. It is, however, also noted by others that IAD is beneficial for peer relations in Taiwan.

8625:

Internet addiction: Neuroscientific approaches and therapeutical implications including smartphone addiction

1016:. The Test score ranges from 20 to 100 and a higher value indicates a more problematic use of the Internet: 10237: 10075: 9935: 9650: 9635: 9623: 9563: 8855: 4251:

Yu L, Shek DT (June 2013). "Internet addiction in Hong Kong adolescents: a three-year longitudinal study".

3206: 3121:"Online infidelity: A new dimension in couple relationships with implications for evaluation and treatment" 1240: 933:

as an illness category. There is still considerable controversy over whether IAD should be included in the

732: 311: 9182: 5212:

Beard KW, Wolf EM (June 2001). "Modification in the Proposed Diagnostic Criteria for Internet Addiction".

3641:"[Addiction to new technologies and to online social networking in young people: A new challenge]" 3167: 2582:"COVID-19 Stress and Addictive Social Media Use (SMU): Mediating Role of Active Use and Social Media Flow" 1204:

For a more detailed description of related disorders please refer to the related disorders section above.

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Caplan SE (2010). "Theory and measurement of generalized problematic Internet use: A two-step approach".

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Bai YM, Lin CC, Chen JY (October 2001). "Internet addiction disorder among clients of a virtual clinic".

130: 8519:"Carroll, Frederick schools pursue lawsuits against social media companies, alleging damage to students" 5745:"The Internet Process Addiction Test: Screening for Addictions to Processes Facilitated by the Internet" 2032:

with many other entities around the US filing similar lawsuits. According to attorneys representing the

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In November 2017, the academy stopped operating after extensive media exposure and police intervention.

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have accompanying symptoms such as anxiety or depression and another 30% have a second disorder such as

352:

In 2011 the term "Facebook addiction disorder" (FAD) emerged. FAD is characterized by compulsive use of

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Tereshchenko S, Kasparov E, Semenova N, Shubina M, Gorbacheva N, Novitckii I, et al. (June 2022).

6855:"R/nosurf - the Beginner's Guide to NoSurf (Essential Reading, Success Stories, Guides, FAQ and more!)" 6462:"Efficacy of Short-term Treatment of Internet and Computer Game Addiction. A Randomized Clinical Trial" 5665:

Chang MK, Law SP (2008). "Factor structure for Young's Internet Addiction Test: A confirmatory study".

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Caught in the net: how to recognize the signs of Internet addiction—and a winning strategy for recovery

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Young, Kimberly S.; Griffin-shelley, Eric; Cooper, Al; O'mara, James; Buchanan, Jennifer (2000-01-01).

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Caught in the Net: How to Recognize the Signs of Internet Addiction and A Winning Strategy for Recovery

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that causes serious negative consequences to one's physical, mental, social, and financial well-being.

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Users under 30 access the Internet more than other age groups and experience a higher risk of overuse.

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The 3-stage model proposed by John Grohol suggests that Internet users would go through three stages:

10346: 10107: 9748: 9678: 9630: 9590: 9470: 9324: 8332: 7108:"Prevalence of pathological internet use among adolescents in Europe: demographic and social factors" 5054: 3579: 2084: 1863: 1310: 1294: 1047:: withdrawal symptoms including feelings such as depression and anger, given restricted Internet use; 922: 748: 322: 91: 84: 9100: 9029: 9003: 7378:

Kandell JJ (1 January 1998). "Internet Addiction on Campus: The Vulnerability of College Students".

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Yang SC, Tung CJ (2007). "Comparison of Internet addicts and non-addicts in Taiwanese high school".

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Widyanto L, McMurran M (August 2004). "The psychometric properties of the internet addiction test".

3707: 2041: 10264: 10254: 10001: 9431: 3493:"Emerging Gambling Problems and Suggested Interventions: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research" 2886:

Chou C, Condron L, Belland JC (1 December 2005). "A Review of the Research on Internet Addiction".

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obstacles are present in creating an applicable diagnostic method for Internet addiction disorder.

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Current researchers have proposed different theoretical models of IAD from different perspectives.

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Rosen, Larry D., et al. "Social Networking Is Addictive and Can Lead to Psychological Disorders."

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with Internet addicts (CBT-IA) is developed in analogy to therapies for impulse control disorder.

10085: 10045: 10023: 9733: 9723: 9701: 9115: 9075: 4097:

Morahan-Martin J (1999-10-01). "The relationship between loneliness and internet use and abuse".

1966: 1357: 1290: 894: 80: 8118: 5999: 4513:. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. pp. 19–34. 3906: 3820: 2302:

Tereshchenko S, Kasparov E, Smolnikova M, Shubina M, Gorbacheva N, Moskalenko O (October 2021).

10242: 10197: 10122: 9991: 9913: 9753: 9573: 9540: 9465: 9460: 9253: 8449:"Hikikomori: Multidimensional understanding, assessment, and future international perspectives" 5049: 4509:

Brand M (2017). "Theoretical Models of the Development and Maintenance of Internet Addiction".

4041:. Studies in Neuroscience, Psychology and Behavioral Economics. Springer, Cham. pp. 3–18. 3702: 2405: 2205: 1409: 1158: 1111: 701: 455: 198: 8691: 8534:"DC, Maryland, Virginia sue Facebook, Instagram for fueling kids' 'addiction' to social media" 7808: 7360: 3930:

Ebeling-Witte S, Frank ML, Lester D (October 2007). "Shyness, Internet use, and personality".

3545: 10286: 10217: 10202: 10165: 9815: 9743: 9728: 9640: 9238: 8867: 8429: 7833: 7759: 7732: 3524: 3421:"Internet Addiction Increases in the General Population During COVID-19: Evidence From China" 2734:"Effect of pathological use of the internet on adolescent mental health: a prospective study" 2304:"Internet Addiction and Sleep Problems among Russian Adolescents: A Field School-Based Study" 2185: 2153: 2128: 2118: 2049: 1424: 1072:

Addiction Test (IPAT) is created to measure the processes to which individuals are addicted.

964: 902: 713: 9030:"Family and work-related consequences of addiction to organizational pervasive technologies" 7938: 7106:

Durkee T, Kaess M, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, Floderus B, et al. (December 2012).

4481:"Technology: Smart tablet or just a new drug? (Lessons for use of technology with children)" 3373: 2778:"Problematic internet use and teen depression are closely linked, new Concordia study finds" 10351: 10155: 10150: 10040: 9976: 9961: 9945: 9940: 9738: 9595: 9406: 9283: 9260: 9202: 9177: 9139: 8957: 6121: 5447: 5177:

Young KS (1 January 1998). "Internet Addiction: The Emergence of a New Clinical Disorder".

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Despite the advocacy of categorizing Internet addiction as an established illness, neither

690: 679: 369: 7892: 6000:"Gaming disorder and internet addiction: A systematic review of resting-state EEG studies" 5040:

Weinstein A, Lejoyeux M (September 2010). "Internet addiction or excessive internet use".

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Psychology and the Internet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal implications

4781:"Science in society. China reins in wilder impulses in treatment of 'Internet addiction'" 2826:

Elbilgahy, Amal; Sweelam, Rasha; Eltaib, Fatma; Bayomy, Hanaa; Elwasefy, Shereen (2021).

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Different samples, methodologies, and screening instruments are employed across studies.

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Chou C, Condron L, Belland JC (2005). "A review of the research on Internet addiction".

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Griffiths M (1998). "Internet addiction: Does it really exist?". In Gackenbach J (ed.).

6125: 5451: 4893: 4796: 3580:"Behavior and substance addictions: is the world ready for a new category in the DSM-V?" 2538: 1452:

focus on the role of internet addiction disorder in exacerbating the primary addiction.

1053:: the need for better equipment, increased internet use, and more applications/software; 605:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

10170: 9903: 9845: 9808: 9783: 9773: 9568: 9505: 9485: 9187: 9108: 9052: 8990: 8896: 8833: 8795: 8766: 8729: 8611: 8568: 8478: 8243: 8148: 8012: 7546: 7519: 7495: 7470: 7446: 7421: 7341: 7180: 7137: 7088: 6561: 6536: 6486: 6461: 6404: 6354: 6327:"Cognitive behavior therapy with Internet addicts: treatment outcomes and implications" 6304: 6256: 6166: 6030: 5980: 5896: 5871: 5849: 5814: 5771: 5744: 5647: 5598: 5555: 5470: 5435: 5378: 5335: 5284: 5259: 5237: 5194: 5075: 4975: 4934: 4748: 4586: 4440: 4414:"Neurobiological Risk Factors for the Development of Internet Addiction in Adolescents" 4413: 4367: 4321: 4228: 4203: 4202:

van den Eijnden RJ, Spijkerman R, Vermulst AA, van Rooij TJ, Engels RC (January 2010).

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Buffardi LE, Campbell WK (October 2008). "Narcissism and social networking Web sites".

3453: 3420: 3354: 3148: 3085: 3003:. Annual meeting of American Psychological Association, August 20–24, 1999, Boston, MA. 2949: 2903: 2860: 2827: 2711: 2608: 2581: 2557: 2522: 2479: 2382: 2357: 2330: 2303: 2174: 2123: 1192: 725: 405: 377: 9856: 6959: 6184:

Young KS (1999-10-01). "The research and controversy surrounding internet addiction".

4653: 3269: 2983: 2163: 1898:. Various interviews of Yongxin Yang confirm that Yang has created a special therapy, 10325: 10050: 9966: 9803: 9645: 9172: 9088: 8994: 8982: 8917: 8758: 8733: 8678: 8673: 8603: 8572: 8500:"New York sues TikTok, Instagram and YouTube over 'addictive' platforms for children" 8482: 8470: 8267: 8004: 7656:"A teen checked into an Internet-addiction camp in China. He was dead two days later" 7576: 7551: 7500: 7451: 7333: 7298: 7256: 7251: 7234: 7215: 7172: 7129: 7124: 7080: 7012: 6963: 6894: 6884: 6603: 6566: 6537:"Treatments for Internet gaming disorder and Internet addiction: A systematic review" 6491: 6477: 6442: 6396: 6346: 6308: 6296: 6261: 6243: 6201: 6170: 6090: 6034: 6022: 5972: 5901: 5818: 5776: 5716: 5639: 5590: 5586: 5520: 5475: 5416: 5370: 5327: 5289: 5229: 5156: 5146: 5116: 5067: 5017: 4872: 4810: 4740: 4692: 4657: 4622: 4578: 4522: 4445: 4359: 4313: 4278: 4233: 4204:"Compulsive internet use among adolescents: bidirectional parent-child relationships" 4184: 4114: 4050: 3990: 3947: 3867: 3720: 3662: 3601: 3551: 3512: 3458: 3440: 3401: 3393: 3346: 3300: 3273: 3234: 3226: 3187: 3152: 3140: 3077: 3031: 2941: 2865: 2847: 2755: 2715: 2613: 2562: 2483: 2387: 2335: 2266: 2200: 890: 410: 361: 267: 10308: 9056: 8900: 8799: 8640: 8615: 7963: 7345: 7141: 7092: 6408: 6358: 5984: 5853: 5651: 5602: 5559: 5382: 5241: 5198: 5079: 4979: 4938: 4752: 4371: 4325: 4179: 4162: 4002: 3959: 3775: 3089: 2953: 2750: 2733: 2278: 1920:

In Yang's clinic, patients are forced to take psychiatric medication in addition to

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banned electroconvulsive therapy in treating Internet addiction disorder in 2009.

978:

A need for increased time spent online to achieve the same amount of satisfaction;

967:, Kimberly S. Young (1998) proposed one of the first integrated sets of criteria, 10313: 10112: 10006: 9986: 9918: 9827: 9711: 9436: 8871: 8000: 7913: 6018: 5460: 5111: 5094: 5063: 4930: 4618: 4398: 4355: 4083: 3767: 3626: 3326: 2812: 2547: 2523:"Facebook Addiction Disorder (FAD) among German students—A longitudinal approach" 2158: 2104: 1391: 1368: 1364: 1174: 496: 339: 8219:"China's cure for teenage internet addiction is worse than the supposed disease" 6983:"Adolescent Internet Addiction in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Change, and Correlates" 5968: 4518: 4046: 3852: 2706: 2689: 917:(2013) considers Internet addiction as a mental disorder. A subcategory of IAD, 10232: 10192: 10182: 9693: 9225: 9162: 7059:"Internet addiction: Prevalence and relation with mental states in adolescents" 6999: 6982: 6723:"Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous (S.L.A.A.) – Fellowship-Wide Services (F.W.S.)" 6239: 6134: 6109: 5225: 4868: 4264: 3508: 2195: 2138: 2013: 1345: 779: 685: 8978: 8892: 8829: 8791: 8754: 8598: 8581: 7486: 7437: 7329: 7168: 7043: 6392: 6110:"Effect of excessive Internet use on the time–frequency characteristic of EEG" 5810: 5678: 5551: 5366: 4970: 4953: 4841: 4574: 4309: 4219: 3596: 3183: 3136: 2899: 2843: 2598: 10335: 10187: 10177: 9706: 9131: 9048: 6898: 6667:"'I couldn't stop myself': inside the 12-step program for internet addiction" 6247: 6223: 5120: 4805: 4780: 3885: 3716: 3492: 3444: 3397: 3350: 3277: 3230: 3191: 3144: 2851: 2251: 2234: 2143: 2133: 2080: 2056: 1432: 1314: 771: 315: 7211: 5712: 5275: 5160: 3747: 3657: 3640: 3342: 3120: 2937: 2320: 1226:

practice, rehab centers usually devise a combination of multiple therapies.

10281: 10274: 10269: 10013: 8986: 8762: 8682: 8607: 8474: 8086:"China bans electric shock treatment used to 'cure' young internet addicts" 8033: 8008: 7555: 7536: 7504: 7455: 7337: 7302: 7294: 7260: 7219: 7176: 7133: 7084: 7016: 6967: 6912:

Ansar F, Ali W, Zareef A, Masud N, Zahab S, Iftekhar H (17 December 2020).

6570: 6495: 6446: 6438: 6400: 6350: 6300: 6292: 6265: 6205: 6197: 6094: 6077:. Psychophysiology in Australasia - ASP conference - November 28–30, 2012. 6026: 5976: 5905: 5780: 5720: 5643: 5594: 5524: 5479: 5420: 5331: 5323: 5293: 5233: 5190: 5071: 4876: 4814: 4744: 4696: 4661: 4626: 4582: 4449: 4363: 4317: 4282: 4237: 4188: 4118: 4110: 3994: 3951: 3871: 3724: 3666: 3620:"Communication Addiction Disorder: Concern over media, behavior and effects 3605: 3544:

Stein, Dan J.; Hollander, Eric; Rothbaum, Barbara Olasov (31 August 2009).

3516: 3462: 3405: 3389: 3238: 3081: 3035: 2945: 2869: 2759: 2617: 2566: 2391: 2373: 2339: 2037: 2005: 1895: 1379: 1353: 1098: 1094: 1005: 910: 8664: 7391: 7155:

Wölfling K, Bühler M, Leménager T, Mörsen C, Mann K (September 2009). "".

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Huang XQ, Li MC, Tao R (October 2010). "Treatment of internet addiction".

6342: 5506: 5412: 5374: 4201: 3986: 3943: 3490: 3374:"Too Much Time Online: Internet Addiction or Healthy Social Interactions?" 3073: 1908:. Since neither the safety nor the effectiveness of the method was clear, 516: 10227: 6810: 6698: 5937: 5920: 5634: 5617: 4688: 3027: 2660:"Portion-Control in Social Media? How Limiting Time Increases Well-Being" 2631: 1997: 1298: 1256:

Increasing self-awareness and awareness of others and one's surroundings;

1178: 1135: 984:

Irritability, depression, or mood liability when Internet use is limited;

459: 383:

the correlation between social media use and child and teen suicidality.

8932: 6623: 5492: 4461: 3788:

Ambady N., Skowronski J. (2008). "First impressions". New York Guilford.

719: 477: 10160: 10030: 10018: 9971: 9928: 9778: 9618: 9455: 8582:"Internet addiction: reappraisal of an increasingly inadequate concept" 7598:"'Electronic heroin': China's boot camps get tough on internet addicts" 7008: 6552: 3436: 2210: 2179: 1985: 1845:

does not formally recognize Internet addiction as a medical condition.

1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 501: 357: 280: 275: 94:

if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and

8465: 8448: 7075: 7058: 6811:"Underearners Anonymous – Freedom | Abundance | Prosperity | Serenity" 6224:"Current Research and Viewpoints on Internet Addiction in Adolescents" 5887: 5797:

Griffiths M (2000). "Internet addiction-time to be taken seriously?".

5761: 5515: 4430: 4273: 9147: 9135: 9130: 8057: 7857: 7233:

Bakken IJ, Wenzel HG, Götestam KG, Johansson A, Oren A (April 2009).

6830: 5998:

Burleigh TL, Griffiths MD, Sumich A, Wang GY, Kuss DJ (August 2020).

2301: 2297: 2295: 2092: 2072: 2033: 2029: 2021: 1383:

A 2009 flyer for an internet addiction support group in New York City

1360: 1131: 253:

Problematic internet use (colloquially "internet addiction disorder")

5436:"Addictive internet use among Korean adolescents: a national survey" 3118: 356:. A 2017 study investigated a correlation between excessive use and 10129: 7517: 5101:. The Proceedings of 6th World Conference on educational Sciences. 4828:

Hawi NS (2012). "Internet addiction among adolescents in Lebanon".

2998: 2923: 2088: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2017: 2009: 1157:: compulsive use of adult websites for cybersex and cyberporn (see 353: 307: 9315: 3297:

Optimal Experience: Psychological Studies of Flow in Consciousness

2292: 10259: 9289: 8964: 8910:

L'assuefazione tecnologica. Metamorfosi del sistema uomo macchina

7524:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

6652:"Six steps for addressing behavioral addictions in clinical work" 4603: 2308:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

2100: 767: 763: 365: 9076:"What exactly is internet addiction, and what is the treatment?" 8914:

Technological addiction. Metamorphosis of the man-machine system

8383:"Internet-addicted teens are being sent to rehab to "get clean"" 5957:

Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry

4384: 4341: 4069: 4037:

Young K (2017). "The Evolution of Internet Addiction Disorder".

3165: 2798: 10097: 9377: 6881:

Internet addiction: prevalence, risk factors and health effects

4723:

Block JJ (March 2008). "Issues for DSM-V: internet addiction".

3745: 3168:"Texting insincerely: The role of the period in text messaging" 2096: 2025: 8408:"In South Korea, a rehab camp for Internet-addicted teenagers" 7057:

Kawabe K, Horiuchi F, Ochi M, Oka Y, Ueno S (September 2016).

5918: 2267:"emigration-plummets-to-lowest-figure-recorded-apr-2-1984-1-p" 990:

Putting a job or relationship in jeopardy to use the Internet;

659: 321:

Excessive Internet use is not recognized as a disorder by the

9387: 9382: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9310: 9295: 8777: 7232: 7154: 5919:

Müller-Putz GR, Riedl R, C Wriessnegger S (1 November 2015).

1265:

Improving interpersonal communication and interaction skills;

1253:

Recognizing the benefits and potential harms of the Internet;

934: 914: 328:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)

7784:"It's the addiction gripping thousands of Chinese teenagers" 6766: 6742: 5434:

Heo J, Oh J, Subramanian SV, Kim Y, Kawachi I (2014-02-05).

3327:"GameFlow: a model for evaluating player enjoyment in games" 2825: 573: 511: 16:

Excessive internet usage that causes psychological disorders

9305: 9300: 6460:

Woelfling K, Mueller K, Dreier M, et al. (July 2019).

5997: 3299:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 266–287, 3254:"A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use" 2045: 1012:

and Laura Widyanto and Mary McMurran's 2004 article titled

8847:

Internet Addiction. A Public Health Concern in Adolescence

6278: 4916: 4639: 1014:

The Psychometric Properties of the Internet Addiction Test

782:

behavior for enthusiasts of particular television series.

9330: 8705: 8634:"Internet Addiction: Symptoms, Evaluation, And Treatment" 8357:"Horses to the rescue of Korea's Internet-addicted teens" 7315: 5925:

Communications of the Association for Information Systems

5691: 4141:

Australian Journal of Emerging Technologies & Society

3746:

Manago AM, Graham MB, Greenfield PM, Salimkhan G (2008).

2455: 1105: 3929: 2499:"Facebook Addiction Disorder — The 6 Symptoms of F.A.D." 1041:: compulsive Internet use and excessive online time-use; 993:

Lying to others about how much time is spent online; and

9886: 6722: 6535:

Zajac K, Ginley MK, Chang R, Petry NM (December 2017).

5742: 5615: 4161:

Ko CH, Yen JY, Chen CS, Yeh YC, Yen CF (October 2009).

3293:"The systematic assessment of flow in daily experience" 3101: 3099: 3059: 1862:

upon patients of Internet addiction and some conducted

1614:

An estimate based on Korean population aged 6–19 years

517:

Cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use

7105: 6790: 6459: 6424: 6050: 3543: 2103:, seeking to have the companies' behaviour declared a 10297: 8849:. New York: Nova Science Publishers. pp. 87–110. 7885:"China bans physical punishment for Internet addicts" 7273: 7056: 6534: 4674: 4337: 4335: 3205:

Bargh, John A.; McKenna, Katelyn Y. A. (2004-02-01).

1899: 1804:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

1470:

Research-based prevalence rate of Internet addiction

953:

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

720:

Compulsive talking (communication addiction disorder)

564: 478:

Theories based on the characteristics of the Internet

9581:

Community reinforcement approach and family training

8878: 8860:

International Journal of Child and Adolescent Health

8853: 8844: 7475:

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

7426:

International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction

6645: 6643: 5743:

Northrup JC, Lapierre C, Kirk J, Rae C (July 2015).

5010:

Games & Play in Chinese & Sinophone Cultures

4464: from this source, which is available under the 4411: 3096: 2036:, these lawsuits, may or may not be combined into a 1394:

focused on recovery from computer gaming addiction.

1275:

Three phases are implemented in the CBT-IA therapy:

9073: 8579: 8550: 7197: 6911: 6148: 6108:Yu H, Zhao X, Li N, Wang M, Zhou P (October 2009). 5692:Widyanto L, Griffiths MD, Brunsden V (March 2011). 5433: 3834:Ort, Alexander; Wirz, D. S.; Fahr, A. (June 2021). 3577: 3491:Akçayır, M., Nicoll, F. & Baxter, D.G. (2023). 3109:, edited by Noah Berlatsky, Greenhaven Press, 2015. 2520: 1320:Several key elements are embedded in this therapy: 1023:

40–69 = potentially problematic Internet users, and

9027: 8815: 8293: 5398: 4332: 3638: 3537: 2885: 1852: 1246:Several key aspects are embedded in this therapy: 796:and anxieties of interpersonal real-life contact. 8295:"First boot camp for internet-addicted teenagers" 7274:Niemz K, Griffiths M, Banyard P (December 2005). 6640: 5039: 3000:Internet Addiction among High Schoolers in Taiwan 2687: 1001:for a more appropriate and objective assessment. 996:Using the Internet as a means of regulating mood. 927:International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) 10333: 7964:"南昌豫章书院学生陆续被接走，警方正调查书院是否涉嫌违法_教育家_澎湃新闻-The Paper" 6883:. Hauppauge, New York: Nova Science Publishers. 6072: 5954: 5309: 4167:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 3692: 2738:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 2694:Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence 1271:Cultivating interests in alternative activities. 7200:Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 6944: 6051:Gross J, Baumgartl H, Buettner R (2020-08-10). 5831: 5701:Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 5305: 5303: 5264:Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 4951: 2926:Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking 1972:In 2011, the Korean government introduced the " 1234: 937:and recognized as a mental disease in general. 887:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 8712:International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 8510: 8430:"In Korea, a Boot Camp Cure for Web Obsession" 7986: 7471:""Internet Addiction": a Conceptual Minefield" 6987:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 6677: 6658: 5870:Yuan K, Qin W, Liu Y, Tian J (November 2011). 5869: 5616:Demetrovics Z, Szeredi B, Rózsa S (May 2008). 5042:The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 4295: 4253:Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology 4096: 3290: 2996: 2462:International Journal of Adolescence and Youth 2232: 2040:. These lawsuits were in part inspired by the 2000:and seeking damages. These lawsuits include: 1079: 1067:and that the people are in effect addicted to 581: 90:Please review the contents of the article and 9872: 9116: 9089:"On Digital Immigrants & Digital Natives" 8706:Anderson EL, Steen E, Stavropoulos V (2017). 6528: 4560: 3325:Sweetser, Penelope; Wyeth, Peta (July 2005). 3324: 2688:Pogorskiy, Eduard; Beckmann, Jens F. (2023). 2456:Anderson EL, Steen E, Stavropoulos V (2017). 1188:: Compulsive web surfing or database searches 790: 399: 8650: 8622: 8494: 8492: 8446: 7936: 7809:"China probe of abuse at Web addiction camp" 6107: 5300: 4478: 4160: 3800:"Virtual Reality Is Addictive and Unhealthy" 3695:Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin 3571: 3529:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3418: 3204: 2580:Zhao, Nan; Zhou, Guangyu (9 February 2021). 1884: 1662:11,956 adolescents in 11 European countries 1374: 1304: 757: 8580:Starcevic V, Aboujaoude E (February 2017). 8268:"China 'internet addict' death sparks fury" 6624:"Internet and Technology Addicts Anonymous" 6608:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5872:"Internet addiction: Neuroimaging findings" 3833: 3756:Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 3550:. American Psychiatric Pub. pp. 359–. 2239:Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice 1927: 1695:40,955 school adolescents aged 12–17 years 660:Problem gambling (online gambling disorder) 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 9879: 9865: 9123: 9109: 8531: 8517:Smith, Thomas Goodwin (October 22, 2023). 7674:"China moves to zap online game addiction" 7468: 6879:Adams M (2016). Adams, Margaret E. (ed.). 6378: 5572: 4854: 3886:"Is internet addiction a growing problem?" 1415:Similar to 12-step fellowships related to 1167:: Over-involvement in online relationships 1088: 824: 766:, subscription streaming services such as 258: 8723: 8672: 8597: 8489: 8464: 7939:"独家专访引爆豫章书院事件当事人：曾被铁棍打吞牙膏自杀未遂_网罗天下_腾讯视频" 7545: 7535: 7494: 7445: 7419: 7404: 7250: 7123: 7074: 6998: 6929: 6918:International Journal of Medical Students 6628:Internet and Technology Addicts Anonymous 6560: 6485: 6255: 6133: 6075:International Journal of Psychophysiology 5936: 5895: 5796: 5770: 5760: 5633: 5514: 5469: 5459: 5283: 5211: 5110: 5099:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 5092: 5053: 4969: 4804: 4439: 4429: 4412:Tereshchenko S, Kasparov E (June 2019) . 4272: 4227: 4178: 4131: 3861: 3851: 3823:(Press release). reSTART. 7 January 2016. 3706: 3656: 3595: 3452: 2969: 2859: 2749: 2705: 2607: 2597: 2556: 2546: 2473: 2381: 2329: 2319: 2250: 2169:List of repetitive strain injury software 2067:filed Federal and State lawsuits against 1858:treatment, some clinics and camps impose 1398:Internet and Technology Addicts Anonymous 1229: 981:Repeated efforts to curtail Internet use; 696: 574:Theories based on development orientation 512:Theories based on interaction orientation 235:Learn how and when to remove this message 217:Learn how and when to remove this message 10093:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 9021:Netaholics?: The creation of a pathology 8916:] (in Italian). Editoriale Delfino. 8907: 8854:Dreier M, Wölfling K, Müller KW (2013). 8447:Kato TA, Kanba S, Teo AR (August 2019). 8423: 8421: 8083: 7879: 7877: 7649: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7595: 7029: 6649: 6583: 5664: 2579: 1800:American Psychiatric Association's (APA) 1378: 1085:should be defined as a mental disorder. 945: 940: 808: 495: 334:International Classification of Diseases 180:This article includes a list of general 9074:Tel Aviv University (August 18, 2007). 9023:. Commack, NY: Nova Science Publishers. 9018: 8427: 8405: 8351: 8349: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8291: 8079: 8077: 8028: 8026: 7754: 7752: 7727: 7725: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7377: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6281:Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie 6221: 6217: 6215: 5876:Communicative & Integrative Biology 5834:Journal of Computer Information Systems 5792: 5790: 5394: 5392: 5352: 5257: 5253: 5251: 5035: 5033: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4544:"Hooked on the Web: Help Is on the Way" 4541: 4032: 3821:"The dangers of virtual reality gaming" 3797: 2965: 2963: 2919: 2917: 2881: 2879: 2731: 2496: 2406:"Internet Addiction | Psychology Today" 2355: 1679:An estimate based on German population 1350:selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 1196:: Obsessive computer game playing (see 987:Staying online longer than anticipated; 875:Wide and extensive use of the Internet: 673: 306:is a problematic compulsive use of the 10334: 9086: 9001: 8958:10.1046/j.1365-2729.2002.t01-2-00230.x 8943: 8930: 8689: 7358: 6980: 6420: 6418: 6320: 6318: 6068: 6066: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5537: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5003: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4991: 4989: 4952:Lopez-Fernandez O (1 September 2015). 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4298:Child Psychiatry and Human Development 4250: 4156: 4154: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3815: 3813: 3681:"Facebook Friends: Too Many, Too Few?" 3476:Sayre, Katherine (February 20, 2024). 3371: 3223:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141922 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 2801:Behaviour & Information Technology 2771: 2769: 2521:Brailovskaia, J.; Margraf, J. (2017). 1106:Electroencephalography-based diagnosis 641: 491: 420: 10223:Psychological effects of Internet use 9860: 9104: 9028:Turel O, Serenko A, Bontis N (2011). 8946:Journal of Computer Assisted Learning 8809:Youth and internet addiction in China 8740: 8525: 8516: 8453:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 8418: 8241: 8210: 8170:"经济半小时：杨永信网戒中心入账可达8100万_互联网_科技时代_新浪网" 7874: 7800: 7638: 7572:Youth and Internet Addiction in China 7063:Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 6878: 6508: 6324: 6183: 6046: 6044: 5950: 5948: 5865: 5863: 5176: 5172: 5170: 5140: 4888: 4886: 4778: 4722: 4508: 4387:Behavior & Information Technology 4072:Behavior & Information Technology 4036: 3972: 3475: 3251: 3013: 2727: 2725: 2427: 2425: 2351: 2349: 2228: 2226: 2191:Psychological effects of Internet use 2182:(i.e., fear of being without a phone) 855: 8532:Fitzgerald, Tom (October 24, 2023). 8346: 8310: 8074: 8023: 7749: 7722: 7691: 7653: 6872: 6664: 6650:Giordano, Amanda (October 5, 2021). 6365: 6212: 5787: 5389: 5248: 5030: 4827: 4759: 4208:Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 3907:"Risky Business: Internet Addiction" 3748:"Self-presentation and gender on My 3107:Are Social Networking Sites Harmful? 2960: 2914: 2876: 2775: 2657: 1313:is developed based on therapies for 1250:Learning time management strategies; 1026:70–100 = problematic Internet users. 742: 654: 585: 520: 469: 449: 444: 166: 59: 18: 10342:Digital media use and mental health 9888:Digital media use and mental health 9794:Discrimination against drug addicts 8806: 7806: 7568: 6415: 6315: 6063: 5727: 5127: 5095:"Internet Addiction Disorder (IAD)" 5093:Salicetia, Francesca (2015-06-02). 5007: 4986: 4910: 4703: 4151: 4009: 3810: 3469: 3412: 3125:Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 3042: 2766: 2149:Digital media use and mental health 1827: 1746:4,615 adolescents aged 12–18 years 13: 9656:Tobacco cessation clinics in India 8543: 7239:Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 6041: 5945: 5860: 5658: 5167: 4883: 4725:The American Journal of Psychiatry 4677:The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 3578:Parashar A, Varma A (April 2007). 3425:The American Journal on Addictions 2722: 2658:Kane, Suzanne (December 6, 2018). 2422: 2346: 2259: 2233:Tomczyk Ł, Solecki R (July 2019). 2223: 1712:3399 individuals aged 16–74 years 1311:motivational interviewing approach 1293:such as STICA, which is the first 712:characterized by virtual Internet 565:Game addiction and flow experience 186:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 10373: 10250:Smartphones and pedestrian safety 10135:Narcissistic personality disorder 8631: 8380: 7469:Ryding FC, Kaye LK (2018-02-01). 7409:. Academic Press. pp. 61–75. 6960:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.07.012 6665:Paul, Kari (September 17, 2023). 3639:Echeburúa E, de Corral P (2010). 3478:"Betting Apps Kept Gambler Going" 1870:some are tricked into treatment. 1630:853 adolescents aged 12–15 years 1301:on long-term efficacy is needed. 1207: 1141: 799: 34:This article has multiple issues. 10319: 10307: 10213:Mobile phones and driving safety 10171:2021 Facebook company files leak 9841: 9840: 9719:Low-threshold treatment programs 9586:Motivational enhancement therapy 8967:Journal of Youth and Adolescence 8440: 8399: 8374: 8306:from the original on 2022-01-12. 8285: 8260: 8244:"盘点12起被曝光戒网瘾学校事件:9成涉体罚致7人亡-中新网" 8235: 8186: 8162: 8132: 8102: 8050: 7980: 7956: 7930: 7906: 7850: 7826: 7776: 7666: 7614: 7589: 7562: 7511: 7462: 7413: 7398: 7371: 7352: 7309: 7267: 7252:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00685.x 7226: 7191: 7148: 7125:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03946.x 7099: 7050: 7023: 6974: 6938: 6905: 6847: 6823: 6803: 6783: 6759: 6735: 6715: 6691: 6616: 6577: 6502: 6478:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1676 6453: 6272: 6222:Bickham, David S. 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Counseling Today. 6151:European Psychiatry 6126:2009PNSMI..19.1383Y 6007:Addictive Behaviors 5749:Behavioral Sciences 5452:2014PLoSO...987819H 4919:European Psychiatry 4797:2009Sci...324.1630S 4607:Addictive Behaviors 4418:Behavioral Sciences 2838:: 237796082110556. 2664:World of Psychology 2539:2017PLoSO..1289719B 1860:corporal punishment 1563:10,158 adolescents 1478:Rate or population 1471: 1122:band and decreased 1045:Withdrawal symptoms 642:Effects of COVID-19 500:People using their 492:Reduced social cues 421:Social consequences 415:University of Mainz 9904:Computer addiction 9821:Incentive salience 9809:Inhibitory control 9784:Category:Addiction 9774:Addiction medicine 9569:Relapse prevention 9506:Tanning dependence 8931:Grohol JM (1999). 8434:The New York Times 8387:www.kidspot.com.au 7989:The Journal of ECT 7937:Tencent VFE Team. 6861:. 2 September 2018 6703:Media Addicts Anon 6553:10.1037/adb0000315 5799:Addiction Research 5361:(3 Pt 1): 879–82. 4898:www.psychiatry.org 4548:The New York Times 4511:Internet Addiction 4259:(3 Suppl): S10-7. 4039:Internet Addiction 3679:Hutson M. (2009). 3625:2018-03-05 at the 3437:10.1111/ajad.13156 2670:on August 14, 2020 2175:Media multitasking 2124:Computer addiction 1843:Ministry of Health 1475:Country or region 1469: 1385: 1193:Computer addiction 856:Initial indicators 726:Compulsive talking 706:cybersex addiction 505: 406:longitudinal study 378:The Social Dilemma 310:, particularly on 10295: 10294: 9967:Digital sociology 9854: 9853: 9804:Cognitive control 9762: 9761: 9646:Smoking cessation 9601:Physical exercise 9516: 9515: 9502:Non-drug stimuli 9401: 9400: 9245:Internet-related 8923:978-88-97323-34-1 8466:10.1111/pcn.12895 8248:www.chinanews.com 7076:10.1111/pcn.12402 6859:NoSurf Sub-reddit 6472:(10): 1018–1025. 6120:(10): 1383–1387. 5888:10.4161/cib.17871 5762:10.3390/bs5030341 5141:Young KS (1998). 4431:10.3390/bs9060062 3557:978-1-58562-254-2 3306:978-0-521-43809-4 2832:SAGE Open Nursing 2533:(12): 2423–2478. 2201:Terminally online 1788: 1787: 1487:Instrument 1138:and inattention. 882:High comorbidity: 743:Compulsive VR use 655:Related disorders 620: 619: 555: 554: 470:Theoretical model 450:Physical symptoms 445:Sign and symptoms 411:positive feedback 298:), also known as 289: 288: 247:Medical condition 245: 244: 237: 227: 226: 219: 165: 164: 141: 57: 10369: 10347:Internet culture 10324: 10323: 10322: 10312: 10311: 10303: 10118:Anorexia nervosa 10103:Bipolar disorder 10071:Anxiety disorder 9881: 9874: 9867: 9858: 9857: 9844: 9843: 9531: 9530: 9412: 9411: 9337:G9a-like protein 9153: 9152: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9102: 9101: 9096: 9083: 9070: 9065: 9034: 9024: 9015: 9008:Psychology Today 8998: 8961: 8940: 8927: 8904: 8875: 8850: 8841: 8812: 8803: 8786:(6): 3027–3044. 8774: 8737: 8727: 8702: 8696: 8686: 8676: 8647: 8645: 8639:. 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Archived from 7881: 7872: 7871: 7869: 7868: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7820: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7795: 7794: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7756: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7733:""戒网专家"电击治网瘾惹争议" 7729: 7720: 7719: 7717: 7716: 7702: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7670: 7664: 7663: 7651: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7549: 7539: 7515: 7509: 7508: 7498: 7466: 7460: 7459: 7449: 7417: 7411: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7395: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7280: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7254: 7230: 7224: 7223: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7152: 7146: 7145: 7127: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7078: 7054: 7048: 7047: 7027: 7021: 7020: 7002: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6842: 6841: 6827: 6821: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6797: 6787: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6695: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6647: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6607: 6599: 6597: 6596: 6581: 6575: 6574: 6564: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6489: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6422: 6413: 6412: 6376: 6363: 6362: 6322: 6313: 6312: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6259: 6219: 6210: 6209: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6070: 6061: 6060: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6004: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5899: 5867: 5858: 5857: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5794: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5764: 5740: 5725: 5724: 5698: 5689: 5683: 5682: 5673:(6): 2597–2619. 5662: 5656: 5655: 5637: 5613: 5607: 5606: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5546:(5): 1089–1097. 5535: 5529: 5528: 5518: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5473: 5463: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5396: 5387: 5386: 5350: 5344: 5343: 5307: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5255: 5246: 5245: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5174: 5165: 5164: 5138: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5090: 5084: 5083: 5057: 5055:10.1.1.1025.8525 5037: 5028: 5027: 5005: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4890: 4881: 4880: 4852: 4846: 4845: 4836:(3): 1044–1053. 4825: 4819: 4818: 4808: 4791:(5935): 1630–1. 4776: 4757: 4756: 4720: 4701: 4700: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4558: 4552: 4551: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4487:. Archived from 4476: 4470: 4459: 4453: 4443: 4433: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4293: 4287: 4286: 4276: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4231: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4158: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4094: 4088: 4087: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4034: 4007: 4006: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3917: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3865: 3855: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3710: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3660: 3636: 3630: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3599: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3528: 3520: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3116: 3110: 3103: 3094: 3093: 3057: 3040: 3039: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2883: 2874: 2873: 2863: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2773: 2764: 2763: 2753: 2729: 2720: 2719: 2709: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2666:. Archived from 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2645: 2628: 2622: 2621: 2611: 2601: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2550: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2508: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2477: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2443: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2402: 2396: 2395: 2385: 2353: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2323: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2230: 2099:, Snapchat, and 2081:city of New York 1903: 1472: 1468: 1352:(SSRIs) such as 710:sexual addiction 704:, also known as 666:Problem gambling 615: 612: 606: 594: 593: 586: 550: 547: 541: 529: 528: 521: 262: 250: 249: 240: 233: 222: 215: 211: 208: 202: 197:this article by 188:inline citations 175: 174: 167: 160: 159: 151: 148: 142: 140: 99: 68: 67: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 10377: 10376: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10332: 10331: 10330: 10320: 10318: 10306: 10298: 10296: 10291: 10139: 10113:Eating disorder 10063: 10057: 10007:Neuroergonomics 9987:Cyberpsychology 9950: 9896: 9890: 9885: 9855: 9850: 9832: 9828:Sober companion 9758: 9712:Reagent testing 9688: 9667: 9611: 9605: 9556: 9550: 9525: 9523: 9512: 9441: 9397: 9284:Transcriptional 9276: 9270: 9197: 9183:Methylphenidate 9178:Methamphetamine 9142: 9129: 9099: 9063: 9032: 8924: 8694: 8643: 8636: 8546: 8544:Further reading 8541: 8530: 8526: 8515: 8511: 8498: 8497: 8490: 8445: 8441: 8426: 8419: 8412:Washington Post 8404: 8400: 8391: 8389: 8379: 8375: 8366: 8364: 8355: 8354: 8347: 8338: 8336: 8323: 8322: 8311: 8290: 8286: 8277: 8275: 8266: 8265: 8261: 8252: 8250: 8240: 8236: 8227: 8225: 8215: 8211: 8202: 8200: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8178: 8176: 8168: 8167: 8163: 8154: 8152: 8137: 8133: 8124: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8094: 8092: 8082: 8075: 8066: 8064: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8042: 8040: 8032: 8031: 8024: 7985: 7981: 7972: 7970: 7968:www.thepaper.cn 7962: 7961: 7957: 7948: 7946: 7935: 7931: 7922: 7920: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7898: 7896: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7866: 7864: 7856: 7855: 7851: 7842: 7840: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7818: 7816: 7805: 7801: 7792: 7790: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7768: 7766: 7758: 7757: 7750: 7741: 7739: 7731: 7730: 7723: 7714: 7712: 7710:health.sohu.com 7704: 7703: 7692: 7683: 7681: 7678:Financial Times 7672: 7671: 7667: 7660:Washington Post 7652: 7639: 7630: 7628: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7606: 7604: 7594: 7590: 7583: 7567: 7563: 7516: 7512: 7467: 7463: 7418: 7414: 7403: 7399: 7376: 7372: 7361:"Just Click No" 7357: 7353: 7314: 7310: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7231: 7227: 7196: 7192: 7153: 7149: 7118:(12): 2210–22. 7104: 7100: 7055: 7051: 7028: 7024: 6979: 6975: 6943: 6939: 6910: 6906: 6891: 6877: 6873: 6864: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6839: 6837: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6804: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6775: 6773: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6751: 6749: 6741: 6740: 6736: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6720: 6716: 6707: 6705: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6683: 6682: 6678: 6663: 6659: 6648: 6641: 6632: 6630: 6622: 6621: 6617: 6601: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6582: 6578: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6507: 6503: 6466:JAMA Psychiatry 6458: 6454: 6423: 6416: 6377: 6366: 6323: 6316: 6277: 6273: 6220: 6213: 6182: 6178: 6147: 6143: 6106: 6102: 6071: 6064: 6049: 6042: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5953: 5946: 5917: 5913: 5868: 5861: 5830: 5826: 5795: 5788: 5741: 5728: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5663: 5659: 5614: 5610: 5571: 5567: 5536: 5532: 5491: 5487: 5432: 5428: 5397: 5390: 5351: 5347: 5308: 5301: 5256: 5249: 5210: 5206: 5175: 5168: 5153: 5139: 5128: 5091: 5087: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5012:. Seattle, WA: 5006: 4987: 4950: 4946: 4915: 4911: 4902: 4900: 4892: 4891: 4884: 4853: 4849: 4826: 4822: 4777: 4760: 4721: 4704: 4673: 4669: 4648:(1–3): 267–72. 4638: 4634: 4613:(12): 1839–45. 4602: 4598: 4559: 4555: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4507: 4503: 4494: 4492: 4477: 4473: 4410: 4406: 4383: 4379: 4340: 4333: 4294: 4290: 4249: 4245: 4200: 4196: 4159: 4152: 4136: 4130: 4126: 4095: 4091: 4068: 4064: 4057: 4035: 4010: 3971: 3967: 3928: 3924: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3891: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3832: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3744: 3740: 3708:10.1.1.464.5684 3701:(10): 1303–14. 3691: 3687: 3678: 3674: 3637: 3633: 3627:Wayback Machine 3617: 3613: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3542: 3538: 3522: 3521: 3489: 3485: 3474: 3470: 3417: 3413: 3370: 3366: 3323: 3319: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3289: 3285: 3250: 3246: 3203: 3199: 3164: 3160: 3117: 3113: 3104: 3097: 3058: 3043: 3012: 3008: 2995: 2991: 2968: 2961: 2922: 2915: 2884: 2877: 2824: 2820: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2730: 2723: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2671: 2656: 2652: 2643: 2641: 2638:www.netflix.com 2630: 2629: 2625: 2578: 2574: 2519: 2515: 2506: 2504: 2495: 2491: 2454: 2450: 2441: 2439: 2431: 2430: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2354: 2347: 2300: 2293: 2283: 2281: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2159:Gaming disorder 2114: 2105:public nuisance 1994: 1982: 1954: 1930: 1918: 1887: 1855: 1838: 1830: 1796: 1467: 1458: 1392:12-step program 1377: 1369:methylphenidate 1365:psychostimulant 1346:antidepressants 1342: 1315:alcohol abusers 1307: 1237: 1232: 1223: 1210: 1175:online gambling 1171:Net compulsions 1144: 1108: 1091: 1082: 948: 943: 931:gaming disorder 867: 858: 849: 840: 827: 811: 802: 793: 788: 760: 751: 745: 728: 722: 714:sexual activity 699: 688: 682: 676: 668: 662: 657: 644: 616: 610: 607: 604: 595: 591: 584: 576: 567: 551: 545: 542: 539: 530: 526: 519: 514: 494: 485: 480: 472: 452: 447: 423: 402: 397: 342:appears in the 340:gaming disorder 285: 248: 241: 230: 229: 228: 223: 212: 206: 203: 193:Please help to 192: 176: 172: 161: 157: 152: 146: 143: 100: 89: 85:primary sources 69: 65: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10375: 10365: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10329: 10328: 10316: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10233:Binge-watching 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10193:Digital zombie 10190: 10185: 10183:Cyberpathology 10180: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10147: 10145: 10144:Related topics 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10120: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10089: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10056: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10028: 10027: 10026: 10016: 10011: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9969: 9964: 9958: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9932: 9931: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9900: 9898: 9892: 9891: 9884: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9861: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9837: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9824: 9823: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9770: 9768: 9764: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9715: 9714: 9704: 9698: 9696: 9694:Harm reduction 9690: 9689: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9675: 9673: 9672:Support groups 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9615: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9577: 9576: 9571: 9560: 9558: 9552: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9543: 9537: 9535: 9534:Detoxification 9528: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9500: 9499: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9471:Benzodiazepine 9468: 9463: 9458: 9449: 9447: 9443: 9442: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9418: 9416: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9395: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9321: 9320: 9319: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9280: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9269: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9251: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9236: 9228: 9226:Palatable food 9223: 9222: 9221: 9216: 9207: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9159: 9157: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9128: 9127: 9120: 9113: 9105: 9098: 9097: 9084: 9071: 9043:(2–3): 88–95. 9025: 9016: 8999: 8962: 8952:(2): 235–236. 8941: 8928: 8922: 8905: 8887:(6): 496–502. 8876: 8866:(4): 422–435. 8851: 8842: 8824:(4): 363–388. 8813: 8807:Bax T (2013). 8804: 8775: 8738: 8718:(4): 430–454. 8703: 8687: 8648: 8646:on 2015-04-21. 8629: 8620: 8577: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8539: 8524: 8509: 8488: 8459:(8): 427–440. 8439: 8417: 8398: 8373: 8345: 8309: 8284: 8259: 8234: 8209: 8185: 8161: 8131: 8101: 8073: 8049: 8022: 7979: 7955: 7929: 7905: 7873: 7858:"南方周末 - 86条规定" 7849: 7834:"我在'网瘾集中营'的生活" 7825: 7799: 7775: 7748: 7721: 7690: 7665: 7637: 7613: 7588: 7581: 7561: 7510: 7481:(1): 225–232. 7461: 7432:(1): 233–239. 7412: 7397: 7370: 7365:The New Yorker 7351: 7308: 7266: 7225: 7206:(4): 259–267. 7190: 7157:Der Nervenarzt 7147: 7098: 7049: 7022: 6973: 6937: 6924:(3): 251–256. 6904: 6889: 6871: 6846: 6822: 6802: 6782: 6758: 6734: 6714: 6690: 6676: 6657: 6639: 6615: 6584:cgaa513admin. 6576: 6547:(8): 979–994. 6527: 6501: 6452: 6414: 6364: 6314: 6287:(5): 263–271. 6271: 6211: 6176: 6141: 6100: 6062: 6040: 5990: 5944: 5911: 5859: 5824: 5805:(5): 413–418. 5786: 5726: 5684: 5657: 5608: 5565: 5530: 5485: 5426: 5388: 5345: 5299: 5270:(12): 755–60. 5247: 5220:(3): 377–383. 5204: 5185:(3): 237–244. 5166: 5151: 5126: 5085: 5048:(5): 277–283. 5029: 5022: 4985: 4964:(3): 263–271. 4944: 4909: 4882: 4847: 4820: 4758: 4702: 4683:(12): 839–44. 4667: 4632: 4596: 4553: 4534: 4527: 4501: 4471: 4404: 4393:(7): 757–766. 4377: 4331: 4288: 4243: 4194: 4173:(10): 937–43. 4150: 4124: 4089: 4078:(7): 757–766. 4062: 4055: 4008: 3965: 3922: 3898: 3877: 3826: 3809: 3790: 3781: 3762:(6): 446–458. 3738: 3685: 3672: 3631: 3611: 3570: 3556: 3536: 3483: 3468: 3431:(4): 389–397. 3411: 3384:(5): 395–401. 3364: 3317: 3305: 3283: 3264:(2): 187–195. 3244: 3217:(1): 573–590. 3197: 3158: 3131:(1–2): 59–74. 3111: 3095: 3041: 3006: 2989: 2959: 2913: 2894:(4): 363–388. 2875: 2818: 2807:(7): 757–766. 2791: 2765: 2721: 2680: 2650: 2623: 2572: 2513: 2489: 2468:(4): 430–454. 2448: 2421: 2397: 2345: 2291: 2258: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2196:Soft addiction 2193: 2188: 2183: 2177: 2172: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2139:Digital addict 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2077: 2053: 2014:Meta Platforms 1993: 1990: 1981: 1978: 1967:equine therapy 1953: 1950: 1929: 1926: 1917: 1914: 1886: 1883: 1854: 1851: 1837: 1834: 1829: 1828:Public concern 1826: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1762: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1506:YDQ & IAT 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1466: 1463: 1457: 1454: 1376: 1373: 1341: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1325: 1306: 1303: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1273: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1209: 1208:Public concern 1206: 1202: 1201: 1189: 1181: 1177:, shopping or 1168: 1162: 1143: 1142:Classification 1140: 1107: 1104: 1090: 1087: 1081: 1078: 1061: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1021: 998: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 976: 947: 944: 942: 939: 907: 906: 879: 866: 863: 857: 854: 848: 845: 839: 836: 826: 823: 810: 807: 801: 800:Social factors 798: 792: 789: 787: 784: 780:binge-watching 774:sites such as 759: 756: 744: 741: 724:Main article: 721: 718: 698: 695: 678:Main article: 675: 672: 664:Main article: 661: 658: 656: 653: 643: 640: 635: 634: 631: 627: 618: 617: 598: 596: 589: 583: 580: 575: 572: 566: 563: 553: 552: 533: 531: 524: 518: 515: 513: 510: 493: 490: 484: 481: 479: 476: 471: 468: 451: 448: 446: 443: 422: 419: 401: 398: 396: 393: 287: 286: 284: 283: 278: 272: 270: 264: 263: 255: 254: 246: 243: 242: 225: 224: 179: 177: 170: 163: 162: 155: 153: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10374: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10327: 10317: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10304: 10301: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10188:Digital detox 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10178:Cyberbullying 10176: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10060: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9974: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9957: 9953: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9901: 9899: 9893: 9889: 9882: 9877: 9875: 9870: 9868: 9863: 9862: 9859: 9847: 9839: 9838: 9835: 9829: 9826: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9817: 9814: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9769: 9765: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9707:Drug checking 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9691: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9625: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9519: 9507: 9504: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9358: 9354: 9352: 9351: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9160: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9132:Reinforcement 9126: 9121: 9119: 9114: 9112: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9094: 9093:Zur Institute 9090: 9085: 9081: 9080:Science Daily 9077: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9031: 9026: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8973:(2): 103–13. 8972: 8968: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8938: 8937:Psych Central 8934: 8929: 8925: 8919: 8915: 8911: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8883:(in German). 8882: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8852: 8848: 8843: 8839: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8693: 8688: 8684: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8586:CNS Spectrums 8583: 8578: 8574: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8549: 8548: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8513: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8493: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8431: 8424: 8422: 8413: 8409: 8402: 8388: 8384: 8377: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8350: 8335:on 2018-10-15 8334: 8330: 8326: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8305: 8301: 8300:The Telegraph 8296: 8288: 8273: 8269: 8263: 8249: 8245: 8238: 8224: 8220: 8213: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8175: 8171: 8165: 8151:on 2010-03-03 8150: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8121:on 2018-03-08 8120: 8116: 8112: 8105: 8091: 8087: 8080: 8078: 8063: 8062:www.infzm.com 8059: 8053: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8027: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7995:(4): 206–12. 7994: 7990: 7983: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7944: 7940: 7933: 7919: 7915: 7909: 7895:on 2018-04-05 7894: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7878: 7863: 7862:www.infzm.com 7859: 7853: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7814: 7810: 7803: 7789: 7785: 7779: 7765: 7761: 7760:"一个网戒中心的生态系统" 7755: 7753: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7726: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7679: 7675: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7642: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7603: 7599: 7592: 7584: 7582:9781135096953 7578: 7575:. Routledge. 7574: 7573: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7408: 7401: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7324:(10): 750–5. 7323: 7319: 7318:CNS Spectrums 7312: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7289:(6): 562–70. 7288: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7262: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7163:(9): 1030–9. 7162: 7159:(in German). 7158: 7151: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7102: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7069:(9): 405–12. 7068: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6890:9781536104363 6886: 6882: 6875: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6812: 6806: 6792: 6786: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6724: 6718: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6686: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6661: 6653: 6646: 6644: 6629: 6625: 6619: 6611: 6605: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6497: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6433:(3): 348–60. 6432: 6428: 6421: 6419: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6387:(5): 462–70. 6386: 6382: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6321: 6319: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6283:(in German). 6282: 6275: 6267: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6218: 6216: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6081:(3): 328–33. 6080: 6076: 6069: 6067: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6045: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5949: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5866: 5864: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5828: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5791: 5782: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5755:(3): 341–52. 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5661: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5628:(2): 563–74. 5627: 5623: 5619: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5581:(5): 285–91. 5580: 5576: 5569: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5446:(2): e87819. 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5407:(6): 805–11. 5406: 5402: 5395: 5393: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5349: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5318:(4): 443–50. 5317: 5313: 5306: 5304: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5254: 5252: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5171: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5152:9780471191599 5148: 5144: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5105:: 1372–1376. 5104: 5100: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5034: 5025: 5023:9780295752402 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4887: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4851: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4569:(2): 147–53. 4568: 4564: 4563:CNS Spectrums 4557: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4528:9783319462752 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4505: 4491:on 2019-12-30 4490: 4486: 4482: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4350:(2): 187–91. 4349: 4345: 4338: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4304:(4): 549–55. 4303: 4299: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4157: 4155: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4066: 4058: 4056:9783319462752 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3981:(2): 204–14. 3980: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3912: 3908: 3902: 3887: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3805: 3804:IEEE Spectrum 3801: 3794: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3682: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3321: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3178:: 1067–1075. 3177: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 3001: 2993: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2964: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932:(8): 528–35. 2931: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2880: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2779: 2772: 2770: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2744:(10): 901–6. 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2726: 2717: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2503: 2500: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2426: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2352: 2350: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2314:(19): 10397. 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2296: 2284:September 28, 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2229: 2227: 2222: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2144:Digital detox 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2134:Cyberslacking 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057:Washington DC 2054: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2006:public school 2003: 2002: 2001: 1999: 1989: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1962: 1958: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1923: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1891: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1833: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1815: 1812: 1808: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1784:Non-standard 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1758:North America 1756: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1381: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1322: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039:Excessive use 1037: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1025: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1002: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 973: 972: 970: 966: 960: 958: 957: 954: 938: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 880: 876: 873: 872: 871: 862: 853: 844: 838:Other factors 835: 831: 822: 818: 815: 806: 797: 783: 781: 777: 773: 772:livestreaming 770:, as well as 769: 765: 755: 750: 740: 736: 734: 727: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 694: 692: 687: 681: 671: 667: 652: 648: 639: 632: 628: 625: 624: 623: 614: 602: 597: 588: 587: 579: 571: 562: 559: 549: 537: 532: 523: 522: 509: 503: 498: 489: 475: 467: 463: 461: 457: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 418: 416: 412: 407: 392: 390: 384: 381: 379: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 347: 345: 341: 337: 335: 330: 329: 324: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 282: 279: 277: 274: 273: 271: 269: 265: 261: 256: 251: 239: 236: 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Routledge. 8808: 8783: 8779: 8746: 8742: 8715: 8711: 8698: 8656: 8652: 8641:the original 8624: 8589: 8585: 8556: 8552: 8527: 8512: 8504:The Guardian 8503: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8433: 8411: 8401: 8390:. Retrieved 8386: 8376: 8365:. Retrieved 8360: 8337:. Retrieved 8333:the original 8328: 8299: 8287: 8276:. Retrieved 8274:. 2017-08-14 8271: 8262: 8251:. Retrieved 8247: 8237: 8226:. Retrieved 8222: 8212: 8201:. Retrieved 8197: 8188: 8177:. Retrieved 8173: 8164: 8153:. Retrieved 8149:the original 8145:tech.163.com 8144: 8134: 8123:. Retrieved 8119:the original 8114: 8104: 8093:. Retrieved 8090:The Guardian 8089: 8065:. Retrieved 8061: 8052: 8041:. Retrieved 8037: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7971:. Retrieved 7967: 7958: 7947:. Retrieved 7942: 7932: 7921:. Retrieved 7918:jx.ifeng.com 7917: 7908: 7897:. Retrieved 7893:the original 7888: 7865:. Retrieved 7861: 7852: 7841:. Retrieved 7838:zqb.cyol.com 7837: 7828: 7817:. Retrieved 7812: 7802: 7791:. Retrieved 7787: 7778: 7767:. 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