Interpretations of quantum mechanics

5422:

state, according to which the quantum state is but a representation of our knowledge of the physical system, and thus not a real existing entity in itself. On this view the 'collapse' of the wave function is not a physical process, and it just reflects an update of our information about the system; see e.g. Zeilinger (1999). By contrast, the Copenhagen interpretation has also been associated with an ontological view of the quantum state, in which the wave function somehow describes a real wave, and the collapse is a real physical process – presumably induced by the observer. This ontological view is usually attributed to von Neumann in his 1932 textbook exposition of quantum mechanics; see e.g. Henderson (2010). Thus, for Bohr, the wave function is a representation of a quantum system in a particular, classically described, experimental context. Three important points need to be made regarding this contextuality: 1) When a measurement is performed (that is, when an irreversible recording has been made; see below), then the context changes, and hence the wave function changes. This can formally be seen as a 'collapse' of the wave function, with the square quotes indicating that we are not talking about a physical process in which a real wave collapses.

5365:

the familiar problem of the diaphragm with holes. Perhaps the most interesting responses came from Bohr's old friend, the physicist C. W. Oseen, and from his new ally, the physicist-philosopher Philipp Frank. Oseen had understood at last what he now recognized that Bohr had been saying all along: before a measurement an atom's state with respect to the quantity measured is undefined. Frank saw that Bohr had indeed transfixed EPR on an essential ambiguity. What Frank liked most was the implication that physicists should avoid the term and concept of 'physical reality'. He understood Bohr to mean that complementarity characterized measuring procedures, not the things measured. Bohr acknowledged that that was indeed what he had had in mind.

1694:

individual physical system changes both by dynamical laws, and whenever the observer acquires new information about the system through the process of measurement. The existence of two laws for the evolution of the state vector ... becomes problematical only if it is believed that the state vector is an objective property of the system ... The "reduction of the wavepacket" does take place in the consciousness of the observer, not because of any unique physical process which takes place there, but only because the state is a construct of the observer and not an objective property of the physical system.

2092:), but given two measurements performed at different times, it is possible to calculate the exact state of the system at all intermediate times. The collapse of the wavefunction is therefore not a physical change to the system, just a change in our knowledge of it due to the second measurement. Similarly, they explain entanglement as not being a true physical state but just an illusion created by ignoring retrocausality. The point where two particles appear to "become entangled" is simply a point where each particle is being influenced by events that occur to the other particle in the future. 1852:, also called the statistical interpretation, can be viewed as a minimalist interpretation. That is, it claims to make the fewest assumptions associated with the standard mathematics. It takes the statistical interpretation of Born to the fullest extent. The interpretation states that the wave function does not apply to an individual system – for example, a single particle – but is an abstract statistical quantity that only applies to an ensemble (a vast multitude) of similarly prepared systems or particles. In the words of Einstein: 5441:

because such an assumption would not be compatible with the validity of quantum mechanics for the closed system. We see from this that a system cut off from the external world is potential but not actual in character, or, as BOHR has often expressed it, that the system cannot be described in terms of the classical concepts. We may say that the state of the closed system represented by a Hilbert vector is indeed objective, but not real, and that the classical idea of 'objectively real things' must here, to this extent, be abandoned.

1959:. It describes the collapse of the wave function as resulting from a time-symmetric transaction between a possibility wave from the source to the receiver (the wave function) and a possibility wave from the receiver to source (the complex conjugate of the wave function). This interpretation of quantum mechanics is unique in that it not only views the wave function as a real entity, but the complex conjugate of the wave function, which appears in the Born rule for calculating the expected value for an observable, as also real. 7524: 1343: 1106: 2211:

no special role. Thus, objective-collapse theories are realistic, indeterministic, no-hidden-variables theories. Standard quantum mechanics does not specify any mechanism of collapse; quantum mechanics would need to be extended if objective collapse is correct. The requirement for an extension means that objective-collapse theories are alternatives to quantum mechanics rather than interpretations of it. Examples include

959: 987: 973: 1606:. Copenhagen-type interpretations hold that quantum descriptions are objective, in that they are independent of physicists' mental arbitrariness. The statistical interpretation of wavefunctions due to Max Born differs sharply from Schrödinger's original intent, which was to have a theory with continuous time evolution and in which wavefunctions directly described physical reality. 1721:, while to another observer at the same time, it may be in a superposition of two or more states. Consequently, if quantum mechanics is to be a complete theory, relational quantum mechanics argues that the notion of "state" describes not the observed system itself, but the relationship, or correlation, between the system and its observer(s). The 1459:, a physical property at a given location in the field is readily derived. In most mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics, measurement (understood as an interaction with a given state) has a special role in the theory, as it is the sole process that can cause a nonunitary, irreversible evolution of the state. 909:. Quantum mechanics has held up to rigorous and extremely precise tests in an extraordinarily broad range of experiments. However, there exist a number of contending schools of thought over their interpretation. These views on interpretation differ on such fundamental questions as whether quantum mechanics is 5421:

For a start, discussions of the Copenhagen interpretation in the literature are ambiguous between two different views of the wave function, both of which of course accept the Born interpretation. Sometimes the Copenhagen (and Bohr's) interpretation is associated with the epistemic view of the quantum

2210:

by regarding both the wave function and the process of collapse as ontologically objective (meaning these exist and occur independent of the observer). In objective theories, collapse occurs either randomly ("spontaneous localization") or when some physical threshold is reached, with observers having

1590:

Copenhagen interpretation, and there were in particular fundamental disagreements between the views of Bohr and Heisenberg. For example, Heisenberg emphasized a sharp "cut" between the observer (or the instrument) and the system being observed, while Bohr offered an interpretation that is independent

1067:

once quipped, "New interpretations appear every year. None ever disappear." As a rough guide to development of the mainstream view during the 1990s and 2000s, a "snapshot" of opinions was collected in a poll by Schlosshauer et al. at the "Quantum Physics and the Nature of Reality" conference of July

5364:

This resolution of EPR, which Rosen later characterized as a stipulation that ' reality is whatever quantum mechanics is capable of describing', was applauded for its clarity by Bohr's close associates. Heisenberg, Klein, and Kramers particularly liked the reduction of the EPR thought experiment to

1729:

in the observer, with respect to the observed system. However, it is held by relational quantum mechanics that this applies to all physical objects, whether or not they are conscious or macroscopic. Any "measurement event" is seen simply as an ordinary physical interaction, an establishment of the

1693:

The state is not an objective property of an individual system but is that information, obtained from a knowledge of how a system was prepared, which can be used for making predictions about future measurements. ... A quantum mechanical state being a summary of the observer's information about an

3924:

The role of irreversibility in the theory of measurement has been emphasized by many. Only this way can a permanent record be obtained. The fact that separate pointer positions must be of the asymptotic nature usually associated with irreversibility has been utilized in the measurement theory of

2243:

No experimental evidence exists that distinguishes among these interpretations. To that extent, the physical theory stands, and is consistent with itself and with reality; difficulties arise only when one attempts to "interpret" the theory. Nevertheless, designing experiments that would test the

1679:

Interpretations where quantum mechanics is said to describe an observer's knowledge of the world, rather than the world itself. This approach has some similarity with Bohr's thinking. Collapse (also known as reduction) is often interpreted as an observer acquiring information from a measurement,

5440:

Of course it is entirely justified to imagine this transition, from the possible to the actual, moved to an earlier point of time, for the observer himself does not produce the transition; but it cannot be moved back to a time when the compound system was still separate from the external world,

1856:

The attempt to conceive the quantum-theoretical description as the complete description of the individual systems leads to unnatural theoretical interpretations, which become immediately unnecessary if one accepts the interpretation that the description refers to ensembles of systems and not to

1290:

may be attributed to limitations of human observation and perception (epistemic), or may be explained as intrinsic physical randomness (ontic). Confusing the epistemic with the ontic—if for example one were to presume that a general law actually "governs" outcomes, and that the statement of a

2966:

In the consistent histories interpretation, observers are necessary to select a specific family of consistent histories (i.e., a framework), thus enabling the calculation of probabilities of physical events. Observers, however, play a purely passive role, similar to a photographer choosing a

2239:

The most common interpretations are summarized in the table below. The values shown in the cells of the table are not without controversy, for the precise meanings of some of the concepts involved are unclear and, in fact, are themselves at the center of the controversy surrounding the given

1044:", though physicists and historians of physics have argued that this terminology obscures differences between the views so designated. Copenhagen-type ideas were never universally embraced, and challenges to a perceived Copenhagen orthodoxy gained increasing attention in the 1950s with the 2010:

can be regarded as a kind of propositional logic suitable for understanding the apparent anomalies regarding quantum measurement, most notably those concerning composition of measurement operations of complementary variables. This research area and its name originated in the 1936 paper by

5459:

The description of atomic phenomena has in these respects a perfectly objective character, in the sense that no explicit reference is made to any individual observer and that therefore, with proper regard to relativistic exigencies, no ambiguity is involved in the communication of

1076:

still reigns supreme", receiving the most votes in their poll (42%), besides the rise to mainstream notability of the many-worlds interpretations: "The Copenhagen interpretation still reigns supreme here, especially if we lump it together with intellectual offsprings such as

1648:

with the parts of the wavefunction describing their experiments. Although all possible outcomes of experiments continue to lie in the wavefunction's support, the times at which they become correlated with observers effectively "split" the universe into mutually unobservable

3082:

who once wrote: "The interpretation of quantum mechanics has been dealt with by many authors, and I do not want to discuss it here. I want to deal with more fundamental things." This position is not uncommon among practitioners of quantum mechanics. Similarly

1306:). A realist stance sees the epistemic as giving us a window onto the ontic, whereas an antirealist stance sees the epistemic as providing only a logically consistent picture of the ontic. In the first half of the 20th Century, a key antirealist philosophy was 2061:, Schrödinger's views on how to interpret quantum mechanics progressed through as many as four stages, ending with a non-collapse view that in respects resembles the interpretations of Everett and van Fraassen. Because Schrödinger subscribed to a kind of post- 1985:. He concluded that the entire physical universe could be made subject to the Schrödinger equation (the universal wave function). He also described how measurement could cause a collapse of the wave function. This point of view was prominently expanded on by 2121:

As well as the mainstream interpretations discussed above, a number of other interpretations have been proposed that have not made a significant scientific impact for whatever reason. These range from proposals by mainstream physicists to the more

1586:. It is one of the oldest attitudes towards quantum mechanics, as features of it date to the development of quantum mechanics during 1925–1927, and it remains one of the most commonly taught. There is no definitive historical statement of what is 3052:

Although QBism would eschew this terminology. A change in the wavefunction that an agent ascribes to a system as a result of having an experience represents a change in his or her beliefs about further experiences they may have. See

1747:, which originally stood for "quantum Bayesianism", is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that takes an agent's actions and experiences as the central concerns of the theory. This interpretation is distinguished by its use of a 1534:

Rapidly rising intricacy, far exceeding humans' present calculational capacity, as a system's size increases: since the state space of a quantum system is exponential in the number of subsystems, it is difficult to derive classical

2956:

In the consistent histories interpretation the collapse is a legitimate calculational procedure when describing the preparation of a quantum system, but it amounts to nothing more than a convenient way of calculating conditional

2179:

and a group of collaborators including Ollivier, Poulin, Paz and Blume-Kohout. The development of the theory is due to the integration of a number of Zurek's research topics pursued over the course of twenty-five years including

1992:

However, consciousness remains a mystery. The origin and place in nature of consciousness are not well understood. Some specific proposals for consciousness caused wave-function collapse have been shown to be unfalsifiable.

2088:: events in the future can affect ones in the past, exactly as events in the past can affect ones in the future. In these theories, a single measurement cannot fully determine the state of a system (making them a type of 117: 1797:. The originators of the interpretation disagree with this characterization, proposing instead that the theory more properly aligns with a kind of realism they call "participatory realism", wherein reality consists of 1823:. The theory is based on a consistency criterion that allows the history of a system to be described so that the probabilities for each history obey the additive rules of classical probability. It is claimed to be 1602:, which states certain pairs of complementary properties cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. Moreover, properties only result from the act of "observing" or "measuring"; the theory avoids assuming 1785:. According to QBism, many, but not all, aspects of the quantum formalism are subjective in nature. For example, in this interpretation, a quantum state is not an element of reality—instead it represents the 1545:

demonstrates that classical intuitions, in which properties of a system hold definite values independent of the manner of their measurement, fail even for local systems. Also, physical principles such as

936:

is commonly presented in textbooks, many thought provoking interpretations have been developed. Despite nearly a century of debate and experiment, no consensus has been reached among physicists and

1466:

in determining outcomes. Copenhagen-type interpretations imply that the wavefunction is a calculational tool, and represents reality only immediately after a measurement performed by an observer.

1591:

of a subjective observer or measurement or collapse, which relies on an "irreversible" or effectively irreversible process that imparts the classical behavior of "observation" or "measurement".

3043:

Quantum theory is a tool any agent may use to help manage their expectations. The past comes into play only insofar as an agent’s individual experiences and temperament influence their priors.

2039:

state, which indicates what is actually true about a system at a given time. The term "modal interpretation" now is used to describe a larger set of models that grew out of this approach. The

2068:, in which "matter" and "mind" are only different aspects or arrangements of the same common elements, treating the wavefunction as ontic and treating it as epistemic became interchangeable. 1717:, is that different observers may give different accounts of the same series of events: for example, to one observer at a given point in time, a system may be in a single, "collapsed" 2247:

Most of these interpretations have variants. For example, it is difficult to get a precise definition of the Copenhagen interpretation as it was developed and argued by many people.

1834:

According to this interpretation, the purpose of a quantum-mechanical theory is to predict the relative probabilities of various alternative histories (for example, of a particle).

1317:, permitting talk of unobservables but ultimately discarding the very question of realism and positing scientific theory as a tool to help us make predictions, not to attain a deep 5705:

P. A. M. Dirac, The inadequacies of quantum field theory, in Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, B. N. Kursunoglu and E. P. Wigner, Eds. (Cambridge University, Cambridge, 1987) p. 194

2095:

Not all advocates of time-symmetric causality favour modifying the unitary dynamics of standard quantum mechanics. Thus a leading exponent of the two-state vector formalism,

2019:, who attempted to reconcile some of the apparent inconsistencies of classical Boolean logic with the facts related to measurement and observation in quantum mechanics. 1594:

Features common to Copenhagen-type interpretations include the idea that quantum mechanics is intrinsically indeterministic, with probabilities calculated using the

6508:; Balkin, Miranda S.; Becker, Kathryn M.; Burns, Matthew R.; Dudley, Christopher E.; Forth, Scott T.; Gaumer, Jeremy S.; Kramer, Mark A.; et al. (March 2002). 4642: 6028:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. The chapter "Three views Concerning Human Knowledge" addresses, among other things, instrumentalism in the physical sciences. 5797:

Lamb, W. E. (2001). "Super classical quantum mechanics: the best interpretation of nonrelativistic quantum mechanics". American Journal of Physics. 69: 413–421.

1989:, who argued that human experimenter consciousness (or maybe even dog consciousness) was critical for the collapse, but he later abandoned this interpretation. 3782:

Camilleri, K.; Schlosshauer, M. (2015). "Niels Bohr as Philosopher of Experiment: Does Decoherence Theory Challenge Bohr's Doctrine of Classical Concepts?".

1360: 1127: 4708: 17: 3078:

Although interpretational opinions are openly and widely discussed today, that was not always the case. A notable exponent of a tendency of silence was

1229:—a set of observations, including those obtained by empirical research and those obtained informally, such as humans' experience of an unequivocal world 6753: 4105: 3125: 1730:

sort of correlation discussed above. Thus the physical content of the theory has to do not with objects themselves, but the relations between them.

1085:

interpretation. In Tegmark's poll, the Everett interpretation received 17% of the vote, which is similar to the number of votes (18%) in our poll."

3915: 1407: 1178: 47: 1470:

grant that all possible outcomes are real, and that measurement-type interactions cause a branching process in which each possibility is realised.

7321: 1644:, which occurs when states interact with the environment. More precisely, the parts of the wavefunction describing observers become increasingly 1379: 1150: 2080:

in 1921. Several theories have been proposed that modify the equations of quantum mechanics to be symmetric with respect to time reversal. (See

1499:

holds that no set of classical physical concepts can simultaneously refer to all properties of a quantum system. For instance, wave description

6361: 3350: 7548: 6954: 5840: 2116: 1445: 383: 3177:

Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; Zeilinger, Anton (2013-08-01). "A snapshot of foundational attitudes toward quantum mechanics".

3087:

wrote many popularizations of quantum mechanics without ever publishing about interpretation issues like quantum measurement. Others, like

1386: 1157: 4238: 1905:

to include measurements. Particles, which always have positions, are guided by the wavefunction. The wavefunction evolves according to the

2138:

Some ideas are discussed in the context of interpreting quantum mechanics but are not necessarily regarded as interpretations themselves.

884: 3030:

A wavefunction merely encodes an agent’s expectations for future experiences. It is no more real than a probability distribution is in

7492: 3003:

Any physical interaction is treated as a collapse event relative to the systems involved, not just macroscopic or conscious observers.

1393: 1164: 2222: 1298:

In a broad sense, scientific theory can be viewed as offering an approximately true description or explanation of the natural world (

6803: 135: 4668: 7504: 5253: 1375: 1146: 591: 7188: 6746: 4131:"Let us call the thought that information might be the basic category from which all else flows informational immaterialism." 2035:

state, which describes what might be true about a system and which always evolves according to the Schrödinger equation, and a

364: 7122: 6376: 5220: 4837: 4652: 3993: 3692: 3360: 2590: 1968: 547: 2976:

In the TI the collapse of the state vector is interpreted as the completion of the transaction between emitter and absorber.

4144:"Physics concerns what we can say about nature". (Niels Bohr, quoted in Petersen, A. (1963). The philosophy of Niels Bohr. 2216: 1072:

at the "Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory" conference in August 1997. The main conclusion of the authors is that "the

1819:

interpretation generalizes the conventional Copenhagen interpretation and attempts to provide a natural interpretation of

6708: 6587: 3925:

Daneri, Loinger and Prosperi (1962). It has been accepted as a formal representation of Bohr's ideas by Rosenfeld (1966).

3767: 2081: 2041: 1956: 1550:

no longer apply in the quantum domain, signaling that most classical intuitions may be incorrect about the quantum world.

6207:

Adan Cabello (15 November 2004). "Bibliographic guide to the foundations of quantum mechanics and quantum information".

6266: 5724: 4409: 6776: 6739: 6497: 6477: 6457: 6414: 6396: 6348: 6310: 6292: 6243: 6235: 6200: 6182: 6163: 6155: 6137: 6109: 6005: 5906: 5891: 5326: 5299:; Fortin, Sebastian; Federico, Holik; Cristian, López (2017). "Interpretations of Quantum Theory: A Map of Madness". 4568: 4487: 4442: 3261: 3110: 1913:, and is deterministic. The simultaneous determination of a particle's position and velocity is subject to the usual 1426: 1197: 130: 4060: 1135: 6886: 5854:--------, and Clifton, R., 1998, "Lorentz-invariance in modal interpretations" in Dieks, D. and Vermaas, P., eds., 5847:

Dickson, M., 1994, "Wavefunction tails in the modal interpretation" in Hull, D., Forbes, M., and Burian, R., eds.,

926: 219: 3710:"How diverse are physics instructors' attitudes and approaches to teaching undergraduate level quantum mechanics?" 3021:

The interpretation was originally presented as local, but whether locality is well-posed in RQM has been disputed.

3012:

The state of the system is observer-dependent, i.e., the state is specific to the reference frame of the observer.

1400: 1171: 7459: 7168: 7163: 6871: 2031:, in his paper "A formal approach to the philosophy of science". Van Fraassen introduced a distinction between a 877: 326: 306: 174: 4627:

Durr, D.; Zanghi, N.; Goldstein, S. (Nov 14, 1995). "Bohmian Mechanics as the Foundation of Quantum Mechanics".

7568: 7563: 7471: 7143: 5539:

Martin-Dussaud, P.; Rovelli, C.; Zalamea, F. (2019). "The Notion of Locality in Relational Quantum Mechanics".

3115: 3066:

Observers, or more properly, participants, are as essential to the formalism as the systems they interact with.

3031: 1748: 1364: 1131: 566: 296: 7449: 7226: 7148: 7020: 6916: 6786: 5358:

John L. Heilbron (1988), "The Earliest Missionaries of the Copenhagen Spirit", in E. Ullmann-Margalit (ed.),

606: 344: 244: 3748:

Bell, John S. (1987), Speakable and Unspeakable in quantum Mechanics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press)

7553: 7183: 7117: 7112: 7083: 6781: 3120: 2816: 2726: 1948: 1942: 1710: 1704: 1022: 542: 537: 508: 359: 140: 6365: 3937:

Haake, Fritz (April 1, 1993), "Classical motion of meter variables in the quantum theory of measurement",

1906: 7251: 7158: 6517: 2308: 1871:

The most prominent current advocate of the ensemble interpretation is Leslie E. Ballentine, professor at

1603: 1089: 576: 321: 311: 5434:

W. Heisenberg (1955), "The Development of the Interpretation of the Quantum Theory", in W. Pauli (ed.),

4300:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

3436:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

3179:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

7527: 7289: 7097: 7068: 2548: 2416: 2104: 1894: 1888: 1621: 1615: 1547: 1467: 1463: 1225: 1053: 1045: 870: 522: 493: 4017:

Beller, Mara (December 1983). "Matrix Theory before Schrödinger: Philosophy, Problems, Consequences".

3647: 3325: 1640:

associated with measurement. The phenomena associated with measurement are claimed to be explained by

7311: 7178: 7102: 7063: 7000: 6979: 6936: 6829: 6448: 3160:

Murray Gell-Mann – Quantum Mechanics Interpretations – Feynman Sum over Histories – EPR Bertlemann's

3105: 2768: 2642: 2370: 2207: 2201: 1599: 1571: 1565: 1496: 1073: 1041: 933: 527: 488: 441: 416: 339: 199: 7378: 7358: 7348: 7338: 7294: 6854: 6387: 4460:

Fuchs, Christopher A. (2017). "On Participatory Realism". In Durham, Ian T.; Rickles, Dean (eds.).

3252:

Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics: The interpretations of quantum mechanics in historical perspective

1116: 1088:

Some concepts originating from studies of interpretations have found more practical application in

611: 6509: 5788:

van Kampen, N. G. (2008). "The scandal of quantum mechanics". American Journal of Physics 76: 989.

4505: 3673:, by John S. Bell, last article of Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, second edition. 7073: 6984: 2328: 2089: 1930: 1872: 1849: 1843: 1353: 1120: 780: 498: 406: 7487: 7035: 5653:

Pienaar, Jacques (2019). "Comment on 'The Notion of Locality in Relational Quantum Mechanics'".

4913:"Das Kausalproblem der Quantentheorie als eine Grundfrage der modernen Naturforschung überhaupt" 4866:"Das Kausalproblem der Quantentheorie als eine Grundfrage der modernen Naturforschung überhaupt" 1929:

is resolved, since the particles have definite positions at all times. Collapse is explained as

1828: 456: 354: 120: 7398: 7173: 7153: 7078: 6931: 6341:

The Shaky Game: Einstein Realism and the Quantum Theory. Science and its Conceptual Foundations

5861:

Fuchs, Christopher, 2002, "Quantum Mechanics as Quantum Information (and only a little more)".

5377:

Henrik Zinkernagel (2016), "Niels Bohr on the wave function and the classical/quantum divide",

4434: 3493: 3130: 2318: 2279: 2228: 1918: 1625: 1516: 1456: 1441: 1017:

originally viewed the electron's wave function as its charge density smeared across space, but

785: 503: 331: 301: 264: 6974: 5811:

Bub, J.; Clifton, R. (1996). "A uniqueness theorem for interpretations of quantum mechanics".

5240: 2938:

Quantum mechanics is regarded as a way of predicting observations, or a theory of measurement.

2240:

interpretation. For another table comparing interpretations of quantum theory, see reference.

1770:

QBism deals with common questions in the interpretation of quantum theory about the nature of

1029:, as it is now called, matched experiment, whereas Schrödinger's charge density view did not. 411: 7558: 7423: 6921: 6901: 6326: 6316: 6298: 6280: 6226: 6097: 4958:

Watanabe, Satosi (1955). "Symmetry of physical laws. Part III. Prediction and retrodiction".

2300: 2287: 1914: 1910: 1790: 1774: 1637: 1542: 1538: 1485: 1452: 1259: 937: 918: 254: 239: 4426: 7454: 7383: 7328: 7058: 6866: 6824: 6526: 6056: 5937: 5672: 5611: 5558: 5495: 5396: 5174: 5121: 5068: 5045:

Aharonov, Y. and Vaidman, L. "On the Two-State Vector Reformulation of Quantum Mechanics".

5020: 4967: 4924: 4877: 4548: 4475: 4364: 4317: 4257: 4177: 3948: 3847: 3801: 3721: 3620: 3564: 3502: 3453: 3391: 3196: 2684: 1922: 1816: 1810: 1782: 1764: 1722: 1645: 1489: 1477: 1473: 1216: 571: 483: 209: 166: 1220:—a set of equations and principles to generate predictions via input of initial conditions 1014: 964: 815: 8: 7439: 7408: 7353: 7333: 7241: 7198: 7053: 6964: 6891: 6881: 6793: 6488: 6468: 6047: 5011:

Aharonov, Y.; et al. (1964). "Time Symmetry in the Quantum Process of Measurement".

3140: 2858: 2692: 1982: 1926: 1909:, and the wavefunction never collapses. The theory takes place in a single spacetime, is 1778: 1760: 1739: 1661: 1650: 1641: 1078: 922: 670: 478: 396: 224: 204: 156: 6530: 6060: 5941: 5676: 5615: 5562: 5499: 5400: 5178: 5125: 5072: 5024: 4971: 4928: 4881: 4552: 4479: 4368: 4321: 4261: 4181: 3952: 3851: 3805: 3725: 3624: 3568: 3506: 3457: 3395: 3200: 2167:

induced by the environment interacting with the quantum system; where the many possible

1278:

of outcomes (epistemic), whereas a causal mechanism may be thought of as determining or

7499: 7368: 7266: 6959: 6906: 6798: 6656: 6435: 6208: 6072: 5961: 5927: 5862: 5753: 5688: 5662: 5635: 5601: 5574: 5548: 5516: 5485: 5473: 5412: 5386: 5340: 5304: 5232: 5190: 5164: 5137: 5111: 5084: 4993: 4940: 4893: 4761: 4728: 4672: 4628: 4609: 4574: 4538: 4465: 4333: 4307: 4273: 4247: 4193: 4167: 4042: 4034: 3817: 3791: 3590: 3528: 3469: 3443: 3306: 3250: 3220: 3186: 2994:

Comparing histories between systems in this interpretation has no well-defined meaning.

2778: 1714: 1520: 1307: 1299: 391: 316: 249: 161: 6068: 5741: 5272: 2268: 1767:

and aims to eliminate the interpretational conundrums that have beset quantum theory.

1680:

rather than as an objective event. These approaches have been appraised as similar to

1302:) or as providing nothing more than an account of our knowledge of the natural world ( 7509: 7418: 7388: 7316: 7279: 7274: 7256: 7221: 7211: 7015: 6911: 6876: 6859: 6762: 6547: 6473: 6453: 6410: 6392: 6372: 6344: 6306: 6288: 6262: 6239: 6231: 6196: 6178: 6159: 6151: 6133: 6105: 6076: 6001: 5953: 5918: 5902: 5887: 5824: 5771: 5720: 5692: 5627: 5521: 5344: 5332: 5322: 5216: 5215:, Volume 1, Lecture Notes in Physics 734, pp. 399–447, 2nd ed., Springer, 2008, 5194: 5141: 5088: 4997: 4843: 4833: 4779: 4749: 4648: 4613: 4578: 4564: 4493: 4483: 4438: 4427: 4405: 4382: 4197: 4046: 3999: 3989: 3964: 3939: 3865: 3688: 3594: 3582: 3532: 3520: 3409: 3356: 3298: 3257: 3212: 2382: 2164: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2127: 1820: 1583: 1575: 1528: 1313:

Since the 1950s antirealism has adopted a more modest approach, often in the form of

1037: 925:, which elements of quantum mechanics can be considered real, and what the nature of 902: 825: 800: 740: 735: 635: 601: 581: 179: 38: 6699: 5639: 5578: 5416: 4944: 4897: 4801: 4337: 4277: 3821: 3762: 3473: 3310: 3224: 1448:

is abstract and does not result in a single, clear interpretation of its quantities.

7573: 7236: 7231: 7088: 6969: 6688: 6627: 6609: 6559: 6534: 6083: 6064: 6031: 5965: 5945: 5820: 5763: 5680: 5619: 5566: 5511: 5503: 5453:

Niels Bohr (1958), "Quantum Physics and Philosophy—Causality and Complementarity",

5404: 5314: 5296: 5264: 5224: 5182: 5155:

Heaney, M. B. (2013). "A Symmetrical Interpretation of the Klein–Gordon Equation".

5129: 5076: 5028: 4983: 4975: 4932: 4885: 4797: 4771: 4750:"Can We Falsify the Consciousness-Causes-Collapse Hypothesis in Quantum Mechanics?" 4696:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Translated by Robert T. Beyer. 4601: 4556: 4530: 4506:"Does Participatory Realism Make Sense? The Role of Observership in Quantum Theory" 4372: 4325: 4265: 4211: 4185: 4026: 3956: 3881: 3877: 3809: 3729: 3628: 3572: 3546: 3510: 3461: 3399: 3352:

The Physics of Immortality: Modern Cosmology, God, and the Resurrection of the Dead

3290: 3204: 3135: 2600: 2472: 2426: 2028: 2016: 2012: 1978: 1898: 1786: 1725:

of conventional quantum mechanics becomes a description of the correlation of some

1292: 1082: 1057: 1009: 830: 820: 810: 710: 690: 675: 645: 513: 401: 6681: 6548:"'Shut up and calculate': how Einstein lost the battle to explain quantum reality" 2947:

Observers separate the universal wavefunction into orthogonal sets of experiences.

1310:, which sought to exclude unobservable aspects of reality from scientific theory. 7466: 7393: 7373: 7343: 7306: 7301: 7206: 7030: 6663: 6602: 6505: 6382: 6093: 5949: 5767: 5268: 5228: 4861: 4086: 3431: 3088: 3084: 2514: 2077: 2046: 1681: 1633: 1511:, but not simultaneously. This implies the composition of physical properties of 1326: 1314: 1064: 855: 725: 705: 451: 291: 6649: 6620: 6430: 6420: 6402: 6011: 5408: 4529:

Cabello, Adán (2017). "Interpretations of quantum theory: A map of madness". In

4329: 4133:

Information, Immaterialism, Instrumentalism: Old and New in Quantum Information.

3981: 3813: 3465: 3208: 1789:

an agent has about the possible outcomes of measurements. For this reason, some

7444: 7413: 7403: 7025: 7005: 6834: 6564: 6125: 5684: 5570: 5507: 3835: 3734: 3709: 3434:(2013-01-06). "A Snapshot of Foundational Attitudes Toward Quantum Mechanics". 3054: 2734: 2176: 2168: 2161: 2085: 2065: 1952: 1021:

reinterpreted the absolute square value of the wave function as the electron's

790: 750: 730: 700: 680: 630: 596: 446: 436: 229: 6638: 6086:, 1972, "A formal approach to the philosophy of science", in R. Colodny, ed., 5623: 5318: 5186: 5133: 5102:

Wharton, K. B. (2010). "A Novel Interpretation of the Klein–Gordon Equation".

5080: 5032: 4979: 4775: 4560: 3607:

For a discussion of the provenance of the phrase "shut up and calculate", see

3515: 3488: 3294: 3165: 3161: 2027:

Modal interpretations of quantum mechanics were first conceived of in 1972 by

7542: 7363: 7216: 7107: 7010: 6926: 6896: 6849: 6692: 6595: 6483: 6463: 6443: 6221: 5831: 5775: 5631: 5472:

Elitzur, Avshalom C.; Cohen, Eliahu; Okamoto, Ryo; Takeuchi, Shigeki (2018).

5336: 4847: 4783: 4497: 4386: 4233: 4003: 3960: 3903:, vol. 6: Foundations of Quantum Physics I (1926–1932), pp. 451–454 3898: 3611: 3586: 3555: 3524: 3413: 3382: 3302: 3216: 2824: 2782: 2650: 2604: 2464: 2181: 2172: 2058: 2007: 2002: 1986: 1524: 1287: 1003: 850: 845: 775: 745: 715: 586: 532: 259: 234: 112:{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\Psi \rangle ={\hat {H}}|\Psi \rangle } 4462:

Information and Interaction: Eddington, Wheeler, and the Limits of Knowledge

4132: 3095:, have openly criticized non-orthodox interpretations of quantum mechanics. 2076:

Time-symmetric interpretations of quantum mechanics were first suggested by

1210:

More or less, all interpretations of quantum mechanics share two qualities:

7246: 6844: 6839: 6642: 6254: 6167: 6143: 5957: 5913: 5525: 4706:

Esfeld, Michael (1999). "Essay Review: Wigner's View of Physical Reality".

2929:

But quantum logic is more limited in applicability than Coherent Histories.

2556: 2185: 2100: 2050: 1794: 1771: 1685: 1629: 1325:'s famous slogan: "Shut up and calculate" (which is often misattributed to 1322: 1318: 1237: 840: 835: 770: 755: 720: 214: 6088:

Paradigms and Paradoxes: The Philosophical Challenge of the Quantum Domain

4827: 4292: 3968: 1897:

of quantum mechanics (also known as the pilot wave theory) is a theory by

1664:

approaches have attracted growing support. They subdivide into two kinds.

7284: 6667: 6631: 6336: 6213: 6042: 6021: 5932: 5866: 5606: 5436:

Essays dedicated to Niels Bohr on the occasion of his seventieth birthday

5236: 4733: 4633: 4252: 3839: 3092: 2608: 2262: 2189: 2096: 2054: 1669: 1481: 1303: 1069: 910: 805: 760: 695: 650: 6674: 5295: 4592:

Maudlin, T. (1995). "Why Bohm's Theory Solves the Measurement Problem".

6188: 5972: 4988: 4936: 4889: 4269: 3894: 3245: 3079: 2430: 2378: 2062: 1902: 1824: 1718: 1579: 1367: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1283: 1049: 1033: 992: 914: 795: 765: 685: 660: 655: 640: 6538: 6492:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Argues that quantum theory is incomplete. 6367:

Entanglement, Information, and the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

5871:--------, and A. Peres, 2000, "Quantum theory needs no 'interpretation 5851:

1" 366–376. East Lansing, Michigan: Philosophy of Science Association.

5209:

The Two-State Vector Formalism of Quantum Mechanics: an Updated Review

4377: 4352: 4189: 4038: 3632: 3577: 3550: 3404: 3377: 3278: 7138: 6819: 5259:. In Greenberger, Daniel; Hentschel, Klaus; Weinert, Friedel (eds.). 5211:. In: Juan Gonzalo Muga, Rafael Sala Mayato, Íñigo Egusquiza (eds.): 3654:(Winter 2012 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 1756: 1752: 1595: 1264: 1068:

2011. The authors reference a similarly informal poll carried out by

1026: 958: 286: 6731: 4912: 4865: 4212:"Relational Quantum Mechanics (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)" 2152:

Quantum Darwinism is a theory meant to explain the emergence of the

1342: 1321:

understanding of the world. The instrumentalist view is typified by

1105: 6613: 5667: 5553: 5490: 5474:"Nonlocal Position Changes of a Photon Revealed by Quantum Routers" 5391: 5309: 4766: 4605: 4543: 4470: 4172: 4030: 3796: 3758: 3487:

Barnum, Howard; Wehner, Stephanie; Wilce, Alexander (August 2018).

3332:(Fall 2021 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 2336: 1673: 1527:"). Like contextuality, the "origin of complementarity lies in the 1247: 1018: 978: 665: 6723: 5758: 5169: 5116: 4425:

Ladyman, James; Ross, Don; Spurrett, David; Collier, John (2007).

4312: 3489:"Introduction: Quantum Information Theory and Quantum Foundations" 3448: 3191: 1632:

laws at all times; in particular there is no (indeterministic and

1286:

can be interpreted either as ontic or as epistemic. For instance,

1032:

The views of several early pioneers of quantum mechanics, such as

6716: 5254:"GRW Theory (Ghirardi, Rimini, Weber Model of Quantum Mechanics)" 4158:

Hartle, J. B. (1968). "Quantum mechanics of individual systems".

3164:

Richard P Feynman: Quantum Mechanical View of Reality 1 (Part 1)

2099:, states that the two-state vector formalism dovetails well with 1801:

than can be captured by any putative third-person account of it.

1759:

addition to good decision-making. QBism draws from the fields of

906: 5592:

Smerlak, Matteo; Rovelli, Carlo (2007-03-01). "Relational EPR".

3920:

Quantum Optics, Experimental Gravitation, and Measurement Theory

1240:—claims about the possibility, scope, and means toward relevant 5916:; Kleppner, D. (2000). "One Hundred Years of Quantum Physics". 2123: 4727:

Schreiber, Zvi (1995). "The Nine Lives of Schrödinger's Cat".

4533:; Fortin, Sebastian; Holik, Federico; López, Cristian (eds.). 3838:(1994) . "Albert Einstein and the development of physics". In 1751:

account of probabilities to understand the quantum mechanical

951:

Influential figures in the interpretation of quantum mechanics

4641:

Cushing, J. T.; Fine, Arthur; Goldstein, S. (17 April 2013).

1744: 1270: 986: 5538: 1250:—claims about what things, such as categories and entities, 6045:; Wheeler, J. A. (2001). "100 Years of Quantum Mysteries". 5471: 5427: 5059:

Wharton, K. B. (2007). "Time-Symmetric Quantum Mechanics".

3429: 3176: 2244:

various interpretations is the subject of active research.

972: 940:

concerning which interpretation best "represents" reality.

6321:

Veiled Reality: An Analysis of Quantum Mechanical Concepts

4424: 4106:"Quantum physics has been rankling scientists for decades" 3609:

Mermin, N. David (2004). "Could Feynman have said this?".

2022: 1955:

is an interpretation of quantum mechanics inspired by the

1262:, the distinction between knowledge and reality is termed 6621:

Everett's Relative State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics

4647:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 21–43. 2985:

The transactional interpretation is explicitly non-local.

6166:) includes two additional papers and an introduction by 5998:

Foundations of quantum mechanics, an empiricist approach

4353:"Commentary: Quantum mechanics: Fixing the shifty split" 3378:"Commentary: Quantum mechanics: Fixing the shifty split" 3279:"Constructing the Myth of the Copenhagen Interpretation" 1672:". These approaches have been described as a revival of 901:

is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of

6657:

Quantum-Bayesian and Pragmatist Views of Quantum Theory

1274:. A general law can be seen as a generalisation of the 6504: 6132:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 6121:

Almost all authors below are professional physicists.

5455:

Essays 1958–1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge

3914:

Stenholm, Stig (1983), "To fathom space and time", in

6438:: Understanding and Interpreting Contemporary Science 6409:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 6333:. Princetone, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 6104:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 3988:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3781: 2920:

Unique particle history, but multiple wave histories.

1624:

is an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which a

1548:

Leibniz's Principle of the identity of indiscernibles

50: 6440:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 6427:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 6358:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 6277:

perspective on interpretations. For general readers.

6018:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 4640: 1962: 1001:

The definition of quantum theorists' terms, such as

5813:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

5379:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

4709:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

4626: 4084: 3784:

Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics

2045:describes several versions, including proposals by 1291:regularity has the role of a causal mechanism—is a 6343:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 5376: 4644:Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An Appraisal 3249: 111: 5844:. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press. 3486: 3326:"Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" 3126:Philosophical interpretation of classical physics 1975:The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics 1668:Information ontologies, such as J. A. Wheeler's " 7540: 5357: 4910: 4860: 4748:de Barros, J. Acacio; Oas, Gary (October 2017). 4537:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–143. 4404:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 232. 3771:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 3763:"Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics" 1013:, progressed through many stages. For instance, 6724:Everettian Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics 6628:Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 5977:The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics 4620: 4504:Fuchs, Christopher A.; Timpson, Christopher G. 4085:Janas, M.; Cuffaro, M. E.; Janssen, M. (2022). 3708:Siddiqui, Shabnam; Singh, Chandralekha (2017). 3545: 3348: 1936: 1866:, ed. P.A. Schilpp (Harper & Row, New York) 1698: 1656: 6610:Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 6148:Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics 6041: 5912: 5858:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers: 9–48. 5591: 3687:. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. 3648:"The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics" 2195: 1574:is a collection of views about the meaning of 1554: 6747: 5856:The Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 5841:International Encyclopedia of Unified Science 5433: 4829:Schrödinger's Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics 4796: 4694:Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics 4232: 3828: 3775: 3751: 3707: 3645: 2117:Minority interpretations of quantum mechanics 1921:, and by embracing non-locality it satisfies 1917:constraint. The theory is considered to be a 878: 6700:The Role of Decoherence in Quantum Mechanics 6253: 6206: 6036:Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics 5834:, 1939, "The interpretation of physics", in 5742:"Feynman's interpretation of quantum theory" 4802:"Modal Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics" 4747: 4433:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 4429:Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized 4239:International Journal of Theoretical Physics 3701: 3430:Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; 3425: 3423: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 2206:Objective-collapse theories differ from the 1604:definite values from unperformed experiments 1559: 1531:of operators" that describe quantum objects. 106: 80: 4402:Bananaworld: Quantum Mechanics for Primates 4103: 3166:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72us6pnbEvE 3162:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f-OFP5tNtMY 1495:Complementarity of proffered descriptions: 1446:mathematical structure of quantum mechanics 1134:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6754: 6740: 6285:Conceptual Foundation of Quantum Mechanics 5810: 5452: 4127: 4125: 3893: 2171:are selected against in favor of a stable 2071: 1837: 1332: 1233:Two qualities vary among interpretations: 885: 871: 6639:Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 6563: 6212: 6000:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 5931: 5757: 5666: 5605: 5552: 5515: 5489: 5390: 5308: 5168: 5115: 4987: 4765: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4632: 4542: 4469: 4376: 4311: 4251: 4171: 3864: 3795: 3733: 3576: 3514: 3447: 3420: 3403: 3342: 3276: 3231: 3190: 2967:particular framing when taking a picture. 2223:continuous spontaneous localization model 1882: 1427:Learn how and when to remove this message 1198:Learn how and when to remove this message 27:Area of physical and philosophical debate 6510:"Nine formulations of quantum mechanics" 5010: 4957: 4503: 4236:(1996). "Relational Quantum Mechanics". 3913: 2110: 6545: 6498:A brief history of quantum alternatives 6407:The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 5884:Quantum Reality: Beyond the New Physics 5652: 5101: 5058: 4591: 4528: 4457:For "participatory realism," see, e.g., 4290: 4122: 3986:The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics 3652:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3330:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 3323: 2023:Modal interpretations of quantum theory 1877:Quantum Mechanics, A Modern Development 1804: 1484:, obey statistics that seem to violate 14: 7541: 6650:Philosophical Issues in Quantum Theory 5901:, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. 5714: 5154: 4825: 4705: 4510:FQXi: Foundational Questions Institute 4350: 4157: 4016: 3608: 3549:; Fuchs, Christopher A. (2019-02-01). 3375: 3244: 3073: 1864:Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist 1376:"Interpretations of quantum mechanics" 1147:"Interpretations of quantum mechanics" 6761: 6735: 6250:instrumentalism. For general readers. 6173:Dmitrii Ivanovich Blokhintsev, 1968. 6090:. Univ. of Pittsburgh Press: 303–366. 5897:Hey, Anthony, and Walters, P., 2003. 4459: 3980: 3974: 3936: 3834: 3682: 2082:Wheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory 1515:does not obey the rules of classical 1040:, are often grouped together as the " 7549:Interpretations of quantum mechanics 6717:Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics 6682:Quantum Logic and Probability Theory 6664:Quantum Entanglement and Information 5993:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5836:Foundations of Logic and Mathematics 4671:. Npl.washington.edu. Archived from 4291:Timpson, Christopher Gordon (2008). 3757: 2141: 1365:adding citations to reliable sources 1336: 1132:adding citations to reliable sources 1099: 6709:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6588:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 6175:The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics 5984:The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics 5739: 5708: 4832:. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. 4806:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4399: 4284: 3768:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 2133: 2042:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 1474:Classically unexpected correlations 899:interpretation of quantum mechanics 24: 18:Interpretation of quantum mechanics 6116: 5991:Quantum: A Guide for the Perplexed 3844:Writings on Physics and Philosophy 3369: 3277:Camilleri, Kristian (2009-02-01). 2866:Christopher Fuchs, Rüdiger Schack 417:Sum-over-histories (path integral) 103: 77: 33:Part of a series of articles about 25: 7585: 6580: 6193:Wholeness and the Implicate Order 6069:10.1038/scientificamerican0201-68 6038:. University of California Press. 5251: 4146:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3868:(1990), "Against 'measurement'", 1969:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation 1963:Von Neumann–Wigner interpretation 1507:can each describe quantum system 1440:Abstract, mathematical nature of 1079:information-based interpretations 54: 7523: 7522: 6177:. D. Reidel Publishing Company. 6130:Quantum Mechanics and Experience 4692:von Neumann, John. (1932/1955). 2781:, Alberto Rimini, Tullio Weber, 1996: 1341: 1104: 985: 971: 957: 905:might correspond to experienced 6425:Understanding Quantum Mechanics 6016:Understanding Quantum Mechanics 5791: 5782: 5746:The European Physical Journal H 5733: 5699: 5646: 5585: 5532: 5465: 5446: 5370: 5351: 5289: 5245: 5201: 5148: 5095: 5052: 5049:, Volume T76, pp. 85–92 (1998). 5039: 5004: 4951: 4904: 4854: 4819: 4790: 4741: 4699: 4686: 4661: 4585: 4522: 4451: 4418: 4393: 4351:Mermin, N. David (2012-07-01). 4344: 4225: 4204: 4151: 4138: 4097: 4087:"Understanding Quantum Raffles" 4078: 4053: 4010: 3930: 3907: 3897:(1985) , Jørgen Kalckar (ed.), 3887: 3858: 3742: 3685:Understanding quantum mechanics 3676: 3664: 3639: 3601: 3539: 3376:Mermin, N. David (2012-07-01). 3060: 3046: 3037: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2988: 2979: 2970: 2960: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2901: 1957:Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory 1951:of quantum mechanics (TIQM) by 1455:and irreversible processes: in 1352:needs additional citations for 7472:Relativistic quantum mechanics 6546:Baggott, Jim (25 April 2024). 6356:Sneaking a Look at God's Cards 6150:. Cambridge University Press, 6102:Quantum Theory and Measurement 5263:. Springer. pp. 266–270. 4800:; Dieks, Dennis (2002-11-12). 4293:"Quantum Bayesianism: A study" 4061:"In the beginning was the bit" 3480: 3317: 3270: 3170: 3154: 3116:Glossary of quantum philosophy 3111:Einstein's thought experiments 2911:guiding wavefunction are real. 2234: 1981:deeply analyzed the so-called 1628:obeys the same deterministic, 1609: 1541:behaviour of systems locally: 1025:distributed across space; the 567:Relativistic quantum mechanics 99: 92: 73: 13: 1: 7450:Quantum statistical mechanics 7227:Quantum differential calculus 7149:Delayed-choice quantum eraser 6917:Symmetry in quantum mechanics 5261:Compendium of Quantum Physics 5207:Yakir Aharonov, Lev Vaidman: 3922:, Plenum Press, p. 121, 3765:. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). 3650:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 3646:Bacciagaluppi, Guido (2012), 3328:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), 3147: 2591:Consciousness causes collapse 2175:. It was proposed in 2003 by 1713:, following the precedent of 1486:principles of local causality 607:Quantum statistical mechanics 6689:Relational Quantum Mechanics 6391:Cambridge University Press. 6388:Boojums all the way through. 6259:Quantum Optics for Engineers 5950:10.1126/science.289.5481.893 5825:10.1016/1355-2198(95)00019-4 5717:Quantum Optics for Engineers 5301:What is quantum information? 5269:10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_81 5229:10.1007/978-3-540-73473-4_13 4535:What is Quantum Information? 3121:Local hidden-variable theory 2727:Transactional interpretation 2217:Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory 1949:transactional interpretation 1943:Transactional interpretation 1937:Transactional interpretation 1793:have deemed QBism a form of 1711:relational quantum mechanics 1705:Relational quantum mechanics 1699:Relational quantum mechanics 1657:Quantum information theories 1503:and particulate description 932:While some variation of the 7: 7252:Quantum stochastic calculus 7242:Quantum measurement problem 7164:Mach–Zehnder interferometer 6518:American Journal of Physics 6472:. Oxford University Press. 6452:. Oxford University Press. 6354:Ghirardi, Giancarlo, 2004. 6026:Conjectures and Refutations 5409:10.1016/j.shpsb.2015.11.001 4669:"Quantum Nocality – Cramer" 4330:10.1016/j.shpsb.2008.03.006 3900:Niels Bohr: Collected Works 3846:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 3814:10.1016/j.shpsb.2015.01.005 3714:European Journal of Physics 3466:10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004 3209:10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004 3098: 2769:Objective-collapse theories 2196:Objective-collapse theories 1555:Influential interpretations 1090:quantum information science 577:Quantum information science 10: 7590: 6691:" by Federico Laudisa and 6565:10.1038/d41586-024-01216-z 6287:, 2nd ed. Addison Wesley. 5804: 5768:10.1140/epjh/e2011-10035-2 5685:10.1007/s10701-019-00303-w 5571:10.1007/s10701-019-00234-6 5508:10.1038/s41598-018-26018-y 4231:For more information, see 4104:Kate Becker (2013-01-25). 2549:Many-worlds interpretation 2199: 2145: 2114: 2105:many-worlds interpretation 2000: 1966: 1940: 1886: 1875:, author of the text book 1841: 1808: 1737: 1709:The essential idea behind 1702: 1622:many-worlds interpretation 1616:Many-worlds interpretation 1613: 1578:principally attributed to 1563: 1468:Everettian interpretations 1054:many-worlds interpretation 943: 7518: 7480: 7432: 7312:Quantum complexity theory 7290:Quantum cellular automata 7265: 7197: 7131: 7044: 6993: 6980:Path integral formulation 6947: 6812: 6769: 6702:" by Guido Bacciagaluppi. 6641:" by Michael Dickson and 6331:On Physics and Philosophy 6112:, LoC QC174.125.Q38 1983. 5624:10.1007/s10701-007-9105-0 5319:10.1017/9781316494233.009 5213:Time in Quantum Mechanics 5187:10.1007/s10701-013-9713-9 5134:10.1007/s10701-009-9398-2 5081:10.1007/s10701-006-9089-1 5033:10.1103/physrev.134.b1410 4980:10.1103/revmodphys.27.179 4960:Reviews of Modern Physics 4911:Schottky, Walter (1921). 4776:10.1007/s10701-017-0110-7 4561:10.1017/9781316494233.009 3842:; von Meyenn, K. (eds.). 3516:10.1007/s10701-018-0188-6 3295:10.1162/posc.2009.17.1.26 2817:Relational interpretation 2643:Many-minds interpretation 2371:Copenhagen interpretation 2208:Copenhagen interpretation 2202:Objective-collapse theory 1907:Schrödinger wave equation 1572:Copenhagen interpretation 1566:Copenhagen interpretation 1560:Copenhagen interpretation 1521:propositional connectives 1478:entangled quantum systems 1095: 1074:Copenhagen interpretation 1046:pilot-wave interpretation 1042:Copenhagen interpretation 934:Copenhagen interpretation 929:is, among other matters. 7379:Quantum machine learning 7359:Quantum key distribution 7349:Quantum image processing 7339:Quantum error correction 7189:Wheeler's delayed choice 6605:" by Giancarlo Ghirardi. 5996:de Muynck, W. M., 2002. 5899:The New Quantum Universe 5740:Zeh, H. D. (July 2011). 3961:10.1103/PhysRevA.47.2506 3882:10.1088/2058-7058/3/8/26 3735:10.1088/1361-6404/aa6131 3349:Frank J. Tipler (1994). 2269:Ontic wavefunction 2053:, Clifton, Dickson, and 1733: 1480:, as illustrated in the 1476:between remote objects: 612:Quantum machine learning 365:Wheeler's delayed-choice 7295:Quantum finite automata 6598:" by Sheldon Goldstein. 6460:. Especially chapter 6. 5886:. New York: Doubleday. 4826:Bitbol, Michel (1996). 3283:Perspectives on Science 2670:Interpretational 2492:Interpretational 2447:Phenomenological 2329:Ensemble interpretation 2309:Counterfactually 2160:as due to a process of 2090:hidden-variables theory 2072:Time-symmetric theories 1873:Simon Fraser University 1850:ensemble interpretation 1844:Ensemble interpretation 1838:Ensemble interpretation 1791:philosophers of science 1598:, and the principle of 1333:Interpretive challenges 938:philosophers of physics 322:Leggett–Garg inequality 7399:Quantum neural network 6726:" by Christina Conroy. 6449:The Emperor's New Mind 6230:. London: Allen Lane. 5849:Proceedings of the PSA 5715:Duarte, F. J. (2014). 5655:Foundations of Physics 5594:Foundations of Physics 5541:Foundations of Physics 5157:Foundations of Physics 5104:Foundations of Physics 5061:Foundations of Physics 4754:Foundations of Physics 4135:Christopher G. Timpson 3683:Omnès, Roland (1999). 3494:Foundations of Physics 3256:. Wiley-Interscience. 3032:subjective Bayesianism 2417:De Broglie–Bohm theory 2229:Penrose interpretation 1919:hidden-variable theory 1901:and extended later by 1895:de Broglie–Bohm theory 1889:De Broglie–Bohm theory 1883:De Broglie–Bohm theory 1869: 1696: 1626:universal wavefunction 1457:classical field theory 1442:quantum field theories 113: 7569:Philosophical debates 7564:Philosophy of physics 7424:Quantum teleportation 6937:Wave–particle duality 6684:" by Alexander Wilce. 6623:" by Jeffrey Barrett. 6227:The Fabric of Reality 6195:. London: Routledge. 6098:Wojciech Hubert Zurek 5360:Science in Reflection 4594:Philosophy of Science 4400:Bub, Jeffrey (2016). 3551:"Quantum foundations" 3324:Vaidman, Lev (2021), 3106:Bohr–Einstein debates 2256:Year published 2253:Interpretation 2111:Other interpretations 1915:uncertainty principle 1854: 1691: 1662:Quantum informational 1638:wavefunction collapse 1543:Quantum contextuality 1260:philosophy of science 307:Elitzur–Vaidman 297:Davisson–Germer 114: 7455:Quantum field theory 7384:Quantum metamaterial 7329:Quantum cryptography 7059:Consistent histories 6719:" by Peter J. Lewis. 6659:" by Richard Healey. 6495:Lee Phillips, 2017. 6303:In Search of Reality 6246:. Argues forcefully 6158:. The 2004 edition ( 5362:, pp. 201–233, 5303:. pp. 138–144. 4214:. Plato.stanford.edu 4110:Boulder Daily Camera 3547:DiVincenzo, David P. 2685:Consistent histories 1829:Schrödinger equation 1817:consistent histories 1811:Consistent histories 1805:Consistent histories 1765:Bayesian probability 1490:action at a distance 1361:improve this article 1282:outcomes (ontic). A 1128:improve this section 572:Quantum field theory 484:Consistent histories 121:Schrödinger equation 48: 7554:Quantum measurement 7440:Quantum fluctuation 7409:Quantum programming 7369:Quantum logic gates 7354:Quantum information 7334:Quantum electronics 6794:Classical mechanics 6677:" by Jenann Ismael. 6652:" by Wayne Myrvold. 6531:2002AmJPh..70..288S 6489:The Road to Reality 6469:Shadows of the Mind 6061:2001SciAm.284b..68T 6048:Scientific American 5986:. Wiley & Sons. 5942:2000quant.ph..8092K 5882:Herbert, N., 1985. 5677:2019FoPh...49.1404P 5616:2007FoPh...37..427S 5563:2019FoPh...49...96M 5500:2018NatSR...8.7730E 5401:2016SHPMP..53....9Z 5179:2013FoPh...43..733H 5126:2010FoPh...40..313W 5073:2007FoPh...37..159W 5025:1964PhRv..134.1410A 4972:1955RvMP...27..179W 4929:1921NW......9..506S 4917:Naturwissenschaften 4882:1921NW......9..492S 4870:Naturwissenschaften 4553:2015arXiv150904711C 4480:2016arXiv160104360F 4369:2012PhT....65g...8M 4322:2008SHPMP..39..579T 4262:1996IJTP...35.1637R 4182:1968AmJPh..36..704H 3953:1993PhRvA..47.2506H 3852:1994wpp..book.....P 3806:2015SHPMP..49...73C 3726:2017EJPh...38c5703S 3671:La nouvelle cuisine 3625:2004PhT....57e..10M 3569:2019PhT....72b..50D 3507:2018FoPh...48..853B 3458:2013SHPMP..44..222S 3396:2012PhT....65g...8M 3201:2013SHPMP..44..222S 3141:Quantum foundations 3131:Popper's experiment 3074:The silent approach 2693:Robert B. Griffiths 2508:symmetric theories 2290:wavefunctions 2263:Deterministic 1983:measurement problem 1927:measurement problem 1857:individual systems. 1779:quantum measurement 1761:quantum information 1749:subjective Bayesian 1740:Quantum Bayesianism 1651:alternate histories 1517:propositional logic 1023:probability density 360:Stern–Gerlach 157:Classical mechanics 7493:in popular culture 7275:Quantum algorithms 7123:Von Neumann–Wigner 7103:Objective collapse 6799:Old quantum theory 6603:Collapse Theories. 6436:Quantum Philosophy 6327:Bernard d'Espagnat 6317:Bernard d'Espagnat 6299:Bernard d'Espagnat 6281:Bernard d'Espagnat 5989:Al-Khalili, 2003. 5478:Scientific Reports 5438:, Pergamon Press, 5019:(6B): B1410–1416. 4937:10.1007/BF01496025 4890:10.1007/BF01494985 4639:Also published in 4270:10.1007/BF02302261 2779:Giancarlo Ghirardi 2321:wavefunction 1727:degrees of freedom 1715:special relativity 1308:logical positivism 1300:scientific realism 548:Von Neumann–Wigner 528:Objective-collapse 327:Mach–Zehnder 317:Leggett inequality 312:Franck–Hertz 162:Old quantum theory 109: 7536: 7535: 7510:Quantum mysticism 7488:Schrödinger's cat 7419:Quantum simulator 7389:Quantum metrology 7317:Quantum computing 7280:Quantum amplifier 7257:Quantum spacetime 7222:Quantum cosmology 7212:Quantum chemistry 6912:Scattering theory 6860:Zero-point energy 6855:Degenerate levels 6763:Quantum mechanics 6675:Quantum mechanics 6596:Bohmian mechanics 6539:10.1119/1.1445404 6377:978-3-540-92127-1 6323:. Westview Press. 6261:. New York: CRC. 5926:(5481): 893–898. 5719:. New York: CRC. 5661:(12): 1404–1414. 5297:Olimpia, Lombardi 5221:978-3-540-73472-7 4839:978-94-009-1772-9 4798:Lombardi, Olimpia 4760:(10): 1294–1308. 4654:978-94-015-8715-0 4531:Lombardi, Olimpia 4378:10.1063/PT.3.1618 4190:10.1119/1.1975096 3995:978-0-691-03669-4 3940:Physical Review A 3694:978-0-691-00435-8 3633:10.1063/1.1768652 3578:10.1063/PT.3.4141 3405:10.1063/PT.3.1618 3362:978-0-385-46799-5 2910: 2897: 2896: 2383:Werner Heisenberg 2165:natural selection 2148:Quantum Darwinism 2142:Quantum Darwinism 2128:quantum mysticism 1923:Bell's inequality 1821:quantum cosmology 1787:degrees of belief 1584:Werner Heisenberg 1576:quantum mechanics 1529:non-commutativity 1437: 1436: 1429: 1411: 1223:They interpret a 1214:They interpret a 1208: 1207: 1200: 1182: 1038:Werner Heisenberg 1015:Erwin Schrödinger 965:Erwin Schrödinger 903:quantum mechanics 895: 894: 602:Scattering theory 582:Quantum computing 355:Schrödinger's cat 287:Bell's inequality 95: 70: 39:Quantum mechanics 16:(Redirected from 7581: 7526: 7525: 7237:Quantum geometry 7232:Quantum dynamics 7089:Superdeterminism 7021:Rarita–Schwinger 6970:Matrix mechanics 6825:Bra–ket notation 6756: 6749: 6742: 6733: 6732: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6567: 6542: 6514: 6506:Styer, Daniel F. 6272: 6218: 6216: 6214:quant-ph/0012089 6084:Bas van Fraassen 6080: 6032:Hans Reichenbach 5982:--------, 1974. 5969: 5935: 5933:quant-ph/0008092 5874: 5867:quant-ph/0205039 5828: 5798: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5780: 5779: 5761: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5670: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5609: 5607:quant-ph/0604064 5589: 5583: 5582: 5556: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5493: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5394: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5312: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5271:. Archived from 5258: 5249: 5243: 5237:quant-ph/0105101 5205: 5199: 5198: 5172: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5119: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5056: 5050: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4991: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4862:Schottky, Walter 4858: 4852: 4851: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808:. Science.uva.nl 4794: 4788: 4787: 4769: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734:quant-ph/9501014 4724: 4718: 4717: 4703: 4697: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4638: 4636: 4634:quant-ph/9511016 4624: 4618: 4617: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4546: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4501: 4473: 4455: 4449: 4448: 4432: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4380: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4315: 4297: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4255: 4253:quant-ph/9609002 4246:(8): 1637–1678. 4229: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4175: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4136: 4129: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4014: 4008: 4007: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3947:(4): 2506–2517, 3934: 3928: 3927: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3799: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3659: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3580: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3518: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3451: 3432:Zeilinger, Anton 3427: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3355:. Anchor Books. 3346: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3255: 3242: 3229: 3228: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3158: 3136:Superdeterminism 3067: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3041: 3035: 3028: 3022: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2992: 2986: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2601:John von Neumann 2473:Garrett Birkhoff 2427:Louis de Broglie 2250: 2249: 2134:Related concepts 2084:.) This creates 2029:Bas van Fraassen 2017:John von Neumann 2013:Garrett Birkhoff 1979:John von Neumann 1973:In his treatise 1931:phenomenological 1899:Louis de Broglie 1867: 1432: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1369: 1345: 1337: 1293:category mistake 1203: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1140: 1108: 1100: 1083:quantum Bayesian 1058:Hugh Everett III 1010:matrix mechanics 989: 975: 961: 887: 880: 873: 514:Superdeterminism 167:Bra–ket notation 118: 116: 115: 110: 102: 97: 96: 88: 76: 71: 69: 58: 30: 29: 21: 7589: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7579: 7578: 7539: 7538: 7537: 7532: 7514: 7500:Wigner's friend 7476: 7467:Quantum gravity 7428: 7414:Quantum sensing 7394:Quantum network 7374:Quantum machine 7344:Quantum imaging 7307:Quantum circuit 7302:Quantum channel 7261: 7207:Quantum biology 7193: 7169:Elitzur–Vaidman 7144:Davisson–Germer 7127: 7079:Hidden-variable 7069:de Broglie–Bohm 7046:Interpretations 7040: 6989: 6943: 6830:Complementarity 6808: 6765: 6760: 6583: 6570: 6568: 6558:(8010): 29–32. 6512: 6501:. Ars Technica. 6383:N. David Mermin 6269: 6119: 6117:Further reading 6094:John A. Wheeler 5872: 5807: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5783: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5651: 5647: 5590: 5586: 5537: 5533: 5470: 5466: 5451: 5447: 5432: 5428: 5375: 5371: 5356: 5352: 5329: 5294: 5290: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5206: 5202: 5153: 5149: 5100: 5096: 5057: 5053: 5047:Physica Scripta 5044: 5040: 5013:Physical Review 5009: 5005: 4956: 4952: 4923:(26): 506–511. 4909: 4905: 4876:(25): 492–496. 4859: 4855: 4840: 4824: 4820: 4811: 4809: 4795: 4791: 4746: 4742: 4725: 4721: 4704: 4700: 4691: 4687: 4678: 4676: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4625: 4621: 4590: 4586: 4571: 4527: 4523: 4514: 4512: 4502: 4490: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4398: 4394: 4349: 4345: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4230: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4102: 4098: 4083: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4015: 4011: 3996: 3979: 3975: 3935: 3931: 3916:Meystre, Pierre 3912: 3908: 3892: 3888: 3863: 3859: 3836:Pauli, Wolfgang 3833: 3829: 3780: 3776: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3655: 3644: 3640: 3606: 3602: 3544: 3540: 3485: 3481: 3428: 3421: 3374: 3370: 3363: 3347: 3343: 3335: 3333: 3322: 3318: 3275: 3271: 3264: 3243: 3232: 3175: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3101: 3089:Nico van Kampen 3085:Richard Feynman 3076: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3038: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2774: 2596: 2515:Satosi Watanabe 2507: 2422: 2320: 2317: 2310: 2302: 2296: 2289: 2281: 2275: 2237: 2204: 2198: 2154:classical world 2150: 2144: 2136: 2119: 2113: 2078:Walter Schottky 2074: 2057:. According to 2025: 2005: 1999: 1971: 1965: 1945: 1939: 1891: 1885: 1868: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1813: 1807: 1742: 1736: 1707: 1701: 1682:instrumentalism 1659: 1618: 1612: 1600:complementarity 1568: 1562: 1557: 1535:approximations. 1497:complementarity 1453:indeterministic 1433: 1422: 1416: 1413: 1370: 1368: 1358: 1346: 1335: 1327:Richard Feynman 1315:instrumentalism 1204: 1193: 1187: 1184: 1141: 1139: 1125: 1109: 1098: 1065:N. David Mermin 999: 998: 997: 996: 995: 990: 982: 981: 976: 968: 967: 962: 953: 952: 946: 891: 862: 861: 860: 625: 617: 616: 562: 561:Advanced topics 554: 553: 552: 504:Hidden-variable 494:de Broglie–Bohm 473: 471:Interpretations 463: 462: 461: 431: 423: 422: 421: 379: 371: 370: 369: 336: 292:CHSH inequality 281: 273: 272: 271: 200:Complementarity 194: 186: 185: 184: 152: 123: 98: 87: 86: 72: 62: 57: 49: 46: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7587: 7577: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7484: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7452: 7447: 7445:Casimir effect 7442: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7404:Quantum optics 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7271: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7203: 7201: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7179:Quantum eraser 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7050: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6837: 6835:Density matrix 6832: 6827: 6822: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6790: 6789: 6779: 6773: 6771: 6767: 6766: 6759: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6720: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6696: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6660: 6653: 6646: 6635: 6624: 6617: 6606: 6599: 6582: 6581:External links 6579: 6578: 6577: 6543: 6525:(3): 288–297. 6502: 6493: 6481: 6461: 6441: 6428: 6418: 6400: 6380: 6359: 6352: 6334: 6324: 6314: 6296: 6278: 6268:978-1439888537 6267: 6251: 6219: 6204: 6186: 6171: 6141: 6126:David Z Albert 6118: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6091: 6081: 6039: 6029: 6019: 6009: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5979:. McGraw-Hill. 5970: 5910: 5895: 5880: 5869: 5859: 5852: 5845: 5829: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5732: 5726:978-1439888537 5725: 5707: 5698: 5645: 5600:(3): 427–445. 5584: 5531: 5464: 5445: 5426: 5369: 5350: 5327: 5288: 5252:Frigg, Roman. 5244: 5200: 5163:(6): 733–746. 5147: 5110:(3): 313–332. 5094: 5067:(1): 159–168. 5051: 5038: 5003: 4966:(2): 179–186. 4950: 4903: 4853: 4838: 4818: 4789: 4740: 4719: 4698: 4685: 4660: 4653: 4619: 4606:10.1086/289879 4600:(3): 479–483. 4584: 4569: 4521: 4488: 4450: 4443: 4417: 4411:978-0198718536 4410: 4392: 4343: 4306:(3): 579–609. 4283: 4224: 4203: 4166:(8): 704–712. 4150: 4148:, 19(7):8–14.) 4137: 4121: 4096: 4077: 4052: 4031:10.1086/353357 4025:(4): 469–491. 4009: 3994: 3973: 3929: 3906: 3886: 3857: 3827: 3774: 3750: 3741: 3700: 3693: 3675: 3663: 3638: 3600: 3538: 3501:(8): 853–856. 3479: 3442:(3): 222–230. 3419: 3368: 3361: 3341: 3316: 3269: 3262: 3230: 3185:(3): 222–230. 3169: 3152: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3059: 3055:Doxastic logic 3045: 3036: 3023: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2959: 2957:probabilities. 2949: 2940: 2931: 2922: 2913: 2907:Both particle 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2876: 2873: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2822: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2785: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2735:John G. Cramer 2732: 2729: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2611: 2598: 2593: 2587: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2470: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2424: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2376: 2373: 2367: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2314: 2306: 2303:dynamics 2298: 2293: 2285: 2277: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2200:Main article: 2197: 2194: 2182:pointer states 2177:Wojciech Zurek 2169:quantum states 2146:Main article: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2115:Main article: 2112: 2109: 2086:retrocausality 2073: 2070: 2066:neutral monism 2024: 2021: 2001:Main article: 1998: 1995: 1967:Main article: 1964: 1961: 1953:John G. Cramer 1941:Main article: 1938: 1935: 1887:Main article: 1884: 1881: 1859: 1842:Main article: 1839: 1836: 1809:Main article: 1806: 1803: 1738:Main article: 1735: 1732: 1703:Main article: 1700: 1697: 1690: 1689: 1677: 1658: 1655: 1614:Main article: 1611: 1608: 1564:Main article: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1536: 1532: 1493: 1471: 1460: 1449: 1435: 1434: 1349: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1256: 1255: 1245: 1231: 1230: 1221: 1206: 1205: 1112: 1110: 1103: 1097: 1094: 1063:The physicist 991: 984: 983: 977: 970: 969: 963: 956: 955: 954: 950: 949: 948: 947: 945: 942: 893: 892: 890: 889: 882: 875: 867: 864: 863: 859: 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 627: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 604: 599: 597:Density matrix 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 551: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 520: 519: 518: 517: 516: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 475: 474: 469: 468: 465: 464: 460: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 433: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 420: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 388: 387: 386: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 368: 367: 362: 357: 351: 350: 349: 348: 347: 345:Delayed-choice 340:Quantum eraser 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 283: 282: 279: 278: 275: 274: 270: 269: 268: 267: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 230:Quantum number 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 196: 195: 192: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 177: 171: 170: 169: 164: 159: 153: 150: 149: 146: 145: 144: 143: 138: 133: 125: 124: 119: 108: 105: 101: 94: 91: 85: 82: 79: 75: 68: 65: 61: 56: 53: 42: 41: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7586: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7529: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7364:Quantum logic 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7319: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Quantum chaos 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7184:Stern–Gerlach 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7118:Transactional 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7108:Quantum logic 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6946: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6928: 6927:Wave function 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6902:Superposition 6900: 6898: 6897:Quantum state 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6851: 6850:Excited state 6848: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6745: 6743: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6693:Carlo Rovelli 6690: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6593: 6592: 6590: 6589: 6585: 6584: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6484:Roger Penrose 6482: 6479: 6478:0-19-853978-9 6475: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6464:Roger Penrose 6462: 6459: 6458:0-19-851973-7 6455: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6444:Roger Penrose 6442: 6439: 6437: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6415:0-691-03669-1 6412: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6398: 6397:0-521-38880-5 6394: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6368: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6349:0-226-24948-4 6346: 6342: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6311:0-387-11399-1 6308: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6293:0-8133-4087-X 6290: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6244:0-7139-9061-9 6241: 6237: 6236:0-14-027541-X 6233: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6222:David Deutsch 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6202: 6201:0-7100-0971-2 6198: 6194: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6183:90-277-0105-9 6180: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6165: 6164:0-521-52338-9 6161: 6157: 6156:0-521-36869-3 6153: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6138:0-674-74112-9 6135: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6122: 6111: 6110:0-691-08316-9 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006:1-4020-0932-1 6003: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5914:Jackiw, Roman 5911: 5908: 5907:0-521-56457-3 5904: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5892:0-385-23569-0 5889: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5877:Physics Today 5870: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5833: 5832:Rudolf Carnap 5830: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5808: 5794: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5736: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5547:(2): 96–106. 5546: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5468: 5461: 5457:, p. 3, 5456: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5430: 5423: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5328:9781107142114 5324: 5320: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5292: 5278:on 2016-06-24 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5007: 4999: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4675:on 2010-12-29 4674: 4670: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4588: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4570:9781107142114 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4525: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4489:9783319437606 4485: 4481: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4463: 4454: 4446: 4444:9780199573097 4440: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4421: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4357:Physics Today 4354: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4234:Carlo Rovelli 4228: 4213: 4207: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4111: 4107: 4100: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4066: 4065:New Scientist 4062: 4056: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3941: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3910: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3890: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3870:Physics World 3867: 3861: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3769: 3764: 3760: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3720:(3): 035703. 3719: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3696: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3612:Physics Today 3604: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3556:Physics Today 3552: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3383:Physics Today 3379: 3372: 3364: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3345: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3263:9780471439585 3259: 3254: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3173: 3167: 3163: 3157: 3153: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3040: 3033: 3027: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2991: 2982: 2973: 2963: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2825:Carlo Rovelli 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2783:Roger Penrose 2780: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2651:H. Dieter Zeh 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2605:Eugene Wigner 2602: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2505: 2504: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2465:Quantum logic 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2368: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2286: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2230: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2173:pointer state 2170: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2158:quantum world 2155: 2149: 2139: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2118: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2059:Michel Bitbol 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2008:Quantum logic 2004: 2003:Quantum logic 1997:Quantum logic 1994: 1990: 1988: 1987:Eugene Wigner 1984: 1980: 1976: 1970: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1944: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1858: 1853: 1851: 1845: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1775:superposition 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1706: 1695: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1674:immaterialism 1671: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1663: 1654: 1652: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1617: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1526: 1525:Quantum logic 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1428: 1420: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1378: – 1377: 1373: 1372:Find sources: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1350:This section 1348: 1344: 1339: 1338: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1289: 1288:indeterminism 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1226:phenomenology 1222: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1191: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1149: – 1148: 1144: 1143:Find sources: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1118: 1113:This section 1111: 1107: 1102: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005: 1004:wave function 994: 988: 980: 974: 966: 960: 941: 939: 935: 930: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 911:deterministic 908: 904: 900: 888: 883: 881: 876: 874: 869: 868: 866: 865: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 628: 621: 620: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 587:Quantum chaos 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 558: 557: 549: 546: 544: 543:Transactional 541: 539: 536: 534: 533:Quantum logic 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 510: 507: 506: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 476: 472: 467: 466: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 434: 427: 426: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 389: 385: 382: 381: 375: 374: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 352: 346: 343: 342: 341: 338: 337: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 284: 277: 276: 266: 263: 262: 261: 260:Wave function 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 240:Superposition 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 190: 189: 181: 178: 176: 173: 172: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 154: 148: 147: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 128: 127: 126: 122: 89: 83: 66: 63: 59: 51: 44: 43: 40: 37: 36: 32: 31: 19: 7559:Epistemology 7247:Quantum mind 7159:Franck–Hertz 7045: 7001:Klein–Gordon 6955:Formulations 6948:Formulations 6877:Interference 6867:Entanglement 6845:Ground state 6840:Energy level 6813:Fundamentals 6777:Introduction 6707: 6643:Dennis Dieks 6586: 6569:. Retrieved 6555: 6551: 6522: 6516: 6496: 6487: 6467: 6447: 6434: 6431:Roland Omnès 6424: 6421:Roland Omnès 6406: 6403:Roland Omnès 6386: 6366: 6362:Gregg Jaeger 6355: 6340: 6330: 6320: 6305:. Springer. 6302: 6284: 6274: 6258: 6255:F. J. Duarte 6247: 6225: 6192: 6174: 6168:Alain Aspect 6147: 6144:John S. Bell 6129: 6120: 6101: 6087: 6055:(2): 68–75. 6052: 6046: 6043:Tegmark, Max 6035: 6025: 6015: 6012:Roland Omnès 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5923: 5917: 5898: 5883: 5876: 5855: 5848: 5839: 5835: 5816: 5812: 5793: 5784: 5752:(1): 63–74. 5749: 5745: 5735: 5716: 5710: 5701: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5481: 5477: 5467: 5460:information. 5458: 5454: 5448: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5420: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5300: 5291: 5280:. Retrieved 5273:the original 5260: 5247: 5212: 5208: 5203: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5107: 5103: 5097: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5041: 5016: 5012: 5006: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4920: 4916: 4906: 4873: 4869: 4856: 4828: 4821: 4810:. Retrieved 4805: 4792: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4722: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4693: 4688: 4677:. Retrieved 4673:the original 4663: 4643: 4622: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4534: 4524: 4513:. Retrieved 4509: 4461: 4453: 4428: 4420: 4401: 4395: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4303: 4299: 4296:(postscript) 4286: 4243: 4237: 4227: 4216:. Retrieved 4206: 4163: 4159: 4153: 4145: 4140: 4113:. Retrieved 4109: 4099: 4091:SpringerLink 4090: 4080: 4069:. Retrieved 4067:. 2001-02-17 4064: 4055: 4022: 4018: 4012: 3985: 3976: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3899: 3889: 3876:(8): 33–41, 3873: 3869: 3860: 3843: 3830: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3766: 3753: 3744: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3656:, retrieved 3651: 3641: 3619:(5): 10–11. 3616: 3610: 3603: 3563:(2): 50–51. 3560: 3554: 3541: 3498: 3492: 3482: 3439: 3435: 3387: 3381: 3371: 3351: 3344: 3334:, retrieved 3329: 3319: 3289:(1): 26–57. 3286: 3282: 3272: 3251: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3156: 3077: 3062: 3048: 3039: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2962: 2952: 2943: 2934: 2925: 2916: 2903: 2557:Hugh Everett 2246: 2242: 2238: 2205: 2186:einselection 2151: 2137: 2120: 2101:Hugh Everett 2094: 2075: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2006: 1991: 1974: 1972: 1946: 1892: 1876: 1870: 1863: 1862:Einstein in 1855: 1847: 1833: 1814: 1798: 1795:anti-realism 1783:entanglement 1772:wavefunction 1769: 1743: 1726: 1723:state vector 1708: 1692: 1686:James Hartle 1660: 1634:irreversible 1619: 1593: 1587: 1569: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1462:Role of the 1423: 1414: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1383: 1371: 1359:Please help 1354:verification 1351: 1323:David Mermin 1319:metaphysical 1312: 1297: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1254:in the world 1251: 1244:of the world 1241: 1238:Epistemology 1232: 1224: 1215: 1209: 1194: 1185: 1175: 1168: 1161: 1154: 1142: 1126:Please help 1114: 1087: 1062: 1031: 1008: 1002: 1000: 931: 898: 896: 470: 442:Klein–Gordon 378:Formulations 215:Energy level 210:Entanglement 193:Fundamentals 180:Interference 131:Introduction 7505:EPR paradox 7285:Quantum bus 7154:Double-slit 7132:Experiments 7098:Many-worlds 7036:Schrödinger 6985:Phase space 6975:Schrödinger 6965:Interaction 6922:Uncertainty 6892:Nonlocality 6887:Measurement 6882:Decoherence 6872:Hamiltonian 6668:Jeffrey Bub 6632:Lev Vaidman 6337:Arthur Fine 6273:Provides a 6022:Karl Popper 5819:: 181–219. 5484:(1): 7730. 4989:10945/47584 4363:(7): 8–10. 4160:Am. J. Phys 3390:(7): 8–10. 3246:Jammer, Max 3093:Willis Lamb 2609:Henry Stapp 2288:Collapsing 2235:Comparisons 2190:decoherence 2097:Lev Vaidman 1670:it from bit 1642:decoherence 1610:Many worlds 1519:when using 1482:EPR paradox 1417:August 2024 1304:antirealism 1188:August 2024 1070:Max Tegmark 927:measurement 831:von Neumann 816:Schrödinger 592:EPR paradox 523:Many-worlds 457:Schrödinger 412:Schrödinger 407:Phase-space 397:Interaction 302:Double-slit 280:Experiments 255:Uncertainty 225:Nonlocality 220:Measurement 205:Decoherence 175:Hamiltonian 7543:Categories 7433:Extensions 7267:Technology 7113:Relational 7064:Copenhagen 6960:Heisenberg 6907:Tunnelling 6770:Background 6371:Springer. 6189:David Bohm 5973:Max Jammer 5668:1807.06457 5554:1806.08150 5491:1707.09483 5392:1603.00353 5310:1509.04711 5282:2011-01-24 4812:2011-01-24 4767:1609.00614 4716:: 145–154. 4679:2011-01-24 4544:1509.04711 4515:2017-04-18 4471:1601.04360 4218:2011-01-24 4173:1907.02953 4115:2013-01-25 4071:2022-01-18 3895:Niels Bohr 3840:Enz, C. P. 3797:1502.06547 3658:2023-08-25 3336:2023-08-25 3148:References 3080:Paul Dirac 2884:Intrinsic 2844:Intrinsic 2676:Ill-posed 2582:Ill-posed 2431:David Bohm 2379:Niels Bohr 2319:universal 2259:Author(s) 1903:David Bohm 1825:consistent 1719:eigenstate 1630:reversible 1580:Niels Bohr 1539:Contextual 1387:newspapers 1284:phenomenon 1280:regulating 1276:regularity 1158:newspapers 1050:David Bohm 1034:Niels Bohr 993:Niels Bohr 915:stochastic 826:Sommerfeld 741:Heisenberg 736:Gutzwiller 676:de Broglie 624:Scientists 538:Relational 489:Copenhagen 392:Heisenberg 250:Tunnelling 151:Background 7139:Bell test 6994:Equations 6820:Born rule 6275:pragmatic 6077:119375538 5776:2102-6459 5759:0804.3348 5693:119473777 5632:0015-9018 5345:118419619 5337:965759965 5195:118770571 5170:1211.4645 5142:121170138 5117:0706.4075 5089:123086913 4998:122168419 4848:851376153 4784:0015-9018 4614:122114295 4579:118419619 4498:967844832 4387:0031-9228 4313:0804.2047 4198:123454773 4047:121780437 4004:439453957 3982:Omnès, R. 3866:John Bell 3790:: 73–83. 3759:Faye, Jan 3595:241052502 3587:0031-9228 3533:126293060 3525:0015-9018 3449:1301.1069 3414:0031-9228 3303:1530-9274 3217:1355-2198 3192:1301.1069 2875:Agnostic 2847:Possibly 2835:Agnostic 2495:Agnostic 2480:Agnostic 2477:Agnostic 2350:Agnostic 2341:Agnostic 2295:Observer 2282:variables 2276:history? 2162:Darwinian 2156:from the 2126:ideas of 2033:dynamical 1911:non-local 1827:with the 1757:normative 1753:Born rule 1646:entangled 1596:Born rule 1451:Apparent 1265:epistemic 1242:knowledge 1217:formalism 1115:does not 1027:Born rule 923:non-local 856:Zeilinger 701:Ehrenfest 430:Equations 107:⟩ 104:Ψ 93:^ 81:⟩ 78:Ψ 55:ℏ 7528:Category 7322:Timeline 7074:Ensemble 7054:Bayesian 7016:Majorana 6932:Collapse 6804:Glossary 6787:Timeline 6614:Jan Faye 6486:, 2004. 6466:, 1994. 6446:, 1989. 6433:, 1999. 6423:, 1999. 6405:, 1994. 6339:, 1986. 6329:, 2006. 6319:, 2003. 6301:, 1983. 6283:, 1976. 6257:(2014). 6224:, 1997. 6191:, 1980. 6146:, 1987. 6128:, 1992. 6034:, 1944. 6024:, 1963. 6014:, 1999. 5975:, 1966. 5958:17839156 5640:11816650 5579:50796079 5526:29769645 5417:18890207 5385:: 9–19, 4945:26246226 4898:22228793 4864:(1921). 4338:16775153 4278:16325959 3984:(1994). 3822:27697360 3761:(2019). 3474:55537196 3311:57559199 3248:(1974). 3225:55537196 3099:See also 2337:Max Born 2311:definite 1860:— 1464:observer 1248:Ontology 1081:and the 1052:and the 1019:Max Born 979:Max Born 781:Millikan 706:Einstein 691:Davisson 646:Blackett 631:Aharonov 499:Ensemble 479:Bayesian 384:Overview 265:Collapse 245:Symmetry 136:Glossary 7574:Reality 7481:Related 7460:History 7199:Science 7031:Rydberg 6782:History 6527:Bibcode 6385:(1990) 6364:(2009) 6248:against 6100:(eds), 6057:Bibcode 5966:6604344 5938:Bibcode 5919:Science 5838:of the 5805:Sources 5673:Bibcode 5612:Bibcode 5559:Bibcode 5517:5955892 5496:Bibcode 5397:Bibcode 5175:Bibcode 5122:Bibcode 5069:Bibcode 5021:Bibcode 4968:Bibcode 4925:Bibcode 4878:Bibcode 4549:Bibcode 4476:Bibcode 4365:Bibcode 4318:Bibcode 4258:Bibcode 4178:Bibcode 3969:9909217 3949:Bibcode 3918:(ed.), 3848:Bibcode 3802:Bibcode 3722:Bibcode 3621:Bibcode 3565:Bibcode 3503:Bibcode 3454:Bibcode 3392:Bibcode 3197:Bibcode 2628:Causal 2316:Extant 2280:Hidden 2274:Unique 2063:Machian 1688:writes, 1401:scholar 1268:versus 1258:In the 1172:scholar 1136:removed 1121:sources 944:History 907:reality 821:Simmons 811:Rydberg 776:Moseley 756:Kramers 746:Hilbert 731:Glauber 726:Feynman 711:Everett 681:Compton 452:Rydberg 141:History 7174:Popper 6571:1 June 6552:Nature 6476: 6456: 6413: 6395: 6375: 6347: 6309: 6291: 6265: 6242: 6234: 6199: 6181: 6162: 6154: 6136: 6108: 6075: 6004: 5964: 5956: 5905: 5890: 5774: 5723: 5691: 5638: 5630: 5577: 5524: 5514: 5415: 5343: 5335: 5325: 5241:p. 443 5219: 5193: 5140: 5087: 4996: 4943: 4896: 4846: 4836: 4782: 4651: 4612: 4577: 4567: 4496: 4486: 4441: 4408: 4385: 4336: 4276: 4196: 4045: 4039:232208 4037: 4002: 3992: 3967: 3820: 3691: 3593: 3585: 3531: 3523: 3472: 3412: 3359: 3309: 3301: 3260: 3223: 3215: 2301:Local 2297:role? 2124:occult 2047:Kochen 1925:. The 1781:, and 1523:(see " 1444:: the 1403: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1374: 1174: 1167: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1096:Nature 851:Zeeman 846:Wigner 796:Planck 766:Landau 751:Jordan 402:Matrix 332:Popper 7084:Local 7026:Pauli 7006:Dirac 6666:" by 6630:" by 6612:" by 6513:(PDF) 6209:arXiv 6073:S2CID 5962:S2CID 5928:arXiv 5863:arXiv 5754:arXiv 5689:S2CID 5663:arXiv 5636:S2CID 5602:arXiv 5575:S2CID 5549:arXiv 5486:arXiv 5413:S2CID 5387:arXiv 5341:S2CID 5305:arXiv 5276:(PDF) 5257:(PDF) 5233:arXiv 5191:S2CID 5165:arXiv 5138:S2CID 5112:arXiv 5085:S2CID 4994:S2CID 4941:S2CID 4894:S2CID 4762:arXiv 4729:arXiv 4629:arXiv 4610:S2CID 4575:S2CID 4539:arXiv 4466:arXiv 4334:S2CID 4308:arXiv 4274:S2CID 4248:arXiv 4194:S2CID 4168:arXiv 4043:S2CID 4035:JSTOR 3818:S2CID 3792:arXiv 3591:S2CID 3529:S2CID 3470:S2CID 3444:arXiv 3307:S2CID 3221:S2CID 3187:arXiv 2863:2010 2859:QBism 2821:1994 2775:1989 2773:1986– 2731:1986 2689:1984 2647:1970 2597:1993 2595:1961– 2553:1957 2511:1955 2506:Time- 2469:1936 2423:1952 2421:1927– 2399:Some 2390:Some 2375:1927 2333:1926 2051:Dieks 2037:value 1755:as a 1745:QBism 1734:QBism 1408:JSTOR 1394:books 1271:ontic 1252:exist 1179:JSTOR 1165:books 919:local 806:Raman 791:Pauli 786:Onnes 721:Fermi 696:Debye 686:Dirac 651:Bloch 641:Bethe 509:Local 447:Pauli 437:Dirac 235:State 7011:Weyl 6573:2024 6474:ISBN 6454:ISBN 6411:ISBN 6393:ISBN 6373:ISBN 6345:ISBN 6307:ISBN 6289:ISBN 6263:ISBN 6240:ISBN 6232:ISBN 6197:ISBN 6179:ISBN 6160:ISBN 6152:ISBN 6134:ISBN 6106:ISBN 6096:and 6002:ISBN 5954:PMID 5903:ISBN 5888:ISBN 5772:ISSN 5721:ISBN 5628:ISSN 5522:PMID 5333:OCLC 5323:ISBN 5217:ISBN 4844:OCLC 4834:ISBN 4780:ISSN 4649:ISBN 4565:ISBN 4494:OCLC 4484:ISBN 4439:ISBN 4406:ISBN 4383:ISSN 4019:Isis 4000:OCLC 3990:ISBN 3965:PMID 3689:ISBN 3583:ISSN 3521:ISSN 3410:ISSN 3357:ISBN 3299:ISSN 3258:ISBN 3213:ISSN 3091:and 2887:Yes 2881:Yes 2841:Yes 2799:Yes 2793:Yes 2790:Yes 2760:Yes 2751:Yes 2745:Yes 2742:Yes 2721:Yes 2715:Yes 2679:Yes 2673:Yes 2658:Yes 2655:Yes 2637:Yes 2625:Yes 2619:Yes 2616:Yes 2585:Yes 2579:Yes 2564:Yes 2561:Yes 2543:Yes 2528:Yes 2525:Yes 2519:Yes 2483:Yes 2459:Yes 2456:Yes 2444:Yes 2441:Yes 2438:Yes 2435:Yes 2405:Yes 2393:Yes 2347:Yes 2227:the 2221:the 2215:the 2188:and 2015:and 1947:The 1893:The 1848:The 1815:The 1799:more 1763:and 1620:The 1582:and 1570:The 1380:news 1151:news 1119:any 1117:cite 1036:and 1007:and 841:Wien 836:Weyl 801:Rabi 771:Laue 761:Lamb 716:Fock 671:Bose 666:Born 661:Bohr 656:Bohm 636:Bell 6560:doi 6556:629 6535:doi 6065:doi 6053:284 5946:doi 5924:289 5875:", 5821:doi 5817:27B 5764:doi 5681:doi 5620:doi 5567:doi 5512:PMC 5504:doi 5405:doi 5315:doi 5265:doi 5225:doi 5183:doi 5130:doi 5077:doi 5029:doi 5017:134 4984:hdl 4976:doi 4933:doi 4886:doi 4772:doi 4714:30B 4602:doi 4557:doi 4435:184 4373:doi 4326:doi 4266:doi 4186:doi 4027:doi 3957:doi 3878:doi 3810:doi 3730:doi 3629:doi 3573:doi 3511:doi 3462:doi 3400:doi 3291:doi 3205:doi 2909:AND 2893:No 2890:No 2878:No 2872:No 2869:No 2853:No 2850:No 2838:No 2832:No 2829:No 2811:No 2808:No 2805:No 2802:No 2796:No 2787:No 2763:No 2757:No 2754:No 2748:No 2739:No 2718:No 2712:No 2709:No 2706:No 2703:No 2700:No 2697:No 2667:No 2664:No 2661:No 2634:No 2631:No 2622:No 2613:No 2576:No 2573:No 2570:No 2567:No 2540:No 2537:No 2534:No 2531:No 2522:No 2501:No 2498:No 2489:No 2486:No 2453:No 2450:No 2411:No 2408:No 2402:No 2396:No 2387:No 2365:No 2362:No 2359:No 2356:No 2353:No 2344:No 2103:'s 2055:Bub 1588:the 1488:by 1363:by 1329:). 1130:by 1056:of 1048:of 921:or 913:or 897:An 7545:: 6712:: 6591:: 6554:. 6550:. 6533:. 6523:70 6521:. 6515:. 6238:; 6071:. 6063:. 6051:. 5960:. 5952:. 5944:. 5936:. 5922:. 5815:. 5770:. 5762:. 5750:36 5748:. 5744:. 5687:. 5679:. 5671:. 5659:49 5657:. 5634:. 5626:. 5618:. 5610:. 5598:37 5596:. 5573:. 5565:. 5557:. 5545:49 5543:. 5520:. 5510:. 5502:. 5494:. 5480:. 5476:. 5419:, 5411:, 5403:, 5395:, 5383:53 5381:, 5339:. 5331:. 5321:. 5313:. 5239:, 5231:, 5223:, 5189:. 5181:. 5173:. 5161:43 5159:. 5136:. 5128:. 5120:. 5108:40 5106:. 5083:. 5075:. 5065:37 5063:. 5027:. 5015:. 4992:. 4982:. 4974:. 4964:27 4962:. 4939:. 4931:. 4919:. 4915:. 4892:. 4884:. 4872:. 4868:. 4842:. 4804:. 4778:. 4770:. 4758:47 4756:. 4752:. 4712:. 4608:. 4598:62 4596:. 4573:. 4563:. 4555:. 4547:. 4508:. 4492:. 4482:. 4474:. 4464:. 4437:. 4381:. 4371:. 4361:65 4359:. 4355:. 4332:. 4324:. 4316:. 4304:39 4302:. 4298:. 4272:. 4264:. 4256:. 4244:35 4242:. 4192:. 4184:. 4176:. 4164:36 4162:. 4124:^ 4108:. 4089:. 4063:. 4041:. 4033:. 4023:74 4021:. 3998:. 3963:, 3955:, 3945:47 3943:, 3872:, 3816:. 3808:. 3800:. 3788:49 3786:. 3728:. 3718:38 3716:. 3712:. 3627:. 3617:57 3615:. 3589:. 3581:. 3571:. 3561:72 3559:. 3553:. 3527:. 3519:. 3509:. 3499:48 3497:. 3491:. 3468:. 3460:. 3452:. 3440:44 3438:. 3422:^ 3408:. 3398:. 3388:65 3386:. 3380:. 3305:. 3297:. 3287:17 3285:. 3281:. 3233:^ 3219:. 3211:. 3203:. 3195:. 3183:44 3181:. 2607:, 2603:, 2429:, 2381:, 2323:? 2313:? 2305:? 2292:? 2284:? 2271:? 2265:? 2192:. 2184:, 2130:. 2107:. 2049:, 1977:, 1933:. 1879:. 1831:. 1777:, 1684:. 1653:. 1636:) 1295:. 1092:. 1060:. 917:, 6755:e 6748:t 6741:v 6722:" 6715:" 6698:" 6695:. 6687:" 6680:" 6673:" 6670:. 6662:" 6655:" 6648:" 6645:. 6637:" 6634:. 6626:" 6619:" 6616:. 6608:" 6601:" 6594:" 6575:. 6562:: 6541:. 6537:: 6529:: 6480:. 6417:. 6399:. 6379:. 6369:. 6351:. 6313:. 6295:. 6271:. 6217:. 6211:: 6203:. 6185:. 6170:. 6140:. 6079:. 6067:: 6059:: 6008:. 5968:. 5948:: 5940:: 5930:: 5909:. 5894:. 5879:. 5873:' 5865:: 5827:. 5823:: 5778:. 5766:: 5756:: 5729:. 5695:. 5683:: 5675:: 5665:: 5642:. 5622:: 5614:: 5604:: 5581:. 5569:: 5561:: 5551:: 5528:. 5506:: 5498:: 5488:: 5482:8 5407:: 5399:: 5389:: 5347:. 5317:: 5307:: 5285:. 5267:: 5235:: 5227:: 5197:. 5185:: 5177:: 5167:: 5144:. 5132:: 5124:: 5114:: 5091:. 5079:: 5071:: 5035:. 5031:: 5023:: 5000:. 4986:: 4978:: 4970:: 4947:. 4935:: 4927:: 4921:9 4900:. 4888:: 4880:: 4874:9 4850:. 4815:. 4786:. 4774:: 4764:: 4737:. 4731:: 4682:. 4657:. 4637:. 4631:: 4616:. 4604:: 4581:. 4559:: 4551:: 4541:: 4518:. 4500:. 4478:: 4468:: 4447:. 4414:. 4389:. 4375:: 4367:: 4340:. 4328:: 4320:: 4310:: 4280:. 4268:: 4260:: 4250:: 4221:. 4200:. 4188:: 4180:: 4170:: 4118:. 4093:. 4074:. 4049:. 4029:: 4006:. 3959:: 3951:: 3880:: 3874:3 3854:. 3850:: 3824:. 3812:: 3804:: 3794:: 3738:. 3732:: 3724:: 3697:. 3635:. 3631:: 3623:: 3597:. 3575:: 3567:: 3535:. 3513:: 3505:: 3476:. 3464:: 3456:: 3446:: 3416:. 3402:: 3394:: 3365:. 3313:. 3293:: 3266:. 3227:. 3207:: 3199:: 3189:: 3057:. 3034:. 1676:. 1513:S 1509:S 1505:B 1501:A 1492:. 1430:) 1424:( 1419:) 1415:( 1405:· 1398:· 1391:· 1384:· 1357:. 1201:) 1195:( 1190:) 1186:( 1176:· 1169:· 1162:· 1155:· 1138:. 1124:. 886:e 879:t 872:v 100:| 90:H 84:= 74:| 67:t 64:d 60:d 52:i 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index