Interventional radiology

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arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred method. Arteriovenous fistula are created surgically by directly connecting an artery and a vein, most commonly in the arm. An arteriovenous graft (AVG) relies on the same principle but bridges the gap between the artery and vein with a medical-grade prosthetic shunt. Over time, altered flow mechanics can result in changes within the involved vessels. Vascular narrowing, thrombosis, aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms are commonly encountered complications over the life of an AVF or AVG. Interventional radiologists can use angiography to evaluate these structures (commonly called a istulogram) and treat dysfunctional access with angioplasty, stenting, and thrombectomy. Most patients require regular evaluation and treatment to keep their access working. When possible, AVFs are preferred to AVGs due to their relatively lower complication rate and longer patency. The Fistula First initiative works to promote physician and patient awareness about the benefits of first attempting hemodialysis through a fistula. There are a few devices (endo AVF) that are being utilized by interventional radiologists to percutaneously create fistulas in a minimally invasive fashion.

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thin walled and distensible, allowing them to accommodate large volumes of blood without significant changes in pressure. In fact, the venous system is so low pressure that veins have valves to keep blood from flowing backward. The motion of the human body helps pump blood through the veins—squeezing leg muscles while walking, for instance, helps push venous blood back up to the heart against the pull of gravity. Unfortunately, without this extra push some blood can sit stagnant in veins, leading to a multitude of clinical problems. The largest vein in the body is the vena cava. The superior vena cava (SVC) drains blood from the top half of the body while the inferior vena cava (IVC) drains blood from below the diaphragm. Elsewhere in the body, veins can be categorized into superficial, primarily associated with the skin and soft tissues, or deep veins, which drain muscles and organs.

2065:, derived from the Greek word for 'gruel, porridge'. Atheromatous plaque is a mixture of fat and inflammatory debris that sticks to the inner walls of an artery. Plaque can be soft or become firm as it accrues layers of calcium, a byproduct of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerosis has no single cause but many recognized risk factors. Some risk factors are modifiable, and others are not. Age and genetic predispositions are examples of non-modifiable risk factors. Medical management of atherosclerosis aims to address the many other known modifiable risk factors, such as smoking, diet, and exercise, as well as blood sugar levels in patients with diabetes. Using medications to control blood pressure and cholesterol have also been shown beneficial. 2141:(ALI) occurs when blood flow to an extremity is abruptly cut off. It occurs most commonly in those with a history of atrial fibrillation or underlying PAD/PVD. Unlike chronic ischemia, which the body can partially adapt to, ALI is an emergency that can result in an amputation or even death if not treated in hours. It is typically due to an embolus from the heart or a thrombus that develops in a pre-existing area of narrowed artery. Once diagnosed clinically, CT or MR angiography may be used to evaluate the cause and extent of disease. Vascular interventional radiologists may use thrombectomy devices or clot dissolving medications to remove or dissolve the clot. Surgical options include open thrombectomy and even vascular bypass. 634:

and interventional radiologist optimizes patient outcome but again, is largely dictated by anatomical location of the GI bleed. If a patient is evaluated and determined to be a candidate for an interventional procedure, then the bleed is often treated by embolization. Embolization is a process in which the interventional radiologist accesses the culprit bleeding vessel via a small catheter and interrupts blood flow to the site of bleeding via various mechanisms. Side effects of this procedure are minimal but there is a risk of bleeding and infection—though much less than the equivalent surgical procedure. When successful, the procedure often eliminates the bleed and patients can walk after a few hours of rest.

697:, or BPH, is a noncancerous condition that commonly affects men over the age of 50. The prostate gland enlarges and compresses the adjacent urethra, making it difficult for men to control frequency and/or urgency of urination. First-line therapy involves medication, though long-term treatment for symptoms that are persistent despite medical optimization typically involves transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) as the "gold standard" of care. However, TURP can lead to urinary incontinence or permanent male infertility and may not be the ideal procedure for a certain subset of patients. For those reasons, a physician may recommend undergoing a treatment known as prostate artery embolization (PAE). 1916:

typically come folded up very small on a scaffold, or delivery device, such as a balloon. Stents then expand into pipe-like cylinders to support a vessel wall and keep the pathway for blood flow as large as possible. Some stents are bare-metal, allowing blood to leak through the walls of the stent, while others have a thin covering that keeps flow moving through only from one open end to the other. These can be used for a variety of applications depending on the vessel and the nature of the disease. Sometimes multiple stents are deployed end-to-end or side by side to maintain laminar flow. Like balloons, some stents come coated with medicine to help prevent the treated vessel from closing again.

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risk of coronary artery disease, and severe peripheral artery disease symptoms can be a predictor of cardiac-related mortality. The majority of patients begin to develop symptoms from ischemia around middle age, even though vessel narrowing can develop silently and slowly over decades. Unfortunately, sudden cardiac death or stroke can be a patient's first sign of vascular disease. Therefore, controlling risk factors is crucial in those with known atherosclerosis to prevent progression of disease, and screening is recommended by some vascular disease specialists for those at increased risk, such as those with diabetes, smoking or a strong family history of cardiovascular disease.

1922:: The goal of embolization is to decrease or stop flow only in a target vessel, while avoiding cutting off the flow to nearby non-target vessels. This can be performed to stop active bleeding (as in trauma) to limit anticipated blood loss (such as in a complex surgery), or to cut off blood supply to either an abnormal vessel (e.g. aneurysm) or abnormal structure (e.g. tumor). There are many embolic agents available, from metallic plugs and coils to various biologically compatible particles and glues. Depending on the clinical situation, embolization can be temporary or permanent. 2301:

is at risk of fatal bleeding. This has revolutionized medicine and interventional radiologists commonly treat refractory nose bleeds, excessive coughing of blood, intestinal bleeding, post-pregnancy bleeding, spontaneous intra-abdominal on intra-thoracic bleeding, bleeding related to trauma and post-surgical bleeding. In some instances where severe bleeding is anticipated, such as in complex surgery or the excision of a highly vascular tumor, interventional radiologists may embolize certain target blood vessels prior to the operation to prevent major blood loss.

2122:(CLI) is a severe variant of PAD (Rutherford 4 and above) characterized by rest pain or tissue loss. Each year this affects just under 1% of the population, but develops in approximately 11% of PAD patients. Symptoms develop due to chronic ischemia from vessel plaque burden, which builds up over time. Rest pain is a continuous burning pain in the limb that is aggravated by elevating it and improved by dangling over the bed as the perfusion is so poor that it becomes gravity-dependent. Tissue loss refers to arterial insufficiency 2502:

inserted central cathethers (or PICCs), tunneled small bore central venous catheters, and mediports. These lines differ in where they are inserted but are all placed under imaging guidance and adjusted so the end of the catheter sits in the vena cava adjacent to the heart. These catheters are designed to deliver strong medications, such as chemotherapy or prolonged courses of antibiotics, which are either dosed too frequently to keep placing new IVs or are too irritating to small veins be injected through a standard IV.

2490: 489: 825:) help characterize the aneurysm to decide the best course of treatment, whether endovascular coiling or surgical clipping. Endovascular coiling is associated with a reduction in procedural morbidity and mortality over surgical. For cases of ruptured aneurysms, emergent treatment is based on the type of aneurysm, and may use a combination of techniques. Conservative therapy focuses on minimizing modifiable risk factors with blood pressure control and smoking cessation. 721:

surgical removal. In these instances, the mainstay of IR treatment is a percutaneous nephrostomy tube. This is a procedure where a small caliber catheter is placed through the skin and into the urinary collecting system upstream of the stone. This procedure not only drains any infection, often bringing about a precipitous improvement in the patient's symptoms but also diverts urine—thus giving the patient more time to recover before definitive surgical treatment.

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catheter over the wire) through the bile duct system and into the GI tract, essentially restoring the normal flow of bile. If the patient's GI tract cannot be accessed due to the obstruction, the catheter can be placed to drain the bile duct system into a bag that the patient can wear during daily activities. Risks of this procedure include bleeding and infection but these are much lower than an equivalent surgical procedure.

453: 7133: 7123: 1068: 2461:(CKD or chronic renal disease) is a condition in which there is a progressive loss of kidney function. It has numerous recognized causes and risk factors. CKD affects approximately 14% of the world population, and over 600,000 people in the United States alone. There are five recognized stages of CKD; the fifth stage is also called end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and invariably requires some form of 48: 2219:

months or years before elective repair is considered. Elective endovascular aortic grafting is now routinely attempted when possible. Endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) refers to treatment of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, while thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is performed on the thoracic aorta. A ruptured aneurysm may be taken emergently for open, endovascular or combination repair.

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artery origin, and may often be addressed with pain medication and blood pressure control. If the type B aortic dissection results in poor circulation to the intestines, kidneys or legs it often requires urgent endovascular repair with endografts and/or fenestrations. If a type B aortic dissection has ruptured, or has features that indicate impending rupture, they are urgently repaired too.

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example, may develop as a result of pancreatitis. In some cases, pseudoaneurysms of the femoral and radial arterials can be a complication of arterial access for endovascular procedures. Depending on the size and location of the pseudoaneurysm, it may be treatable with minimally-invasive interventional radiology methods, though some, particularly the infected ones, may require open surgery.

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radiofrequency or cryoablation ablation can be a curative option. Advantages of cryoablation include the ability to visualize the ice ball as well as use more than one probe simultaneously to create the desired ice ball shape. Benign kidney tumors such as angiomyolipomas can be treated with transarterial embolization to shrink the tumor size and reduce the risk of rupture/bleeding. Other

1901:, but provides unique advantages. With a catheter in place, provocative maneuvers can be performed such as breath holds or instillation of vasodilators, to evaluate a patient's blood flow dynamically. This can reproduce symptoms and identify functional abnormalities in a vessel that a static CT or MR imaging cannot. Angiography provides the basis for all endovascular therapy. 1893:: Sometimes referred to as traditional angiography, catheter angiography or digital subtraction angiography (DSA). A small needle is inserted into a blood vessel, then exchanged for a catheter over a wire. The catheter is directed at the vessel to be studied, and contrast is directly injected to evaluate the lumen under video X-ray. This is an older technique than modern 1804:: bone metastases located in the spine, pelvis and long bones can be treated with image-guided ablative techniques (RFA, MWA, cryoablation, electrocorporation) with or without injection of cement (cementoplasty) to stabilize the bone. These treatments may be palliatively for bone metastases pain, or for some cases such as osteoid osteoma, can curatively treat tumors. 1932:: The body forms blood clots as a natural protective mechanism against bleeding. However, when arising outside this context, blood clots can wreak havoc in the human body, including disabling strokes. Thrombolysis is the process of breaking down blood clots, by injecting them with powerful medications. Thrombectomy involves using a device to remove the clot directly. 1699: 1908:: The foundational IR procedure. Small balloons can be inflated inside a narrowed vessel to open it. These can then be safely deflated and removed. Some balloons have a specialized surface material, such as fine razor blades ("cutting balloons") to crack the plaque or instill a coating of medicine ("drug-coated balloon") that keeps the vessel open longer. 2130:. Arterial ulcers are classically painful and located on the distal aspect of the extremities. A diagnosis of CLI incurs a higher risk of amputation (up to 25% within one year) and death (up to 25% within one year). This is a serious condition that requires multi-modality treatment. The goal of vascular interventional radiology and others who work in 763:(t-PA) can be used in a controlled hospital setting to dissolve the clot and help restore blood flow to the damaged area of the brain. Certain patients with an acute ischemic stroke may be candidates for endovascular therapy. Endovascular therapy is a procedure performed by neurointerventionalists to remove or dissolve the 606:, typically placed by urologist using cystoscopy, may be exchanged in retrograde fashion through the female urethra. The IR uses a thin wire snare under fluoroscopy to capture the distal portion of the stent. After partially extracting the distalmost stent, exchange for a new stent can be accomplished over a guidewire. 2076:, which compares the blood pressure between the arm and the ankle. This can help detect narrowing in the major vessels of the chest, abdomen, pelvis, and legs. CT scans of the heart with evaluations of coronary artery calcium are also used in some instances to stratify risk of coronary artery disease. 5087:

Rivero, J. Ricardo; De La Cerda, Jose; Wang, Hanzhang; Liss, Michael A.; Farrell, Ann M.; Rodriguez, Ronald; Suri, Rajeev; Kaushik, Dharam (January 2018). "Partial Nephrectomy versus Thermal Ablation for Clinical Stage T1 Renal Masses: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of More than 3,900 Patients".

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Treatment of dissections depends on several factors, including the location, extent, how long it has been developing (acute or chronic) and whether it is limiting perfusion. Surgical approaches to dissections can include reconstructing the aorta, surgical bypass and surgical fenestration. Like other

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Thoracic aortic dissections are further characterized with the Stanford classification. Type A dissections involve the root and ascending aorta. These require prompt treatment, which currently is mostly surgical in nature. Type B dissections begin in the distal aortic arch beyond the left subclavian

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and thoracoabdominal aneurysms. Treatment strategies are customized depending on the location, size, rate of growth and extent of the aneurysm as well as the medical comorbidities of the patient. For example, an intact, small but slowly growing aneurysm may be safely monitored with serial imaging for

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Although there are no clearly defined recommendations on treatment of asymptomatic aneurysms, all symptomatic unruptured brain aneurysms should be treated. Endovascular therapy is an effective treatment for select cases. During this treatment, an interventional radiologist inserts a catheter into the

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While jaundice can be caused by a few viruses that the human body can naturally clear, jaundice in the setting of an obstruction is usually caused by a cancer and can result in intolerable itching and a worsening of liver function that can be life-threatening. Depending on a patient's condition, this

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A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is a procedure an interventional radiologist performs to create a shunt (essentially, a new conduit allowing for blood flow) between the hepatic inferior vena cava and the portal vein, a vessel that returns blood from the intestines to the liver.

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The avenue for the interventional radiologist to dictate the clinical course of a GI bleed is largely influenced by location of bleed, overall patient health and other conditions the patient may have, most notably heart and liver functions. For most cases, collaboration between the gastroenterologist

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Dialysis catheters include temporary and tunneled large-bore central venous access lines placed for administering hemodialysis. When possible, these catheters are placed in the right internal jugular vein, but the left internal jugular and femoral veins may also be utilized. Temporary dialysis lines

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of the human body are responsible for returning de-oxygenated blood back to the heart. Like a rock rolling down a hill, blood flows from the highest pressure (the blood in the aorta) to the lower venous pressure (the blood in the vena cava as it empties back to the heart.) Unlike arteries, veins are

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Aneurysms refers to aneurysms in the arms and legs. These can typically be evaluated and monitored with vascular ultrasound, CT angiography and MR angiography. Popliteal aneurysms are associated with distal embolization and are also associated with concurrent contralateral popliteal artery aneurysms

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refers to pathologic dilation of an artery to greater than 1.5 times its normal size. True vascular aneurysms are due to degenerative processes in the wall of the artery. Aneurysms can be solitary or multiple and are sometimes found in association with various clinical syndromes, including forms of

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is a technique used by neurointerventionalists in which particles, glue, or coils are lodged inside the AVM to prevent blood flow through the abnormal channel. During this treatment, an interventional radiologist guides a catheter through a blood vessel accessed from the patient's leg to the site of

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can be present along any part of the course of the urinary tract from the kidneys to the urethra. The most common symptoms, whether in men or women, are sudden onset, intense flank pain accompanied by blood in the urine. Most kidney stones pass spontaneously, but larger ones (greater than 5 mm)

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The workup for the procedure is straightforward and the interventional radiologist performing the procedure often orders several tests to assess how well the patient will tolerate the procedure. These are often simple blood tests, and an ultrasound of the heart and liver. The procedure is often well

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Acute or active bleeding can occur throughout the human body due to a variety of causes. Interventional radiologists can address bleeding with embolization, usually with small plastic particles, glues or coils. Traumatic rupture of a blood vessel, for example, may be addressed this way if a patient

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Penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU) is an advanced focal form of atherosclerosis, most often encountered in the aorta. It starts as a small plaque in the inner-most layer of the aorta called the intima, but the inflammatory process ulcerates and penetrates through this layer into the media. While PAU is

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Visceral aneurysms affect the vessels that supply the solid organs. Similar to other aneurysms, treatment depends on several factors including size, location, shape and growth. Endovascular treatments for visceral aneurysms can usually be performed with less morbidity when compared to open surgical

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involves the major branch arteries that provide blood to the brain. Carotid artery disease incurs an increased risk of stroke by two different mechanisms, either from limiting overall blood flow or more often by showering pieces of plaque or clot deep into the small vessels in the brain. Either can

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is a large operation, where blood flow is temporarily stopped using clamps, the vessel is cut open, the plaque removed and then the vessel resealed. If an occlusion is too dense or complex, a bypass could also be performed, where two segments of vessel are bridged by an additional vein or synthetic

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is a structure that is located at the bottom of the spine, and connects the spine to hips. The purpose of this joint is to help the spine bear the weight of the upper region of the body. The sacroiliac joint also decreases the incidence of injuries by improving overall stability and restricting the

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The mainstay of treatment for this condition within the field of interventional radiology is varicocele embolization. An embolization, within the context of this procedure, results in the interruption of venous blood flow. The interruption of blood flow abates venous dilation of blood that can lead

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is defined as an enlargement of the veins within the scrotum, most commonly occurring on the left side due to anatomical reasons. When this happens, blood can stagnate within these dilated veins and cause temperature fluctuations within the testicle itself. The exact cause to this condition remains

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Dissection refers to a tear in the inner layer of the arterial wall. Blood pumps into this defect and dissects its way between the layers in the wall of an artery, creating a false channel separate from the true arterial lumen. Dissections can develop due to trauma, spontaneously due to high blood

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Intracranial aneurysms arise in the arterial supply of the brain. Endovascular approaches to treatment include stenting and coiling and are preferable in most cases since clipping and resection require a surgical craniotomy. Rupture of intracranial aneurysms can have devastating clinical effects.

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Atherosclerosis is described, evaluated, and treated differently depending on the affected artery, as described below. However, multiple studies have shown strong correlations between the different types of atherosclerosis. In particular, patients with peripheral arterial disease have an increased

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is the basic principle that underlies endovascular procedures. Briefly, this involves using a needle to puncture a target vessel, then using a series of small medical guidewires and catheters to pass various tools inside for treatment. When these minimally-invasive techniques can be used, patients

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is an interdisciplinary approach to specialized medical and nursing care for people with life-limiting illnesses. It focuses on providing relief from the symptoms, pain, physical stress, and mental stress at any stage of illness. The goal is to improve quality of life for both the person and their

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People who may be eligible for endovascular treatment have a large vessel occlusion, which means the thrombus is in an artery that is large enough to reach and there are no contraindications such as a hemorrhagic stroke (bleeding in the brain), elapsed time of greater than six hours since onset of

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are less common but also dangerous for similar reasons. Mesenteric artery dissection may limit the blood supply to the intestines. Renal artery dissections can decrease blood flow to the kidneys and contribute to hypertension. Peripheral arterial dissections can be found elsewhere in the arms and

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are used to provide a scaffold along a segment of diseased vessel. These are available in a variety of sizes to accommodate placement in vessels throughout the body from head to toe. Endografts are stents with fabric covering that are used for the treatment of bleeding or aneurysms. These devices

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and palliative medicine providers. As an imager, the radiologist is the expert in obtaining maximum imaging value; furthermore, the radiologist has extensive experience in diagnostic image interpretation and disease prognostication. In addition, the interventional radiologist has an array of both

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Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are abnormal blood vessel structures in which an artery connects to a vein via an abnormal channel. This creates a high flow system that puts the vessel at risk of rupture. Ruptured AVMs require emergency management of the patient; unruptured AVMs require expert

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Central venous access refers to a variety of intravenous catheters placed in patients requiring certain long-term medications. These are much smaller in diameter than dialysis lines, but are larger and longer than a standard intravenous line (IV.) Examples include Hickman catheters, peripherally

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Dialyzer technology initially outpaced the ability of clinicians to apply it to patients. In the 1920s, the first dialysis catheter was created using thin fragile glass tubes. Early methods required surgical incision to reach large vessels, which carried a large risk of major bleeding. The first

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Transplant organs rely on healthy blood supply to survive. In some instances, the arteries that feed a transplant may narrow, typically where the donor vessel is sewn to the recipient. Interventional radiologists evaluate the blood supply of these patient's and may use balloons or stents to open

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can be further classified and treated depending on whether they involve the thoracic aorta, the abdominal aorta or both. Classic pain related to acute aortic dissections is described as "tearing" or "ripping" and possibly radiating to a patient's back. Acute aortic dissection can be difficult to

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when he did a percutaneous peripheral vascular revascularization procedure for the first time on January 16, 1964, on Laura Shaw, vascular and interventional radiology (commonly interventional radiology or IR) distinguished itself from earlier approaches to vascular disease by the use of medical

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can be treated with image-guided ablation (RFA, MWA, cryotherapy) with similar results to partial nephrectomy. Generally, surgery via an either partial or total nephrectomy (removal of kidney) is most often curative but for patients with a smaller lesion or who are not ideal surgical candidates,

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The interventional radiologist plays a large clinical role in the treatment of kidney stones that are unlikely to pass on their own. The gold standard of treatment for these types of stones is surgical removal. However, some patients have an infected stone and are simply too ill for an operative

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A PTC is an outpatient procedure lasting anywhere from 15 minutes to an hour where an interventional radiologist accesses the patient's bile duct system with a needle through the skin and liver under imaging guidance. Using fluoroscopy (essentially an X-ray camera) to guide a wire (followed by a

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is when there is not all three layers surrounding the artery. These structures can technically be considered a type of contained bleed. They are most often due to focal damage to a blood vessel, which could be the result of trauma, infection or inflammation. Splenic artery pseudoaneurysms, for

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to impaired testicular temperature regulation and theoretically improve infertility. The physician accesses the dilated scrotal veins with a small catheter via a vein in the groin and embolizes the varicocele. Patients often tolerate this procedure well and are able to return home the same day.

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Certain monitored exercises, such as walking regimens, have been shown to significantly improve walking distance especially when used consistently for at least six months. When medical management fails, vascular interventional radiologists can attempt to restore blood flow to extremities using

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The standard of care for local treatment of extraspinal osseous metastases is external-beam radiation therapy. Fifty percent of patients who undergo this therapy achieve complete response or resolution of symptoms. Of the remaining patients, half fail therapy (20–30% of the total), 10% require

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In addition to normal liver tissue, the liver has three main vessels traversing it: arteries, veins and bile ducts. While bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, the bile eventually passes into the GI tract through the hepatic, cystic and common bile ducts. Any condition that

1725:(also known as SIRT or Y-90 radioembolization): Injection of small beads loaded with a radioactive isotope, yittrium-90 (Y-90), into blood vessels feeding a tumor to deliver a lethal dose of radiation to cause cell death. Can be performed in a segmental (radiation segmentectomy) or a lobar ( 700:

Patients typically go home the same day as the procedure and can expect to feel some symptom relief in a matter of days. Though rare, risks of PAE include unintentional embolization of nearby blood vessels, which can result in loss of blood flow to surrounding areas of the bladder or rectum.

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A TIPS may cause temporary confusion or worsening of liver/heart function. The degree of these two side effects largely depends on the health of the patient's heart and liver prior to the procedure and the risk-benefits of the procedure must be thoroughly discussed with their interventional

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can range anywhere from monitoring an asymptomatic bleed to supporting and maintaining the hemodynamic function of the patient. The role for the interventional radiologist is to offer patients an image-guided, minimally invasive procedure to alleviate a condition that could be otherwise be

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to survive 11 more years. As medicine and surgery have grown more sophisticated, more patients now live with chronic renal disease than ever before. The most common type of dialysis in the United States is hemodialysis, which can be performed through several types of vascular access. The

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involves the arteries supplying blood to heart muscle. Coronary ischemia results in myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack. The coronary arteries were one of the earliest widely accepted applications of angioplasty and stenting developed by cardiology and interventional

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visualization also allows precision guidance to the abnormality, making the procedure or diagnosis more accurate. These benefits are weighed against the additional risks of lack of immediate access to internal structures (should bleeding or a perforation occur), and the risks of

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When an arterial dissection expands, it can restrict normal flow through the affected artery or potentially block the origin of a branch vessel—this can compromise distal perfusion in either case. When acute and symptomatic, this is an emergency that requires prompt treatment.

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radiologist before beginning. If the post-procedural consequences are more troublesome to the patient than their initial symptoms the artificial conduit created by the procedure can be reversed if the post-procedural side effects outweigh those caused by the prior conditions.

767:(clot) and restore blood flow to parts of the brain. Using a catheter that is directed through the blood vessels in the arm or leg up to the brain, the interventionalist can remove the thrombus or deliver drugs to dissolve the thrombus. These procedures are referred to as 548:: Placement of tubes to drain pathologic fluid collections (e.g., abscess, pleural effusion). This may be achieved by percutaneous, trans-rectal, or trans-vaginal approach. Exchange or repositioning of indwelling catheters is achieved over a guidewire under image guidance. 2498:

may be placed when patients are hospitalized and either too sick or at a high risk of bleeding. Permanent hemodialysis catheters are longer overall but a segment is tunneled through the skin of the chest, which lets the catheter lie flat and lowers the risk of infection.

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avoid the need for larger surgical exposure to treat diseased vessels. Though numerous factors can affect patient's post-operative course, in general an endovascular approach is associated with a more rapid recovery time compared to a traditional open vascular surgery.

1673:) solid tumors resulting in tumor cell death. Ablation techniques can be performed throughout the body such as in the lung, liver, kidney, prostate, breast, bone, and other organs using image guidance to place a needle/probe through the skin into the target tissue. 2111:, MR angiography, and catheter-based angiography to establish anatomic segments of disease. The severity of ischemia can be evaluated by correlating symptoms and non-invasive physiologic vascular studies including toe pressures, TCPO2, and skin perfusion studies. 2255:

However, as medical imaging has improved, chronic, asymptomatic dissections have also been discovered, and in some cases these may be safely managed with blood pressure control, follow-up imaging and proper counseling for the warning signs of potential ischemia.

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is to minimize tissue loss by preserving direct blood flow to the affected limb by treating vessel blockages, controlling any infection and optimizing wound care. Increasingly, this can be accomplished with primary endovascular therapies before open surgery is

1686:: Injection of embolic material (microparticles, alcohol, glue) through a catheter into the arteries feeding a tumor to completely occlude the tumor's blood supply and cause cell death. The most common indication is for treatment of unresectable liver cancer ( 1882:

Many endovascular procedures have since been developed and refined. Numerous tools are at the disposal of modern vascular and interventional radiologists to perform these procedures, and developing new tools is a burgeoning focus of international research.

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Primarily, a TIPS functions to alleviate two different conditions: an emergent/life-threatening GI bleed or ascites (excessive abdominal fluid) caused by too high of blood pressure in the portal vein that is otherwise uncontrolled by diet and medications.

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Sacral insufficiency fractures are an infrequent but often disabling cause of severe low back pain. At times, the pain can be so severe that it may cause the patients to become bedridden, placing them at risk for complications of immobility such as

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type of obstructive jaundice can be alleviated with surgery or chemotherapy but if these measures fail to restore proper flow of bile, an interventional radiologist can perform a procedure called a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC).

2025:. Arteries have relatively thick, muscular walls, composed of multiple layers, because they transport freshly oxygenated blood through the body at relatively high pressures. Arterial diseases can affect one or multiple layers of the artery wall. 474:: Combined injection of chemotherapy and embolic agents into the arterial blood supply of a tumor, with the goal of both local administration of chemotherapy, slowing "washout" of the chemotherapy drug, and also decreasing tumor arterial supply 813:

patient's leg and uses it to guide a coil through blood vessels to the site of the aneurysm. The coil induces clotting within the aneurysm, which reduces the risk of rupture. Multiple coils may be used depending on the size. Imaging studies (

1635:, the purpose of sacroplasty is to provide stabilization to prevent painful micromotion at the fracture site. A needle is placed through the skin and into the bone under CT guidance and a polymethylmethacrylate mixture is injected into the 1753:

cancer. IO treatments may be also offered in combination with surgery, systemic chemotherapy/immunotherapy, and radiation therapy to augment the therapeutic outcome. A variety of interventional oncological treatments for tumors arise:

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and/or long-acting steroid medications can be directly delivered to localized sites of pain. The use of image guidance helps to confirm appropriate needle placement. This includes common imaging modalities used in joint injections:

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tolerated and can result in a permanent reduction or elimination of symptoms. The procedure can take anywhere between 15 minutes to an hour and has lower risks of bleeding or infection compared to an equivalent surgical procedure.

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options in the treatment of extraspinal osseous metastases have emerged as attractive options in management of symptomatic metastases. These typically take the form of three types of ablative therapy: microwave thermal ablation,

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Borofsky, Michael S.; Walter, Dawn; Shah, Ojas; Goldfarb, David S.; Mues, Adam C.; Makarov, Danil V. (March 2013). "Surgical decompression is associated with decreased mortality in patients with sepsis and ureteral calculi".

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arterial disorders, endovascular approaches to dissection such as stent-grafting and percutaneous fenestration can be utilized, either primarily or in combination with surgery depending on the complexity of the dissection.

2179:(Leriche syndrome) is a constellation of symptoms due to significant occlusion of the distal aorta and common iliac arteries, most commonly by atherosclerotic disease The classic symptoms include buttock claudication and 2201:

is another broad term for an enlarged vessel, but is not necessarily pathological. Rupture is a dreaded complication of aneurysms that can lead to extensive, difficult to control bleeding. Aneurysms can also clot, or

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was a potential cure for renal disease. Over 100 years later, the only available curative, renal replacement therapy for CKD is kidney transplantation. However, many patients can live for decades utilizing dialysis.

4473:; Eastell, Richard; Fink, Howard A; Giangregorio, Lora; Guanabens, Nuria; Kado, Deborah; Kallmes, David; Katzman, Wendy; Rodriguez, Alexander; Wermers, Robert; Wilson, H Alexander; Bouxsein, Mary L (January 2019). 2040:. In contrast to arteries, capillaries have thin single-layered walls, so oxygen and nutrients can be exchanged with tissues in capillary beds before the de-oxygenated blood is carried away by the venous system. 4378:

Robinson, Y; Olerud, C (May 2012). "Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty--a systematic review of cement augmentation techniques for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures compared to standard medical therapy".

1696:(TACE): Injection of a chemotherapy agent often with microparticles through a catheter into arteries feeding a tumor that both delivers chemotherapy and blocks the blood supply to the tumor to cause cell death 3488:

Abdel-Meguid, Taha A.; Al-Sayyad, Ahmad; Tayib, Abdulmalik; Farsi, Hasan M. (March 2011). "Does varicocele repair improve male infertility? An evidence-based perspective from a randomized, controlled trial".

2279:

Dissections can also arise in virtually any other artery. Carotid artery dissection, for example, places patients at increased risk for stroke and may extend further into the blood vessels within the brain.

704:

Data suggests that TURP may have higher rates of symptom resolution at one and six months, but PAE appears to provide lower risks of complications more commonly associated with surgery, such as infection.

599:

or nephroureteral stent placement: Placement of a catheter through the skin, directly into the kidney to drain from the collecting system. This is typically done to treat a downstream obstruction of urine.

2052:

and is typically the cause of symptoms related to vascular disease. The goal of revascularization therapies, whether endovascular or surgical, is to re-establish or optimize perfusion and stop ischemia.

1739:

feeding the lobe of liver containing the tumor(s) of interest to induce growth of the non-diseased lobe to maintain adequate liver function necessary to undergo surgical resection of lobe containing the

2285:

legs. These dissections can occur primarily due to focal traumas, underlying vascular disease, or as an extension of a larger, complex aortic dissection that tears further into these smaller branches.

2091:(PAD; sometimes peripheral vascular disease, PVD) is most often a result of atherosclerosis and affects the arteries of the lower extremities, those below the aortic bifurcation. A hallmark symptom is 404:: Placement of a metallic coil or embolic substance (gel-foam, poly-vinyl alcohol) to block blood through to a blood vessel, either to stop bleeding or decrease blood flow to a target organ or tissue. 1783:: lung metastases or inoperable primary lung cancer can be treated by interventional radiology procedures such as image guided ablation (cryoablation, microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation). 1120:

Ovarian vein embolization is a same-day treatment which takes place in an interventional radiology suite. The interventional radiologist gains access through a large vein in the groin, called the

1729:) fashion. Radiation lobectomy is commonly performed with the goal of inducing growth of the non-diseased lobe in order to have adequate liver function necessary to undergo surgical resection. 3344:

Sountoulides, Petros; Pardalidis, Nikolaos; Sofikitis, Nikolaos (January 2010). "Endourologic management of malignant ureteral obstruction: indications, results, and quality-of-life issues".

2048:

refers to the flow of oxygen and nutrient rich blood into the capillary beds of the muscles and organs, this is critical for their function. The lack of adequate perfusion is referred to as

448:-related interventions: Placement of tunneled hemodialysis catheters, peritoneal dialysis catheters, and revision/thrombolysis of poorly functioning surgically placed AV fistulas and grafts. 308:

Also common to all intervention radiology procedures are the medical imaging machines that allow the healthcare provider to see what is occurring within the body. Some use X-rays (such as

2293:

considered a distinct entity, many think this is a precursor lesion to dissection or aneurysm. Along with intramural hematoma, aneurysm and dissection, PAU is recognized as one of several

3577:"2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association" 3260:

McWilliams, Justin P.; Kuo, Michael D.; Rose, Steven C.; Bagla, Sandeep; Caplin, Drew M.; Cohen, Emil I.; Faintuch, Salomao; Spies, James B.; Saad, Wael E.; Nikolic, Boris (2014-09-01).

2764:

Cusumano LR, Duckwiler GR, Roberts DG, McWilliams JP (2020). "Treatment of Recurrent Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformations: Comparison of Proximal Versus Distal Embolization Technique".

1084:

have one-way valves that help blood flow toward the heart. If the valves are weak or damaged, blood can pool in veins, making them swell. When this happens near the pelvis, it is called

513:: Placement of a tube into the gallbladder to remove infected bile in patients with cholecystitis, an inflammation of the gallbladder, who are too frail or too sick to undergo surgery. 1583:-related compression fractures of the spine. The people in both the experimental and placebo groups reported improvement in their pain, suggesting that the benefit is related to the 2115:

angioplasty and stenting. Sometimes repeat interventions are required. The goal of therapy is to maintain perfusion, avoid amputation and preserve the limb structure and function.

1717:

Drug eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (DEB-TACE): delivery of microparticles that are themselves loaded with the chemotherapy agent—typically doxorubicin or irinotecan.

2580:

Midulla, Marco; Pescatori, Lorenzo; Chevallier, Olivier; Nakai, M.; Ikoma, A.; Gehin, Sophie; Berthod, Pierre-Emmanuel; Ne, Romaric; Loffroy, Romaric; Dake, Michael (2019-01-28).

301:(to guide through structures such as blood vessels or the biliary or urinary systems), a sheath (which slides over the guidewire and holds the path open without injuring it), and 1520:

is a treatment option that destroys cancer cells by applying extremely cold temperatures at the location of the tumor. A small cut is made in the skin and a tiny needle called a

2163:

can produce severe pain with eating and result in food fear and weight loss. These vascular disorders can be repaired by endovascular approaches using angioplasty and stenting.

1642:

Sacroplasty is a safe and effective procedure in the treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures that can provide substantial pain relief and lead to a better quality of life.

6217: 2297:—a spectrum of related conditions correlated to potential aortic rupture. They thus have a high potential morbidity and mortality, and should at least be followed closely. 1814:: for small, solitary breast cancer, image-guided ablative techniques are used to treat tumors; however, their efficacy versus surgical resection has not yet been studied. 5583:

Bloomfeld, R. S.; Smith, T. P.; Schneider, A. M.; Rockey, D. C. (October 2000). "Provocative angiography in patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin".

4134:

McCullough HK, Bain RM, Clark HP, Requarth JA (February 2011). "The radiologist as a palliative care subspecialist: providing symptom relief when cure is not possible".

1110:

during pregnancy. After the pregnancy, some of these veins remain enlarged and fail to return to their previous size, causing them to weaken and allowing blood to pool.

462:: Placement of a transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) for select indications in patients with critical end-stage liver disease and portal hypertension. 480:: Combined injection of radioactive glass or plastic beads and embolic agents into the arterial blood supply of a tumor, with the goal of both local administration of 248:

IR procedures provide direct treatment—they include catheter-based medicine delivery, medical device placement (e.g., stents), and angioplasty of narrowed structures.

3801:"Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association" 436:: Catheter-directed technique for dissolving blood clots, such as pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis, with either pharmaceutical (TPA) or mechanical means. 3231: 5730:

Saleh, Akram; Makhamreh, Hanna; Qoussoos, Tareq; Alawwa, Izzat; Alsmady, Moath; Salah, Zaid A.; Shakhatreh, Ali; Alhazaymeh, Lewa; Jabber, Mohammed (20 July 2018).

648:

The portal vein is the site where hypertension (high blood pressure) can produce a myriad of deleterious effects throughout the liver and small or large intestine.

3618:"Guidelines for Adult Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association" 1459:

After the treatment, patients follow up with their physician for several months. The treatment team also orders additional imaging scans to evaluate whether the

3998: 1503:

After the treatment, patients follow up with their physician for several months. The treatment team orders additional imaging scans to evaluate whether the

3431:

Persad, Emma; O'Loughlin, Clare Aa; Kaur, Simi; Wagner, Gernot; Matyas, Nina; Hassler-Di Fratta, Melanie Rosalia; Nussbaumer-Streit, Barbara (2021-04-23).

348:: Imaging the blood vessels to look for abnormalities with the use of various contrast media, including iodinated contrast, gadolinium based agents, and CO 2103:

There are several systems for staging PAD, but an often used scale is the revised Rutherford classification. Plaque and blood flow can be evaluated using

2084:

graft. Modern endovascular approaches to treating atherosclerosis can include combinations of angioplasty, stenting, and atherectomy (removal of plaque).

4717:

Santiago, Fernando Ruiz; del Mar Castellano García, María; Montes, Jose Luis Martínez; García, Manuel Ruiz; Fernández, Juan Miguel Tristán (2009-01-07).

4275:

Patel IJ, Pirasteh A, Passalacqua MA, Robbin MR, Hsu DP, Buethe J, Prologo JD (October 2013). "Palliative procedures for the interventional oncologist".

1128:, which is a flexible tube like a strand of spaghetti. The catheter is moved through the vein to the enlarged pelvic veins, allowing the introduction of 2223:

A variety of endovascular grafts are available, and each has advantages and disadvantages depending on the characteristics of the aneurysm and patient.

779:

symptoms, or greater than 24 hours in special cases. Hospitals with comprehensive stroke centers are equipped to treat patients with endovascular care.

3799:

Derdeyn, Colin P.; Zipfel, Gregory J.; Albuquerque, Felipe C.; Cooke, Daniel L.; Feldmann, Edward; Sheehan, Jason P.; Torner, James C. (August 2017).

4514: 2228:

and abdominal aortic aneurysms. When amenable, endovascular treatments for popliteal aneurysms can include endovascular stenting or surgical bypass.

4569:"Phase 3 Study of ThermoDox With Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) in Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov" 1129: 944:

A sacroiliac joint injection is typically performed to decrease persistent back pain that developed due to an injured or inflamed sacroiliac joint.

4213:

Mamlouk MD, vanSonnenberg E, Dehkharghani S (July 2014). "CT-guided nerve block for pudendal neuralgia: diagnostic and therapeutic implications".

3948: 3142:

Núñez, O.; de la Cruz, G.; Molina, J.; Borrego, G. M.; Marín, I.; Ponferrada, A.; Catalina, V.; Echenagusia, A.; Bañares, R. (October 2003). "".

2197:

vasculitis or connective tissue diseases. Aneurysms are typically classified by major shapes, either fusiform (tubular) or saccular (eccentric).

1777:(SIRT/Y-90 radioembolization), portal vein embolization, transarterial/bland embolization, or image guided ablation (RFA, MWA, IRE, cryoablation) 4905:

European Journal of Surgical Oncology: The Journal of the European Society of Surgical Oncology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology

4257: 1488:

to guide a special needle to the site of the tumors. Next, radiofrequency (RF) electrodes are placed into the tumor. The electrodes generate an

1103: 5846:"Peripheral artery disease and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease: Insights from the Heart and Soul Study" 1405:

Due to the need for multiple treatments requiring multiple transports to and from the hospital and potential disruption to treatment/therapy,

5483:

Conahan, Thomas J.; Schwartz, Alan J.; Geer, Ralph Taggart (31 January 1977). "Percutaneous Catheter Introduction: The Seldinger Technique".

4313: 2032:

is the largest artery in the body, and the major aortic branches continue to divide multiple times, giving way to smaller arteries, muscular

459: 4774:

Shah, Rajesh P.; Brown, Karen T.; Sofocleous, Constantinos T. (October 2011). "Arterially directed therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma".

2183:, with decreased femoral pulses. Additional symptoms of critical limb ischemia can be present. Both surgical and endovascular approaches to 840:

consultation to discuss the risks and benefits of treatment. Current treatment options include conservative management, surgical resection,

3035:

Ray, David M.; Srinivasan, Indu; Tang, Shou-Jiang; Vilmann, Andreas S.; Vilmann, Peter; McCowan, Timothy C.; Patel, Akash M. (2017-03-28).

2099:. As the perfusion to a limb diminishes, further pain in the foot can occur even at rest and in fact the tissues of the foot can even die. 1679:: Uses a machine that emits high frequency sound waves to kill cancer cells and provide relief for tumor-related pain, such as in the bone. 5444:"Wires, Catheters, and More: A Primer for Residents and Fellows Entering Interventional Radiology: Resident and Fellow Education Feature" 3557: 1858:. The symptoms related to vascular disease can range from asymptomatic, bothersome symptoms or limb- and/or life-threatening conditions. 6047:

Hayashi, Hideyuki; Matsuoka, Yohjiro; Sakamoto, Ichiro; Sueyoshi, Eijun; Okimoto, Tomoaki; Hayashi, Kuniaki; Matsunaga, Naofumi (2000).

3309:

Miller Oren F.; Kane Christopher J. (1999-09-01). "Time to stone passage for observed ureteral calculi: a guide for patient education".

388:: Opening of narrow or blocked blood vessels using a balloon, with or without placement of metallic stents to aid in keep vessel patent. 6642: 4901:"Treatment of unresectable intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with yttrium-90 radioembolization: a systematic review and pooled analysis" 3262:"Society of Interventional Radiology Position Statement: Prostate Artery Embolization for Treatment of Benign Disease of the Prostate" 3094:

Speir, Ethan J.; Ermentrout, R. Mitchell; Martin, Jonathan G. (December 2017). "Management of Acute Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding".

6983: 5789:"Correlation between peripheral arterial disease and coronary artery disease using ankle brachial index-a study in Indian population" 2419: 2340: 1971: 164: 158: 6088: 1770: 6228: 1198:

Injection of medication or anesthetic to decrease inflammation or "turn off" a pain signal along a specific distribution of nerve.

567:(RF/RFA): Local treatment in which a special catheter destroys tissue with heat generated by medium frequency alternating currents 6582: 1217:

Nerve block: "temporary disruption of the disruption of pain transmission via the celiac plexus and is accomplished by injecting

573:: Local treatment with a special catheter that destroys tissue with cold temperature generated by rapid expansion of compressed 2468:

Around the turn of the 20th century, breakthroughs in understanding of renal physiology led many to believe that dialysis using

1547:

is then used to thaw the tumor for five minutes. This cycle is repeated two or three times depending on the tumor type and size.

5932: 669:

prevents the normal flow of bile from the liver, through these bile vessels and into the GI tract can cause a condition called

364:: Taking of a tissue sample from the area of interest for pathological examination from a percutaneous or transvenous approach. 6240: 6206: 6183: 6164: 6145: 6126: 5998: 5946: 5013: 3019: 2926: 2901: 2876: 2816: 2748: 2723: 2698: 2673: 2648: 1886:

While some interventional radiology endovascular procedures are highly specialized, a few standard techniques apply to most:

6327: 6882: 6322:

Medical Professionals–Redefining Radiology: Cryoablation of a non-small cell lung cancer pleural invasion (www.mposium.com)

4595:"Cryoablation vs radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case series studies" 3661:; Duckwiler Gary R.; Harris Catherine C.; Howard Virginia J.; Johnston S. Claiborne (Clay); Meyers Philip M. (2015-08-01). 2832:

Keller FS, Farsad K, Rösch J (March 2016). "The Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt: Technique and Instruments".

1774: 1722: 1496:), which produces heat that destroys the tumor. This technique can be repeated at multiple sites, as necessary, before the 419: 324:). In each case, the images created may be modified by computer to better visualize the structures as is in the case with 1820:: inoperable tumors can be treated with image-guided ablative techniques, and more recently, irreversible electroporation. 834: 551: 5526:

Williams, Charles; Kennedy, Dominic; Bastian-Jordan, Matthew; Hislop, Matthew; Cramp, Brendan; Dhupelia, Sanjay (2015).

7018: 6360: 5844:

Grenon, S. Marlene; Vittinghoff, Eric; Owens, Christopher D.; Conte, Michael S.; Whooley, Mary; Cohen, Beth E. (2013).

1015: 2248:

pressure and native vascular disease, or in some cases as a complication of prior surgical or endovascular treatment.

2079:

Historically, open vascular surgical approaches were required for all critically advanced atherosclerotic disease. An

468:

of varicose veins: Placement of thin laser fiber in varicose veins for non-surgical treatment of venous insufficiency.

52:

An interventional radiology suite where biopsy, diagnosis or therapies are precisely guided with real-time fluoroscopy

7177: 2994: 2445: 2366: 2119: 2073: 1993: 1676: 1666: 4174:"CT-guided celiac plexus neurolysis: a review of anatomy, indications, technique, and tips for successful treatment" 2427: 2348: 1456:

include a generation of higher temperatures and the ability to use multiple needles to better destroy larger tumors.

4006: 849:

the AVM. The particles, glue, or coils induce clotting within the malformation, which reduces the risk of rupture.

425: 5961: 1037:. A common cause of damage to the nerve roots are lesions in the spine, such as prolapse of the nucleus pulposus, 285:

Interventional radiology is a set of techniques that allows access to the internal structures of the body through

4874: 2108: 1894: 1693: 818: 814: 325: 4674:

Sabel, Michael S. (July 2014). "Nonsurgical ablation of breast cancer: future options for small breast tumors".

1033:

of the muscle innervated by the affected spinal nerve. It can also cause pain and numbness in the corresponding

7136: 7008: 6442: 5732:"Prevalence of previously unrecognized peripheral arterial disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography" 5190:"Ablation of Musculoskeletal Metastases: Pain Palliation, Fracture Risk Reduction, and Oligometastatic Disease" 2423: 2344: 1975: 1898: 1861:

Vascular and interventional radiologists are at the forefront of treating a wide variety of vascular diseases.

1343: 858: 152: 3188:

Ahmed, Sameer; Schlachter, Todd R.; Hong, Kelvin (December 2015). "Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangioscopy".

2166:

Renal arterial ischemia can contribute to hypertension, which can be severe and refractory to medical therapy.

504:

Placement of catheters in the biliary system to bypass biliary obstructions and decompress the biliary system.

782:

Long-term care after an ischemic stroke is focused on rehabilitation and preventing future blood clots using

962:

that is the outermost part of the spinal canal. It is the space within the canal (formed by the surrounding

6988: 2176: 915: 760: 694: 413: 391: 221: 201: 4650: 4522: 901:, refer to small bony structures located between the vertebrae of the spine that promote spinal stability. 293:. Regardless of the reason for the intervention, the procedure will likely use common elements such as a 6632: 6328:

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center: Irreversible Electroporation (NanoKnife) to Treat Prostate Tumors

3656: 2281: 1274: 1117:

can offer a minimally invasive treatment option for pelvic congestion syndrome: ovarian vein embolization

407: 5962:"Stanford classification of aortic dissection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org" 6612: 3956: 1533: 1497: 1477: 1442: 1430: 1114: 1095: 1085: 822: 465: 321: 213: 5902: 3725: 2977:

Hong, Kelvin; Georgiades, Christos S, eds. (2011). "2 Cryoablation: Mechanism of Action and Devices".

7041: 6197:

The Ship in the Balloon: The Story of Boston Scientific and the Development of Less-Invasive Medicine

2462: 2215: 2088: 1188:

therapeutic and palliative interventions to offer the patient coping with a life-threatening illness.

795: 626: 251:

The main benefits of IR techniques are that they can reach the deep structures of the body through a

3657:

Thompson B. Gregory; Brown Robert D.; Amin-Hanjani Sepideh; Broderick Joseph P.; Cockroft Kevin M.;

3575:

Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, Adeoye OM, Bambakidis NC, Becker K, et al. (March 2018).

1714:

with high dose chemotherapy with or without microparticles directly into the tumor-feeding arteries.

6833: 6755: 6750: 6430: 5980: 2408: 2329: 2211: 1762: 1732: 1687: 1214:: Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they differ in terms of duration of action. 4417:; Johnston, RV; Rischin, KJ; Homik, J; Jones, CA; Golmohammadi, K; Kallmes, DF (6 November 2018). 4321: 1060:

Used to treat patients with radicular symptoms in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar or sacral region.

232:

or guide further medical treatment, and include image-guided biopsy of a tumor or injection of an

6813: 6787: 5189: 2412: 2333: 2169: 2144: 1964: 1658: 1504: 1473: 1453: 1411: 1402:

retreatment, and 1–3% experience debilitating complications such as fracture of the treated bone.

1347: 882: 564: 523: 6012:

Hartnell, George G.; Gates, Julia (2005). "Aortic Fenestration: A Why, when, and How-to Guide".

1624:

Sacral insufficiency fractures result from an axial loading mechanism on abnormal bone, such as

1277:, which is a network of nerve fibers located in the retroperitoneum that modulate pain from the 6405: 6353: 5787:

Sarangi, Sharmistha; Srikant, Banumathy; Rao, Dayasagar V.; Joshi, Laxmikant; Usha, G. (2012).

4899:

Al-Adra, D. P.; Gill, R. S.; Axford, S. J.; Shi, X.; Kneteman, N.; Liau, S.-S. (January 2015).

3037:"Complementary roles of interventional radiology and therapeutic endoscopy in gastroenterology" 2458: 2153: 1560: 926:

to guide the placement of an injection of medication into a facet joint to provide pain relief.

367: 6138:

Advanced Radiographic and Angiographic Procedures: With an Introduction to Specialized Imaging

4020: 3564:. American Stroke Association (a division of the American Heart Association). 5 December 2018. 3261: 7056: 6942: 6915: 6888: 6840: 6794: 6489: 5040:"Standards of Practice: Guidelines for Thermal Ablation of Primary and Secondary Lung Tumors" 2294: 1614: 1235:: A procedure performed to manage refractory cancer-related abdominal pain by modulating the 1149: 1071:

A very large (9 cm or 3.5 in) fibroid of the uterus causing pelvic congestion on US

807: 7076: 7036: 6903: 6717: 6712: 6692: 6627: 6479: 6298:

American Medical Center – American Heart Institute: Radio Frequency Ablation of Liver Tumor

2180: 2138: 1790: 1598: 1576: 905: 898: 841: 791: 713: 577:

gas—used mostly to treat small renal cancers and for the palliation of painful bone lesions

554:

or jejunostomy: Placement of a feeding tube percutaneously into the stomach and/or jejunum.

497: 484:, slowing "washout" of the radioactive substance, and also decreasing tumor arterial supply 111: 6065: 6048: 3980: 3920: 3903: 2521:

Taslakian, Bedros; Ingber, Ross; Aaltonen, Eric; Horn, Jeremy; Hickey, Ryan (2019-08-30).

1132:, which are medications that cause the vein to seal off and relieve the painful pressure. 442:: Metallic filters placed in the vena cava to prevent propagation of deep venous thrombus. 8: 7156: 7098: 7081: 6740: 6457: 6096: 4470: 4414: 2160: 1875: 1726: 1525: 1481: 1434: 1433:

makes a tiny incision in the skin to insert a special needle into the body. Using a live

1363: 1145: 1038: 1034: 979: 298: 256: 233: 32: 5309: 5252: 4544: 4360: 3904:"Imaging-guided injection techniques with fluoroscopy and CT for spinal pain management" 3848:

Zuurbier, Susanna M; Al-Shahi Salman, Rustam (2019-09-10). Cochrane Stroke Group (ed.).

3728:"Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms — Risk of Rupture and Risks of Surgical Intervention" 3616:

Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, Bates B, Cherney LR, Cramer SC, et al. (June 2016).

1563:, which includes vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty, are similar spinal procedures in which 1539:

Next, the cryoprobes are inserted into the tumor to begin freezing it with a gas called

7046: 7003: 6993: 6782: 6735: 6702: 6697: 6447: 6425: 6259: 6195: 5878: 5845: 5821: 5788: 5764: 5731: 5707: 5682: 5634:

Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of.

5616: 5560: 5527: 5442:

Northcutt, Benjamin G.; Shah, Anjuli A.; Sheu, Yun R.; Carmi, Lemore (September 2015).

5378: 5353: 5326: 5293: 5269: 5236: 5165: 5132: 4990: 4957: 4933: 4900: 4851: 4818: 4751: 4718: 4632: 4543:

Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of.

4443: 4418: 4238: 4111: 4086: 4062: 4043:"Sacroplasty by CT and fluoroscopic guidance: is the procedure right for your patient?" 3874: 3849: 3658: 3465: 3432: 3071: 3036: 2789: 2616: 2582:"Future of IR: Emerging Techniques, Looking to the Future...and Learning from the Past" 2581: 2557: 2522: 2260: 2010: 1843: 1766: 1683: 1662: 1460: 1449: 1426: 1406: 1370: 975: 583:: Local treatment with a special catheter that destroys tissue with heat generated by 580: 146: 6049:"Penetrating Atherosclerotic Ulcer of the Aorta: Imaging Features and Disease Concept" 5804: 3155: 1144:

can be performed through minimally invasive methods, to determine whether a patient's

7142: 7116: 6998: 6968: 6947: 6910: 6893: 6808: 6772: 6762: 6657: 6577: 6521: 6484: 6469: 6410: 6377: 6346: 6263: 6202: 6179: 6160: 6141: 6122: 6114: 6070: 6029: 5883: 5865: 5826: 5808: 5769: 5751: 5712: 5608: 5600: 5596: 5565: 5547: 5508: 5500: 5496: 5465: 5424: 5383: 5331: 5313: 5274: 5256: 5217: 5209: 5170: 5152: 5113: 5105: 5069: 5061: 4995: 4977: 4938: 4920: 4856: 4838: 4799: 4791: 4756: 4738: 4699: 4691: 4624: 4616: 4611: 4594: 4496: 4475:"The Efficacy and Safety of Vertebral Augmentation: A Second ASBMR Task Force Report" 4448: 4396: 4292: 4230: 4195: 4151: 4116: 4067: 3925: 3879: 3830: 3822: 3757: 3749: 3726:

International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators (1998-12-10).

3684: 3639: 3598: 3514: 3506: 3470: 3452: 3413: 3405: 3369: 3361: 3326: 3322: 3291: 3283: 3213: 3205: 3167: 3159: 3119: 3111: 3076: 3058: 3015: 2990: 2959: 2922: 2897: 2872: 2849: 2812: 2793: 2781: 2744: 2719: 2694: 2669: 2644: 2621: 2603: 2562: 2544: 2469: 2184: 1827: 1823: 1273:: A procedure performed to manage refractory abdominal/pelvis pain by modulating the 1255: 990: 911: 869: 481: 477: 471: 333: 294: 58: 28: 5635: 5620: 4636: 4392: 4342: 4242: 4042: 7126: 6818: 6803: 6680: 6555: 6511: 6271: 6255: 6060: 6021: 5981:"Renal artery dissection | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org" 5873: 5857: 5816: 5800: 5759: 5743: 5702: 5694: 5592: 5555: 5539: 5492: 5455: 5414: 5373: 5365: 5321: 5305: 5264: 5248: 5201: 5160: 5144: 5097: 5051: 4985: 4969: 4928: 4912: 4846: 4830: 4783: 4746: 4730: 4683: 4606: 4486: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4388: 4284: 4222: 4185: 4143: 4106: 4098: 4057: 3915: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3812: 3739: 3674: 3629: 3588: 3498: 3460: 3448: 3444: 3397: 3353: 3318: 3273: 3197: 3151: 3103: 3066: 3048: 2982: 2951: 2841: 2773: 2611: 2593: 2552: 2534: 2478: 2152:. Carotid artery disease can be typically addressed with open surgical techniques ( 1839: 1610: 1602: 1543:, creating an "ice ball" over the entire tumor to freeze it for about ten minutes. 1489: 1384: 1262: 1141: 937: 908:, which can be both diagnosed and treated by image-guided injection of anesthetics. 787: 4568: 3663:"Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms" 1874:

imaging to guide endovascular therapies (fixing this from inside the vessel). The

7146: 7091: 6952: 6937: 6920: 6860: 6855: 6799: 6777: 6474: 6420: 6400: 6304:

Stanford Health Care: Microwave Ablation Used To Treat Cancer Quickly at Stanford

3817: 3800: 3679: 3662: 3634: 3617: 3593: 3576: 3532: 3502: 2057: 1817: 1749:

Interventional oncology (IO) procedures are commonly applied to treat primary or

1318: 1244: 1218: 1176: 998: 971: 759:, in which blood flow to the brain is blocked. A clot-busting medication such as 545: 510: 445: 355: 329: 290: 24: 19:

This article describes interventional radiology as a medical procedure. See also

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Neurolysis: "permanent destruction of the celiac plexus with ethanol or phenol".

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Dissections can occur in any artery and are named for their vessel of origin.

7171: 7061: 6850: 6845: 6707: 6647: 6550: 5869: 5861: 5812: 5755: 5604: 5551: 5504: 5317: 5260: 5213: 5156: 5109: 5065: 4981: 4924: 4842: 4795: 4742: 4716: 4695: 4620: 4466: 4419:"Percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture" 4172:

Kambadakone A, Thabet A, Gervais DA, Mueller PR, Arellano RS (October 2011).

3826: 3753: 3510: 3456: 3409: 3365: 3287: 3209: 3163: 3115: 3062: 2607: 2548: 2206:, and rapidly occlude the involved vessel, leading to acute distal ischemia. 1937: 1811: 1798:

are also performed for symptom relief or prior to surgery to reduce bleeding.

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For further discussion, refer to the neuro-interventional radiology section.

1383:

A procedure performed to manage head and neck pain/headaches related to the

1135:

This treatment can be less expensive than surgery and is much less invasive.

7066: 7051: 6877: 6602: 6452: 6437: 6383: 6316:

Sirtex Medical US: SIR-Spheres Y-90 resin microspheres Mode of Action Video

6267: 6074: 6033: 5887: 5830: 5773: 5716: 5698: 5612: 5569: 5469: 5428: 5387: 5369: 5335: 5278: 5221: 5174: 5148: 5117: 5073: 4999: 4973: 4942: 4860: 4803: 4760: 4703: 4628: 4500: 4452: 4400: 4296: 4234: 4199: 4155: 4120: 4087:"Palliative Care for Interventional Radiology: An Oncologist's Perspective" 4071: 3929: 3883: 3834: 3688: 3643: 3602: 3518: 3474: 3417: 3373: 3330: 3295: 3217: 3171: 3123: 3080: 2963: 2853: 2785: 2625: 2566: 2131: 2092: 1929: 1925: 1919: 1805: 1795: 1758: 1670: 1625: 1580: 1544: 1517: 1415: 1240: 1121: 1089: 1046: 894: 845: 772: 768: 570: 535: 433: 401: 286: 269: 252: 237: 225: 5460: 5443: 4102: 3761: 3357: 6925: 6870: 6767: 6622: 6597: 6415: 6025: 5512: 4958:"Portal vein embolization: rationale, technique, and current application" 4545:"Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) | Microwave Ablation (MWA) - Liver Tumors" 4226: 4190: 4173: 3776:"Arteriovenous Malformations – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options" 3053: 2986: 2037: 1905: 1890: 1801: 1780: 1736: 1618: 1564: 1202: 1057:) are one of the most common symptoms caused by damage to the nerve root. 1050: 983: 919: 878: 735: 596: 539: 530:

devices (IVs), including both tunneled and non-tunneled catheters (e.g.,

527: 439: 385: 345: 313: 205: 4787: 4288: 4147: 3987:. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA). February 14, 2018. 3850:"Interventions for treating brain arteriovenous malformations in adults" 775:, and several factors are considered before the procedure is completed. 358:: Imaging the bile ducts within the liver to look for areas of blockage. 7013: 6898: 6865: 6637: 6587: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6545: 6535: 6334:

Scientific Animations: 3D Medical Animation of Coronary Stent Procedure

5294:"Use of irreversible electroporation in unresectable pancreatic cancer" 4367:. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA). January 23, 2017. 4349:. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA). January 20, 2018. 4027:. Radiological Society of North America, Inc. (RSNA). January 23, 2017. 2942:

Wah TM (August 2017). "Image-guided ablation of renal cell carcinoma".

2539: 2203: 2104: 2033: 1978: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1855: 1750: 1529: 1485: 1438: 1351: 1328: 1063:

Helps to alleviate pain by dealing with inflammation of the nerve root.

967: 923: 874: 730: 317: 217: 4819:"Chemoembolization and radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma" 4491: 4474: 3433:"Surgical or radiological treatment for varicoceles in subfertile men" 2598: 70: 7086: 6828: 6823: 6687: 6665: 6540: 6504: 5543: 2271: 2072:

Screening tests typically use the non-invasive evaluation called the

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usually affects women who have previously been pregnant, because the

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is the initial or proximal segment of one of the thirty-one pairs of

963: 584: 542:, hemodialysis catheters, translumbar and transhepatic venous lines). 241: 229: 20: 2397: 2318: 1953: 6592: 6369: 5528:"A new diagnostic approach to popliteal artery entrapment syndrome" 5525: 2192: 2127: 2096: 2062: 2049: 2006: 1847: 1711: 1710:

Conventional transarterial chemoembolization (cTACE): Injection of

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is a treatment that uses heat to destroy multiple small tumors. An

1332: 1306: 1302: 1125: 1054: 764: 670: 531: 488: 395: 370:: obtaining cells from a tissue or organ under ultrasound guidance. 302: 181: 123: 6310:

Stony Brook Surgery: Stony Brook Surgery Uses NanoKnife Technology

5654:"SIR-RFS Webinar (2/7/2013): Principles of Embolization in Trauma" 2763: 844:, endovascular embolization, or combinations of these treatments. 7071: 6531: 6499: 6392: 5354:"Overview of Classification Systems in Peripheral Artery Disease" 3308: 2095:, or progressive pain in a limb associated with activity, due to 1621:

technique, there was no definitive treatment other than bed rest.

1294: 1278: 1184: 1026: 452: 309: 260: 245: 209: 127: 6241:"The birth, early years, and future of interventional radiology" 5235:

Nguyen, Tiffany; Hattery, Eleanor; Khatri, Vijay P. (May 2014).

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National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

2825: 2481:, was invented nearly 40 years later and allowed a patient with 1445:

generates electromagnetic microwaves that can destroy the tumor.

642: 6046: 4875:"Chemotherapy Delivery Options: Benefits of Regional Therapies" 4171: 3487: 3343: 2579: 2123: 2018: 1657:

Image-guided ablation: Uses different types of energy to burn (

1636: 1314: 1310: 1290: 1286: 1107: 1067: 1042: 756: 361: 185: 5903:"Rutherford Classification: Summary for Medical Professionals" 4719:"Treatment of bone tumours by radiofrequency thermal ablation" 4413: 4274: 3574: 3430: 3014:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 221–225. 2921:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 361–386. 2896:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 290–295. 2871:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 269–282. 2811:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 253–268. 2743:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 341–360. 2718:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 171–186. 2693:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 123–147. 2668:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 387–402. 1567:

is injected through a small hole in the skin into a fractured

5582: 4465: 3901: 3798: 3232:"Prostate Enlargement (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) | NIDDK" 2380: 2029: 2014: 1912: 1851: 1769:

and liver metastases are often treated by procedures such as

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had widened to accommodate the increased blood flow from the

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and spinal tabes. Root pain syndromes, known colloquially as

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Degeneration or damage to the facet joints can often lead to

574: 228:. Diagnostic IR procedures are those intended to help make a 47: 5729: 4593:

El Dib, Regina; Touma, Naji J.; Kapoor, Anil (August 2012).

3141: 2643:. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 49–77. 1327:: A procedure performed to manage pain originating from the 786:

therapy. Patients work with specialists from fields such as

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are less likely to, and can cause severe pain or infection.

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to prevent expansion or progression of the defective vessel.

6338: 5843: 5014:"Liver Cancer Interventional Radiology: Minimally Invasive" 4133: 2520: 2305:

narrowed vessels and keep the transplant organ functional.

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are also performed for prior to surgery to reduce bleeding.

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Abrams' Angiography: Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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Dotter, Charles T.; Judkins, Melvin P. (1 November 1964).

5188:

Kurup, Anil Nicholas; Callstrom, Matthew R. (2013-12-01).

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diagnose but is more common than aortic aneurysm rupture.

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The interventional radiologist may be uniquely skilled as

5086: 4320:. The Society of Interventional Radiology. Archived from 4255: 4041:

Strub WM, Hoffmann M, Ernst RJ, Bulas RV (January 2007).

4005:. The Society of Interventional Radiology. Archived from 2061:

refers to a progressive narrowing of the arteries due to

1826:: inoperable, or borderline resectable, locally advanced 1536:

maneuvers the cryoprobe toward the location of the tumor.

328:, CT and MRI, or the display of the images improved with 220:. IR performs both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures 5403:"Transluminal Treatment of Arteriosclerotic Obstruction" 3775: 3703:"Cerebral Aneurysm – Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatments" 3702: 3034: 1373:(i.e., repetitive use from cycling), cancer-related pain 1022:

leaving the central nervous system from the spinal cord.

4040: 3902:

Silbergleit R, Mehta BA, Sanders WP, Talati SJ (2001).

3847: 3615: 2523:"Interventional Radiology Suite: A Primer for Trainees" 1698: 374: 259:. This decreases risks, pain, and recovery compared to 5786: 5441: 5038:

Pereira, Philippe L.; Salvatore, Masala (2012-04-01).

4258:"Sphenopalatine Ganglion Blocks in Headache Disorders" 3259: 2892:

Uberoi R (2009). "14 Gastro-intestinal intervention".

828: 339: 5351: 5237:"Radiofrequency ablation and breast cancer: a review" 5194:

Techniques in Vascular & Interventional Radiology

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Plasma-mediated radiofrequency ablation ("coblation")

6093:

End Stage Renal Disease National Coordinating Center

4898: 3010:

Uberoi R (2009). "11 Interventional uro-radiology".

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Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

3187: 3096:

Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

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Techniques in Vascular and Interventional Radiology

1587:. As of 2019, routine use is thus not recommended. 6326:Irreversible electroporation video demonstration: 6308:Irreversible electroporation video demonstration: 6238: 6194: 6159:. Chicago: Cook Group Incorporated, Mobium Press. 5131:Foster, Ryan C.B.; Stavas, Joseph M. (June 2014). 3936: 3003: 2910: 2867:Uberoi R (2009). "13 Hepatobiliary intervention". 2860: 2477:somewhat permanent, reliable dialysis access, the 1864: 1429:is a treatment that uses heat to treat tumors. An 1395: 602:Ureteral stent exchange: indwelling double-J type 394:: Placement of endovascular stent-graft across an 6320:Cryoablation of lung cancer video demonstration: 6218:"Historic Highlights of Interventional Radiology" 6201:. Fort Lauderdale: Write Stuff Enterprises, Inc. 5352:Hardman, RL; Jazaeri, O; Yi, J; Gupta, R (2014). 4817:Salem, Riad; Lewandowski, Robert J. (June 2013). 4592: 4377: 2831: 2800: 2732: 2657: 1830:can be treated with irreversible electroporation. 1665:(MWA)), deliver electrical fields/electroporate ( 1441:, the doctor guides the needle to the tumor. The 1387:, usually in the treatment of migraine headaches. 1008: 507:Placement of permanent indwelling biliary stents. 7169: 6248:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 6176:Handbook of Interventional Radiologic Procedures 5933:"Endovascular treatment of peripheral aneurysms" 5090:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 5037: 4956:May, Benjamin J.; Madoff, David C. (June 2012). 4816: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3266:Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 2707: 2682: 2632: 615: 5680: 4167: 4165: 2739:Uberoi R (2009). "17 Embolization techniques". 2689:Uberoi R (2009). "7 Angioplasty and stenting". 734:unknown and an ill-favored sequela can be male 689: 305:(that allow fluids to be pushed through them). 200:) is a medical specialty that performs various 6178:. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Publishers. 6135: 5999:"Endovascular treatment of aortic dissections" 5947:"Endovascular treatment of visceral aneurysms" 5187: 2976: 1524:is inserted. Using image-guidance—either by a 1004:Usually performed under fluoroscopic guidance. 620: 6354: 6296:Radiofrequency ablation video demonstration: 6173: 6011: 5400: 4371: 4084: 4036: 4034: 3975: 3973: 3890: 2807:Uberoi R (2009). "12 Haemodialysis fistula". 1735:(PVE): delivery of embolic material into the 1346:(CRPS)/regional sympathetic dystrophy (RDS), 863: 684: 643:Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt 637: 526:placement: Vascular access and management of 6239:Rösch J, Keller FS, Kaufman JA (July 2003). 6154: 5130: 4407: 4256:Charleston IV L, Halker R, Ailani J (2015). 4162: 1271:Superior hypogastric plexus block/neurolysis 745: 5921:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjRClHP1dEc 5681:Vaidya, S.; Tozer, K. R.; Chen, J. (2008). 5633: 5347: 5345: 5044:CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 4723:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine 4542: 4423:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 4308: 4306: 3437:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2766:CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology 2664:Uberoi R (2009). "19 Biopsy and drainage". 2586:Journal of the Belgian Society of Radiology 2516: 2514: 2426:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2347:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 410:(UAE) or uterine fibroid embolization (UFE) 6643:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6361: 6347: 4676:Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America 4031: 3970: 3535:. Center of Disease Control and Prevention 2013:that carry oxygenated blood away from the 1842:refers to disorders of the vasculature or 1646: 1254:Often used in the management of incurable 993:is often performed to treat local pain or 289:or very small incisions and guidance with 46: 6984:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 6064: 5877: 5820: 5763: 5706: 5559: 5459: 5418: 5377: 5325: 5268: 5164: 5055: 4989: 4955: 4932: 4850: 4750: 4610: 4515:"Radiofrequency ablation for lung cancer" 4490: 4459: 4442: 4189: 4110: 4061: 3919: 3873: 3816: 3743: 3678: 3633: 3592: 3464: 3277: 3070: 3052: 2615: 2597: 2556: 2538: 2446:Learn how and when to remove this message 2367:Learn how and when to remove this message 1994:Learn how and when to remove this message 1555: 165:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 159:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery 6302:Microwave ablation video demonstration: 6192: 5900: 5585:The American Journal of Gastroenterology 5342: 4823:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 4303: 4050:AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology 2511: 2488: 2270: 1697: 1480:makes a tiny incision and uses either a 1192: 1066: 801: 750: 487: 451: 204:using medical imaging guidance, such as 5959: 4469:; Akesson, Kristina; Bauer, Douglas C; 4085:Campbell TC, Roenn JH (December 2007). 3854:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2917:Uberoi R (2009). "18 Tumour ablation". 1936:The goal of endovascular therapy is to 1651: 1579:. It was found ineffective in treating 708: 663: 7170: 5668:"Endovascular Embolization or Coiling" 5291: 4776:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 4277:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 4215:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 4136:AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology 3552: 3550: 3009: 2916: 2891: 2866: 2806: 2738: 2713: 2688: 2663: 2638: 1092:beneath the level of the belly button. 1075: 6342: 6117:, Baum S, Pentecost MJ, eds. (2005). 6066:10.1148/radiographics.20.4.g00jl01995 5532:Journal of Medical Radiation Sciences 4673: 3921:10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl15927 3255: 3253: 3251: 3183: 3181: 3137: 3135: 3133: 7122: 6883:Physical medicine and rehabilitation 5901:Weinberg, Dr Ido (August 14, 2010). 5687:Seminars in Interventional Radiology 5137:Seminars in Interventional Radiology 4962:Seminars in Interventional Radiology 4479:Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 4091:Seminars in Interventional Radiology 2714:Uberoi R (2009). "9 Stentgrafting". 2424:adding citations to reliable sources 2391: 2345:adding citations to reliable sources 2312: 1976:adding citations to reliable sources 1947: 1775:Selective internal radiation therapy 1723:Selective internal radiation therapy 1707:Can be performed in different ways: 1247:along the anterolateral wall of the 930: 420:Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation 375:Therapeutic interventional radiology 7132: 6174:Kandarpa K, Aruny JE, eds. (2010). 5850:Vascular Medicine (London, England) 5636:"Angioplasty and Vascular Stenting" 5310:10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2015.01.10 5298:Hepatobiliary Surgery and Nutrition 5253:10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2014.03.05 5018:Cancer Treatment Centers of America 4879:Cancer Treatment Centers of America 3949:"Superior Hypogastric Plexus Block" 3547: 2941: 1943: 1834: 1744: 835:Cerebral arteriovenous malformation 829:Cerebral arteriovenous malformation 552:Radiologically inserted gastrostomy 340:Diagnostic interventional radiology 236:into a hollow structure, such as a 13: 7019:Medical Scientist Training Program 6260:10.1097/01.rvi.0000083840.97061.5b 6106: 5978: 5292:Martin, Robert C. G. (June 2015). 3248: 3178: 3130: 3028: 2156:) or though endovascular stenting. 1362:: A procedure performed to manage 1221:or long-acting local anesthetics". 1170: 1155:Pelvic and transvaginal ultrasound 852: 280: 14: 7189: 6290: 6215: 4651:"Cryotherapy for Prostate Cancer" 2308: 1682:Transarterial embolization (TAE)/ 1677:High intensity focused ultrasound 1507:successfully destroyed the tumor. 1463:successfully destroyed the tumor. 948: 611:Techniques for specific disorders 7151: 7141: 7131: 7121: 7112: 7111: 5597:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.03191.x 5497:10.1001/jama.1977.03270320024004 4612:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10885.x 4361:"Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty" 3323:10.1097/00005392-199909010-00014 2396: 2387: 2317: 1952: 1940:an affected or diseased vessel. 1452:(removal of tissue) compared to 1164:Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 1025:Damage to nerve roots can cause 426:Hemorrhoidal artery embolization 7152: 6225:Dotter Interventional Radiology 6136:Apfel PA, Tortorici MR (2010). 6081: 6040: 6005: 5991: 5972: 5953: 5939: 5925: 5913: 5894: 5837: 5780: 5723: 5683:"An Overview of Embolic Agents" 5674: 5660: 5646: 5627: 5576: 5519: 5476: 5435: 5394: 5285: 5228: 5181: 5133:"Bone and Soft Tissue Ablation" 5124: 5080: 5031: 5006: 4949: 4892: 4867: 4810: 4767: 4710: 4667: 4643: 4586: 4561: 4536: 4507: 4393:10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.02.010 4353: 4335: 4268: 4249: 4206: 4127: 4078: 4013: 3991: 3914:(4): 927–39, discussion 940–2. 3841: 3792: 3768: 3732:New England Journal of Medicine 3719: 3695: 3650: 3609: 3568: 3525: 3481: 3424: 3380: 3337: 3302: 3224: 3144:Gastroenterologia y Hepatologia 3087: 2970: 2885: 1963:needs additional citations for 1865:Basics of vascular intervention 1771:transarterial chemoembolization 1761:: primary liver tumors such as 1694:Transarterial chemoembolization 1617:. Until the development of the 1396:Palliative bone/musculoskeletal 888: 326:digital subtraction angiography 7009:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine 6443:Oral and maxillofacial surgery 4435:10.1002/14651858.CD006349.pub4 3866:10.1002/14651858.CD003436.pub4 3449:10.1002/14651858.CD000479.pub6 2757: 2639:Uberoi R (2009). "4 Imaging". 2573: 2275:Takayasu arteritis angiography 2126:, which can progress to frank 1846:, most commonly involving the 1590: 1344:complex regional pain syndrome 1233:Celiac plexus block/neurolysis 1009:Selective nerve root injection 1001:or central/foraminal stenosis. 859:Interventional pain management 630:potentially life-threatening. 272:such as cataracts and cancer. 153:Doctor of Osteopathic medicine 1: 6155:Geddes LA, Geddes LE (1993). 6089:"Fistula First Catheter Last" 5805:10.1016/S0019-4832(12)60002-9 3156:10.1016/s0210-5705(03)70394-x 2505: 1379:Sphenopalatine ganglion block 755:About 87% of all strokes are 724: 616:Gastrointestinal intervention 202:minimally-invasive procedures 6989:Bachelor of Medical Sciences 6756:Neurosurgical anesthesiology 6368: 5670:– via www.youtube.com. 5656:– via www.youtube.com. 4521:. 2017-08-21. Archived from 4262:American Migraine Foundation 3999:"Pelvis Congestion Syndrome" 3818:10.1161/STR.0000000000000134 3680:10.1161/STR.0000000000000070 3635:10.1161/STR.0000000000000098 3594:10.1161/STR.0000000000000158 3503:10.1016/j.eururo.2010.12.008 2527:Journal of Clinical Medicine 2177:Aortoiliac occlusive disease 1667:irreversible electroporation 1639:under real-time fluoroscopy. 1229:Types of blocks/neurolyses: 916:minimally invasive procedure 761:tissue plasminogen activator 695:Benign prostatic hyperplasia 690:Benign prostatic hyperplasia 414:Prostate artery embolization 392:Endovascular aneurysm repair 297:(to pass through the skin), 222:through very small incisions 7: 5748:10.1097/MD.0000000000011519 4829:(6): 604–611, quiz e43–44. 4021:"Ovarian Vein Embolization" 3745:10.1056/NEJM199812103392401 3558:"Ischemic Stroke Treatment" 2979:Percutaneous Tumor Ablation 2950:(8). Elsevier BV: 636–644. 2493:Venous access port catheter 2282:Vertebral artery dissection 1275:superior hypogastric plexus 627:gastrointestinal hemorrhage 621:Gastrointestinal hemorrhage 546:Drainage catheter placement 408:Uterine artery embolization 316:) and some do not (such as 10: 7194: 6314:Y-90 video demonstration: 5206:10.1053/j.tvir.2013.08.007 5102:10.1016/j.jvir.2017.08.013 4917:10.1016/j.ejso.2014.09.007 3402:10.1016/j.juro.2012.09.088 3279:10.1016/j.jvir.2014.05.005 3202:10.1053/j.tvir.2015.07.003 3108:10.1053/j.tvir.2017.10.005 3041:World Journal of Radiology 2956:10.1016/j.crad.2017.03.007 2846:10.1053/j.tvir.2016.01.001 2778:10.1007/s00270-019-02328-0 1911:Stents and stent-grafts: 1534:interventional radiologist 1498:interventional radiologist 1478:interventional radiologist 1443:interventional radiologist 1431:interventional radiologist 1422:Microwave thermal ablation 1115:interventional radiologist 1096:Pelvic congestion syndrome 1086:pelvic congestion syndrome 941:torso's range of movement. 918:in which a physician uses 868:Utilizing image guidance, 864:Joint and local injections 856: 832: 805: 685:Genitourinary intervention 638:Hepatobiliary intervention 466:Endovenous laser treatment 214:magnetic resonance imaging 81:Interventional Radiologist 63:Interventional radiologist 18: 7107: 7029: 6967: 6728: 6656: 6611: 6520: 6391: 6376: 5057:10.1007/s00270-012-0340-1 4835:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.039 4735:10.1007/s12178-008-9042-3 4688:10.1016/j.soc.2014.03.009 4314:"Radiofrequency Ablation" 2463:renal replacement therapy 2210:Aortic aneurysms include 2089:Peripheral artery disease 2009:are the component of the 1869:Since its development by 1828:pancreatic adenocarcinoma 1500:removes the RF electrode. 846:Endovascular embolization 842:stereotactic radiosurgery 746:Neurological intervention 386:Balloon angioplasty/stent 173: 138: 133: 117: 105: 90: 85: 67: 57: 45: 40: 7178:Interventional radiology 6943:Transplantation medicine 6834:Clinical neurophysiology 6751:Obstetric anesthesiology 6671:Interventional radiology 6431:Digestive system surgery 6157:The Catheter Introducers 5919:RFS EVAR/TEVAR webinar: 5862:10.1177/1358863X13493825 3012:Interventional radiology 2919:Interventional radiology 2894:Interventional radiology 2869:Interventional radiology 2809:Interventional radiology 2741:Interventional radiology 2716:Interventional radiology 2691:Interventional radiology 2666:Interventional radiology 2641:Interventional radiology 1789:: kidney tumors such as 1763:hepatocellular carcinoma 1733:Portal vein embolization 1688:hepatocellular carcinoma 1325:Lumbar sympathetic block 1239:, which is a network of 1161:Computed tomography (CT) 597:Percutaneous nephrostomy 456:TIPS procedure schematic 275: 194:Interventional radiology 41:Interventional radiology 6814:Intensive care medicine 6788:Mass gathering medicine 6633:Maternal–fetal medicine 6121:. Little Brown and Co. 5420:10.1161/01.CIR.30.5.654 2840:(1). Elsevier BV: 2–9. 2170:Coronary artery disease 2145:Carotid atherosclerosis 1659:radiofrequency ablation 1647:Interventional oncology 1628:or underlying neoplasm. 1505:radiofrequency ablation 1474:Radiofrequency ablation 1454:radiofrequency ablation 1412:radiofrequency ablation 1348:post-herpetic neuralgia 1152:. These tests include: 883:computerized tomography 769:mechanical thrombectomy 565:Radiofrequency ablation 524:Central venous catheter 257:small needles and wires 255:or tiny incision using 6406:Cardiothoracic surgery 5699:10.1055/s-0028-1085930 5370:10.1055/s-0034-1393976 5358:Semin Intervent Radiol 5149:10.1055/s-0034-1373791 4974:10.1055/s-0032-1312568 3390:The Journal of Urology 3346:Journal of Endourology 2494: 2459:Chronic kidney disease 2295:acute aortic syndromes 2276: 2154:carotid endarterectomy 2120:Critical limb ischemia 1703: 1575:caused by a vertebral 1561:Vertebral augmentation 1556:Vertebral augmentation 1072: 997:, particularly due to 798:to complete recovery. 493: 457: 368:Fine-needle aspiration 234:imaging contrast agent 7057:Personalized medicine 6916:Reproductive medicine 6841:Occupational medicine 6795:Evolutionary medicine 6332:Stent demonstration: 5461:10.1148/rg.2015130155 4549:www.radiologyinfo.org 4103:10.1055/s-2007-992325 3358:10.1089/end.2009.0157 3317:(3 Part 1): 688–691. 2492: 2479:Scribner Teflon shunt 2274: 2148:result in degrees of 1701: 1615:bone demineralization 1577:compression fractures 1193:Nerve block/ablations 1150:pelvic varicose veins 1070: 808:Intracranial aneurysm 802:Intracranial aneurysm 751:Acute ischemic stroke 491: 455: 7077:Traditional medicine 7037:Alternative medicine 6904:Addiction psychiatry 6718:Transfusion medicine 6713:Medical microbiology 6628:Gynecologic oncology 6480:Reproductive surgery 6193:Rodengen JL (2001). 6026:10.1148/rg.251045078 5793:Indian Heart Journal 4471:Buchbinder, Rachelle 4227:10.2214/AJR.13.11346 4191:10.1148/rg.316115526 3054:10.4329/wjr.v9.i3.97 2987:10.1055/b-0034-81500 2420:improve this section 2341:improve this section 2181:erectile dysfunction 2139:Acute limb ischaemia 2074:ankle–brachial index 1972:improve this article 1791:renal cell carcinoma 1652:Procedures performed 1599:deep vein thrombosis 1369:Common indications: 1360:Pudendal nerve block 1342:Common indications: 1088:, which can lead to 970:(which encloses the 966:) lying outside the 906:facet joint syndrome 899:zygapophyseal joints 792:occupational therapy 709:Kidney stone disease 664:Biliary intervention 498:Biliary intervention 16:Medical subspecialty 7099:History of medicine 7082:Veterinary medicine 6889:Preventive medicine 6741:Adolescent medicine 6583:Infectious diseases 4788:10.2214/AJR.11.7554 4289:10.2214/AJR.12.9732 4148:10.2214/AJR.10.4672 2161:mesenteric ischemia 1876:Seldinger technique 1727:radiation lobectomy 1526:computed tomography 1482:computed tomography 1435:computed tomography 1364:chronic pelvic pain 1265:for image guidance. 1146:chronic pelvic pain 1124:, by using a small 1076:Chronic pelvic pain 1039:spinal tuberculosis 980:cerebrospinal fluid 422:(PAVM) embolization 210:computed tomography 82: 33:Radiology (journal) 7047:Molecular oncology 7004:Doctor of Medicine 6994:Master of Medicine 6911:Radiation oncology 6783:Emergency medicine 6736:Addiction medicine 6703:Clinical chemistry 6698:Clinical pathology 6490:Transplant surgery 6448:Orthopedic surgery 6426:Colorectal surgery 4573:clinicaltrials.gov 3659:Connolly E. Sander 3311:Journal of Urology 2944:Clinical Radiology 2540:10.3390/jcm8091347 2495: 2470:artificial kidneys 2277: 2261:Aortic dissections 2187:can be considered. 2011:circulatory system 1844:circulatory system 1767:cholangiocarcinoma 1704: 1684:bland embolization 1669:(IRE)) or freeze ( 1663:microwave ablation 1571:to try to relieve 1461:microwave ablation 1450:microwave ablation 1448:The advantages of 1427:Microwave ablation 1414:("coblation") and 1407:minimally invasive 1371:pudendal neuralgia 1073: 976:subarachnoid space 954:In the spine, the 581:Microwave ablation 518:Catheter placement 494: 458: 270:radiation exposure 147:Doctor of Medicine 140:Education required 80: 7165: 7164: 6999:Master of Surgery 6963: 6962: 6948:Tropical medicine 6894:Prison healthcare 6809:Hospital medicine 6773:Disaster medicine 6763:Aviation medicine 6578:Hospital medicine 6485:Surgical oncology 6470:Pediatric surgery 6464: 6411:Endocrine surgery 6208:978-0-945903-50-5 6185:978-0-7817-6816-0 6166:978-0-916371-13-5 6147:978-0-8036-1255-6 6128:978-0-7817-4089-0 5640:Radiologyinfo.org 5591:(10): 2807–2812. 4599:BJU International 4492:10.1002/jbmr.3653 3738:(24): 1725–1733. 3533:"Types of Stroke" 3021:978-0-19-157556-3 2981:. Thieme Verlag. 2928:978-0-19-157556-3 2903:978-0-19-157556-3 2878:978-0-19-157556-3 2818:978-0-19-157556-3 2750:978-0-19-157556-3 2725:978-0-19-157556-3 2700:978-0-19-157556-3 2675:978-0-19-157556-3 2650:978-0-19-157556-3 2599:10.5334/jbsr.1727 2456: 2455: 2448: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2185:revascularization 2150:cerebral ischemia 2004: 2003: 1996: 1824:Pancreatic cancer 1256:pancreatic cancer 1016:spinal nerve root 991:local anesthetics 931:Sacroiliac joints 912:Facet joint block 870:local anesthetics 625:The treatment of 478:Radioembolization 472:Chemoembolization 334:augmented reality 206:x-ray fluoroscopy 191: 190: 78: 77: 29:radiation therapy 7185: 7155: 7154: 7145: 7135: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7115: 7114: 6819:Medical genetics 6804:General practice 6681:Nuclear medicine 6556:Gastroenterology 6512:Vascular surgery 6462: 6389: 6388: 6363: 6356: 6349: 6340: 6339: 6285: 6283: 6282: 6276: 6270:. Archived from 6245: 6235: 6233: 6227:. Archived from 6222: 6212: 6200: 6189: 6170: 6151: 6140:. F A Davis Co. 6132: 6101: 6100: 6095:. Archived from 6085: 6079: 6078: 6068: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5976: 5970: 5969: 5960:D'Souza, Donna. 5957: 5951: 5950: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5917: 5911: 5910: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5841: 5835: 5834: 5824: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5767: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5710: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5657: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5563: 5544:10.1002/jmrs.121 5523: 5517: 5516: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5463: 5454:(5): 1621–1622. 5439: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5398: 5392: 5391: 5381: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5329: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5272: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5168: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5084: 5078: 5077: 5059: 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4993: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4936: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4754: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4614: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4494: 4467:Ebeling, Peter R 4463: 4457: 4456: 4446: 4429:(11): CD006349. 4411: 4405: 4404: 4375: 4369: 4368: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4310: 4301: 4300: 4272: 4266: 4265: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4193: 4169: 4160: 4159: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4114: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4065: 4047: 4038: 4029: 4028: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4009:on 28 July 2018. 3995: 3989: 3988: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3955:. Archived from 3945: 3934: 3933: 3923: 3899: 3888: 3887: 3877: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3820: 3811:(8): e200–e224. 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3682: 3673:(8): 2368–2400. 3654: 3648: 3647: 3637: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3596: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3554: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3491:European Urology 3485: 3479: 3478: 3468: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3281: 3272:(9): 1349–1351. 3257: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3242: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3185: 3176: 3175: 3139: 3128: 3127: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3074: 3056: 3032: 3026: 3025: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2864: 2858: 2857: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2686: 2680: 2679: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2619: 2601: 2577: 2571: 2570: 2560: 2542: 2518: 2451: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2431: 2400: 2392: 2372: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2352: 2321: 2313: 2036:and thin-walled 1999: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1979: 1956: 1948: 1944:Arterial disease 1840:Vascular disease 1835:Vascular disease 1745:Diseases treated 1611:decubitus ulcers 1603:pulmonary emboli 1528:(CT) scan or by 1490:electric current 1437:(CT) scan or an 1385:trigeminal nerve 1263:multidetector CT 1142:diagnostic tests 938:sacroiliac joint 897:, also known as 788:physical therapy 757:ischemic strokes 492:Biliary stenosis 149:(M.D.) Radiology 119:Activity sectors 83: 79: 71:edit on Wikidata 50: 38: 37: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7183: 7182: 7168: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7103: 7092:Chief physician 7025: 6970: 6959: 6953:Travel medicine 6938:Sports medicine 6921:Sexual medicine 6861:Palliative care 6856:Pain management 6800:Family medicine 6778:Diving medicine 6724: 6652: 6614: 6607: 6523: 6516: 6475:Plastic surgery 6421:General surgery 6401:Cardiac surgery 6382: 6380: 6372: 6367: 6293: 6288: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6243: 6231: 6220: 6209: 6186: 6167: 6148: 6129: 6109: 6107:Further reading 6104: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6059:(4): 995–1005. 6045: 6041: 6010: 6006: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5977: 5973: 5958: 5954: 5945: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5899: 5895: 5842: 5838: 5785: 5781: 5728: 5724: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5665: 5661: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5632: 5628: 5581: 5577: 5524: 5520: 5481: 5477: 5440: 5436: 5399: 5395: 5350: 5343: 5290: 5286: 5233: 5229: 5186: 5182: 5129: 5125: 5085: 5081: 5036: 5032: 5023: 5021: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4954: 4950: 4897: 4893: 4884: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4815: 4811: 4782:(4): W590–602. 4772: 4768: 4715: 4711: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4591: 4587: 4578: 4576: 4575:. 24 March 2017 4567: 4566: 4562: 4553: 4551: 4541: 4537: 4528: 4526: 4513: 4512: 4508: 4464: 4460: 4412: 4408: 4376: 4372: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4312: 4311: 4304: 4273: 4269: 4254: 4250: 4211: 4207: 4184:(6): 1599–621. 4170: 4163: 4132: 4128: 4083: 4079: 4045: 4039: 4032: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3979: 3978: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3947: 3946: 3937: 3900: 3891: 3860:(9): CD003436. 3846: 3842: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3774: 3773: 3769: 3724: 3720: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3655: 3651: 3628:(6): e98–e169. 3614: 3610: 3587:(3): e46–e110. 3573: 3569: 3556: 3555: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3486: 3482: 3443:(4): CD000479. 3429: 3425: 3385: 3381: 3342: 3338: 3307: 3303: 3258: 3249: 3240: 3238: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3186: 3179: 3140: 3131: 3092: 3088: 3033: 3029: 3022: 3008: 3004: 2997: 2975: 2971: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2915: 2911: 2904: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2865: 2861: 2830: 2826: 2819: 2805: 2801: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2637: 2633: 2578: 2574: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2452: 2441: 2435: 2432: 2417: 2401: 2390: 2373: 2362: 2356: 2353: 2338: 2322: 2311: 2058:Atherosclerosis 2000: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1969: 1957: 1946: 1867: 1837: 1818:Prostate cancer 1747: 1654: 1649: 1593: 1558: 1398: 1261:Often utilizes 1245:retroperitoneum 1243:located in the 1219:corticosteroids 1195: 1177:Palliative care 1173: 1171:Palliative care 1158:Pelvic venogram 1148:is a result of 1078: 1011: 999:disc herniation 972:arachnoid mater 951: 933: 891: 866: 861: 855: 853:Pain management 837: 831: 810: 804: 753: 748: 727: 711: 692: 687: 666: 645: 640: 623: 618: 613: 604:ureteral stents 511:Cholecystostomy 377: 356:Cholangiography 351: 342: 330:virtual reality 295:puncture needle 291:medical imaging 283: 281:Common elements 278: 261:open procedures 244:. By contrast, 178: 176: 141: 120: 108: 107:Occupation type 74: 53: 36: 25:medical imaging 17: 12: 11: 5: 7191: 7181: 7180: 7163: 7162: 7160: 7159: 7149: 7139: 7129: 7119: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7033: 7031: 7030:Related topics 7027: 7026: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6979:Medical school 6975: 6973: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6933:Sleep medicine 6930: 6929: 6928: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6906: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6880: 6875: 6874: 6873: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6837: 6836: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6797: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6746:Anesthesiology 6743: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6726: 6725: 6723: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6685: 6684: 6683: 6678: 6676:Neuroradiology 6673: 6662: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6613:Obstetrics and 6609: 6608: 6606: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6563: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6495:Trauma surgery 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6458:Otolaryngology 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6384:subspecialties 6374: 6373: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6292: 6291:External links 6289: 6287: 6286: 6236: 6234:on 2012-04-25. 6213: 6207: 6190: 6184: 6171: 6165: 6152: 6146: 6133: 6127: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6099:on 2023-02-02. 6080: 6039: 6020:(1): 175–189. 6004: 5990: 5979:Bashir, Omar. 5971: 5952: 5938: 5924: 5912: 5893: 5856:(4): 176–184. 5836: 5779: 5742:(29): e11519. 5722: 5693:(3): 204–215. 5673: 5659: 5645: 5626: 5575: 5538:(3): 226–229. 5518: 5491:(5): 446–447. 5475: 5434: 5413:(5): 654–670. 5393: 5341: 5304:(3): 211–215. 5284: 5247:(2): 128–135. 5227: 5200:(4): 253–261. 5180: 5143:(2): 167–179. 5123: 5079: 5050:(2): 247–254. 5030: 5005: 4948: 4911:(1): 120–127. 4891: 4866: 4809: 4766: 4709: 4682:(3): 593–608. 4666: 4655:www.cancer.org 4642: 4605:(4): 510–516. 4585: 4560: 4535: 4506: 4458: 4406: 4370: 4352: 4334: 4302: 4267: 4248: 4221:(1): 196–200. 4205: 4161: 4126: 4077: 4030: 4012: 3990: 3981:"Nerve Blocks" 3969: 3935: 3889: 3840: 3791: 3767: 3718: 3694: 3649: 3608: 3567: 3562:www.stroke.org 3546: 3524: 3497:(3): 455–461. 3480: 3423: 3396:(3): 946–951. 3379: 3352:(1): 129–142. 3336: 3301: 3247: 3223: 3196:(4): 201–209. 3177: 3150:(8): 461–464. 3129: 3102:(4): 258–262. 3086: 3027: 3020: 3002: 2995: 2969: 2934: 2927: 2909: 2902: 2884: 2877: 2859: 2824: 2817: 2799: 2756: 2749: 2731: 2724: 2706: 2699: 2681: 2674: 2656: 2649: 2631: 2572: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2483:kidney failure 2454: 2453: 2404: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2386: 2375: 2374: 2325: 2323: 2316: 2310: 2309:Venous disease 2307: 2245: 2244: 2240:Pseudoaneurysm 2237: 2233: 2229: 2221: 2220: 2189: 2188: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2157: 2142: 2136: 2109:CT angiography 2101: 2100: 2081:endarterectomy 2002: 2001: 1960: 1958: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1934: 1933: 1923: 1917: 1909: 1902: 1899:MR angiography 1895:CT angiography 1871:Charles Dotter 1866: 1863: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1815: 1809: 1799: 1784: 1778: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1730: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1705: 1691: 1680: 1674: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1633:vertebroplasty 1629: 1622: 1607:muscle atrophy 1592: 1589: 1585:placebo effect 1557: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1537: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1466: 1465: 1464: 1457: 1446: 1403: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1357: 1356: 1355: 1322: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1199: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1181: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1130:embolic agents 1118: 1111: 1093: 1077: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1023: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 987: 960:anatomic space 956:epidural space 950: 949:Epidural space 947: 946: 945: 942: 932: 929: 928: 927: 909: 902: 890: 887: 865: 862: 857:Main article: 854: 851: 830: 827: 803: 800: 796:speech therapy 752: 749: 747: 744: 726: 723: 710: 707: 691: 688: 686: 683: 665: 662: 644: 641: 639: 636: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 600: 588: 587: 578: 568: 556: 555: 549: 543: 540:port catheters 515: 514: 508: 505: 486: 485: 475: 469: 463: 449: 443: 437: 431: 430: 429: 423: 417: 411: 399: 389: 376: 373: 372: 371: 365: 359: 353: 349: 341: 338: 336:presentation. 282: 279: 277: 274: 189: 188: 179: 174: 171: 170: 169: 168: 162: 156: 150: 142: 139: 136: 135: 131: 130: 121: 118: 115: 114: 109: 106: 103: 102: 101: 100: 97: 92: 88: 87: 76: 75: 68: 65: 64: 61: 55: 54: 51: 43: 42: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7190: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7158: 7150: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7138: 7130: 7128: 7120: 7118: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7100: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7062:Public health 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7042:Allied health 7040: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6966: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6851:Oral medicine 6849: 6847: 6846:Ophthalmology 6844: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6708:Cytopathology 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6648:Urogynecology 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6551:Endocrinology 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6364: 6359: 6357: 6352: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6323: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6311: 6307: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6294: 6277:on 2016-04-21 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6254:(7): 841–53. 6253: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6111: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6076: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6053:Radiographics 6050: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6014:Radiographics 6008: 6000: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5942: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5840: 5832: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5783: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5663: 5655: 5649: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448:RadioGraphics 5445: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5364:(4): 378–88. 5363: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5241:Gland Surgery 5238: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5034: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4670: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4589: 4574: 4570: 4564: 4550: 4546: 4539: 4525:on 2020-09-27 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4415:Buchbinder, R 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4365:RadiologyInfo 4362: 4356: 4348: 4347:RadiologyInfo 4344: 4343:"Cryotherapy" 4338: 4324:on 2019-10-28 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4307: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4283:(4): 726–35. 4282: 4278: 4271: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178:Radiographics 4175: 4168: 4166: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4097:(4): 375–81. 4096: 4092: 4088: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4026: 4025:RadiologyInfo 4022: 4016: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3986: 3985:RadiologyInfo 3982: 3976: 3974: 3959:on 2023-05-27 3958: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3908:Radiographics 3905: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3722: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3534: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3237: 3233: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3047:(3): 97–111. 3046: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3017: 3013: 3006: 2998: 2996:9781604063066 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2880: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2696: 2692: 2685: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2503: 2499: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2450: 2447: 2439: 2436:December 2023 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2405:This section 2403: 2399: 2394: 2393: 2388:Venous access 2385: 2382: 2371: 2368: 2360: 2357:December 2023 2350: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2326:This section 2324: 2320: 2315: 2314: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2286: 2283: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2017:to the vital 2016: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1995: 1987: 1984:December 2023 1977: 1973: 1967: 1966: 1961:This section 1959: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1941: 1939: 1938:revascularize 1931: 1927: 1924: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1812:Breast cancer 1810: 1807: 1806:Embolizations 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796:embolizations 1792: 1788: 1787:Kidney cancer 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1700: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1641: 1638: 1634: 1631:Analogous to 1630: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1502: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1484:(CT) scan or 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1237:celiac plexus 1234: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1206: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1134: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:ovarian veins 1097: 1094: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1069: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1020:spinal nerves 1017: 1013: 1012: 1003: 1000: 996: 995:radiculopathy 992: 989:Injection of 988: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952: 943: 939: 935: 934: 925: 921: 917: 913: 910: 907: 903: 900: 896: 893: 892: 886: 884: 880: 876: 871: 860: 850: 847: 843: 836: 826: 824: 820: 816: 809: 799: 797: 793: 789: 785: 784:anticoagulant 780: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 743: 739: 737: 732: 722: 718: 715: 714:Kidney stones 706: 702: 698: 696: 682: 678: 674: 672: 661: 657: 653: 649: 635: 631: 628: 605: 601: 598: 595: 594: 593: 592: 591:Genitourinary 586: 582: 579: 576: 572: 569: 566: 563: 562: 561: 560: 553: 550: 547: 544: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 522: 521: 520: 519: 512: 509: 506: 503: 502: 501: 500: 499: 490: 483: 479: 476: 473: 470: 467: 464: 461: 454: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 432: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 412: 409: 406: 405: 403: 400: 397: 393: 390: 387: 384: 383: 382: 381: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 347: 344: 343: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 287:body orifices 273: 271: 266: 262: 258: 254: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226:body orifices 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 187: 183: 180: 172: 166: 163: 160: 157: 154: 151: 148: 145: 144: 143: 137: 132: 129: 125: 122: 116: 113: 110: 104: 98: 95: 94: 93: 89: 84: 72: 66: 62: 60: 56: 49: 44: 39: 34: 30: 26: 22: 7067:Rural health 7052:Nanomedicine 6670: 6603:Rheumatology 6534: / 6453:Hand surgery 6438:Neurosurgery 6279:. Retrieved 6272:the original 6251: 6247: 6229:the original 6224: 6196: 6175: 6156: 6137: 6118: 6097:the original 6092: 6083: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6017: 6013: 6007: 5993: 5984: 5974: 5965: 5955: 5941: 5927: 5915: 5906: 5896: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5739: 5735: 5725: 5690: 5686: 5676: 5662: 5648: 5639: 5629: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5488: 5484: 5478: 5451: 5447: 5437: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5361: 5357: 5301: 5297: 5287: 5244: 5240: 5230: 5197: 5193: 5183: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5096:(1): 18–29. 5093: 5089: 5082: 5047: 5043: 5033: 5022:. Retrieved 5020:. 2018-10-05 5017: 5008: 4968:(2): 81–89. 4965: 4961: 4951: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4883:. Retrieved 4881:. 2018-10-17 4878: 4869: 4826: 4822: 4812: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4729:(1): 43–50. 4726: 4722: 4712: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4658:. Retrieved 4654: 4645: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4577:. Retrieved 4572: 4563: 4552:. Retrieved 4548: 4538: 4527:. 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Retrieved 3235: 3226: 3193: 3189: 3147: 3143: 3099: 3095: 3089: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3011: 3005: 2978: 2972: 2947: 2943: 2937: 2918: 2912: 2893: 2887: 2868: 2862: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2808: 2802: 2772:(1): 29–36. 2769: 2765: 2759: 2740: 2734: 2715: 2709: 2690: 2684: 2665: 2659: 2640: 2634: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2530: 2526: 2500: 2496: 2475: 2467: 2457: 2442: 2433: 2418:Please help 2406: 2378: 2363: 2354: 2339:Please help 2327: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2287: 2278: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2222: 2198: 2191: 2190: 2132:limb salvage 2113: 2102: 2093:claudication 2078: 2071: 2067: 2056: 2055: 2043: 2042: 2027: 2005: 1990: 1981: 1970:Please help 1965:verification 1962: 1935: 1930:thrombectomy 1926:Thrombolysis 1920:Embolization 1885: 1881: 1868: 1860: 1838: 1759:Liver cancer 1748: 1671:cryoablation 1626:osteoporosis 1581:osteoporosis 1559: 1545:Nitrogen gas 1518:Cryoablation 1513:Cryoablation 1512: 1468: 1421: 1416:cryoablation 1378: 1359: 1324: 1270: 1241:nerve fibers 1232: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1201: 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736:infertility 528:intravenous 440:IVC filters 346:Angiography 314:fluoroscopy 246:therapeutic 134:Description 99:Radiologist 6899:Psychiatry 6885:(PM&R) 6878:Phlebology 6866:Pediatrics 6693:Anatomical 6658:Diagnostic 6638:Obstetrics 6588:Nephrology 6573:Hematology 6568:Geriatrics 6561:Hepatology 6546:Cardiology 6536:Immunology 6281:2013-02-24 5799:(1): 2–6. 5024:2019-11-03 4885:2019-11-03 4660:2019-11-03 4579:2019-11-03 4554:2019-11-03 4529:2019-11-03 4328:2019-10-07 3963:2019-10-07 3785:2019-11-03 3712:2019-11-03 3241:2019-11-22 2506:References 2173:radiology. 2105:ultrasound 2034:arterioles 1856:lymphatics 1751:metastatic 1661:(RFA) and 1530:ultrasound 1486:ultrasound 1439:ultrasound 1352:neuropathy 1329:lower back 982:, and the 968:dura mater 924:CT imaging 875:ultrasound 833:See also: 806:See also: 731:varicocele 725:Varicocele 585:microwaves 318:ultrasound 299:guidewires 218:ultrasound 177:employment 161:(M.B.B.S.) 86:Occupation 7087:Physician 6971:education 6829:Neurology 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