Intrauterine device

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or metal frame and the specific action of the medication (copper or levonorgestrel) that is released. Exposure to a foreign body causes a sterile inflammatory reaction in the intrauterine environment that is toxic to sperm and ova and impairs implantation.28,29 The production of cytotoxic peptides and activation of enzymes lead to inhibition of sperm motility, reduced sperm capacitation and survival, and increased phagocytosis of sperm.30,31… The progestin in the LNg IUC enhances the contraceptive action of the device by thickening cervical mucus, suppressing the endometrium, and impairing sperm function. In addition, ovulation is often impaired as a result of systemic absorption of levonorgestrel

5581: 5215: 510: 753:, women and adolescents under the age of 20 and women who have not given birth are classified in category 2 for IUD use, mainly due to "the risk for expulsion from nulliparity and for STDs from sexual behavior in younger age groups." According to the CDC, benefits generally outweigh the risks, and IUDs are recommended for young and nulliparous women, although more careful attention may be required. Women over age 20 and those who have previously given birth are placed in category 1, meaning no special concerns are placed on use. 611: 502: 523:

copper acts as a spermicide within the uterus by increasing levels of copper ions, prostaglandins, and white blood cells within the uterine and tubal fluids. The increased copper ions in the cervical mucus inhibit the sperm's motility and viability, preventing sperm from traveling through the cervical mucus, or destroying it as it passes through. Copper can also alter the endometrial lining, and while studies show that while this alteration can prevent implantation of a fertilized egg ("

777: 5688: 5928: 853:. The uterus is larger than baseline following birth, which has important implications for insertion. After vaginal deliveries, insertions can be done using placental forceps, a longer inserter specialized for postpartum insertions, or manually, where the provider uses their hand to insert the IUD in the uterus. After cesarean deliveries, the IUD is placed in the uterus with forceps or manually during surgery prior to suturing the uterine incision. 5209: 277: 679: 633:. Each type varies in size, amount of levonorgestrel released, and duration. The primary mechanism of action is making the inside of the uterus uninhabitable for sperm. They can also thin the endometrial lining and potentially impair implantation but this is not their usual function. Because they thin the endometrial lining, they can also reduce or even prevent menstrual bleeding. As a result, they are used to treat 905:, which can bend for insertion and retain their original shape, became the material used for first-generation IUDs. Lippes also devised the addition of the monofilament nylon string, which facilitates IUD removal. His trapezoid shape Lippes Loop IUD became one of the most popular first-generation IUDs. In the following years, many different shaped plastic IUDs were invented and marketed. These included the infamous 5750: 898:, made of silver filaments. His work was suppressed during the Nazi regime, when contraception was considered a threat to Aryan women. He moved to the United States, where his colleagues H. Hall and M. Stone took up his work after his death and created the stainless steel Hall-Stone Ring. A Japanese doctor named Tenrei Ota also developed a silver or gold IUD called the Precea or Pressure Ring. 5454: 645:) have been ruled out. In a 10-year study, the levonorgestrel coil was found to be as effective as oral medicines (tranexamic acid, mefenamic acid, combined oestrogen–progestogen or progesterone alone); the same proportion of women had not had surgery for heavy bleeding and had similar improvements in their quality of life. 760:, or lack of menstruation while using an IUD. Menstruation occurs when a woman has not become pregnant and the uterus sheds its lining in preparation for the next cycle. IUDs tend to thin the lining of the uterus, leading to less menses by volume or a lack of menstruation altogether. There is a condition known as 928:

The hormonal IUD was also invented in the 1960s and 1970s; initially the goal was to mitigate the increased menstrual bleeding associated with copper and inert IUDs. The first model, Progestasert, was conceived of by Antonio Scommegna and created by Tapani J. V. Luukkainen, but the device only lasted

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Generally, the removal is uncomplicated and reported to be not as painful as the insertion because there is no instrument that needs to go through the cervix. This process requires the health care provider to find the cervix with a speculum and then use ring forceps, which only go into the vagina, to

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companies recommend that women with IUDs who are considering using menstrual cups should consult with their gynecologists before use. There have been rare cases in which women using IUDs dislodged them when removing their menstrual cups, however, this can also happen with tampon use. Despite reports,

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To make an informed choice, women must know that ECPs—like the birth control pill, patch, ring, shot, and implant,and even like breastfeeding—prevent pregnancy primarily by delaying or inhibiting ovulation and inhibiting fertilization, but may at times inhibit implantation of a fertilized egg in the

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When used as a regular or emergency method of contraception, copper-releasing IUCs act primarily to prevent fertilization. Emergency insertion of a copper IUC is significantly more effective than the use of ECPs, reducing the risk of pregnancy following unprotected intercourse by more than 99%. This

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The main mechanisms of action of IUDs occur prior to fertilization, by preventing sperm from ever reaching the egg. The copper-bearing IUD acts as a spermicide, killing or impairing sperm so they cannot reach the egg. IUDs that contain progestin cause the cervical mucus to thicken, which stops sperm

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Modern IUDs do not cause increased infection, though the earlier Dalkon Shield may have, because it contained multifilament strings, which provided bacteria a space to grow and move up the string. IUDs manufactured after 2008 use monofilament strings in order to prevent this from happening. However,

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up to five days after unprotected sex. It is the most effective form of emergency contraception available. It works by preventing fertilization or implantation but does not affect already implanted embryos. It contains no hormones, so it can be used while breastfeeding, and fertility returns quickly

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Although the precise mechanism of action is not known, currently available IUCs work primarily by preventing sperm from fertilizing ova.26 IUCs are not abortifacients: they do not interrupt an implanted pregnancy.27 Pregnancy is prevented by a combination of the "foreign body effect" of the plastic

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The invention of the copper IUD in the 1960s brought with it the capital T-shaped design used by most modern IUDs. U.S. physician Howard Tatum determined that the 'T' shape would work better with the shape of the uterus, which forms a 'T' when contracted. He predicted this would reduce rates of IUD

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Nonmedicated IUDs depend for contraception on the general reaction of the uterus to a foreign body. It is believed that this reaction, a sterile inflammatory response, produces tissue injury of a minor degree but sufficient to be spermicidal. Very few, if any, sperm reach the ovum in the fallopian

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Copper-bearing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD). Copper is toxic to the ovum and sperm and thus the copper-bearing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) is effective immediately after insertion and works primarily by inhibiting fertilisation. A systematic review on mechanisms of action of IUDs showed that both

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TCu 380a measures 32 mm (1.26") horizontally (top of the T), and 36 mm (1.42") vertically (leg of the T). Copper IUDs have a first year failure rate ranging from 0.1 to 2.2%. They work by damaging sperm and disrupting their motility so that they are not able to join an egg. Specifically,

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Inert IUDs are not yet approved for use in the United States, UK, or Canada. In China, where IUDs are the most common form of contraception, copper IUD production replaced inert IUD production in 1993. However, as of 2008, the most common IUD used by immigrants presenting to Canadian clinics for

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In the United States, the price of an IUD may range from $ 0 to $ 1,300. The price includes medical exams, insertion, and follow-up visits. Under the Affordable Care Act, most insurance plans are required to cover all forms of birth control, including IUDs, although they may not cover all IUD

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Copper IUDs do not contain any hormones, but release copper ions, which are toxic to sperm. They also cause the uterus and fallopian tubes to produce a fluid that contains white blood cells, copper ions, enzymes, and prostaglandins, which is also toxic to sperm. The very high effectiveness of

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The progestin-releasing IUD adds the endometrial action of the progestin to the foreign body reaction. The endometrium becomes decidualized with atrophy of the glands. The progestin IUD probably has two mechanisms of action: inhibition of implantation and inhibition of sperm capacitation,

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are effective. Topical lidocaine has been found as an effective pain management drug when applied before the procedure. The use of intrauterine lidocaine (paracervical block) is underutilized in the United States as an effective method to reduce pain associated with insertion.

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In 2002, a judicial review ruled that pregnancy begins at implantation, not fertilisation. The possible mechanisms of action should be explained to the patient as some methods may not be acceptable, depending on individual beliefs about the onset of pregnancy and

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IUDs that contain gold or silver also exist. Other shapes of IUD include the so-called U-shaped IUDs, such as the Load and Multiload, and the frameless IUD that holds several hollow cylindrical minuscule copper beads. It is held in place by a suture (knot) to the

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The contraceptive action of all IUDs is mainly in the intrauterine cavity. Ovulation is not affected, and the IUD is not an abortifacient. It is currently believed that the mechanism of action for IUDs is the production of an intrauterine environment that is

884:) devices crossed both the vagina and the uterus, causing a high rate of pelvic inflammatory disease. The first IUD was developed in 1909 by the German physician Richard Richter, of Waldenburg. His device was made of silkworm gut and was not widely used. 1848:

ECPs do not cause abortion or harm an established pregnancy. Pregnancy begins with implantation according to medical authorities such as the US FDA, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

288:. The progestogen released from hormonal IUDs mainly works by thickening the cervical mucus, preventing sperm from reaching the fallopian tubes. IUDs may also function by preventing ovulation from occurring but this only occurs partially. 2322:

Copper ions released from the IUD create an environment that is toxic to sperm, preventing fertilization.14 Copper can also alter the endometrial lining, but studies show that this alteration can prevent implantation, but not disrupt

764:(PCOS) which causes women to miss their periods and can lead to an increased risk of endometrial cancer. However, an IUD causes the endometrial lining of a uterus to thin, which is the opposite of what occurs with PCOS. 921:

expulsion. Together, Tatum and Chilean physician Jaime Zipper discovered that copper could be an effective spermicide and developed the first copper IUD, TCu200. Improvements by Tatum led to the creation of the TCu380A (

909:, whose poor design caused bacterial infection and led to thousands of lawsuits. Although the Dalkon shield was removed from the market, it had a lasting, negative impact on IUD use and reputation in the United States. 535:

after removal. Copper IUDs also last longer and are available in a wider range of sizes and shapes compared to hormonal IUDs. Disadvantages include the possibility of heavier menstrual periods and more painful cramps.

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for one year of use. Progestasert was manufactured until 2001. One commercial hormonal IUD which is currently available, Mirena, was also developed by Luukkainen and released in 1976. The manufacturer of the Mirena,

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and takes a trapezoidal shape within the uterus). They are less effective than copper or hormonal IUDs, with a side effect profile similar to copper IUDs. Their primary mechanism of action is inducing a local

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Most copper IUDs have a T-shaped frame that is wound around with pure electrolytic copper wire and/or has copper collars (sleeves). The arms of the frame hold the IUD in place near the top of the uterus. The

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Bahamondes L, Hidalgo M, Petta CA, Diaz J, Espejo-Arce X, Monteiro-Dantas C (August 2003). "Enlarged ovarian follicles in users of a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system and contraceptive implant".

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IUDs do not lead to infertility or make it harder for a woman to become pregnant, and fertility typically returns within days of removal. Some prior studies found an association between infertility and the

255:

The use of IUDs increased within the United States from 0.8% in 1995 to 7.2% from the period of 2006 to 2014. The use of IUDs as a form of birth control dates from the 1800s. A previous model known as the

945:, the use of IUDs by state health services was part of the government's efforts to limit birth rates. From 1980 to 2014, 324 million women were inserted with IUDs, in addition to the 107 million who had 596:

removal of IUDs placed in China was still the SSR. Because the SSR has no string for removal, it can present a challenge to healthcare providers unfamiliar with IUD types not available in their region.

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endometrium. However, women should also be informed that the best available evidence indicates that ECPs prevent pregnancy by mechanisms that do not involve interference with post-fertilization events.

842:, and then use an insertion device to place the IUD in the uterus. The insertion device goes through the cervix. The procedure itself, if uncomplicated, should take no more than five to ten minutes. 3340:

Marions L, Lövkvist L, Taube A, Johansson M, Dalvik H, Øverlie I (April 2011). "Use of the levonorgestrel releasing-intrauterine system in nulliparous women--a non-interventional study in Sweden".

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altogether. However, women can have daily spotting for several months and it can take up to three months for there to be a 90% decrease in bleeding with hormonal IUDs. Cramping can be treated with

788:

It is difficult to predict what a woman will experience during IUD insertion or removal. Some women describe the insertion as cramps, some as a pinch, and others do not feel anything. Only 9% of

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Belhadj H, Sivin I, Diaz S, Pavez M, Tejada AS, Brache V, et al. (September 1986). "Recovery of fertility after use of the levonorgestrel 20 mcg/d or Copper T 380 Ag intrauterine device".

705:(especially in the first 21 days after insertion), and rarely uterine perforation. A small probability of pregnancy remains after IUD insertion, and when it occurs, there is a greater risk of 817:

insertion occurs after a woman gives birth either immediately, while the woman is still in the hospital, or delayed, up to 6-weeks following delivery, following either vaginal delivery or

205:

IUDs are safe and effective in adolescents as well as those who have not previously had children. Once an IUD is removed, even after long-term use, fertility returns to normal rapidly.

5126: 933:, became the target of multiple lawsuits over allegations that Bayer failed to adequately warn users that the IUD could pierce the uterus and migrate to other parts of the body. 1411: 1854:

One study has demonstrated that UP can delay ovulation.... Another study found that UPA altered the endometrium, but whether this change would inhibit implantation is unknown.

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labels both copper and hormonal devices as IUDs. In the United Kingdom, there are more than 10 different types of copper IUDs available. In the United Kingdom, the term

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Black K, Lotke P, Buhling KJ, Zite NB, et al. (Intrauterine contraception for Nulliparous women: Translating Research into Action (INTRA), group) (October 2012).

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Regardless of IUD type, there are some potential side effects that are similar for all IUDs. Some of these side effects include bleeding pattern changes, expulsion,

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Levonorgestrel (LNG). The precise mode of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) is incompletely understood but it is thought to work primarily by inhibition of ovulation.

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women considered the procedure painless, 72% moderately painful, and substantial pain with insertion that needs active management occurs in approximately 17% of

1755: 1381: 996:, the government announced that IUD-removals would be paid for by the government. IUD removals are free for women "who are allowed to have another child" (see 3832: 913:

developed the first plastic IUD using thermoplastics in the 1960s. His innovation allowed insertion of the IUD into the uterus without the need to dilate the

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of an embryo. They may have higher rates of preventing pregnancy after fertilization, instead of before fertilization, compared to copper or hormonal IUDs.

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pre- and postfertilisation effects contribute to efficacy.If fertilisation has already occurred, it is accepted that there is an anti-implantation effect,

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Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB (June 2007). "Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action".

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Ortiz ME, Croxatto HB (June 2007). "Copper-T intrauterine device and levonorgestrel intrauterine system: biological bases of their mechanism of action".

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Kulier R, O'Brien PA, Helmerhorst FM, Usher-Patel M, D'Arcangues C (October 2007). "Copper containing, framed intra-uterine devices for contraception".

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The progestin released by hormonal IUDs primarily acts locally; use of Mirena results in much lower systemic progestin levels than other very-low-dose

4140: 2886: 1988: 4715: 3581: 727:

as of 2023, there is no scientific agreement on whether using a menstrual cup increases the risk of IUD expulsion; more rigorous studies are needed.

4085: 5198: 5112: 4281: 3023: 2020:"Hormonally impregnated intrauterine systems (IUSs) versus other forms of reversible contraceptives as effective methods of preventing pregnancy" 308:

The types of intrauterine devices available, and the names they go by, differ by location. In the United States, there are two types available:

4429: 1881: 953:. The IUDs inserted in this way were modified such that they could not be removed in a doctor's office (meant to be left indefinitely), and 4590: 1861:

Early treatment with ECPs containing only the progestin levonorgestrel has been shown to impair the ovulatory process and luteal function.

244:. More serious potential complications include expulsion (2–5%) and rarely perforation of the uterus (less than 0.7%). IUDs do not affect 2839:"Rates of medical or surgical treatment for women with heavy menstrual bleeding: the ECLIPSE trial 10-year observational follow-up study" 1801:

Trussell J, Schwarz EB (2011). "Emergency contraception". In Hatcher RA, Trussell J, Nelson AL, Cates W Jr, Kowal D, Policar MS (eds.).

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Several clinical studies have shown that combined ECPs containing ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel can inhibit or delay ovulation.

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very high level of effectiveness implies that emergency insertion of a copper IUC must prevent some pregnancies after fertilization.

3178: 4015: 4110: 3989: 3902: 3125: 571:(such as the stainless steel ring (SSR), a flexible ring of steel coils that can deform to be inserted through the cervix) or 4708: 4482: 4025: 3188: 3161: 2794:

Bahamondes L, Bahamondes MV, Monteiro I (July 2008). "Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: uses and controversies".

2774: 2690: 1810: 1736: 1502: 1472: 1365: 1338: 1055: 1024:

A study found that female family planning providers choose LARC methods more often (41.7%) than the general public (12.1%).

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post-abortion or post-miscarriage insertion occurs following an abortion or miscarriage when the uterus is known to be empty;

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meaning "insert a loop". Nowadays, the IUDs include T and V shapes, the former being the most common and easiest to remove.

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shape memory alloy core. In addition to copper, noble metal, and progestogen IUDs, women in China can get copper IUDs with

192: 1759: 6066: 5483: 4305: 4274: 241: 3740: 3435:

Karasu Y, Cömert DK, Karadağ B, Ergün Y (June 2017). "Lidocaine for pain control during intrauterine device insertion".

3151: 1941: 1280:"A review of barriers and myths preventing the more widespread use of intrauterine contraception in nulliparous women" 4439: 1727:. In Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, Jauniaux ER, Driscoll DA, Berghella V, Landon MB, Galan HL, Grobman WA (eds.). 4622: 1389: 1231:"Committee opinion no. 539: adolescents and long-acting reversible contraception: implants and intrauterine devices" 4701: 4424: 1781: 2179: 4682: 4325: 4213: 2337:"The efficacy of intrauterine devices for emergency contraception: a systematic review of 35 years of experience" 265: 742:

as with any medical intervention, IUDs can lead to increased risk of infection immediately after the insertion.

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Ulipristal acetate (UPA). UPA's primary mechanism of action is thought to be inhibition or delay of ovulation.

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The history of intrauterine devices dates back to the early 1900s. Unlike modern intrauterine devices, early

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Thiery M (June 2000). "Intrauterine contraception: from silver ring to intrauterine contraceptive implant".

6035: 5997: 5340: 5156: 1996: 682: 2963: 2303:"Facts are Important: Emergency Contraception (EC) and Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) are Not Abortifacients" 720:

lists among its side effects mental health changes including nervousness, depressed mood, or mood swings.

5949: 5038: 3314: 761: 702: 589: 293: 261: 4414: 1879: 1667: 5977: 5546: 4649: 4614: 4562: 2018:

French R, Van Vliet H, Cowan F, Mansour D, Morris S, Hughes D, et al. (2004). Sorhaindo AM (ed.).

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Jack Lippes helped begin the increase of IUD use in the United States in the late 1950s. In this time,

4041: 3016: 555:. This non-hormonal compound reduces the severity of menstrual bleeding, and these coils are popular. 6025: 5954: 5541: 5488: 5322: 4527: 4472: 3660:

Jatlaoui TC, Whiteman MK, Jeng G, Tepper NK, Berry-Bibee E, Jamieson DJ, et al. (October 2018).

5580: 4170: 1360:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 232. 5944: 5318: 4899: 4870: 4753: 4380: 1900: 949:. Women who refused could lose their government employment and their children could lose access to 625:

Hormonal IUDs (referred to as intrauterine systems in the UK) work by releasing a small amount of

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refers only to these copper devices. Hormonal intrauterine contraception is labeled with the term

6015: 5982: 5936: 5781: 5613: 5345: 5266: 5193: 5135: 4542: 3662:"Intrauterine Device Expulsion After Postpartum Placement: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis" 3230:

Curtis KM, Tepper NK, Jatlaoui TC, Berry-Bibee E, Horton LG, Zapata LB, et al. (July 2016).

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Grimes DA, Nelson TJ, Guest F, Kowal D (2007). Hatcher RA (ed.). "Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)".

895: 6010: 5964: 5906: 5812: 5679: 5286: 5160: 5069: 4865: 4748: 4724: 4552: 4405: 4369: 4239:"New Study Finds Women's Health Providers Use IUDs More Than Any Other Method of Birth Control" 694: 199: 4693: 2238: 1724: 1462: 1355: 1328: 1045: 6071: 6020: 5901: 5314: 5028: 4504: 4467: 4361: 1880:

RCOG Faculty of Sexual, Reproductive Healthcare, Clinical Effectiveness Unit (January 2012).

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IUD placement and removal can be taught both by manufacturers and other training facilities.

581: 4188: 2239:"Mechanisms of the Contraceptive Action of Hormonal Methods and Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)" 1603:"Society of Family Planning clinical recommendations: contraception after surgical abortion" 5865: 5710: 5628: 5573: 5493: 5478: 5281: 4532: 1702: 661: 318: 292:

copper-containing IUDs as emergency contraceptives implies they may also act by preventing

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and can be inserted immediately after delivery. They may also be used immediately after an

22: 3052: 1382:"Contraception Editorial January 2008: Reducing Unintended Pregnancy in the United States" 221:

have a failure rate of about 0.15% and 15%, respectively. Copper IUDs can also be used as

8: 5918: 5536: 5531: 5251: 5147: 5104: 4994: 4984: 4850: 4796: 4791: 4657: 4632: 4434: 1694: 1180:"Contraceptive method type and satisfaction, confidence in use, and switching intentions" 564: 544: 3783: 3767:"Society of Family Planning Guidelines: Postplacental insertion of intrauterine devices" 3766: 3634: 3607: 2863: 2838: 2638:

Cheung VY (June 2010). "A 10-year experience in removing Chinese intrauterine devices".

2616: 2540: 2468: 2277: 1619: 1602: 1579: 1195: 1129:

Winner B, Peipert JF, Zhao Q, Buckel C, Madden T, Allsworth JE, et al. (May 2012).

887: 5992: 5786: 5741: 5438: 5183: 5064: 4801: 4786: 4776: 4637: 4557: 4310: 3686: 3661: 3558: 3533: 3460: 3412: 3387: 3365: 3296: 3102: 3075: 2940: 2913: 2819: 2663: 2477: 2452: 2363: 2336: 2044: 2019: 1304: 1279: 1260: 1204: 1179: 1160: 910: 831: 214: 4320: 3935: 2067: 5842: 5837: 5675: 5416: 5178: 5043: 4662: 4118: 4021: 3981: 3939: 3894: 3788: 3722: 3691: 3639: 3563: 3452: 3417: 3357: 3288: 3253: 3184: 3157: 3107: 2998: 2945: 2868: 2811: 2770: 2744: 2686: 2655: 2620: 2585: 2544: 2509: 2482: 2403: 2399: 2368: 2281: 2220: 2049: 1952: 1892: 1824: 1816: 1806: 1732: 1642: 1624: 1583: 1544: 1498: 1468: 1361: 1334: 1309: 1252: 1209: 1152: 1051: 845:

For immediate postpartum insertion, the IUD is inserted following the removal of the

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coils when deployed and forms a three-dimensional spherical shape. It is based on a

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The Birth Control Movement and American Society: From Private Vice to Public Virtue

3973: 3931: 3886: 3778: 3681: 3673: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3464: 3444: 3407: 3399: 3349: 3284: 3280: 3243: 3097: 3087: 2935: 2925: 2894: 2858: 2850: 2803: 2734: 2685:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 239–280. 2667: 2647: 2612: 2575: 2536: 2472: 2464: 2395: 2358: 2348: 2273: 2216: 2212: 2039: 2035: 2031: 1614: 1575: 1534: 1299: 1291: 1242: 1199: 1191: 1142: 997: 993: 804:

IUD insertion can occur at multiple timepoints in a woman's reproductive lifespan:

213:) devices fail about 0.2% of the time within the first year of use. In comparison, 2887:"The coil and medicines are both effective long-term treatments for heavy periods" 2823: 2753:

Both copper IUDs and levonorgestrel releasing IUSs may interfere with implantation

2500:

Li Y, Zhang SM, Chen F, Zhang CY, Li YP, Zhou J, et al. (December 2011). "".

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Unlike condoms, the IUD does not protect against sexually transmitted infections.

5666: 5350: 5214: 4743: 4567: 3677: 3388:"Management of pain associated with the insertion of intrauterine contraceptives" 3353: 1539: 1522: 1295: 1247: 1230: 958: 665: 568: 548: 540: 312: 1074: 5727: 5360: 5074: 4917: 4912: 4904: 4860: 4388: 3807: 3092: 2898: 2651: 1695:"Popularity Disparity: Attitudes About the IUD in Europe and the United States" 946: 942: 642: 626: 210: 3977: 3890: 3710: 784:

woman. Image was taken immediately after insertion and injection of lidocaine.

6060: 5870: 5792: 5761: 5526: 5355: 4572: 4517: 4290: 2930: 2837:

Kai J, Dutton B, Vinogradova Y, Hilken N, Gupta J, Daniels J (October 2023).

2807: 1896: 1828: 1820: 906: 902: 735: 723: 713: 610: 605: 543:. It is mainly available in China and Europe. A framed copper IUD called the 501: 476: 285: 257: 245: 233: 180: 3403: 2739: 2722: 2580: 2563: 2353: 1960: 5911: 5847: 5832: 5807: 5645: 5365: 5089: 5084: 5059: 5033: 5012: 5004: 4999: 4957: 4947: 4880: 4875: 4816: 4522: 4490: 4350: 3943: 3792: 3726: 3695: 3643: 3567: 3456: 3421: 3386:

Gemzell-Danielsson K, Mansour D, Fiala C, Kaunitz AM, Bahamondes L (2013).

3361: 3292: 3257: 3248: 3231: 3111: 3002: 2949: 2872: 2815: 2748: 2659: 2624: 2589: 2548: 2513: 2486: 2372: 2285: 2224: 2053: 1628: 1587: 1548: 1354:

Hurt KJ, Guile MW, Bienstock JL, Fox HE, Wallach EE, eds. (28 March 2012).

1313: 1256: 1213: 1156: 979: 950: 689:(rendered as bright) line at right, 30 mm (1.2 in) away from the 614: 552: 442:-Levonorgestrel thickens cervical mucus to prevent sperm from reaching egg 237: 3985: 3898: 2407: 1956: 1147: 1130: 838:(the opening to the uterus), pinch the cervix to stabilize it open with a 6005: 5893: 5766: 5722: 5700: 5687: 5618: 5588: 5522: 5371: 5310: 5139: 4989: 4942: 4855: 4845: 4826: 4595: 4582: 3608:"Immediate postpartum insertion of intrauterine device for contraception" 3505:"Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices" 2421: 1786: 793: 789: 781: 776: 686: 634: 496: 229: 218: 4259: 1564:"Intrauterine contraceptive insertion postabortion: a systematic review" 880: 874: 575:(such as the Lippes Loop, which can be inserted through the cervix in a 5927: 5889: 5860: 5420: 5394: 5256: 5079: 4922: 4758: 4355: 2206: 780:

Removal strings of an intrauterine device exiting the cervical os of a

757: 524: 462: 297: 264:(PID). However, current models do not affect PID risk in women without 44: 5208: 4171:"One Child Policy Leaves Millions of Chinese Women With Unwanted IUDs" 3606:

Lopez LM, Bernholc A, Hubacher D, Stuart G, Van Vliet HA (June 2015).

3448: 2603:

Bilian X (June 2007). "Chinese experience with intrauterine devices".

957:

is usually needed. Until the mid-1990s, the state-preferred IUD was a

5499: 5389: 5241: 5231: 4976: 4952: 4811: 4781: 4394: 4365: 3385: 2854: 839: 630: 188: 4079: 4077: 3966:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

3924:

European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology

3879:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

3342:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

1563: 1284:

The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care

716:, and IUDs with copper confer an increased risk of heavier periods. 6041: 6030: 5822: 5802: 5797: 5771: 5715: 5608: 5598: 5593: 5296: 5261: 5246: 5188: 4768: 4732: 4315: 1805:(20th revised ed.). New York: Ardent Media. pp. 113–145. 930: 922: 846: 519: 276: 249: 48: 808:

interval insertion, the most common, occurs remote from pregnancy;

5827: 5756: 5695: 5640: 5635: 5603: 5443: 5399: 5276: 4086:"After One-Child Policy, Outrage at China's Offer to Remove IUDs" 4074: 954: 678: 576: 572: 78: 39: 5749: 3480:"Why haven't we figured out how to make IUDs less excruciating?" 2335:

Cleland K, Zhu H, Goldstuck N, Cheng L, Trussell J (July 2012).

738:, an early form of an IUD which is no longer available for use. 5817: 5737: 5650: 5470: 5381: 5271: 5236: 5223: 4723: 4512: 3232:"U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use, 2016" 3229: 3153:

The Handbook of Contraception: A Guide for Practical Management

3076:"Menstrual cup and risk of IUD expulsion - a systematic review" 1000:) or "who cannot continue to have the IUD for health reasons." 914: 891: 850: 835: 717: 690: 638: 618: 206: 184: 1731:(6th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. p. 528. 232:

may increase menstrual bleeding and result in painful cramps,

5705: 5430: 5332: 5291: 5170: 3339: 1891:. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. 966: 797: 585: 16:

Form of birth control involving a device placed in the uterus

2793: 1562:

Steenland MW, Tepper NK, Curtis KM, Kapp N (November 2011).

1177: 830:

During the insertion procedure, health care providers use a

796:

women and approximately 11% of parous women. In such cases,

530:

Advantages of the copper IUD include its ability to provide

4189:"IUD Birth Control | Info About Mirena & ParaGard IUDs" 4068:"Legal Current Events | Westlaw Practitioner Insights" 3605: 3271:

Dumesic DA, Lobo RA (August 2013). "Cancer risk and PCOS".

3126:"What Are the Side Effects & Complications of the IUD?" 2681:

Speroff L, Darney PD (2011). "Intrauterine contraception".

2017: 1178:

Steinberg JR, Marthey D, Xie L, Boudreaux M (August 2021).

527:"), it cannot disrupt one that has already been implanted. 5453: 5134: 3659: 3041: 2987: 2836: 2720: 2561: 209:

devices have a failure rate of about 0.8% while hormonal (

5569: 5514: 3534:"Immediate postabortal insertion of intrauterine devices" 3381: 3379: 3315:"Myths and facts about... the Intra-Uterine Device (IUD)" 1561: 1117:

the intrauterine device, or IUD (sometimes called a coil)

750: 326: 3434: 2914:"Levonorgestrel-IUS system and endometrial manipulation" 2334: 3808:"This Is What to Expect After Getting Your IUD Removed" 2180:"Kyleena: Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 2152:"Liletta: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 1131:"Effectiveness of long-acting reversible contraception" 1128: 747:

U.S. Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use

461:-Lighter periods after 3 months; some users experience 4214:"Where Can I Buy the IUD & How Much Will It Cost?" 3376: 2450: 2096:"Mirena: Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 1750: 1748: 1440: 693:

at left. The IUD is surrounded by a hypoechoic (dark)

584:, which makes the uterine environment hostile both to 2385: 1643:"Products - Data Briefs - Number 188 - February 2015" 1357:

The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics

1353: 1277: 821:. Insertion timing changes the risk of IUD expulsion. 2310:

American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists

2124:"Syla: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system" 1017:

Among birth control methods, IUDs, along with other

965:

compared to other types of IUD. It gave rise to the

3531: 2769:(20th rev. ed.). : Ardent Media. p. 162. 2640:

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics

1745: 1021:, result in the greatest satisfaction among users. 3437:The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 2451:Baram I, Weinstein A, Trussell J (February 2014). 1949:Population Reports. Series B, Intrauterine Devices 1756:"Understanding the IUD | Center for Research" 1050:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 320. 712:IUDs with progestogen confer an increased risk of 641:), once pathologic causes of menorrhagia (such as 202:such as IUDs than any other birth control method. 857:grasp the IUD strings and then pull the IUD out. 567:component. They are made of inert materials like 6058: 3149: 2499: 1520: 925:), which is currently the preferred copper IUD. 3711:"Insertion and removal of intrauterine devices" 2723:"Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems" 2564:"Intrauterine devices and intrauterine systems" 2453:"The IUB, a newly invented IUD: a brief report" 1800: 1043: 3073: 1686: 1516: 1514: 5120: 4709: 4275: 3917: 3915: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3532:Okusanya BO, Oduwole O, Effa EE (July 2014). 3150:Shoupe D, Mishell Jr DR (28 September 2015). 3009: 2680: 2526: 2426:"Nova T380 Patient information leaflet (PIL)" 2263: 1859:Progestin-only emergency contraceptive pills. 1794: 1436: 1434: 1432: 970: 3764: 2674: 2068:"ParaGard intrauterine copper contraceptive" 1882:"Clinical guidance: emergency contraception" 1873: 1521:Marnach ML, Long ME, Casey PM (March 2013). 1456: 1454: 1452: 674:Progestogen (medication) § Mood changes 670:Progestogen (medication) § Side effects 4725:Active molecules in hormonal contraceptives 4020:. Princeton University Press. p. 306. 3612:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3538:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3270: 2379: 2328: 2297: 2295: 2209:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2024:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1511: 1326: 890:, another German physician (after whom the 5127: 5113: 4716: 4702: 4316:Preventing sexually-transmitted infections 4282: 4268: 3912: 3850: 3205:"Classifications for Intrauterine Devices" 2200: 1729:Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies 1486: 1484: 1464:Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies 1429: 1347: 1330:Clinical reproductive medicine and surgery 1225: 1223: 1069: 1067: 505:A copper T-shaped IUD with removal strings 38: 21:"IUD" redirects here. For other uses, see 4289: 4034: 3782: 3685: 3633: 3623: 3557: 3411: 3247: 3101: 3091: 2939: 2929: 2862: 2738: 2579: 2562:ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (April 2008). 2476: 2444: 2362: 2352: 2257: 2043: 1618: 1538: 1467:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 527. 1449: 1303: 1246: 1203: 1146: 1039: 1037: 260:was associated with an increased risk of 2787: 2420: 2292: 1983: 1981: 1692: 1668:"Contraceptive Use in the United States" 1600: 775: 771: 677: 609: 508: 500: 275: 3708: 3080:Contraception and Reproductive Medicine 3017:"Mirena: Consumer Medicine Information" 2764: 1866:Combined emergency contraceptive pills. 1481: 1220: 1064: 894:is named), created the first Ring IUD, 6059: 3956: 3921: 3869: 3655: 3653: 2637: 2602: 1490: 1034: 236:may reduce menstrual bleeding or stop 5108: 4697: 4263: 3959:"Pioneers of the intrauterine device" 3872:"Pioneers of the intrauterine device" 3765:Whitaker AK, Chen BA (January 2018). 3527: 3525: 3183:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 3176: 3074:Bowman N, Thwaites A (January 2023). 2911: 2520: 1978: 1782:"Mirena (DIU hormonal) - Mayo Clinic" 1497:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 96. 1460: 685:showing a perforated copper IUD as a 225:within five days of unprotected sex. 4321:Over-the-counter oral contraceptives 4013: 3180:Danforth's Obstetrics and Gynecology 2991:The Journal of Reproductive Medicine 1722: 1333:. Philadelphia: Mosby. p. 409. 1047:Blueprints Obstetrics and Gynecology 479:(although they can be asymptomatic) 193:long-acting reversible birth control 5484:Heated humidified high-flow therapy 4306:Comparison of birth control methods 4083: 3784:10.1016/j.contraception.2017.09.014 3650: 2721:ESHRE Capri Workshop Group (2008). 2617:10.1016/j.contraception.2006.12.007 2541:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.020 2469:10.1016/j.contraception.2013.10.017 2278:10.1016/j.contraception.2007.01.020 1620:10.1016/j.contraception.2018.08.016 1580:10.1016/j.contraception.2011.03.007 1196:10.1016/j.contraception.2021.02.010 1135:The New England Journal of Medicine 319:Hormonal: Progestogen-releasing IUD 280:Illustration of intrauterine device 13: 5748: 5686: 5579: 4683:Male contraceptives in development 4007: 3805: 3522: 3029:from the original on 27 April 2014 2683:A clinical guide for contraception 655: 473:Heavier menstrual flow and cramps 313:Nonhormonal: Copper-containing IUD 284:IUDs primarily work by preventing 14: 6088: 3833:"Clinical Education and Training" 3477: 3236:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports 1523:"Current issues in contraception" 1327:Hurd T, Falcone WW, eds. (2007). 961:ring, which had a higher rate of 183:device that is inserted into the 165:intrauterine contraceptive device 5926: 5452: 5213: 5207: 2796:Expert Review of Medical Devices 1601:Roe AH, Bartz D (January 2019). 1412:"Emergency Contraception - ACOG" 878:meaning "between" as opposed to 4326:Oral contraceptive formulations 4231: 4206: 4181: 4163: 4133: 4103: 4060: 3950: 3825: 3799: 3758: 3741:"What's an IUD insertion like?" 3733: 3702: 3599: 3574: 3497: 3471: 3428: 3333: 3307: 3264: 3223: 3197: 3170: 3143: 3118: 3067: 3051:. Feminine Wear. Archived from 2981: 2956: 2905: 2879: 2830: 2758: 2714: 2631: 2596: 2555: 2493: 2414: 2231: 2172: 2144: 2116: 2088: 2060: 2011: 1934: 1774: 1716: 1660: 1635: 1594: 1555: 1404: 1374: 1044:Callahan T, Caughey AB (2013). 650:progestogen only contraceptives 485: 459:-Various hormone level options 266:sexually transmitted infections 4861:Norethisterone (norethindrone) 4117:. 14 July 2011. Archived from 3625:10.1002/14651858.cd003036.pub3 3550:10.1002/14651858.cd001777.pub4 3285:10.1016/j.steroids.2013.04.004 2217:10.1002/14651858.CD005347.PUB3 2036:10.1002/14651858.CD001776.pub2 1388:. January 2008. Archived from 1320: 1271: 1171: 1122: 1093: 980: 969: 513:An IUD as seen on pelvic X ray 444:-Prevents ovulation at times 268:during the time of insertion. 198:Users are more satisfied with 1: 5252:Effervescent powder or tablet 4141:"Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)" 3936:10.1016/s0301-2115(00)00262-1 1843:Emergency contraceptive pills 1027: 1012: 179:, is a small, often T-shaped 6036:Patient-controlled analgesia 5341:Orally disintegrating tablet 3678:10.1097/aog.0000000000002822 3354:10.3109/13625187.2011.558222 3049:"Menstrual Cup use and IUDs" 2843:Health Technology Assessment 2400:10.1016/0010-7824(86)90007-7 1989:"Contraceptive coils (IUDs)" 1540:10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.01.007 1296:10.3109/13625187.2012.700744 1248:10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182723b7d 1241:(4): 983–988. October 2012. 825: 683:Transvaginal ultrasonography 391:19.5 mg levonorgestrel 271: 122:Advantages and disadvantages 7: 5039:Medroxyprogesterone acetate 5010:Spironolactone derivatives: 4633:Fertility awareness methods 3709:Johnson BA (January 2005). 2243:Family Health International 1101:"IUD (intrauterine device)" 762:polycystic ovarian syndrome 703:pelvic inflammatory disease 599: 262:pelvic inflammatory disease 10: 6093: 6067:Intrauterine contraception 5547:Relative analgesia machine 3093:10.1186/s40834-022-00203-x 2918:Journal of Mid-Life Health 2899:10.3310/nihrevidence_62335 2709:penetration, and survival. 2652:10.1016/j.ijgo.2009.12.018 1951:(6): 1–35. December 1995. 1723:Katz VL (1 January 2012). 863: 768:from entering the uterus. 659: 603: 494: 367:Hormone (total in device) 88:Failure rates (first year) 20: 5991: 5963: 5935: 5924: 5888: 5855: 5736: 5674: 5627: 5563: 5513: 5469: 5450: 5429: 5415: 5380: 5331: 5309: 5222: 5205: 5169: 5155: 5146: 5052: 5021: 4966: 4931: 4889: 4834: 4825: 4767: 4731: 4675: 4646: 4628:Calendar (rhythm) methods 4611: 4604: 4581: 4541: 4503: 4481: 4453: 4413: 4404: 4379: 4334: 4298: 4243:www.plannedparenthood.org 4218:www.plannedparenthood.org 4193:www.plannedparenthood.org 4084:Wee SL (7 January 2017). 3978:10.1080/13625189709049930 3891:10.1080/13625189709049930 3745:www.plannedparenthood.org 3715:American Family Physician 3666:Obstetrics and Gynecology 3392:Human Reproduction Update 3130:www.plannedparenthood.org 2727:Human Reproduction Update 2568:Human Reproduction Update 1852:Ulipristal acetate (UPA). 1235:Obstetrics and Gynecology 971: 563:Inert IUDs do not have a 490: 475: 470:Disadvantages among IUDs 458: 455:-Emergency contraception 441: 145: 137: 126: 121: 113: 108: 100: 92: 87: 77: 69: 61: 56: 37: 32: 5136:Routes of administration 4900:Norethisterone enanthate 4871:Norethisterone enanthate 4754:Testosterone undecanoate 4042:"Contraceptive Concerns" 2931:10.4103/0976-7800.109625 2912:Malik S (January 2013). 2808:10.1586/17434440.5.4.437 2767:Contraceptive technology 1803:Contraceptive technology 1699:Guttmacher Policy Review 1693:Sonfield A (Fall 2007). 1443:Contraceptive Technology 936: 558: 396:Initial amount released 303: 5662:Extra-amniotic infusion 5267:Molecular encapsulation 5199:Osmotic delivery system 5194:Time release technology 4543:Emergency Contraception 3957:Thiery M (March 1997). 3870:Thiery M (March 1997). 2964:"ParaGard (copper IUD)" 1527:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1075:"ParaGard (copper IUD)" 1003: 532:emergency contraception 416:Approved effectiveness 223:emergency contraception 5965:Central nervous system 5753: 5691: 5619:Mucoadhesive microdisc 5584: 5070:Algestone acetophenide 4866:Norethisterone acetate 4749:Testosterone buciclate 4463:Multi-month injections 4406:Hormonal contraception 4370:Levonorgestrel implant 4336:Long-acting reversible 3582:"Early Pregnancy Loss" 3249:10.15585/mmwr.rr6503a1 2711: 2502:Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2187:www.accessdata.fda.gov 2131:www.accessdata.fda.gov 2103:www.accessdata.fda.gov 1995:. 2006. Archived from 1931: 1870: 1019:contraceptive implants 785: 756:Some women experience 698: 695:foreign-body granuloma 622: 514: 506: 450:Advantages among IUDs 439:Copper toxic to sperm 281: 200:contraceptive implants 6077:Drug delivery devices 5808:Transfersome vesicles 5752: 5690: 5667:Intravesical infusion 5583: 5029:Chlormadinone acetate 4591:Vaginal pH modulation 4568:Low-dose mifepristone 4468:Progestogen-only pill 4362:Contraceptive implant 3404:10.1093/humupd/dmt022 3022:. Bayer. March 2014. 2740:10.1093/humupd/dmn003 2698: 2581:10.1093/humupd/dmn003 2432:on September 28, 2007 2354:10.1093/humrep/des140 1917: 1838:Copper-releasing IUCs 1834: 1148:10.1056/NEJMoa1110855 779: 772:Insertion and removal 681: 660:Further information: 613: 582:foreign body reaction 512: 504: 315:(ParaGard and others) 279: 191:. IUDs are a form of 5494:Metered-dose inhaler 5479:Anesthetic vaporizer 4623:Breastfeeding method 4533:Contraceptive sponge 4417:estrogen–progestogen 4366:Etonogestrel implant 2611:(6 Suppl): S31–S34. 2535:(6 Suppl): S16–S30. 2272:(6 Suppl): S16–S30. 1703:Guttmacher Institute 1672:Guttmacher Institute 872:uterine (from Latin 662:IUD with progestogen 541:fundus of the uterus 436:Mechanism of action 419:10 years (12 years) 23:IUD (disambiguation) 5919:Transdermal implant 5879:(into tissue/blood) 5656:Intrauterine device 5537:Anaesthetic machine 5532:Oxygen concentrator 4995:Nomegestrol acetate 4985:Segesterone acetate 4851:Etynodiol diacetate 4797:Estradiol enanthate 4792:Estradiol cypionate 4658:Non-penetrative sex 4650:vaginal intercourse 4615:vaginal intercourse 4435:Contraceptive patch 4430:Extended cycle Pill 4347:Intrauterine device 4311:Male contraceptives 4151:on 22 February 2015 2765:Hatcher RA (2011). 2700:Mechanism of action 1966:on 20 February 2006 1836:Mechanism of action 1105:Contraception guide 749:, published by the 422:5 years (10 years) 344: 338:intrauterine system 321:(Mirena and others) 157:intrauterine device 141:Depends on the type 83:Intrauterine system 33:Intrauterine device 6031:Nanocell injection 5754: 5692: 5585: 5439:Dry-powder inhaler 5065:Ulipristal acetate 4932:Third generation ( 4835:First generation ( 4802:Estradiol valerate 4787:Estradiol benzoate 4777:Diethylstilbestrol 4558:Ulipristal acetate 4546:(Post-intercourse) 4440:Monthly injections 4177:. 13 January 2017. 4121:on 1 December 2017 4090:The New York Times 3908:on 20 August 2006. 3321:. 17 February 2012 2341:Human Reproduction 1081:. 7 September 2019 911:Lazar C. Margulies 786: 699: 623: 515: 507: 428:3 years (5 years) 343: 282: 215:male sterilization 6054: 6053: 6050: 6049: 5881: 5843:Transdermal spray 5838:Transdermal patch 5828:Medicated shampoo 5559: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5542:Medical inhalants 5489:Medical inhalants 5417:Respiratory tract 5411: 5410: 5305: 5304: 5102: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5044:Megestrol acetate 4967:Fourth generation 4890:Second generation 4691: 4690: 4671: 4670: 4499: 4498: 4027:978-1-4008-5659-6 3995:on 20 August 2006 3449:10.1111/jog.13308 3190:978-0-7817-6937-2 3177:Gibbs RS (2008). 3163:978-3-319-20185-6 2776:978-1-59708-004-0 2692:978-1-60831-610-6 2508:(45): 3172–3175. 1942:"IUDs--an update" 1919:How does EC work? 1889:Clinical Guidance 1812:978-1-59708-004-0 1738:978-1-4377-1935-2 1725:"Postpartum Care" 1504:978-1-4443-4263-5 1491:Shoupe D (2011). 1474:978-1-4557-3395-8 1367:978-1-60547-433-5 1340:978-0-323-03309-1 1141:(21): 1998–2007. 1057:978-1-4511-1702-8 992:To implement the 896:Gräfenberg's ring 819:cesarean delivery 745:According to the 707:ectopic pregnancy 483: 482: 163:), also known as 153: 152: 6084: 5930: 5886: 5885: 5877: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5427: 5426: 5356:Sublingual drops 5329: 5328: 5217: 5211: 5167: 5166: 5153: 5152: 5129: 5122: 5115: 5106: 5105: 4832: 4831: 4807:Ethinylestradiol 4718: 4711: 4704: 4695: 4694: 4609: 4608: 4455:Progestogen-only 4411: 4410: 4284: 4277: 4270: 4261: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4147:. Archived from 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4081: 4072: 4071: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4011: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3994: 3988:. Archived from 3963: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3919: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3901:. Archived from 3876: 3867: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3786: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3689: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3637: 3627: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3561: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3443:(6): 1061–1066. 3432: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3251: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3156:. Humana Press. 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3105: 3095: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2985: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2943: 2933: 2909: 2903: 2902: 2893:. 8 March 2024. 2883: 2877: 2876: 2866: 2855:10.3310/JHSW0174 2834: 2828: 2827: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2742: 2718: 2712: 2696: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2583: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2524: 2518: 2517: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2480: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2428:. Archived from 2424:(May 13, 2003). 2418: 2412: 2411: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2366: 2356: 2347:(7): 1994–2000. 2332: 2326: 2325: 2319: 2317: 2307: 2299: 2290: 2289: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2128: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2075:www.paragard.com 2072: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2047: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1971: 1965: 1959:. Archived from 1946: 1938: 1932: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1905: 1899:. Archived from 1886: 1877: 1871: 1832: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1762:on 8 August 2013 1758:. Archived from 1752: 1743: 1742: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1622: 1598: 1592: 1591: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1542: 1518: 1509: 1508: 1488: 1479: 1478: 1461:Gabbe S (2012). 1458: 1447: 1446: 1445:(19th ed.). 1438: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1392:on 14 March 2018 1378: 1372: 1371: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1307: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1250: 1227: 1218: 1217: 1207: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1150: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1071: 1062: 1061: 1041: 998:one-child policy 994:two-child policy 988: 983: 982: 974: 973: 955:surgical removal 888:Ernst Gräfenberg 345: 342: 42: 30: 29: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6081: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6046: 6026:Intraperitoneal 5998:musculoskeletal 5996: 5987: 5959: 5955:Intra-articular 5931: 5922: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5851: 5732: 5670: 5623: 5568: 5551: 5509: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5448: 5407: 5376: 5301: 5218: 5212: 5203: 5157:Digestive tract 5142: 5133: 5103: 5094: 5048: 5017: 4962: 4927: 4885: 4821: 4763: 4744:Dimethandrolone 4727: 4722: 4692: 4687: 4667: 4648: 4642: 4613: 4600: 4577: 4545: 4537: 4518:Internal condom 4513:External condom 4505:Barrier Methods 4495: 4477: 4449: 4416: 4400: 4375: 4337: 4330: 4294: 4288: 4258: 4257: 4247: 4245: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4175:Radio Free Asia 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4082: 4075: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4028: 4014:Reed J (1984). 4012: 4008: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3961: 3955: 3951: 3920: 3913: 3905: 3874: 3868: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3804: 3800: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3707: 3703: 3658: 3651: 3618:(6): CD003036. 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3544:(7): CD001777. 3530: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3476: 3472: 3433: 3429: 3384: 3377: 3338: 3334: 3324: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3269: 3265: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3055:on 13 July 2017 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2910: 2906: 2885: 2884: 2880: 2835: 2831: 2792: 2788: 2777: 2763: 2759: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2693: 2679: 2675: 2636: 2632: 2601: 2597: 2560: 2556: 2525: 2521: 2498: 2494: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2419: 2415: 2384: 2380: 2333: 2329: 2315: 2313: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2211:(4): CD005347. 2205: 2201: 2191: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2163: 2161: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2030:(3): CD001776. 2016: 2012: 2002: 2000: 1999:on 17 July 2006 1993:NetDoctor.co.uk 1987: 1986: 1979: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1884: 1878: 1874: 1864: 1862: 1857: 1855: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1813: 1799: 1795: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1691: 1687: 1677: 1675: 1674:. 4 August 2004 1666: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1599: 1595: 1560: 1556: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1489: 1482: 1475: 1459: 1450: 1439: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1380: 1379: 1375: 1368: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1325: 1321: 1276: 1272: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1176: 1172: 1127: 1123: 1110: 1108: 1099: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1082: 1073: 1072: 1065: 1058: 1042: 1035: 1030: 1015: 1006: 959:stainless steel 939: 866: 828: 774: 676: 666:IUD with copper 658: 656:Adverse effects 608: 602: 569:stainless steel 561: 549:nickel titanium 499: 493: 488: 387:levonorgestrel 381:levonorgestrel 375:levonorgestrel 306: 274: 52: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6090: 6080: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6045: 6044: 6039: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5945:Intracavernous 5941: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5904: 5899: 5897: 5883: 5874: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5747: 5745: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5728:Nutrient enema 5725: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5703: 5698: 5685: 5683: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5578: 5576: 5561: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5517: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5413: 5412: 5409: 5408: 5406: 5405: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5337: 5335: 5326: 5307: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5228: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5164: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5132: 5131: 5124: 5117: 5109: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5075:Dydrogesterone 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5015: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4979: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4925: 4920: 4918:Norelgestromin 4915: 4913:Levonorgestrel 4907: 4905:Norgestrienone 4902: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4737: 4735: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4652: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4617: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4587: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4563:Levonorgestrel 4560: 4555: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4507: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4494: 4493: 4487: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4459: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4421: 4419: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4392: 4389:Tubal ligation 4385: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4373: 4359: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4332: 4331: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4299:Related topics 4296: 4295: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4264: 4256: 4255: 4230: 4205: 4180: 4162: 4145:www.fhi360.org 4132: 4111:"Chinese ring" 4102: 4073: 4059: 4048:. 8 March 2003 4033: 4026: 4006: 3949: 3930:(2): 145–152. 3911: 3849: 3824: 3798: 3757: 3732: 3701: 3672:(4): 895–905. 3649: 3598: 3573: 3521: 3496: 3470: 3427: 3398:(4): 419–427. 3375: 3348:(2): 126–134. 3332: 3306: 3279:(8): 782–785. 3263: 3222: 3211:. 9 April 2020 3196: 3189: 3169: 3162: 3142: 3117: 3066: 3040: 3008: 2997:(8): 637–640. 2980: 2955: 2904: 2878: 2829: 2802:(4): 437–445. 2786: 2775: 2757: 2733:(3): 197–208. 2713: 2691: 2673: 2646:(3): 219–222. 2630: 2595: 2574:(3): 197–208. 2554: 2519: 2504:(in Chinese). 2492: 2463:(2): 139–141. 2443: 2413: 2394:(3): 261–267. 2378: 2327: 2312:. 12 June 2014 2291: 2256: 2230: 2199: 2171: 2143: 2115: 2087: 2059: 2010: 1977: 1933: 1906:on 26 May 2012 1872: 1811: 1793: 1773: 1744: 1737: 1715: 1685: 1659: 1634: 1593: 1574:(5): 447–464. 1554: 1533:(3): 295–299. 1510: 1503: 1480: 1473: 1448: 1428: 1403: 1373: 1366: 1346: 1339: 1319: 1290:(5): 340–350. 1270: 1219: 1190:(2): 176–182. 1170: 1121: 1092: 1063: 1056: 1032: 1031: 1029: 1026: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1002: 987: 984: 977: 951:public schools 947:tubal ligation 938: 935: 903:thermoplastics 871: 865: 862: 827: 824: 823: 822: 812: 809: 773: 770: 657: 654: 643:uterine polyps 627:levonorgestrel 604:Main article: 601: 598: 560: 557: 495:Main article: 492: 489: 487: 484: 481: 480: 474: 471: 467: 466: 457: 451: 447: 446: 440: 437: 433: 432: 429: 426: 423: 420: 417: 413: 412: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 393: 392: 389: 383: 377: 371: 368: 364: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 323: 322: 316: 305: 302: 273: 270: 211:levonorgestrel 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 131: 124: 123: 119: 118: 115: 114:User reminders 111: 110: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 85: 84: 81: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 43: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6089: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6043: 6040: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6016:Intramuscular 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5994: 5990: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5973:Intracerebral 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5793:Iontophoresis 5791: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5762:Topical cream 5760: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5527:Nasal cannula 5524: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5455: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5210: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5111: 5110: 5107: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053:Miscellaneous 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982:Norpregnanes: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4573:Yuzpe regimen 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4381:Sterilization 4378: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338:contraception 4333: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4292: 4291:Birth control 4285: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4262: 4244: 4240: 4234: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4120: 4116: 4115:www.obgyn.net 4112: 4106: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4078: 4069: 4063: 4047: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4010: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3916: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3771:Contraception 3768: 3761: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3721:(1): 95–102. 3720: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3626: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3587: 3583: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3526: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3210: 3206: 3200: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3165: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3025: 3018: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:NIHR Evidence 2888: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2694: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605:Contraception 2599: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2529:Contraception 2523: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2457:Contraception 2454: 2447: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Contraception 2382: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2324: 2311: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2266:Contraception 2260: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2203: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2160: 2153: 2147: 2132: 2125: 2119: 2104: 2097: 2091: 2076: 2069: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2014: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1804: 1797: 1789: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1761: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1689: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607:Contraception 1604: 1597: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Contraception 1565: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1515: 1506: 1500: 1496: 1495: 1494:Contraception 1487: 1485: 1476: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1369: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1342: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1274: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1226: 1224: 1215: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1184:Contraception 1181: 1174: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1125: 1118: 1107:. 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