Intravenous therapy

880: 728:

primary bag is held lower than the secondary bag so that the secondary medication can flow into the primary tubing, rather than fluid from the primary bag flowing into the secondary tubing. The fluid from the primary bag is needed to help flush any remaining medication from the secondary IV from the tubing. If a bolus or secondary infusion is intended for administration in the same line as a primary infusion, the molecular compatibility of the solutions must be considered. Secondary compatibility is generally referred to as "y-site compatibility", named after the shape of the tubing which has a port for bolus administration. Incompatibility of two fluids or medications can arise due to issues of molecular stability, changes in solubility, or degradation of one of the medications.

503: 399:. Oral medications also may be less desirable if a person is nauseous or vomiting, or has severe diarrhea, as these may prevent the medicine from being fully absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. In these cases, a medication may be given IV only until the patient can tolerate an oral form of the medication. The switch from IV to oral administration is usually performed as soon as viable, as there is generally cost and time savings over IV administration. Whether a medication can be potentially switched to an oral form is sometimes considered when choosing appropriate antibiotic therapy for use in a hospital setting, as a person is unlikely to be discharged if they still require IV therapy. 748: 943: 5087: 839: 190: 4721: 341: 1095:, which when administered IV can cause a burning or painful sensation. The incidence of side effects specific to a medication can be affected by the type of access (peripheral versus central), the rate of administration, or the quantity of drug administered. When medications are administered too rapidly through an IV line, a set of vague symptoms such as redness or rash, fever, and others may occur; this is termed an "infusion reaction" and is prevented by decreasing the rate of administration of the medication. When 164:

inserted central catheter" or PICC line. If a person is likely to need long-term intravenous therapy, a medical port may be implanted to enable easier repeated access to the vein without having to pierce the vein repeatedly. A catheter can also be inserted into a central vein through the chest, which is known as a tunneled line. The specific type of catheter used and site of insertion are affected by the desired substance to be administered and the health of the veins in the desired site of insertion.

48: 199: 1003: 695:

course of a few minutes. The exact administration technique depends on the medication and other factors. In some cases, a bolus of plain IV solution (i.e. without medication added) is administered immediately after the bolus to further force the medicine into the bloodstream. This procedure is termed an "IV flush". Certain medications, such as potassium, are not able to be administered by IV push due to the extremely rapid onset of action and high level of effects.

888: 708:. Infusions can also be intermittent, in which case the medication is administered over a period of time, then stopped, and this is later repeated. Intermittent infusion may be used when there are concerns about the stability of medicine in solution for long periods of time (as is common with continuous infusions), or to enable the administration of medicines which would be incompatible if administered at the same time in the same IV line, for example vancomycin. 5194: 4583: 1208:

professionals at the time, or that a complete description of blood circulation was not published until over 100 years later. The story is attributed to potential errors in translation of documents from the time, as well as potentially an intentional fabrication, whereas others still consider it to be accurate. One of the leading medical history textbooks for medical and nursing students has claimed that the entire story was an anti-semitic fabrication.

5434: 1126:

left in the vein indefinitely out of concern for the risk of infection and phlebitis, among other potential complications. However, recent studies have found that there is no increased risk of complications in those whose IVs were replaced only when clinically indicated versus those whose IVs were replaced routinely. If placed with proper aseptic technique, it is not recommended to change a peripheral IV line more frequently than every 72–96 hours.

756: 4715: 764: 1153:

the needle becomes the path of least resistance—such as a cannula which has been left inserted, causing the vein to scar. It can also occur upon insertion of an IV line if a tourniquet is not promptly removed. Infiltration is characterized by coolness and pallor to the skin as well as localized swelling or edema. It is treated by removing the intravenous line and elevating the affected limb so the collected fluids drain away. Injections of

4595: 826:. A Birmingham gauge of 14 is a very large cannula (used in resuscitation settings) and 24-26 is the smallest. The most common sizes are 16-gauge (midsize line used for blood donation and transfusion), 18- and 20-gauge (all-purpose line for infusions and blood draws), and 22-gauge (all-purpose pediatric line). 12- and 14-gauge peripheral lines are capable of delivering large volumes of fluid very fast, accounting for their popularity in 374:, the IV route is the fastest way to deliver fluids and medications throughout the body. For this reason, the IV route is commonly preferred in emergency situations or when a fast onset of action is desirable. In extremely high blood pressure (termed a hypertensive emergency), IV antihypertensives may be given to quickly decrease the blood pressure in a controlled manner to prevent organ damage. In atrial fibrillation, IV 5256: 3799: 561:. The exact formulation of a parenteral nutrition used will depend on the specific nutritional needs of the person it is being given to. If a person is only receiving nutrition intravenously, it is called total parenteral nutrition (TPN), whereas if a person is only receiving some of their nutrition intravenously it is called partial parenteral nutrition (or supplemental parenteral nutrition). 4960: 860:, such as the veins in the arms, hands, legs and feet. Medication administered in this way travels through the veins to the heart, from where it is distributed to the rest of the body through the circulatory system. The size of the peripheral vein limits the amount and rate of medication which can be administered safely. A peripheral line consists of a short 171:) are also both common side effects of an IV line. Phlebitis may be more likely if the same vein is used repeatedly for intravenous access, and can eventually develop into a hard cord which is unsuitable for IV access. The unintentional administration of a therapy outside a vein, termed extravasation or infiltration, may cause other side effects. 978:

administered by injecting medication through the skin and the silicone port cover into the reservoir. When the needle is withdrawn, the reservoir cover reseals itself. A port cover is designed to function for hundreds of needle sticks during its lifetime. Ports may be placed in an arm or in the chest area.

2181:

Although many doctors warn Asian immigrants in New York that the effects of injecting glucose differ little from drinking sugary water, many Asians, especially of older generations, still use the intravenous solution. In their homelands, it is commonly prescribed by doctors as a method to cure colds,

954:

A tunneled line is a type of central access which is inserted under the skin, and then travels a significant distance through surrounding tissue before reaching and penetrating the central vein. Using a tunneled line reduces the risk of infection as compared to other forms of access, as bacteria from

775:

through the skin directly into a vein. A syringe can be connected directly to this needle, which allows for a "bolus" dose to be administered. Alternatively, the needle may be placed and then connected to a length of tubing, allowing for an infusion to be administered. The type and location of venous

703:

An infusion of medication may be used when it is desirable to have a constant blood concentration of a medication over time, such as with some antibiotics including beta-lactams. Continuous infusions, where the next infusion is begun immediately following the completion of the prior, may also be used

694:

dose, which is called an "IV push". A syringe containing the medication is connected to an access port in the primary tubing and the medication is administered through the port. A bolus may be administered rapidly (with a fast depression of the syringe plunger) or may be administered slowly, over the

390:

of an IV medication is by definition 100%, unlike oral administration where medication may not be fully absorbed, or may be metabolized prior to entering the bloodstream. For some medications, there is virtually zero oral bioavailability. For this reason certain types of medications can only be given

1129:

Phlebitis is particularly common in intravenous drug users, and those undergoing chemotherapy, whose veins can become sclerotic and difficult to access over time, sometimes forming a hard, painful "venous cord". The presence of a cord is a cause of discomfort and pain associated with IV therapy, and

1125:

Inflammation of the vein may also occur, called thrombophlebitis or simply phlebitis. This may be caused by infection, the catheter itself, or the specific fluids or medication being given. Repeated instances of phlebitis can cause scar tissue to build up along a vein. A peripheral IV line cannot be

986:

Equipment used to place and administer an IV line for infusion consists of a bag, usually hanging above the height of the person, and sterile tubing through which the medicine is administered. In a basic "gravity" IV, a bag is simply hung above the height of the person and the solution is pulled via

727:

Any additional medication to be administered intravenously at the same time as an infusion may be connected to the primary tubing; this is termed a secondary IV, or IV piggyback. This prevents the need for multiple IV access lines on the same person. When administering a secondary IV medication, the

1018:

allows precise control over the flow rate and total amount delivered. A pump is programmed based on the number and size of infusions being administered to ensure all medicine is fully administered without allowing the access line to run dry. Pumps are primarily utilized when a constant flow rate is

928:

A peripherally inserted central catheter (also called a PICC line) is a type of central IV access which consists of a cannula inserted through a sheath into a peripheral vein and then carefully fed towards the heart, terminating at the superior vena cava or the right atrium. These lines are usually

665:

In some countries, non-prescription intravenous glucose is used to improve a person's energy, but is not a part of routine medical care in countries such as the United States where glucose solutions are prescription drugs. Improperly administered intravenous glucose (called "ringer" ), such as that

150:. The act of administering a therapy intravenously, or placing an intravenous line ("IV line") for later use, is a procedure which should only be performed by a skilled professional. The most basic intravenous access consists of a needle piercing the skin and entering a vein which is connected to a 1219:

worked on the subject. As stated by Wren, "I Have Injected Wine and Ale in a liveing Dog into the Mass of Blood by a Veine, in good Quantities, till I have made him extremely drunk, but soon after he Pisseth it out." The dog survived, grew fat, and was later stolen from his owner. Boyle attributed

1207:

fell ill and was administered blood from healthy individuals. If this occurred, the treatment did not work and resulted in the death of the donors while not healing the pope. This story is disputed by some, who claim that the idea of blood transfusions could not have been considered by the medical

1152:

IV fluid or medication enters the surrounding tissue as opposed to the desired vein. It may occur when the vein itself ruptures, when the vein is damaged during insertion of the intravascular access device, or from increased vein porosity. Infiltration may also occur if the puncture of the vein by

1234:

to transfuse sheep's blood into a man who was mentally ill. Lower was interested in advancing science but also believed the man could be helped, either by the infusion of fresh blood or by the removal of old blood. It was difficult to find people who would agree to be transfused, but an eccentric

579:

into a vein. The specific imaging technique being employed will determine the characteristics of an appropriate contrast agent to increase visibility of blood vessels or other features. Common contrast agents are administered into a peripheral vein from which they are distributed throughout the

252:

Fluids may be administered as part of "volume expansion", or fluid replacement, through the intravenous route. Volume expansion consists of the administration of fluid-based solutions or suspensions designed to target specific areas of the body which need more water. There are two main types of

163:

IV lines are classified as "central lines" if they end in a large vein close to the heart, or as "peripheral lines" if their output is to a small vein in the periphery, such as the arm. An IV line can be threaded through a peripheral vein to end near the heart, which is termed a "peripherally

977:

An implanted port is a central line that does not have an external connector protruding from the skin for administration of medication. Instead, a port consists of a small reservoir covered with silicone rubber which is implanted under the skin, which then covers the reservoir. Medication is

1117:

may enter through the insertion site around the catheter, or bacteria may be accidentally introduced inside the catheter from contaminated equipment. Infection of an IV access site is usually local, causing easily visible swelling, redness, and fever. However, pathogens may also enter the

1054:

depending on the medication. The person attempting to obtain the access must find a new access site proximal to the "blown" area to prevent extravasation of medications through the damaged vein. For this reason it is advisable to site the first cannula at the most distal appropriate vein.

876:. Once the tip of the needle and cannula are placed, the cannula is advanced inside the vein over the trocar to the appropriate position and secured. The trocar is then withdrawn and discarded. Blood samples may also be drawn from the line directly after the initial IV cannula insertion. 1279:, a rectal infusion; and IV therapy took years to increasingly displace that route. In the 1960s, the concept of providing a person's complete nutritional needs through an IV solution began to be seriously considered. The first parenteral nutrition supplementation consisted of 1157:

around the area can be used to speed the dispersal of the fluid/drug. Infiltration is one of the most common adverse effects of IV therapy and is usually not serious unless the infiltrated fluid is a medication damaging to the surrounding tissue, most commonly a vesicant or

656:

as "health nuts who moonlight as heavy drinkers", have been publicized in the 2010s by glamorous celebrity customers. Intravenous therapy is also used in people with acute ethanol toxicity to correct electrolyte and vitamin deficiencies which arise from alcohol consumption.

2372:

Dhaese S, Heffernan A, Liu D, Abdul-Aziz MH, Stove V, Tam VH, Lipman J, Roberts JA, De Waele JJ (25 July 2020). "Prolonged Versus Intermittent Infusion of β-Lactam Antibiotics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression of Bacterial Killing in Preclinical Infection Models".

621:

results (by dilution) or by administering prohibited substances in a way that will more quickly be cleared from the body in order to beat an anti-doping test". Players suspended after attending "boutique IV clinics" which offer this sort of treatment include footballer

987:

gravity through a tube attached to a needle inserted into a vein. Without extra equipment, it is not possible to precisely control the rate of administration. For this reason, a setup may also incorporate a clamp to regulate flow. Some IV lines may be placed with "

933:

under ultrasound guidance. An X-ray is used to verify that the end of the cannula is in the right place if fluoroscopy was not used during the insertion. An EKG can also be used in some cases to determine if the end of the cannula is in the correct location.

2325:

Kanji S, Lam J, Johanson C, Singh A, Goddard R, Fairbairn J, Lloyd T, Monsour D, Kakal J (September 2010). "Systematic review of physical and chemical compatibility of commonly used medications administered by continuous infusion in intensive care units".

1122:, which can be sudden and life-threatening. A central IV line poses a higher risk of sepsis, as it can deliver bacteria directly into the central circulation. A line which has been in place for a longer period of time also increases the risk of infection. 2509:"The incidence of infusion reactions associated with monoclonal antibody drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of patient and study characteristics" 666:

which is administered clandestinely in store-front clinics, poses increased risks due to improper technique and oversight. Intravenous access is also sometimes used outside of a medical setting for the self-administration of recreational drugs, such as

395:, such is the case of severe dehydration where the patient is required to be treated via IV therapy for a quick recovery. The unpredictability of oral bioavailability in different people is also a reason for a medication to be administered IV, as with 3061:

Bruniera FR, Ferreira FM, Saviolli LR, Bacci MR, Feder D, da Luz Gonçalves Pedreira M, Sorgini Peterlini MA, Azzalis LA, Campos Junqueira VB, Fonseca FL (February 2015). "The use of vancomycin with its therapeutic and adverse effects: a review".

814:

or saline lock, a needleless connection filled with a small amount of heparin or saline solution to prevent clotting, between uses of the catheter. Ported cannulae have an injection port on the top that is often used to administer medicine.

378:

may be administered to attempt to restore normal heart rhythm. IV medications can also be used for chronic health conditions such as cancer, for which chemotherapy drugs are commonly administered intravenously. In some cases, such as with

3784: 154:

or to external tubing. This is used to administer the desired therapy. In cases where a patient is likely to receive many such interventions in a short period (with consequent risk of trauma to the vein), normal practice is to insert a

1250:

treatment. The first solutions which saw widespread use for IV injections were simple "saline-like solutions", which were followed by experiments with various other liquids, including milk, sugar, honey, and egg yolk. In the 1830s,

776:

access (i.e. a central line versus peripheral line, and in which vein the line is placed) can be affected by the potential for some medications to cause peripheral vasoconstriction, which limits circulation to peripheral veins.

213:

Intravenous (IV) access is used to administer medications and fluid replacement which must be distributed throughout the body, especially when rapid distribution is desired. Another use of IV administration is the avoidance of

799:

may be used to restrict the venous drainage of the limb and make the vein bulge, making it easier to locate and place a line in a vein. When used, a tourniquet should be removed before injecting medication to prevent

704:

to limit variation in drug concentration in the blood (i.e. between the peak drug levels and the trough drug levels). They may also be used instead of intermittent bolus injections for the same reason, such as with

2117:

Flannery AH, Adkins DA, Cook AM (August 2016). "Unpeeling the Evidence for the Banana Bag: Evidence-Based Recommendations for the Management of Alcohol-Associated Vitamin and Electrolyte Deficiencies in the ICU".

159:

which leaves one end in the vein, and subsequent therapies can be administered easily through tubing at the other end. In some cases, multiple medications or therapies are administered through the same IV line.

123:. Attempts at providing intravenous therapy have been recorded as early as the 1400s, but the practice did not become widespread until the 1900s after the development of techniques for safe, effective use. 711:

Failure to properly calculate and administer an infusion can result in adverse effects, termed infusion reactions. For this reason, many medications have a maximum recommended infusion rate, such as

3273:

Mihala G, Ray-Barruel G, Chopra V, Webster J, Wallis M, Marsh N, McGrail M, Rickard CM (2018). "Phlebitis Signs and Symptoms With Peripheral Intravenous Catheters: Incidence and Correlation Study".

955:

the skin surface are not able to travel directly into the vein. These catheters are often made of materials that resist infection and clotting. Types of tunneled central lines include the

914:

or the right atrium of the heart. There are several types of central IV access, categorized based on the route the catheter takes from the outside of the body to the central vein output.

1275:

but was not widely available until the 1950s. There was a time, roughly the 1910s–1920s, when fluid replacement that today would be done intravenously was likelier to be done with a

4632: 1433:

Fujii T, Udy A, Licari E, Romero L, Bellomo R (June 2019). "Sodium bicarbonate therapy for critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis: A scoping and a systematic review".

328:

used as a fluid expander or base solution to which medications are added also has some buffering effect. Another solution administered intravenously as a buffering solution is

2416:

Chan JS, Kot TK, Ng M, Harky A (November 2019). "Continuous Infusion Versus Intermittent Boluses of Furosemide in Acute Heart Failure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis".

1239:

on 23 November 1667. Transfusion gathered some popularity in France and Italy, but medical and theological debates arose, resulting in transfusion being prohibited in France.

1038:

If the cannula is not inserted correctly, or the vein is particularly fragile and ruptures, blood may extravasate into the surrounding tissues; this situation is known as a

2882: 3018:

Heng SY, Yap RT, Tie J, McGrouther DA (April 2020). "Peripheral Vein Thrombophlebitis in the Upper Extremity: A Systematic Review of a Frequent and Important Problem".

575:

Medical imaging relies on being able to clearly distinguish internal parts of the body from each other. One way this is accomplished is through the administration of a

2165: 5478: 4101: 4081: 3146:

O'Grady NP, Alexander M, Burns LA, Dellinger EP, Garland J, Heard SO, Lipsett PA, Masur H, Mermel LA, Pearson ML, Raad II, Randolph AG, Rupp ME, Saint S (May 2011).

1255:, an English obstetrician, used intravenous administration of blood to treat women bleeding profusely during or after delivery. This predated the understanding of 4076: 1072:. For this reason, when other forms of administration may suffice, intravenous therapy is usually not preferred. This includes the treatment of mild or moderate 310:

in the blood, while, on the other hand, this parameter is decreased by crystalloids due to hemodilution. Crystalloids generally are much cheaper than colloids.

4091: 1532:

Peacock WF, Hilleman DE, Levy PD, Rhoney DH, Varon J (July 2012). "A systematic review of nicardipine vs labetalol for the management of hypertensive crises".

2653:

Rivera AM, Strauss KW, van Zundert A, Mortier E (2005). "The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: how little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine".

4625: 1178:

If the solutions administered are colder than the temperature of the body, induced hypothermia can occur. If the temperature change to the heart is rapid,

103:

is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrients for those who cannot, or will not—due to reduced mental states or otherwise—consume food or water

1931:

Runge VM, Ai T, Hao D, Hu X (December 2011). "The developmental history of the gadolinium chelates as intravenous contrast media for magnetic resonance".

1084:

being treated for dehydration have better outcomes with oral treatment than intravenous therapy due to the pain and complications of an intravenous line.

2252: 533:

is the act of providing required nutrients to a person through an intravenous line. This is used in people who are unable to get nutrients normally, by

383:, a loading or bolus dose of medicine is given before beginning a dosing regimen to more quickly increase the concentration of medication in the blood. 1906:

Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Studenski S, High KP, Asthana S, Supiano MA, Ritchie C (23 December 2016). "Chapter 35". In Edmonson KG, Davis KJ (eds.).

650:

remedy. The first "boutique IV" clinic, offering similar treatments, opened in Tokyo in 2008. These clinics, whose target market was described by

4704: 4618: 4419: 4423: 3831: 2059: 4439: 4183: 4545: 4434: 3779: 906:

A central line is an access method in which a catheter empties into a larger, more central vein (a vein within the torso), usually the

4411: 991:", devices which enable a secondary solution to be administered through the same line (known as piggybacking). Some systems employ a 4429: 3365:

Schwamburger NT, Hancock RH, Chong CH, Hartup GR, Vandewalle KS (2012). "The rate of adverse events during IV conscious sedation".

2878: 1567:

Vardas PE, Kochiadakis GE (September 2003). "Amiodarone for the Restoration of Sinus Rhythm in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation".

4449: 3230:

Lv L, Zhang J (May 2020). "The incidence and risk of infusion phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheters: A meta-analysis".

134:

and thus quickly distributed. For this reason, the intravenous route of administration is also used for the consumption of some

4459: 4299: 4086: 4040: 2896: 923: 414:. This can be for pharmacokinetic reasons or to delay the effect of the drug until it can be metabolized into the active form. 1107:

As placement of an intravenous line requires breaking the skin, there is a risk of infection. Skin-dwelling organisms such as

719:. These infusion reactions can be severe, such as in the case of vancomycin, where the reaction is termed "red man syndrome". 3696: 2714: 2294: 2286: 2268: 2033: 1915: 1496: 1287:

and vitamins which were added to form "total parenteral nutrition", or that which includes protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

4454: 4271: 3803: 99:) is a medical technique that administers fluids, medications and nutrients directly into a person's vein. The intravenous 1099:

is involved, this is commonly termed "Red Man syndrome" after the rapid flushing which occurs after rapid administration.

502: 167:

Placement of an IV line may cause pain, as it necessarily involves piercing the skin. Infections and inflammation (termed

4989: 4539: 4469: 4444: 1069: 207:

Left: A person receiving fluids through an intravenous line in the wrist. Right: IV bags on a pole connected to IV lines.

1700:

Boles Ponto LL, Schoenwald RD (1 May 1990). "Furosemide (Frusemide) A Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Review (Part I)".

2689: 2583: 3824: 3597: 2637: 1660: 1108: 946:

A Hickman line, a type of tunneled catheter, inserted through the skin at the chest and tunneled to insert into the

4294: 4236: 4176: 3899: 598: 4533: 4473: 4246: 3644: 2092: 1091:

Certain medications also have specific sensations of pain associated with their administration IV. This includes

647: 1226:

showed it was possible for blood to be transfused from animal to animal and from animal to man intravenously, a

1190:

may become imbalanced. In hospitals, regular blood tests may be used to proactively monitor electrolyte levels.

804:. The part of the catheter that remains outside the skin is called the connecting hub; it can be connected to a 5070: 4521: 4515: 3950: 747: 329: 879: 5577: 5167: 5010: 4598: 4503: 4486: 4145: 3868: 3727: 2730:

Agarwal AK, Haddad N, Boubes K (November 2019). "Avoiding problems in tunneled dialysis catheter placement".

1242:

There was virtually no recorded success with any attempts at injection therapy until the 1800s, when in 1831

597:

prohibits intravenous injection of more than 100 mL per 12 hours, except under a medical exemption. The

325: 2773:

Roca-Tey R (March 2016). "Permanent Arteriovenous Fistula or Catheter Dialysis for Heart Failure Patients".

5541: 5503: 4846: 4662: 4527: 4509: 4492: 4241: 3945: 3917: 3817: 1027:

To reduce pain associated with the procedure, medical staff may apply a topical local anaesthetic (such as

26: 3755: 5592: 5587: 5455: 4586: 4169: 4129: 3628:

Felts, J. H. (2000). Richard Lower: anatomist and physiologist. Annals of internal medicine, 133(6), 485.

3587: 2464:

Elbarbry F (June 2018). "Vancomycin Dosing and Monitoring: Critical Evaluation of the Current Practice".

1512: 988: 801: 1859:"Whole blood transfusion versus component therapy in adult trauma patients with acute major haemorrhage" 842:

An arm board is recommended for immobilizing the extremity for cannulation of the hand, the foot or the

265:

of mineral salts or other water-soluble molecules. Colloids contain larger insoluble molecules, such as

5483: 5052: 4211: 4035: 3994: 3927: 1252: 1203:

The first recorded attempt at administering a therapeutic substance via IV injection was in 1492, when

1130:

makes it more difficult for an IV line to be placed as a line cannot be placed in an area with a cord.

857: 851: 610: 541:

food. A person receiving parenteral nutrition will be given an intravenous solution which may contain

5531: 5460: 5047: 4994: 4828: 4150: 4015: 1223: 5086: 2246: 5450: 4824: 3673: 3429:"Warming of intravenous and irrigation fluids for preventing inadvertent perioperative hypothermia" 1676: 1179: 1077: 594: 392: 307: 1068:

Placement of an intravenous line inherently causes pain when the skin is broken and is considered

5521: 5488: 5442: 5287: 5119: 4851: 4772: 4699: 4641: 4071: 4050: 2967: 2919:"Oral versus intravenous rehydration for treating dehydration due to gastroenteritis in children" 901: 367: 100: 5516: 5470: 5412: 5318: 5185: 4792: 4666: 4226: 3966: 1271:

in the late 1890s and further developed in the 1930s by Samuel Hirschfeld, Harold T. Hyman and

1235:

scholar, Arthur Coga, consented and the procedure was carried out by Lower and King before the

1159: 1139: 791:

care, and outpatient medicine. This may be placed in the arm, commonly either the wrist or the

477: 2627: 5572: 5526: 5407: 4820: 4567: 4338: 4311: 1081: 959:

or Broviac catheter. A tunnelled line is an option for long term venous access necessary for

823: 716: 215: 135: 120: 30: 3091:"Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters" 1833: 838: 5371: 5216: 5134: 5079: 4999: 4984: 4787: 4344: 4221: 4206: 3986: 2196:"The rising crisis of illicit fentanyl use, overdose, and potential therapeutic strategies" 1322: 530: 497: 3709:

Wanger and colleagues had in effect invented the modern I.V.-drip method of drug delivery

8: 5424: 5161: 5042: 5037: 4757: 4653: 4610: 4323: 4305: 4044: 3872: 3740: 1580: 1080:

which is an option, as opposed to parenteral rehydration through an IV line. Children in

930: 792: 507: 481: 371: 290: 108: 3318:"Management of extravasation injuries: a focused evaluation of noncytotoxic medications" 5498: 5292: 5247: 4944: 4689: 4497: 4401: 4192: 3760: 3453: 3428: 3405: 3347: 3298: 3255: 3172: 3147: 3123: 3090: 3043: 2995: 2943: 2918: 2857: 2844: 2817: 2798: 2755: 2535: 2508: 2489: 2441: 2398: 2351: 2274: 2222: 2195: 2143: 2064: 2006: 1956: 1888: 1858: 1810: 1785: 1725: 1641: 1628: 1603: 1458: 1380: 1353: 1280: 1204: 911: 907: 827: 767:

A needle for intravenous access should be inserted at an approximately 25-degree angle.

639: 131: 3614:

Wren, Boyle, and the Origins of Intravenous Injections and the Royal Society of London

942: 601:

notes that, as well as the dangers inherent in IV therapy, "IVs can be used to change

5348: 5343: 5181: 4922: 4684: 4396: 4231: 4216: 4106: 3922: 3722: 3692: 3593: 3568: 3533: 3493: 3458: 3409: 3374: 3339: 3290: 3259: 3247: 3212: 3208: 3177: 3128: 3110: 3071: 3047: 3035: 3000: 2948: 2861: 2849: 2790: 2759: 2747: 2710: 2685: 2662: 2633: 2608: 2579: 2540: 2481: 2445: 2433: 2402: 2390: 2355: 2343: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2264: 2227: 2135: 1983: 1948: 1911: 1892: 1880: 1815: 1766: 1717: 1713: 1633: 1584: 1549: 1492: 1488: 1450: 1385: 1312: 1272: 843: 772: 449: 427: 344: 277: 231: 127: 112: 70: 3725:(February 1931). "Influence of velocity on the response to intravenous injections". 3351: 3302: 2802: 2599:

Raehl CL (July 1986). "Endotracheal drug therapy in cardiopulmonary resuscitation".

2493: 2147: 1974:

Rawson JV, Pelletier AL (1 September 2013). "When to Order a Contrast-Enhanced CT".

1729: 1462: 872:-over-needle device, in which a flexible plastic cannula comes mounted over a metal 5282: 3891: 3736: 3653: 3560: 3485: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3401: 3329: 3282: 3239: 3204: 3167: 3159: 3118: 3106: 3102: 3027: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2839: 2829: 2782: 2739: 2530: 2520: 2473: 2429: 2425: 2382: 2335: 2256: 2217: 2207: 2127: 1960: 1940: 1870: 1805: 1797: 1756: 1709: 1645: 1623: 1615: 1576: 1541: 1484: 1442: 1375: 1365: 1212: 1113: 819: 691: 542: 465: 431: 262: 139: 3489: 476:, but modern medical practice commonly uses only components of the blood, such as 5172: 4856: 4720: 3909: 3880: 3876: 3686: 3286: 3031: 2891: 2887: 2339: 2131: 1944: 1302: 1231: 1227: 865: 652: 485: 453: 387: 313: 281: 247: 243: 223: 2507:

Bylsma LC, Dean R, Lowe K, Sangaré L, Alexander DD, Fryzek JP (September 2019).

1875: 5582: 5233: 4866: 4328: 4290: 4279: 4096: 4010: 3971: 3617: 2386: 2260: 1761: 1744: 1545: 1446: 1268: 1019:

important, or where changes in rate of administration would have consequences.

972: 576: 570: 523: 406:, are chemically modified to be better suited for IV administration, forming a 2917:

Hartling L, Bellemare S, Wiebe N, Russell K, Klassen TP, Craig W (July 2006).

2477: 2212: 2034:"Samir Nasri's doping ban extended from six to 18 months after appeal by Uefa" 5566: 5376: 5298: 5267: 5032: 4861: 4256: 4066: 3855: 3688:

Mothers and daughters of invention: notes for a revised history of technology

3658: 3639: 3564: 3243: 3114: 2968:"Vapocoolants (cold spray) for pain treatment during intravenous cannulation" 2166:"A Life Upended After an IV Glucose Treatment Popular Among Asian Immigrants" 1407: 1354:"Intravenous Fluid of Choice in Major Abdominal Surgery: A Systematic Review" 1283:

and dextrose. This was followed in 1975 with the introduction of intravenous

1236: 1163: 1154: 1149: 1143: 1043: 1015: 1007: 742: 643: 469: 437: 423: 411: 227: 189: 3148:"Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections" 763: 510:

of a German hospital could not eat due to a prior surgical operation of the

5417: 5353: 5338: 5313: 5151: 4871: 4251: 4124: 3572: 3497: 3462: 3413: 3378: 3343: 3294: 3251: 3181: 3132: 3075: 3039: 3004: 2952: 2853: 2794: 2751: 2666: 2544: 2485: 2437: 2394: 2347: 2231: 2139: 1987: 1952: 1884: 1819: 1770: 1637: 1588: 1553: 1454: 1389: 1370: 1332: 1317: 1307: 1284: 1243: 1216: 1035:) to the skin of the chosen venipuncture area about 45 minutes beforehand. 996: 992: 960: 956: 947: 788: 614: 352: 254: 3537: 3216: 2612: 1721: 522:, parenteral nutrition and pain killers via automated injection employing 5511: 5399: 5272: 5228: 5206: 5193: 5124: 5094: 5028: 4877: 4816: 4645: 4386: 4350: 3863: 3592:(2nd ed.). Toronto : University of Toronto Press. pp. 198–199. 3163: 2834: 1857:

Avery P, Morton S, Tucker H, Green L, Weaver A, Davenport R (June 2020).

1619: 1276: 1187: 1085: 1073: 887: 642:", a non-prescription IV solution of vitamins and minerals marketed as a 627: 623: 519: 473: 362:

may be mixed into the fluids mentioned above, commonly normal saline, or

285: 116: 3195:

Jaffe RB (July 1983). "Cardiac and vascular involvement in drug abuse".

2786: 1602:Álvarez R, López Cortés LE, Molina J, Cisneros JM, Pachón J (May 2016). 5433: 5395: 5366: 4926: 4900: 4762: 4562: 4371: 4285: 3976: 2578:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2009. 1834:"Blood Transfusion | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI)" 1297: 1256: 1183: 1096: 1032: 796: 712: 705: 618: 606: 602: 550: 403: 396: 380: 375: 359: 4714: 3809: 3334: 3317: 2743: 2525: 1801: 755: 82: 5005: 4895: 4747: 4737: 4481: 4366: 4333: 4161: 1786:"Aprepitant and fosaprepitant drug interactions: a systematic review" 1092: 830:. These lines are frequently called "large bores" or "trauma lines". 538: 321: 299: 168: 142:" or one-time dose, but they may also be administered as an extended 3316:

Reynolds PM, MacLaren R, Mueller SW, Fish DN, Kiser TH (June 2014).

2877: 2629:

Roberts and Hedges' Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine E-Book

677:

Intravenous therapy is also used for veterinary patient management.

126:

The intravenous route is the fastest way to deliver medications and

5547: 5536: 5328: 5308: 5303: 5277: 5221: 5114: 5104: 5099: 4802: 4767: 4752: 4694: 4391: 4381: 4376: 3551:

Lindeboom GA (1954). "The Story of a Blood Transfusion to a Pope".

1327: 1167: 1051: 1042:

or "tissuing". Using this cannula to administer medications causes

929:

placed in peripheral veins in the arm, and may be placed using the

861: 784: 671: 546: 363: 348: 317: 3145: 5333: 5262: 5201: 5146: 5141: 5109: 4949: 4905: 4782: 3476:

Wang W (25 July 2015). "Tolerability of hypertonic injectables".

2966:

Griffith RJ, Jordan V, Herd D, Reed PW, Dalziel SR (April 2016).

2194:

Han Y, Yan W, Zheng Y, Khan MZ, Yuan K, Lu L (11 November 2019).

1784:

Patel P, Leeder JS, Piquette-Miller M, Dupuis LL (October 2017).

1601: 1247: 1002: 869: 805: 780: 593:

IV rehydration was formerly a common technique for athletes. The

558: 511: 461: 457: 407: 266: 258: 156: 151: 53: 5255: 3674:

https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/redirector/?redir=archive/

1783: 818:

The thickness and size of needles and catheters can be given in

5323: 5243: 5156: 4976: 4887: 4777: 4742: 4729: 4261: 3798: 3524:

Millam D (January 1996). "The history of intravenous therapy".

2818:"Arm port vs chest port: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2652: 1745:"Intravenous to oral (iv:po) anti-infective conversion therapy" 1119: 995:, which prevents air from entering the bloodstream (causing an 873: 771:

The simplest form of intravenous access is by passing a hollow

667: 534: 515: 198: 104: 3364: 3272: 999:), and allows visual estimation of flow rate of the solution. 452:. Blood transfusions can be used in massive blood loss due to 5211: 4936: 4838: 4797: 4676: 3640:"Dr Thomas Latta: the father of intravenous infusion therapy" 3427:

Campbell G, Alderson P, Smith AF, Warttig S (13 April 2015).

3089:

Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, Marsh N (23 January 2019).

3060: 2916: 1513:"What is an IV Vitamin Therapy? A Complete Guide by Nepenthe" 1047: 554: 445: 270: 219: 130:

throughout the body as they are introduced directly into the

52:

A person receiving a medication through an intravenous line (

3426: 2371: 1905: 3392:

Hadaway L (August 2007). "Infiltration and extravasation".

3315: 2060:"Ryan Lochte suspended 14 months for anti-doping violation" 1028: 883:

Illustration of a non-tunneled central venous access device

340: 303: 47: 4959: 4640: 3088: 2895:, American College of Emergency Physicians, archived from 5075: 5020: 2245:

Cooper E, Guillaumin J, Yaxley P, Her J, Young A (2022).

2244: 1531: 917: 783:

is the most common intravenous access method utilized in

3064:

European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences

2466:

European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics

460:. Blood transfusions may also be used to treat a severe 391:

intravenously, as there is insufficient uptake by other

3672:

See, for example, the Nobel Prize Nomination Database:

2632:(6th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 349. 2255:(Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International). 222:. Substances that may be infused intravenously include 3589:

History of medicine: a scandalously short introduction

3553:

Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences

2965: 1856: 1351: 1267:

Intravenous therapy was expanded by Italian physician

3720: 2883:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question" 2506: 2324: 1699: 3017: 1432: 1182:

may result. Furthermore, if a solution which is not

759:

A nurse inserting an 18-gauge IV needle with cannula

355:

750mg (right), and log sheet hanging from an IV pole

2729: 1659:Doyle GR, McCutcheon JA (13 November 2015). "7.5". 302:solutions often used in those who have significant 2116: 808:or an intravenous infusion line, or capped with a 324:are also administered through intravenous access. 2031: 1566: 1133: 5564: 1481:xPharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference 4420:International Federation for Emergency Medicine 2193: 1973: 1658: 4424:International Conference on Emergency Medicine 3691:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 141–142. 2815: 2707:Peripherally inserted central venous catheters 2704: 2680:Marino PL (2014). "2. Central Venous Access". 2415: 1479:Flynn E (2007). "Pharmacokinetic Parameters". 1352:Noonpradej S, Akaraborworn O (3 August 2020). 456:, or can be used to replace blood lost during 4626: 4177: 3825: 2625: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2238: 1246:studied the use of IV fluid replacements for 1102: 856:A peripheral intravenous line is inserted in 674:, cocaine, methamphetamine, DMT, and others. 633: 448:which is collected from a donor for use in a 288:with blood. Lactated Ringer's (also known as 4440:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians 3637: 3618:https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e3181b56163 2816:Li G, Zhang Y, Ma H, Zheng J (3 July 2019). 2673: 2459: 2457: 2455: 1930: 1908:Hazzard's geriatric medicine and gerontology 1198: 1162:. In such cases, the infiltration is termed 276:The most commonly used crystalloid fluid is 4546:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient 4435:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine 3095:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2975:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2923:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2873: 2871: 2086: 2084: 2082: 1910:(Seventh ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. 1604:"Optimizing the Clinical Use of Vancomycin" 1474: 1472: 1088:may decrease the pain of putting in an IV. 1050:, causing pain and tissue damage, and even 891:The central line kit (out of its packaging) 335: 4633: 4619: 4184: 4170: 3832: 3818: 3785:Archive of the 4th edition (December 2016) 2705:Sandrucci S, Mussa B, eds. (5 July 2014). 2551: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 1662:Clinical Procedures for Safer Patient Care 1534:The American Journal of Emergency Medicine 690:Some medications can be administered as a 46: 3657: 3550: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3452: 3333: 3171: 3122: 2994: 2942: 2843: 2833: 2534: 2524: 2452: 2367: 2365: 2221: 2211: 1874: 1809: 1760: 1742: 1627: 1401: 1399: 1379: 1369: 4430:American College of Emergency Physicians 2879:American College of Emergency Physicians 2868: 2772: 2698: 2646: 2463: 2163: 2079: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1790:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1469: 1001: 941: 886: 878: 837: 762: 754: 746: 731: 638:In the 1960s, John Myers developed the " 501: 472:. Early blood transfusions consisted of 339: 138:. Many therapies are administered as a " 4450:European Society for Emergency Medicine 3839: 3756:"A Royal Spotlight on a Rare Condition" 3684: 3433:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3391: 3229: 3011: 2766: 2301: 1652: 1345: 5565: 4460:American Academy of Emergency Medicine 4191: 4041:Peripherally inserted central catheter 3753: 3585: 3523: 3504: 3478:International Journal of Pharmaceutics 2684:(Fourth ed.). Philadelphia: LWW. 2679: 2362: 2182:fevers and sometimes an upset stomach. 2159: 2157: 1525: 1396: 924:Peripherally inserted central catheter 918:Peripherally inserted central catheter 4614: 4165: 3937: 3813: 3194: 2598: 2057: 1994: 1608:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 1478: 963:in people with poor kidney function. 4455:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine 3741:10.1001/archinte.1931.00140200095007 3475: 2090: 1259:, leading to unpredictable results. 966: 107:. It may also be used to administer 4990:Heated humidified high-flow therapy 4540:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics 4445:Royal College of Emergency Medicine 3616:. Anesthesiology 2009; 111:923–924 2154: 2032:Press Association (1 August 2018). 1358:Critical Care Research and Practice 868:. This is usually in the form of a 833: 21:"The Drip" redirects here. For the 16:Medication administered into a vein 13: 5254: 5192: 5085: 3771: 3406:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000282299.03441.c7 1581:10.1023/B:CEPR.0000012400.34597.00 1405: 1058: 514:which was complicated by a severe 237: 14: 5604: 3791: 3787:via the Internet Wayback Machine) 1408:"An Update on Intravenous Fluids" 1109:coagulase-negative staphylococcus 937: 864:inserted through the skin into a 580:circulation to the imaging site. 417: 111:or other medical therapy such as 5432: 4958: 4719: 4713: 4593: 4582: 4581: 4237:International emergency medicine 3797: 3020:The American Journal of Medicine 1714:10.2165/00003088-199018050-00004 1569:Cardiac Electrophysiology Review 1489:10.1016/b978-008055232-3.60034-0 895: 751:IV infusion set (not yet in use) 599:United States Anti-Doping Agency 588: 284:at 0.9% concentration, which is 273:itself is considered a colloid. 197: 188: 4594: 4534:Pediatric Advanced Life Support 4247:Pre-hospital emergency medicine 3747: 3714: 3678: 3666: 3645:Journal of Infection Prevention 3631: 3622: 3606: 3579: 3544: 3469: 3420: 3394:The American Journal of Nursing 3385: 3358: 3309: 3266: 3223: 3188: 3139: 3082: 3054: 2959: 2910: 2809: 2723: 2619: 2592: 2576:Lippincott's nursing procedures 2500: 2409: 2187: 2110: 2051: 2025: 2011:U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) 2007:"IV Infusion: Explanatory Note" 1967: 1924: 1899: 1850: 1826: 1777: 1736: 1693: 1669: 1262: 1046:of the drug, which can lead to 366:solutions. Compared with other 179: 4522:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns 4516:Neonatal Resuscitation Program 3780:Standards for Infusion Therapy 3526:Journal of Intravenous Nursing 3445:10.1002/14651858.CD009891.pub2 3232:The Journal of Vascular Access 3107:10.1002/14651858.CD007798.pub5 2987:10.1002/14651858.CD009484.pub2 2935:10.1002/14651858.CD004390.pub2 2822:Cancer Management and Research 2775:The Journal of Vascular Access 2655:Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 2626:Roberts JR, Hedges JR (2013). 2430:10.1016/j.cardfail.2019.11.013 1595: 1560: 1505: 1426: 1134:Infiltration and extravasation 1: 4758:Effervescent powder or tablet 4504:Advanced cardiac life support 4487:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 4146:Needle and syringe programmes 3728:Archives of Internal Medicine 3490:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.05.069 1339: 1022: 1010:suitable for a single IV line 583: 234:, medications and nutrition. 5542:Patient-controlled analgesia 4847:Orally disintegrating tablet 4528:Pediatric basic life support 4510:Advanced trauma life support 4493:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 4242:Pediatric emergency medicine 3754:Geggel L (3 December 2012). 3287:10.1097/NAN.0000000000000288 3209:10.1016/0037-198x(83)90024-x 3152:Clinical Infectious Diseases 3032:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.08.054 2340:10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181e8adcc 2132:10.1097/CCM.0000000000001659 1945:10.1097/RLI.0b013e318237913b 1186:is administered, a person's 981: 722: 491: 7: 3275:Journal of Infusion Nursing 2164:Jiha Ham (March 20, 2015). 1876:10.1136/emermed-2019-209040 1743:Wetzstein GA (March 2000). 1290: 1173: 1148:Infiltration occurs when a 698: 306:. Colloids preserve a high 10: 5609: 5053:Relative analgesia machine 4212:Emergency medical services 4036:Peripheral venous catheter 3777:Royal College of Nursing, 2418:Journal of Cardiac Failure 2387:10.1007/s40262-020-00919-6 2261:10.1079/9781789243406.0000 2248:Small Animal Fluid Therapy 1863:Emergency Medicine Journal 1762:10.1177/107327480000700211 1546:10.1016/j.ajem.2011.06.040 1483:. Elsevier. pp. 1–3. 1447:10.1016/j.jcrc.2019.02.027 1193: 1137: 1103:Infection and inflammation 970: 921: 899: 852:Peripheral venous catheter 849: 740: 634:Use for hangover treatment 568: 564: 495: 421: 402:Some medications, such as 326:Lactated Ringer's solution 316:which are used to correct 294:) and the closely related 241: 20: 5497: 5469: 5441: 5430: 5394: 5361: 5242: 5180: 5133: 5069: 5019: 4975: 4956: 4935: 4921: 4886: 4837: 4815: 4728: 4711: 4675: 4661: 4652: 4576: 4555: 4468: 4410: 4359: 4270: 4199: 4151:Supervised injection site 4138: 4117: 4059: 4028: 4003: 3985: 3959: 3936: 3908: 3890: 3854: 3847: 3197:Seminars in Roentgenology 2478:10.1007/s13318-017-0456-4 2375:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2213:10.1038/s41398-019-0625-0 1976:American Family Physician 1702:Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1665:. Victoria, BC: BCcampus. 1199:Discovery and development 1184:balanced in concentration 736: 660: 79: 69: 61: 45: 40: 27:The Drip (Schitt's Creek) 4642:Routes of administration 4387:Epinephrine / Adrenaline 3721:Hirschfeld S, Hyman HT, 3659:10.1177/1757177409342141 3244:10.1177/1129729819877323 2200:Translational Psychiatry 2091:Hess A (23 April 2014). 2058:Caron E (23 July 2018). 1435:Journal of Critical Care 1273:Justine Johnstone Wanger 1180:ventricular fibrillation 1078:oral rehydration therapy 685: 680: 595:World Anti-Doping Agency 393:routes of administration 368:routes of administration 336:Medication and treatment 308:colloid osmotic pressure 5168:Extra-amniotic infusion 4773:Molecular encapsulation 4705:Osmotic delivery system 4700:Time release technology 4102:Thermodilution catheter 4051:Central venous catheter 3638:MacGillivray N (2009). 2890:: an initiative of the 1933:Investigative Radiology 1063: 902:Central venous catheter 174: 101:route of administration 5471:Central nervous system 5259: 5197: 5125:Mucoadhesive microdisc 5090: 3967:Immunoglobulin therapy 3565:10.1093/jhmas/IX.4.455 2328:Critical Care Medicine 2120:Critical Care Medicine 1160:chemotherapeutic agent 1140:Infiltration (medical) 1011: 951: 892: 884: 847: 768: 760: 752: 527: 478:packed red blood cells 444:) is any component of 356: 121:electrolyte imbalances 65:IV therapy, iv therapy 29:. For other uses, see 5314:Transfersome vesicles 5258: 5196: 5173:Intravesical infusion 5089: 4568:Injury Severity Score 4339:Nasopharyngeal airway 4312:Intraosseous infusion 2682:Marino's the ICU book 2093:"The Party Girl Drip" 1118:bloodstream, causing 1082:emergency departments 1005: 945: 890: 882: 841: 766: 758: 750: 732:Methods and equipment 717:monoclonal antibodies 617:is being used), mask 505: 343: 216:first-pass metabolism 5578:Injection (medicine) 5000:Metered-dose inhaler 4985:Anesthetic vaporizer 4345:Oropharyngeal airway 4222:Emergency psychiatry 4207:Emergency department 4092:Implantable catheter 3987:Parenteral nutrition 3806:at Wikimedia Commons 2835:10.2147/CMAR.S205988 2781:(1_suppl): S23–S29. 2732:Seminars in Dialysis 1620:10.1128/AAC.03147-14 1371:10.1155/2020/2170828 1323:Needleless connector 1220:authorship to Wren. 1213:Sir Christopher Wren 626:in 2017 and swimmer 531:Parenteral nutrition 526:(background, right). 498:Parenteral nutrition 228:blood-based products 5425:Transdermal implant 5385:(into tissue/blood) 5162:Intrauterine device 5043:Anaesthetic machine 5038:Oxygen concentrator 4324:Tracheal intubation 4318:Intravenous therapy 4045:Seldinger technique 3873:Fresh frozen plasma 3856:Blood-based product 3841:Intravenous therapy 3804:Intravenous therapy 2787:10.5301/jva.5000511 2709:. Milan: Springer. 1281:hydrolyzed proteins 931:Seldinger technique 793:median cubital vein 508:intensive care unit 506:This patient of an 482:fresh frozen plasma 442:blood-based product 261:. Crystalloids are 93:Intravenous therapy 41:Intravenous therapy 5593:Medical treatments 5588:Intravenous fluids 5537:Nanocell injection 5260: 5198: 5091: 4945:Dry-powder inhaler 4498:Basic life support 4402:Sodium bicarbonate 4200:Emergency medicine 4193:Emergency medicine 3951:Sodium bicarbonate 3848:Infused substances 3761:The New York Times 3685:Stanley A (1995). 3164:10.1093/cid/cir257 2170:The New York Times 2065:Sports Illustrated 1205:Pope Innocent VIII 1070:medically invasive 1014:Alternatively, an 1012: 952: 912:inferior vena cava 908:superior vena cava 893: 885: 848: 828:emergency medicine 769: 761: 753: 528: 357: 330:sodium bicarbonate 136:recreational drugs 132:circulatory system 5560: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5387: 5349:Transdermal spray 5344:Transdermal patch 5334:Medicated shampoo 5065: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5048:Medical inhalants 4995:Medical inhalants 4923:Respiratory tract 4917: 4916: 4811: 4810: 4608: 4607: 4397:Magnesium sulfate 4306:Electrocardiogram 4232:Medical emergency 4217:Emergency nursing 4159: 4158: 4107:Dialysis catheter 4024: 4023: 3802:Media related to 3698:978-0-8135-2197-8 3652:(Suppl. 1): 3–6. 3586:Duffin J (2010). 3367:General Dentistry 3335:10.1002/phar.1396 3026:(4): 473–484.e3. 2744:10.1111/sdi.12845 2716:978-88-470-5665-7 2601:Clinical Pharmacy 2526:10.1002/cam4.2413 2519:(12): 5800–5809. 2381:(10): 1237–1250. 2295:978-1-78924-340-6 2287:978-1-78924-339-0 2270:978-1-78924-338-3 1917:978-0-07-183345-5 1838:www.nhlbi.nih.gov 1802:10.1111/bcp.13322 1796:(10): 2148–2162. 1498:978-0-08-055232-3 1313:Hypodermic needle 1230:. He worked with 967:Implantable ports 844:antecubital fossa 605:results (such as 450:blood transfusion 428:Blood transfusion 351:solution (left), 263:aqueous solutions 253:volume expander: 232:blood substitutes 128:fluid replacement 90: 89: 5600: 5436: 5392: 5391: 5383: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4933: 4932: 4862:Sublingual drops 4835: 4834: 4723: 4717: 4673: 4672: 4659: 4658: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4584: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4163: 4162: 3946:Ringer's lactate 3918:Ringer's lactate 3900:Hemoglobin-based 3892:Blood substitute 3852: 3851: 3834: 3827: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3801: 3766: 3765: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3661: 3635: 3629: 3626: 3620: 3610: 3604: 3603: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3521: 3502: 3501: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3456: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3337: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3192: 3186: 3185: 3175: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3126: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2998: 2972: 2963: 2957: 2956: 2946: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2899:on March 7, 2014 2875: 2866: 2865: 2847: 2837: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2677: 2671: 2670: 2650: 2644: 2643: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2572: 2549: 2548: 2538: 2528: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2461: 2450: 2449: 2413: 2407: 2406: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2334:(9): 1890–1898. 2322: 2299: 2298: 2242: 2236: 2235: 2225: 2215: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2176: 2161: 2152: 2151: 2126:(8): 1545–1552. 2114: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2088: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2013:. 5 January 2018 2003: 1992: 1991: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1878: 1854: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1844: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1813: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1764: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1681:Cleveland Clinic 1673: 1667: 1666: 1656: 1650: 1649: 1631: 1614:(5): 2601–2609. 1599: 1593: 1592: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1520: 1519: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1476: 1467: 1466: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1403: 1394: 1393: 1383: 1373: 1349: 1166:, and may cause 1114:Candida albicans 858:peripheral veins 834:Peripheral lines 820:Birmingham gauge 813: 812: 795:at the elbow. A 512:abdominal region 466:thrombocytopenia 432:Blood substitute 372:oral medications 314:Buffer solutions 296:Ringer's acetate 291:Ringer's lactate 280:, a solution of 224:volume expanders 201: 192: 95:(abbreviated as 83:edit on Wikidata 50: 38: 37: 5608: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5552: 5532:Intraperitoneal 5504:musculoskeletal 5502: 5493: 5465: 5461:Intra-articular 5437: 5428: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5357: 5238: 5176: 5129: 5074: 5057: 5015: 4971: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4954: 4913: 4882: 4807: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4663:Digestive tract 4648: 4639: 4609: 4604: 4572: 4556:Scoring systems 4551: 4464: 4406: 4355: 4266: 4195: 4190: 4160: 4155: 4134: 4113: 4060:Other equipment 4055: 4020: 3999: 3981: 3955: 3932: 3910:Volume expander 3904: 3886: 3881:Cryoprecipitate 3877:Cryosupernatant 3843: 3838: 3794: 3774: 3772:Further reading 3769: 3752: 3748: 3719: 3715: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3623: 3612:Jorge Dagnino; 3611: 3607: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3549: 3545: 3522: 3505: 3484:(1–2): 308–15. 3474: 3470: 3439:(4): CD009891. 3425: 3421: 3390: 3386: 3363: 3359: 3322:Pharmacotherapy 3314: 3310: 3271: 3267: 3228: 3224: 3193: 3189: 3144: 3140: 3101:(1): CD007798. 3087: 3083: 3059: 3055: 3016: 3012: 2981:(4): CD009484. 2970: 2964: 2960: 2929:(3): CD004390. 2915: 2911: 2902: 2900: 2892:ABIM Foundation 2888:Choosing Wisely 2876: 2869: 2814: 2810: 2771: 2767: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2678: 2674: 2651: 2647: 2640: 2624: 2620: 2597: 2593: 2586: 2574: 2573: 2552: 2513:Cancer Medicine 2505: 2501: 2462: 2453: 2414: 2410: 2370: 2363: 2323: 2302: 2271: 2243: 2239: 2192: 2188: 2174: 2172: 2162: 2155: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2089: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2005: 2004: 1995: 1972: 1968: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1904: 1900: 1855: 1851: 1842: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1782: 1778: 1741: 1737: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1683: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1657: 1653: 1600: 1596: 1565: 1561: 1530: 1526: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1506: 1499: 1477: 1470: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1404: 1397: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1293: 1265: 1228:xenotransfusion 1201: 1196: 1176: 1146: 1138:Main articles: 1136: 1105: 1066: 1061: 1059:Adverse effects 1025: 984: 975: 969: 940: 926: 920: 904: 898: 866:peripheral vein 854: 836: 810: 809: 745: 739: 734: 725: 701: 688: 683: 663: 640:Myers' cocktail 636: 591: 586: 573: 567: 524:syringe drivers 500: 494: 486:cryoprecipitate 434: 422:Main articles: 420: 388:bioavailability 338: 282:sodium chloride 250: 248:Buffer solution 244:Volume expander 242:Main articles: 240: 238:Fluid solutions 211: 210: 209: 208: 204: 203: 202: 194: 193: 182: 177: 86: 57: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5606: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5451:Intracavernous 5447: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5389: 5380: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5253: 5251: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5234:Nutrient enema 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5191: 5189: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5084: 5082: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5025: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4670: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4638: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4590: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4559: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4476: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4416: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4336: 4331: 4329:Laryngeal tube 4326: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291:Defibrillation 4288: 4283: 4280:Bag valve mask 4276: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4189: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4118:Specific risks 4115: 4114: 4112: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4053: 4048: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4011:Drug injection 4007: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3972:Gamma globulin 3969: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3928:Sugar solution 3925: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3902: 3896: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3866: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3837: 3836: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3807: 3793: 3792:External links 3790: 3789: 3788: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3746: 3735:(2): 259–287. 3713: 3697: 3677: 3665: 3630: 3621: 3605: 3598: 3578: 3559:(4): 455–459. 3543: 3503: 3468: 3419: 3384: 3357: 3308: 3281:(4): 260–263. 3265: 3238:(3): 342–349. 3222: 3203:(3): 207–212. 3187: 3158:(9): e162-93. 3138: 3081: 3070:(4): 694–700. 3053: 3010: 2958: 2909: 2867: 2808: 2765: 2738:(6): 535–540. 2722: 2715: 2697: 2691:978-1451121186 2690: 2672: 2645: 2638: 2618: 2591: 2585:978-0781786898 2584: 2550: 2499: 2472:(3): 259–268. 2451: 2424:(9): 786–793. 2408: 2361: 2300: 2269: 2237: 2186: 2153: 2109: 2078: 2050: 2024: 1993: 1966: 1939:(12): 807–16. 1923: 1916: 1898: 1869:(6): 370–378. 1849: 1825: 1776: 1749:Cancer Control 1735: 1708:(5): 381–408. 1692: 1668: 1651: 1594: 1575:(3): 297–299. 1559: 1540:(6): 981–993. 1524: 1504: 1497: 1468: 1425: 1395: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1269:Guido Baccelli 1264: 1261: 1253:James Blundell 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1175: 1172: 1135: 1132: 1104: 1101: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1024: 1021: 983: 980: 973:Port (medical) 971:Main article: 968: 965: 950:in the throat. 939: 938:Tunneled lines 936: 922:Main article: 919: 916: 900:Main article: 897: 894: 850:Main article: 835: 832: 741:Main article: 738: 735: 733: 730: 724: 721: 700: 697: 687: 684: 682: 679: 662: 659: 635: 632: 590: 587: 585: 582: 577:contrast agent 571:Contrast agent 569:Main article: 566: 563: 518:. He received 496:Main article: 493: 490: 419: 418:Blood products 416: 337: 334: 239: 236: 206: 205: 196: 195: 187: 186: 185: 184: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 113:blood products 88: 87: 80: 77: 76: 73: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 51: 43: 42: 23:Schitt's Creek 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5605: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5522:Intramuscular 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5479:Intracerebral 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5435: 5426: 5423: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5299:Iontophoresis 5297: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5268:Topical cream 5266: 5264: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5033:Nasal cannula 5030: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4974: 4961: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4727: 4722: 4716: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4613: 4601: 4600: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4579: 4578: 4575: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4412:Organisations 4409: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4257:Trauma center 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4130:Extravasation 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4067:Infusion pump 4065: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029:Access points 4027: 4017: 4016:Ascorbic acid 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923:Normal saline 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3763: 3762: 3757: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3710: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3641: 3634: 3625: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3601: 3599:9780802098252 3595: 3591: 3590: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3373:(5): e341-4. 3372: 3368: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3328:(6): 617–32. 3327: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2969: 2962: 2954: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2913: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2872: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2828:: 6099–6112. 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2661:(3): 271–82. 2660: 2656: 2649: 2641: 2639:9781455748594 2635: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2595: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2158: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2113: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2067: 2066: 2061: 2054: 2039: 2035: 2028: 2012: 2008: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1913: 1909: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1839: 1835: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1682: 1678: 1672: 1664: 1663: 1655: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1514: 1508: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1429: 1413: 1409: 1402: 1400: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1295: 1288: 1286: 1285:fat emulsions 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1237:Royal Society 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224:Richard Lower 1221: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1191: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1164:extravasation 1161: 1156: 1155:hyaluronidase 1151: 1145: 1144:Extravasation 1141: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:extravasation 1041: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1020: 1017: 1016:infusion pump 1009: 1008:infusion pump 1004: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 979: 974: 964: 962: 958: 949: 944: 935: 932: 925: 915: 913: 909: 903: 896:Central lines 889: 881: 877: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 853: 845: 840: 831: 829: 825: 821: 816: 807: 803: 802:extravasation 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 779:A peripheral 777: 774: 765: 757: 749: 744: 743:Venous access 729: 720: 718: 714: 709: 707: 696: 693: 678: 675: 673: 669: 658: 655: 654: 649: 645: 644:hangover cure 641: 631: 629: 625: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 589:Use in sports 581: 578: 572: 562: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 499: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 470:blood disease 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 438:blood product 433: 429: 425: 424:Blood product 415: 413: 412:fosaprepitant 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 389: 384: 382: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 354: 350: 346: 342: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 309: 305: 301: 298:, are mildly 297: 293: 292: 287: 283: 279: 278:normal saline 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 249: 245: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 200: 191: 172: 170: 165: 161: 158: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 124: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 84: 78: 74: 72: 68: 64: 60: 55: 49: 44: 39: 36: 32: 28: 25:episode, see 24: 19: 5573:Dosage forms 5527:Intraosseous 5517:Intracardiac 5456:Intravitreal 5418:Injector pen 5413:Subcutaneous 5384: 5354:Jet injector 5339:Dermal patch 5152:Vaginal ring 5120:Insufflation 4872:Effervescent 4646:dosage forms 4592: 4580: 4474:Life support 4317: 4252:Major trauma 4125:Air embolism 3840: 3778: 3759: 3749: 3732: 3726: 3716: 3708: 3702:. Retrieved 3687: 3680: 3668: 3649: 3643: 3633: 3624: 3613: 3608: 3588: 3581: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3529: 3525: 3481: 3477: 3471: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3400:(8): 64–72. 3397: 3393: 3387: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3200: 3196: 3190: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3023: 3019: 3013: 2978: 2974: 2961: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2901:, retrieved 2897:the original 2886: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2706: 2700: 2681: 2675: 2658: 2654: 2648: 2628: 2621: 2607:(7): 572–9. 2604: 2600: 2594: 2575: 2516: 2512: 2502: 2469: 2465: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2378: 2374: 2331: 2327: 2247: 2240: 2203: 2199: 2189: 2180: 2173:. Retrieved 2169: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2100:. Retrieved 2096: 2069:. Retrieved 2063: 2053: 2041:. Retrieved 2038:The Guardian 2037: 2027: 2015:. Retrieved 2010: 1982:(5): 312–6. 1979: 1975: 1969: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1907: 1901: 1866: 1862: 1852: 1841:. Retrieved 1837: 1828: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1755:(2): 170–6. 1752: 1748: 1738: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1684:. Retrieved 1680: 1671: 1661: 1654: 1611: 1607: 1597: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1516:. Retrieved 1507: 1480: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1416:. Retrieved 1411: 1361: 1357: 1347: 1333:Saline flush 1318:Life support 1308:Fluid warmer 1266: 1263:Modern usage 1244:Thomas Latta 1241: 1222: 1217:Robert Boyle 1210: 1202: 1188:electrolytes 1177: 1150:non-vesicant 1147: 1128: 1124: 1112: 1106: 1090: 1067: 1039: 1037: 1026: 1013: 997:air embolism 993:drip chamber 985: 976: 961:hemodialysis 957:Hickman line 953: 948:jugular vein 927: 905: 855: 846:in children. 824:French gauge 817: 789:pre-hospital 778: 770: 726: 710: 702: 689: 676: 664: 651: 646:and general 637: 615:blood doping 592: 574: 529: 468:caused by a 441: 435: 401: 385: 358: 353:levofloxacin 312: 295: 289: 275: 255:crystalloids 251: 212: 180:Medical uses 166: 162: 147: 143: 125: 117:electrolytes 96: 92: 91: 35: 22: 18: 5512:Intravenous 5499:Circulatory 5484:Intrathecal 5408:Intradermal 5400:transdermal 5367:Parenterals 5273:Topical gel 5229:Murphy drip 5207:Suppository 5095:Nasal spray 5029:Oxygen mask 4878:Chewing gum 4817:Oral mucosa 4351:Pocket mask 4227:Golden hour 3960:Medications 3864:Whole blood 3532:(1): 5–14. 2903:January 24, 1677:"IV Fluids" 1441:: 184–191. 1406:Martin GS. 1277:Murphy drip 1232:Edmund King 1074:dehydration 628:Ryan Lochte 624:Samir Nasri 551:amino acids 520:antibiotics 474:whole blood 360:Medications 119:to correct 109:medications 62:Other names 5567:Categories 5372:Injections 5135:Urogenital 5071:Ophthalmic 4927:inhalation 4901:Toothpaste 4829:sublingual 4793:Suspension 4763:Herbal tea 4563:NACA score 4372:Amiodarone 4286:Chest tube 3977:Interferon 3704:2011-06-05 2206:(1): 282. 1843:2019-06-16 1686:2023-09-30 1518:2022-09-02 1340:References 1298:Banana bag 1257:blood type 1097:vancomycin 1086:Cold spray 1040:blown vein 1023:Techniques 797:tourniquet 713:vancomycin 706:furosemide 619:urine test 607:hematocrit 603:blood test 584:Other uses 404:aprepitant 397:furosemide 381:vancomycin 376:amiodarone 370:, such as 97:IV therapy 5377:infusions 5309:Liposomes 5105:Eye drops 5100:Ear drops 5011:Vaporizer 5006:Nebulizer 4896:Mouthwash 4825:sublabial 4748:Electuary 4738:Decoction 4482:First aid 4367:Adenosine 4334:Combitube 4308:(ECG/EKG) 4272:Equipment 3723:Wanger JJ 3260:202745746 3115:1469-493X 3048:204545798 2862:196610436 2760:207955194 2446:208063606 2403:220732187 2356:205539703 2279:251612116 2175:March 21, 1893:218532376 1418:25 August 1093:potassium 982:Infusions 785:hospitals 723:Secondary 715:and many 630:in 2018. 539:digesting 492:Nutrition 322:alkalosis 300:hypotonic 169:phlebitis 5548:PIC line 5489:Epidural 5329:Lip balm 5304:Hydrogel 5295:solution 5278:Liniment 5263:Ointment 5222:Hydrogel 5217:Solution 5202:Ointment 5142:Ointment 5115:Hydrogel 5110:Ointment 4906:Ointment 4867:Lozenges 4857:Lollipop 4803:Tincture 4788:Solution 4768:Hydrogel 4753:Emulsion 4695:Pastille 4587:Category 4548:(CCrISP) 4392:Naloxone 4382:Dopamine 4377:Atropine 4139:See also 3573:13212030 3498:26027488 3463:25866139 3414:17667395 3379:23032244 3352:25278254 3344:24420913 3303:49613143 3295:29958263 3252:31547791 3182:21460264 3133:30671926 3076:25753888 3040:31606488 3005:27113639 2953:16856044 2854:31308748 2803:44524962 2795:26951899 2752:31710156 2667:16265830 2545:31376243 2494:13071392 2486:29260505 2438:31730917 2395:32710435 2348:20562698 2232:31712552 2148:22431890 2140:27002274 2043:2 August 1988:24010394 1953:22094366 1885:32376677 1820:28470980 1771:10783821 1730:32352501 1638:26856841 1589:14739732 1554:21908132 1463:73725286 1455:30852347 1412:Medscape 1390:32832150 1364:: 1–19. 1328:Rehydrex 1303:Dialysis 1291:See also 1211:In 1656 1168:necrosis 1052:necrosis 862:catheter 699:Infusion 672:fentanyl 648:wellness 559:vitamins 547:dextrose 410:such as 364:dextrose 349:dextrose 318:acidosis 286:isotonic 259:colloids 144:infusion 105:by mouth 71:ICD-9-CM 5248:topical 5186:enteral 5147:Pessary 4977:Liquids 4950:Smoking 4888:Liquids 4783:Softgel 4730:Liquids 4690:Capsule 4667:enteral 4599:Outline 4524:(ACoRN) 4470:Courses 3938:Buffers 3538:8708844 3454:6769178 3217:6137064 3173:3106269 3124:6353131 2996:8666144 2944:6532593 2845:6613605 2613:3527527 2536:6745824 2223:6848196 2102:24 July 2071:24 July 2017:24 July 1961:8425664 1811:5595939 1722:2185908 1646:9560849 1629:4862470 1414:. WebMD 1381:7421038 1248:cholera 1194:History 989:Y-sites 870:cannula 811:heplock 806:syringe 781:cannula 565:Imaging 462:anaemia 458:surgery 408:prodrug 347:and 5% 267:gelatin 218:in the 157:cannula 152:syringe 54:cannula 5443:Organs 5324:Lotion 5244:Dermal 5182:Rectal 5157:Douche 4937:Solids 4874:tablet 4839:Solids 4821:buccal 4778:Powder 4743:Elixir 4685:Tablet 4677:Solids 4542:(ALSO) 4536:(PALS) 4530:(PBLS) 4512:(ATLS) 4506:(ACLS) 4262:Triage 3695: 3596: 3571: 3536: 3496: 3461: 3451: 3412: 3377: 3350: 3342: 3301: 3293: 3258: 3250: 3215: 3180: 3170: 3131: 3121: 3113: 3074: 3046: 3038: 3003: 2993: 2951: 2941: 2860: 2852: 2842: 2801: 2793: 2758: 2750: 2713: 2688: 2665: 2636: 2611: 2582: 2543: 2533: 2492: 2484: 2444: 2436: 2401: 2393: 2354: 2346: 2293: 2285: 2277: 2267: 2230: 2220: 2146: 2138: 1986: 1959: 1951: 1914: 1891: 1883: 1818: 1808: 1769: 1728: 1720: 1644: 1636: 1626: 1587: 1552: 1495: 1461: 1453: 1388: 1378: 1174:Others 1120:sepsis 1033:Ametop 874:trocar 773:needle 737:Access 668:heroin 661:Others 609:where 555:lipids 535:eating 516:sepsis 454:trauma 430:, and 345:Saline 5583:Veins 5319:Cream 5283:Paste 5212:Enema 5164:(IUD) 5080:nasal 5002:(MDI) 4910:Spray 4798:Syrup 4518:(NRP) 4500:(BLS) 4489:(CPR) 4360:Drugs 4347:(OPA) 4341:(NPA) 4282:(BVM) 4004:Other 3995:Sugar 3348:S2CID 3299:S2CID 3256:S2CID 3044:S2CID 2971:(PDF) 2858:S2CID 2799:S2CID 2756:S2CID 2490:S2CID 2442:S2CID 2399:S2CID 2352:S2CID 2275:S2CID 2144:S2CID 1957:S2CID 1889:S2CID 1726:S2CID 1642:S2CID 1459:S2CID 1076:with 1048:edema 692:bolus 686:Bolus 681:Types 543:salts 446:blood 304:burns 271:Blood 220:liver 140:bolus 81:[ 75:38.93 5544:pump 5396:Skin 5293:DMSO 5288:Film 5076:otic 5031:and 4852:Film 4654:Oral 4320:(IV) 4314:(IO) 4097:Port 4087:PICC 3869:PF24 3693:ISBN 3594:ISBN 3569:PMID 3534:PMID 3494:PMID 3459:PMID 3437:2015 3410:PMID 3375:PMID 3340:PMID 3291:PMID 3248:PMID 3213:PMID 3178:PMID 3129:PMID 3111:ISSN 3072:PMID 3036:PMID 3001:PMID 2979:2016 2949:PMID 2927:2006 2905:2014 2850:PMID 2791:PMID 2748:PMID 2711:ISBN 2686:ISBN 2663:PMID 2634:ISBN 2609:PMID 2580:ISBN 2541:PMID 2482:PMID 2434:PMID 2391:PMID 2344:PMID 2291:ISBN 2283:ISBN 2265:ISBN 2253:CABI 2228:PMID 2177:2015 2136:PMID 2104:2018 2097:Elle 2073:2018 2045:2018 2019:2018 1984:PMID 1949:PMID 1912:ISBN 1881:PMID 1816:PMID 1767:PMID 1718:PMID 1634:PMID 1585:PMID 1550:PMID 1493:ISBN 1451:PMID 1420:2020 1386:PMID 1362:2020 1215:and 1142:and 1064:Pain 1029:EMLA 670:and 653:Elle 557:and 537:and 440:(or 386:The 257:and 246:and 175:Uses 148:drip 31:Drip 5021:Gas 4300:ICD 4295:AED 4082:MLC 4077:SLC 4072:CVC 3737:doi 3654:doi 3561:doi 3486:doi 3482:490 3449:PMC 3441:doi 3402:doi 3398:107 3330:doi 3283:doi 3240:doi 3205:doi 3168:PMC 3160:doi 3119:PMC 3103:doi 3028:doi 3024:133 2991:PMC 2983:doi 2939:PMC 2931:doi 2840:PMC 2830:doi 2783:doi 2740:doi 2531:PMC 2521:doi 2474:doi 2426:doi 2383:doi 2336:doi 2257:doi 2218:PMC 2208:doi 2128:doi 1941:doi 1871:doi 1806:PMC 1798:doi 1757:doi 1710:doi 1624:PMC 1616:doi 1577:doi 1542:doi 1485:doi 1443:doi 1376:PMC 1366:doi 1111:or 1031:or 1006:An 822:or 613:or 611:EPO 484:or 464:or 320:or 146:or 115:or 5569:: 5078:, 4827:, 4823:, 4644:, 4472:/ 3879:+ 3758:. 3733:47 3731:. 3707:. 3650:10 3648:. 3642:. 3567:. 3557:IX 3555:. 3530:19 3528:. 3506:^ 3492:. 3480:. 3457:. 3447:. 3435:. 3431:. 3408:. 3396:. 3371:60 3369:. 3346:. 3338:. 3326:34 3324:. 3320:. 3297:. 3289:. 3279:41 3277:. 3254:. 3246:. 3236:21 3234:. 3211:. 3201:18 3199:. 3176:. 3166:. 3156:52 3154:. 3150:. 3127:. 3117:. 3109:. 3097:. 3093:. 3068:19 3066:. 3042:. 3034:. 3022:. 2999:. 2989:. 2977:. 2973:. 2947:. 2937:. 2925:. 2921:. 2885:, 2881:, 2870:^ 2856:. 2848:. 2838:. 2826:11 2824:. 2820:. 2797:. 2789:. 2779:17 2777:. 2754:. 2746:. 2736:32 2734:. 2659:56 2657:. 2603:. 2553:^ 2539:. 2529:. 2515:. 2511:. 2488:. 2480:. 2470:43 2468:. 2454:^ 2440:. 2432:. 2422:26 2420:. 2397:. 2389:. 2379:59 2377:. 2364:^ 2350:. 2342:. 2332:38 2330:. 2303:^ 2289:. 2281:. 2273:. 2263:. 2251:. 2226:. 2216:. 2202:. 2198:. 2179:. 2168:. 2156:^ 2142:. 2134:. 2124:44 2122:. 2095:. 2081:^ 2062:. 2036:. 2009:. 1996:^ 1980:88 1978:. 1955:. 1947:. 1937:46 1935:. 1887:. 1879:. 1867:37 1865:. 1861:. 1836:. 1814:. 1804:. 1794:83 1792:. 1788:. 1765:. 1751:. 1747:. 1724:. 1716:. 1706:18 1704:. 1679:. 1640:. 1632:. 1622:. 1612:60 1610:. 1606:. 1583:. 1571:. 1548:. 1538:30 1536:. 1491:. 1471:^ 1457:. 1449:. 1439:51 1437:. 1410:. 1398:^ 1384:. 1374:. 1360:. 1356:. 1170:. 910:, 787:, 553:, 549:, 545:, 488:. 480:, 436:A 426:, 332:. 269:. 230:, 226:, 5501:, 5402:) 5398:( 5250:) 5246:( 5188:) 5184:( 5073:, 4969:0 4965:0 4929:) 4925:( 4831:) 4819:( 4669:) 4665:( 4634:e 4627:t 4620:v 4426:) 4422:( 4302:) 4293:( 4185:e 4178:t 4171:v 4047:) 4043:( 3883:) 3875:( 3871:/ 3833:e 3826:t 3819:v 3783:( 3764:. 3743:. 3739:: 3662:. 3656:: 3602:. 3575:. 3563:: 3540:. 3500:. 3488:: 3465:. 3443:: 3416:. 3404:: 3381:. 3354:. 3332:: 3305:. 3285:: 3262:. 3242:: 3219:. 3207:: 3184:. 3162:: 3135:. 3105:: 3099:1 3078:. 3050:. 3030:: 3007:. 2985:: 2955:. 2933:: 2864:. 2832:: 2805:. 2785:: 2762:. 2742:: 2719:. 2694:. 2669:. 2642:. 2615:. 2605:5 2588:. 2547:. 2523:: 2517:8 2496:. 2476:: 2448:. 2428:: 2405:. 2385:: 2358:. 2338:: 2297:. 2259:: 2234:. 2210:: 2204:9 2150:. 2130:: 2106:. 2075:. 2047:. 2021:. 1990:. 1963:. 1943:: 1920:. 1895:. 1873:: 1846:. 1822:. 1800:: 1773:. 1759:: 1753:7 1732:. 1712:: 1689:. 1648:. 1618:: 1591:. 1579:: 1573:7 1556:. 1544:: 1521:. 1501:. 1487:: 1465:. 1445:: 1422:. 1392:. 1368:: 85:] 56:) 33:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Intravenous therapy

Index