Extraversion and introversion

1485:, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992) showed that although extraverts chose social jobs relatively more frequently (51%) than nonsocial jobs compared to introverts (38%), they were happier than introverts regardless of whether their occupations had social or nonsocial character. Secondly, it was found that extraverts only sometimes reported greater amounts of social activity than introverts, but in general extraverts and introverts do not differ in the quantity of their socialization. Similar finding was reported by Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux (2008), who found that extraverts and introverts both enjoy participating in social interactions, but extraverts participate socially more. Thirdly, studies have shown that both extraverts and introverts participate in social relations, but that the quality of this participation differs. The more frequent social participation among extraverts could be explained by the fact that extraverts know more people, but those people are not necessarily their close friends, whereas introverts, when participating in social interactions, are more selective and have only few close friends with whom they have special relationships. 33: 823: 1179:

asked to role-play by pretending to teach a math class. The students' level of extraversion and introversion were rated based on their external/expressive behaviors such as stride length, graphic expansiveness, the percentage of time they spent talking, the amount of time they spent making eye contact, and the total time of each teaching session. This study found that actual introverts were perceived and judged as having more extraverted-looking expressive behaviors because they were higher in terms of their self-monitoring. This means that the introverts consciously put more effort into presenting a more extraverted, and rather socially desirable, version of themselves. Thus, individuals are able to regulate and modify behavior based on their environmental situations.

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they were acting at multiple times during their daily lives. Fleeson and Gallagher (2009) found that extraverts regularly behave in an introverted way, and introverts regularly behave in an extraverted way. Indeed, there was more within-person variability than between-person variability in extraverted behaviors. The key feature that distinguishes extraverts and introverts was that extraverts tend to act moderately extraverted about 5–10% more often than introverts. From this perspective, extraverts and introverts are not "fundamentally different". Rather, an "extravert" is just someone who acts more extraverted more often, suggesting that extraversion is more about what one "does" than what one "has".

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measures of extraversion-introversion have similarly acceptable psychometric properties in North American populations to lexical measures, their generally emic development makes them less suited to use in other populations. For example, statements asking about talkativeness in parties are hard to answer meaningfully by those who do not attend parties, as Americans are assumed to do. Moreover, the sometimes colloquial North American language of statements makes them less suited for use outside America. For instance, statements like "Keep in the background" and "Know how to captivate people" are sometimes hard for non-native English-speakers to understand, except in a literal sense.

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situations. For example, Brian Little's free trait theory suggests that people can take on "free traits", behaving in ways that may not be their "first nature", but can strategically advance projects that are important to them. Together, this presents an optimistic view of what extraversion is. Rather than being fixed and stable, individuals vary in their extraverted behaviors across different moments, and can choose to act extraverted to advance important personal projects or even increase their happiness, as mentioned above.

1208:, and extraversion. Meyers bases his conclusions on studies that report extraverts to be happier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only measure happiness among extraverts. Also, according to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to them because they focus more on the outer world. 860: 1219:. Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly associated with positive traits such as intelligence and "giftedness." Though more recent, large-scale meta-analyses have found that the activity facet of extraversion has the most sizable positive relations with cognitive abilities. For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring. 6534: 57: 1615:. This means that in ambiguous situations (situations where positive and negative moods are introduced and mixed in similar proportions) extraverts show a slower decrease of positive affect, and, as a result, they maintained a more positive affect balance than introverts. Extraverts may also choose activities that facilitate happiness (e.g., recalling pleasant vs. unpleasant memories) more than introverts when anticipating difficult tasks. 6524: 6514: 1171:

energetic music than introverts. Personality also influences how people arrange their work areas. In general, extraverts decorate their offices more, keep their doors open, keep extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to put dishes of candy on their desks. These are attempts to invite co-workers and encourage interaction. Introverts, in contrast, decorate less and tend to arrange their workspace to discourage social interaction.

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between extraversion and deactivated positive affect (i.e. a positive relationship between introversion and calm positive affect). Moreover, the relationship between extraversion and activated positive affect is only significant for agentic extraversion, i.e. there is no significant relationship between affiliative extraversion and activated positive affect, especially when controlling for neuroticism.

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other researchers have also suggested that, at least in more individualistic cultures, having a coherent sense of one's personality (and acting in a way that conforms to that self-concept) is positively related to well-being. Thus, focusing solely on extraversion—or even extraversion and neuroticism—is likely to provide an incomplete picture of the relationship between happiness and personality.

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controlled for neuroticism have found no significant relationship between extraversion and subjective well-being. Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) showed that extraverts respond more to positive affect than to negative affect, since they exhibit more positive-affect reactivity to the positive-affect induction, yet they do not react more negatively to the negative-affect induction.

1719: 1064: 601: 669:) tends to be manifested in outgoing, talkative, energetic behavior, whereas introversion is manifested in more reflective and reserved behavior. Jung defined introversion as an "attitude-type characterised by orientation in life through subjective psychic contents", and extraversion as "an attitude-type characterised by concentration of interest on the external object". 744:

of enthusiastic get-togethers. He is not a good mixer. What he does, he does in his own way, barricading himself against influences from outside. He is apt to appear awkward, often seeming inhibited, and it frequently happens that, by a certain brusqueness of manner, or by his glum unapproachability, or some kind of malapropism, he causes unwitting offence to people...

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conjunction with neuroticism, while the other two assessment outcomes were better predicted by conscientiousness and neuroticism. In addition to the importance of including other factors in happiness assessments, this study also demonstrates the manner in which an operational definition of well-being changes whether extraversion emerges as a salient predictive factor.

1502:, energy, and excitement, that person is seen favorably by others and he or she gains others' attention. This favorable reaction from others likely encourages extraverts to engage in further extraverted behavior. Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen's (2002) study showed that their measure of social attention, the Social Attention Scale, was much more highly 1226:, the psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues and respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, may influence gregariousness. Although extraversion is associated with many positive outcomes like higher levels of happiness, those extraverted people are also more likely to be exposed to 1041:. Extraverts seek excitement and social activity in an effort to raise their naturally low arousal level, whereas introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to avoid raising their naturally high arousal level too far. Eysenck designated extraversion as one of three major traits in his P-E-N model of personality, which also includes 676:, so to be higher in one necessitates being lower in the other. Jung provides a different perspective and suggests that everyone has both an extraverted side and an introverted side, with one being more dominant than the other. Virtually all comprehensive models of personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include the 1660:

results showed no significant difference between the happiness levels of stable introverts and stable extraverts, while unstable extraverts and introverts both demonstrated significantly less happiness than their counterparts. In this study, neuroticism appeared to be the more salient factor for overall well-being.

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by some in terms of a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating external environment. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents. They are more analytical before speaking.

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introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis. Other evidence of the "stimulation" hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extraverts in response to a drop of lemon juice. This is due to increased activity in their ARAS, which responds to stimuli like food or social contact.

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According to the set-point model, levels of positive and negative affects are more or less fixed within each individual, hence, after a positive or negative event, people's moods tend to go back to the pre-set level. According to the set-point model, extraverts experience more happiness because their

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at two points in time, during which data were collected: first between 1971 and 1975, and later between 1981 and 1984. However, the latter study did not control for neuroticism, an important covariate when investigating relationships between extraversion and positive affect or wellbeing. Studies that

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Some claim that Americans live in an "extraverted society" that rewards extravert behavior and rejects introversion. This is because the U.S. is a culture of external personality, whereas in some other cultures people are valued for their "inner selves and their moral rectitude". Other cultures, such

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Researchers have found a correlation between extraversion and self-reported happiness. That is, more extraverted people tend to report higher levels of happiness than introverts. Other research has shown that being instructed to act in an extraverted manner leads to increases in positive affect, even

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of motivation. He later developed his own arousal theory to explain individual differences in the trait, suggesting that the brains of extraverts were chronically under-aroused, leading them to seek out stimulation from the environment. The trait of introversion-extraversion would become one of three

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For him self-communings are a pleasure. His own world is a safe harbor, a carefully tended and walled-in garden, closed to the public and hidden from prying eyes. His own company is the best. He feels at home in his world, where the only changes are made by himself. His best work is done with his own

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Researchers have hypothesized a number of factors that could be responsible for these differences between countries, including national differences in overall income levels, self-serving biases and self-enhancement, and approach and avoidance orientations. Taken together, these findings suggest that

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There is also evidence that other non-trait elements of personality may correlate with happiness. For instance, one study demonstrated that various features of one's goals, such as progress towards important goals or conflicts between them, can affect both emotional and cognitive well-being. Several

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Similarly, interactions between extraversion, neuroticism, and conscientiousness have demonstrated significant impacts on subjective well-being. In one study, researchers used three scales to assess subjective well-being. They found that extraversion only served as a predictor for one assessment, in

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from such situations than introverts do. The support for this theory comes from work of Brian R. Little, who popularized concept of "restorative niches". Little claimed that life often requires people to participate in social situations, and since acting social is out of character for introverts, it

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than introverts. However, this relationship has only been found between extraversion and activated forms of positive affect. There is no relationship between extraversion and deactivated (calm) forms of positive affect such as contentment or serenity, although one study found a negative relationship

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Despite these differences, a meta-analysis of 15 experience sampling studies has suggested that there is a great deal of overlap in the way that extraverts and introverts behave. In these studies, participants used mobile devices to report how extraverted (e.g., bold, talkative, assertive, outgoing)

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William McDougall discussed Jung's conception, and reached this conclusion: "the introverts are those in whom reflective thought inhibits and postpones action and expression: the extroverts are those in whom the energies liberated upon the stirring of any propensity flow out freely in outward action

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He holds aloof from external happenings, does not join in, has a distinct dislike of society as soon as he finds himself among too many people. In a large gathering he feels lonely and lost. The more crowded it is, the greater becomes his resistance. He is not in the least "with it," and has no love

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For example, one researcher found that between 1958 and 1987, Japanese life satisfaction fluctuated around 6 on a 10-point scale, while Denmark's fluctuated around 8. Comparing ethnic groups within the United States, another study found that European Americans reported being "significantly happier"

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Likewise, in later studies, researchers used assessment scales to test for categories such as self-esteem and life-goal orientation, which they had positively correlated with happiness. Participants' responses to these scales suggested that neuroticism actually had a larger impact than extraversion

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In multiple studies, neuroticism has been shown to have an equal, if not larger, impact on happiness and subjective well-being than extraversion. One study classified school children into four categories based on their scores in assessments of extraversion and emotional stability (neuroticism). The

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markers. Saucier (1994) developed a briefer 8-word measure as part of his 40-word mini-markers. However, the psychometric properties of Saucier's original mini-markers have been found to be suboptimal with samples outside of North America. As a result, a systematically revised measure was developed

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activities such as reading, writing, or meditating. An introvert is likely to enjoy time spent alone and find less reward in time spent with large groups of people. Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even been defined

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etc. prevail, prize introversion. These cultural differences predict individuals' happiness in that people who score higher in extraversion are happier, on average, in particularly extraverted cultures and vice versa. Despite this, extraverts are still seen as prototypical leaders in traditionally

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Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion was a combination of two major tendencies, impulsiveness and sociability. He later added several other more specific traits, namely liveliness, activity level, and excitability. These traits are further linked in his personality hierarchy to even more

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Humans are complex and unique, and because introversion-extraversion varies along a continuum, individuals may have a mixture of both orientations. A person who acts introverted in one situation may act extraverted in another, and people can learn to act in "counter dispositional" ways in certain

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Additionally, a study by Lippa (1978) found evidence for the extent to which individuals present themselves in a different way. This is called expressive behavior, and it is dependent upon the individuals' motivation and ability to control that behavior. Lippa (1978) examined 68 students who were

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Statement measures tend to contain more words, and hence consume more research instrument space, than lexical measures. Respondents are asked the extent to which they, for example, "Talk to a lot of different people at parties or Often feel uncomfortable around others". While some statement-based

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misjudges the capabilities of introverted people, leading to a waste of talent, energy, and happiness. Cain describes how society is biased against introverts, and that, with people being taught from childhood that to be sociable is to be happy, introversion is now considered "somewhere between a

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Though extraversion and neuroticism seem to have the largest effect on personal happiness, other Big 5 personality factors have also been shown to correlate with happiness and subjective well-being. For example, one study showed that conscientiousness and agreeableness correlated about 0.20 with

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for introverts, resulting in introverts exhibiting low arousal when feeling pleasant. In other words, if everything is going well in an extravert's life, which is a source of pleasant feelings, extraverts see such a situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavior and goal pursuit, which

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Extraverts report experiencing more positive emotions, whereas introverts tend to be closer to neutral. This may be because extraversion is socially preferable in contemporary Western culture and thus introversion feels less desirable. In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have

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Lexical measures use individual adjectives that reflect extravert and introvert traits, such as outgoing, talkative, reserved and quiet. Words representing introversion are reverse-coded to create composite measures of extraversion-introversion running on a continuum. Goldberg (1992) developed a

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gatherings, such as parties, community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups. They also tend to work well in groups. An extraverted person is likely to enjoy time spent with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be energized when around other

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However, a variety of findings contradict the claims of the social activity hypothesis. Firstly, it was found that extraverts were happier than introverts even when alone. Specifically, extraverts tend to be happier regardless of whether they live alone or with others, or whether they live in a

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Researchers have found that people who live on islands tend to be less extraverted (more introverted) than those living on the mainland, and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to be less extraverted than more recent arrivals. Furthermore, people who

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Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal. He hypothesized that introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts. That extraverts require more external stimulation than

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A study by Peter Kuppens (2008) showed that extraverts and introverts engage in different behaviors when feeling pleasant, which may explain underestimation of the frequency and intensity of happiness exhibited by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens (2008) found that arousal and pleasantness are

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between extraversion and happiness comes from the study by Ashton, Lee, and Paunonen (2002). They suggested that the core element of extraversion is a tendency to behave in ways that attract, hold, and enjoy social attention, and not reward sensitivity. They claimed that one of the fundamental

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Various differences in behavioral characteristics are attributed to extraverts and introverts. According to one study, extraverts tend to wear more decorative clothing, whereas introverts prefer practical, comfortable clothes. Extraverts are more likely to prefer more upbeat, conventional, and

1127:, and posterior thalamus, which are involved in sensory and emotional experience. This study and other research indicate that introversion-extraversion is related to individual differences in brain function. A study on regional brain volume found a positive correlation between introversion and 1694:

In addition, one's culture may also influence happiness and overall subjective well-being. The overall level of happiness fluctuates from culture to culture, as does preferred expression of happiness. Comparing various international surveys across countries reveals that different nations, and

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The extent of extraversion and introversion is most commonly assessed through self-report measures, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. The type of measure is determined by an assessment of

724:. A transcript of this lecture was then published with two others in a journal in 1910, the first time the term appeared in print. In the lecture he mentions that love that is "introverted", "is turned inward into the subject and there produces increased imaginative activity". 1103:

to potentially rewarding stimuli. This in part explains the high levels of positive affect found in extraverts, since they will more intensely feel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence of this is that extraverts can more easily learn the contingencies for

1004:, for assessing extraversion-introversion and other five-factor personality dimensions, both within and, especially, without American populations. Internal consistency reliability of the extraversion measure for native English-speakers is reported as a 1707:

while extraversion-introversion does have a strong correlation with happiness, it does not stand alone as a sole predictor of subjective well-being, and that other factors must be accounted for when trying to determine the correlates of happiness.

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and Lu (1990) extraverts were found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy social activities, and to be more likely to participate in social activities such as party games, jokes, or going to the cinema. Similar results were reported by

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tends to expand through reflection and dwindle during interaction. This is similar to Jung's view, although he focused on mental energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions make this distinction. Introverts often take pleasure in

1234:, as they tend to have more contact with people. When individuals are more vulnerable to infection, the cost of being social will be relatively greater. Therefore, people tend to be less extraversive when they feel vulnerable and vice versa. 1028:

described extraversion-introversion as the degree to which a person is outgoing and interactive with other people. These behavioral differences are presumed to be the result of underlying differences in brain physiology. Eysenck associated

1444:. Specifically, the personality trait of extraversion is seen as a facilitator of more social interactions, since the low cortical arousal among extraverts results in them seeking more social situations in order to increase their arousal. 4351:

Vittersø, J., & Nilsen, F. (2002). The conceptual and relational structure of subjective well-being, neuroticism, and extraversion: Once again, neuroticism is the important predictor of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 57(1),

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Forsman, L. J., de Manzano, Ö., Karabanov, A., Madison, G., & Ullén, F. (2012). Differences in regional brain volume related to the extraversion–introversion dimension—a voxel based morphometry study. Neuroscience research, 72(1),

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The social reactivity theory alleges that all humans, whether they like it or not, are required to participate in social situations. Since extraverts prefer engaging in social interactions more than introverts, they also derive more

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was shown to harm their well-being. Therefore, one way to preserve introverts' well-being is for them to recharge as often as possible in places where they can return to their true selves—places Little calls "restorative niches".

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induction has a greater effect on them than on introverts, thus extraverts are more prone to react to pleasant effects. For example, Gable, Reis, and Elliot (2000). found in two consecutive studies that people with more sensitive

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Though extraversion has consistently been shown to have a strong correlation with happiness and well-being, these findings are complicated by the presence of other personality traits that act as strong indicators of happiness.

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have found a genetic component of 39% to 58%. In terms of the environmental component, the shared family environment appears to be far less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings.

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measure levels of extraversion-introversion as part of a single, continuous dimension of personality, with some scores near one end, and others near the halfway mark. Ambiversion is falling more or less in the middle.

1403:, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992), which assessed 14,407 participants from 100 areas of continental United States. Using the abbreviated General Well-Being Schedule, which tapped positive and negative affects, and 754:

His relations with other people become warm only when safety is guaranteed, and when he can lay aside his defensive distrust. All too often he cannot, and consequently the number of friends and acquaintances is very

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Fleeson W, Malanos AB, Achille NM (December 2002). "An intraindividual process approach to the relationship between extraversion and positive affect: is acting extraverted as "good" as being extraverted?".

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and Brewin's study (1990) suggest that extraverts enjoy and participate more in social activities than introverts, and as a result extraverts report a higher level of happiness. Also, in the study of

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is a common error. Introversion is a preference, while shyness stems from distress. Introverts prefer solitary to social activities, but do not necessarily fear social encounters like shy people do.

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disappointment and pathology". In contrast, Cain says that introversion is not a "second-class" trait but that both introverts and extraverts enrich society, with examples including the introverts

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brings about an active, aroused pleasant state. When everything is going well for introverts, they see it as an opportunity to let down their guard, resulting in them feeling relaxed and content.

3852:, Kruglanski AW, Kim-Prieto C, Diener E, Pierro A, et al. (November 2010). "On "feeling right" in cultural contexts: how person-culture match affects self-esteem and subjective well-being". 4125:

Smillie LD, Geaney JT, Wilt J, Cooper AJ, Revelle W (2013). "Aspects of extraversion are unrelated to pleasant affective-reactivity: Further examination of the affective-reactivity hypothesis".

2367: 2546: 5390: 2506: 952: 886: 864: 1375:(EPQ), was positively and significantly correlated with positive affect, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Using the same positive affect and extraversion scales, Hills and 2340: 1624:

pre-set level of positive affect is set higher than the pre-set point of positive affect in introverts, therefore extraverts require less positive reinforcement in order to feel happy.

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However, it was also found that extraverts did not respond stronger to social situations than introverts, nor did they report bigger boosts of positive affect during such interactions.

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Goldberg LR, Johnson JA, Eber HW, Hogan R, Ashton MC, Cloninger CR, et al. (2006). "The international personality item pool and the future of public-domain personality measures".

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Although extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, it is not always an advantage. For example, extraverted youths are more likely to engage in antisocial or

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for extraverts, which means that pleasant feelings are more likely to be accompanied by high arousal for extraverts. On the other hand, arousal and pleasantness are negatively

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Johnson DL, Wiebe JS, Gold SM, Andreasen NC, Hichwa RD, Watkins GL, et al. (February 1999). "Cerebral blood flow and personality: a positron emission tomography study".

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subjective well-being. While the effect of these traits was not as strong as extraversion or neuroticism, it is clear that they still have some impact on happiness outcomes.

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An influential review article concluded that personality, specifically extraversion and emotional stability, was the best predictor of subjective well-being. As examples,

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defines introversion and extraversion in terms of preferences for different levels of stimulation—distinguishing it from shyness (fear of social judgment and humiliation).

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Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD, Potter J (September 2008). "A Theory of the Emergence, Persistence, and Expression of Geographic Variation in Psychological Characteristics".

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Higgins ET, Grant H, Shah J (1999). Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N (eds.). "Self regulation and quality of life: emotional and non-emotional life experiences".

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Lucas RE, Le K, Dyrenforth PS (June 2008). "Explaining the extraversion/positive affect relation: sociability cannot account for extraverts' greater happiness".

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Tellegen A (1985). "Structures of mood and personality and their relevance to assessing anxiety, with an emphasis on self-report". In Tuma AH, Maser JD (eds.).

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Piedmont RL, Chae JH (1997). "Cross-Cultural Generalizability of the Five-Factor Model of Personality: Development and Validation of the NEO PI-R for Koreans".

5412: 1545:) are high in reward responsiveness and are predisposed to the personality trait of extraversion, while people with a stronger behavioral inhibition system ( 1060:

of ancient medicine, with choleric and sanguine temperaments equating to extraversion, and melancholic and phlegmatic temperaments equating to introversion.

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reported studies indicating that 33 to 50% of the American population are introverts. Particular demographics have higher prevalence, with a 6,000-subject

6364: 5915: 3172:"The implications of Big Five standing for the distribution of trait manifestation in behavior: fifteen experience-sampling studies and a meta-analysis" 2198: 1477:, and Emmons (1984) who found that extraverts seek social situations more often than introverts, especially when engaging in recreational activities. 5302: 2125: 2900:

Depue RA, Collins PF (June 1999). "Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine, facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion".

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Behavioral and psychological characteristics distinguishing introversion and extraversion, which are generally conceived as lying along a continuum

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Little BR (2000). "Free traits and personal contexts: Expending a social ecological model of well-being". In Welsh WB, Craik KH, Price RH (eds.).

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Costa PT, McCrae RR (June 1986). "Cross-sectional studies of personality in a national sample: 1. Development and validation of survey measures".

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Srivastava S, Angelo KM, Vallereux SR (2008). "Extraversion and positive affect: A day reconstruction study of person–environment transactions".

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The affective reactivity model states that the strength of a person's reactions to affect-relevant events are caused by people's differences in

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Crowds, majority views, public opinion, popular enthusiasm never convince him of anything, but mere make him creep still deeper into his shell.

663:, though both the popular understanding and current psychological usage are not the same as Jung's original concept. Extraversion (also spelled 3471:

Rushton P, Chrisjohn R (1981). "Extraversion, neurotiscism, psychoticism and self-reported delinquency: evidence from eight separate samples".

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Revelle, W. & Oehlberg, K. (2008). Integrating experimental and observational personality research – the contributions of Hans Eysenck.

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According to the social activity hypothesis, more frequent participation in social situations creates more frequent, and higher levels, of

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Lim Leung S, Bozionelos N (2004). "Five-factor model traits and the prototypical image of the effective leader in the Confucian culture".

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Tellegen A, Lykken DT, Bouchard TJ, Wilcox KJ, Segal NL, Rich S (June 1988). "Personality similarity in twins reared apart and together".

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Diener E, Larsen RJ, Emmons RA (September 1984). "Person x situation interactions: choice of situations and congruence response models".

1456:. Therefore, it is believed that since extraverts are characterized as more sociable than introverts, they also possess higher levels of 1276:

emigrate from islands to the mainland tend to be more extraverted than people that stay on islands, and those that immigrate to islands.

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Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD (June 2003). "The do re mi's of everyday life: the structure and personality correlates of music preferences".

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Another possible explanation for more happiness among extraverts comes from the fact that extraverts are able to better regulate their

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Ashton MC, Lee K, Paunonen SV (July 2002). "What is the central feature of extraversion? Social attention versus reward sensitivity".

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Shiner R, Caspi A (January 2003). "Personality differences in childhood and adolescence: measurement, development, and consequences".

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Bullock WA, Gilliland K (January 1993). "Eysenck's arousal theory of introversion-extraversion: a converging measures investigation".

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Cohen D, Schmidt JP (October 1979). "Ambiversion: characteristics of midrange responders on the Introversion-Extraversion continuum".

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Introversion is the state of primarily obtaining gratification from one's own mental life. Introverts are typically perceived as more

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Young R, Bradley M (2008). "Social withdrawal: self-efficacy, happiness, and popularity in introverted and extraverted adolescents".

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Diener E, Oishi S, Lucas RE (2003). "Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life".

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DeNeve KM, Cooper H (September 1998). "The happy personality: a meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being".

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give rise to conditions and actions, which have affective consequences, and thus generate individual differences in emotionality.

2872: 1119:, which are areas dealing with internal processing, such as planning and problem solving. Extraverts have more blood flow in the 6527: 5074: 4223: 996:

to have better psychometric properties, the International English Mini-Markers. The International English Mini-Markers has good

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Diener E, Sandvik E, Pavot W, Fujita F (1992). "Extraversion and subjective well-being in a U.S. National probability sample".

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bias in the survey itself. Dr. David Meyers has claimed that happiness is a matter of possessing three traits: self-esteem,

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Newman JP, Widom CS, Nathan S (May 1985). "Passive avoidance in syndromes of disinhibition: psychopathy and extraversion".

2208: 6053: 5658: 5610: 5516: 3554:"Survey of the relationship between five factor model and psychopathic personality in a sample of male prisoners in Iran" 2305: 809:. Extraverts are energized and thrive off being around other people. They take pleasure in activities that involve large 5691: 5546: 948:

Research indicates that the prevalence of extraversion is greater for people at progressively higher management levels.

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among extraverts could be that extraversion helps in the creation of life circumstances, which promote high levels of

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has shown that extraversion is associated with increased activity in the anterior cingulate gyrus, prefrontal cortex,

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qualities of social attention is its potential of being rewarding. Therefore, if a person shows positive emotions of

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Smillie LD, DeYoung CG, Hall PJ (October 2015). "Clarifying the Relation Between Extraversion and Positive Affect".

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Jones RA (September 2011). "Storytelling scholars and the mythic child: Rhetorical aesthetics in two case studies".

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behavior. In line with this, certain evidence suggest that the trait of extraversion may also be related to that of

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reported higher levels of positive affect. Also, Zelenski and Larsen (1999) found that people with more sensitive

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Zelenski JM, Larsen RJ (October 1999). "Susceptibility to affect: a comparison of three personality taxonomies".

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Larsen RJ, Ketelaar T (July 1991). "Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states".

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Lischetzke T, Eid M (August 2006). "Why extraverts are happier than introverts: the role of mood regulation".

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Extraversion has also been linked to physiological factors such as respiration, through its association with

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Little BR (1996). "Free traits, personal projects and idio-tapes: Three tiers for personality research".

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Scheier MF, Carver CS (1993). "On the power of positive thinking: the benefits of being optimistic".

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reported more positive emotions during the positive mood induction, while people with more sensitive

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in English in 1923. It described the "introverted" in detail for the first time. In his later paper,

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Saucier G (December 1994). "Mini-markers: a brief version of Goldberg's unipolar big-five markers".

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Gable SL, Reis HT, Elliot AJ (June 2000). "Behavioral activation and inhibition in everyday life".

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theorized that the trait of introversion-extraversion could be explained in terms of Clark Hull's

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Laura P (November 1965). "The Eysenck Personality Inventory by H. J. Eysenck; S. G. B. Eysenck".

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Yik MS, Russell JA (2001). "Predicting the Big Two of affect from the Big Five of personality".

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Little BR (2008). "Personal Projects and Free Traits: Personality and Motivation Reconsidered".

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Kuppens P (2008). "Individual differences in the relationship between pleasure and arousal".

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Gray JA (1994). "Personality dimensions and emotion systems". In Ekman P, Davidson R (eds.).

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and Lu (1990) found that the trait of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion Scale of the

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In the United States, researchers have found that people living in the midwestern states of

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in determining the level of extraversion is controversial and the focus of many studies.

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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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also score high on this personality trait. The most introverted states in the U.S. are

1100: 673: 481: 426: 421: 356: 296: 257: 187: 5164: 5090: 5059: 4239: 3595: 3457: 3426: 2000: 1549:) are lower in reward responsiveness and are more predisposed to personality trait of 6425: 5574: 5532: 5335: 5267: 5211:"Life task participation and well-being: the importance of taking part in daily life" 5121: 5028: 4957: 4952: 4935: 4916: 4912: 4879: 4856: 4815: 4781: 4735: 4697: 4627: 4570: 4543: 4501: 4497: 4461: 4438: 4386: 4331: 4300: 4205: 4080: 4044: 3939: 3935: 3869: 3750: 3686: 3534: 3503: 3484: 3391: 3349: 3290: 3201: 3147: 3116: 3062: 3027: 2960: 2917: 2854: 2844: 2819: 2739: 2693: 2654: 2623: 2490: 2474: 2455: 2388: 2258: 2160: 2006: 1951: 1907: 1895: 1858: 1724: 1696: 1562: 1538: 1256: 1132: 1057: 605: 406: 331: 237: 222: 106: 5133: 4398: 4010: 3960: 3951: 3881: 3128: 2972: 2584: 2337:"'Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking,' by Susan Cain" 1570:

reported higher levels of average negative affect, while people with more sensitive

6443: 6437: 6420: 6232: 5774: 5769: 5696: 5327: 5255: 5191: 5160: 5113: 5086: 5055: 5016: 4989: 4947: 4908: 4848: 4811: 4769: 4689: 4657: 4619: 4493: 4430: 4378: 4323: 4296: 4266: 4235: 4201: 4165: 4134: 4107: 4072: 4040: 3998: 3931: 3904: 3861: 3774: 3740: 3732: 3676: 3668: 3591: 3526: 3480: 3453: 3442:"Personality, self-esteem, and demographic predictions of happiness and depression" 3422: 3383: 3345: 3286: 3259: 3232: 3191: 3183: 3108: 3054: 3017: 3009: 2952: 2929: 2909: 2811: 2766: 2731: 2681: 2646: 2611: 2572: 2486: 2447: 1941: 1933: 1887: 1835: 1583: 1231: 916: 721: 411: 366: 351: 346: 227: 202: 5394:(January 2012), talks about reasons we should celebrate and encourage introversion 1978: 6470: 6431: 6415: 6328: 6293: 6278: 6258: 5741: 5259: 3167: 2382: 2284: 2180: 1778:. Translated by Baynes HG. Zürich, Leipzig, Stuttgart: Rascher & Verlag, A.G. 1030: 982:

properties, and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken.

900: 891: 693: 207: 6191: 5195: 5117: 4852: 4270: 4169: 3530: 3387: 3112: 2815: 2451: 1411:'s Extraversion scale, the authors reported that extraverts experienced greater 843: 6308: 6227: 6186: 6181: 5804: 5476: 5429: 5020: 4693: 4623: 4382: 4002: 3653:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3263: 2735: 2650: 1839: 1461: 904: 5524: 4993: 4661: 4327: 4138: 3908: 3013: 2913: 2576: 2313: 1824:"Development and Validation of an International English Big-Five Mini-Markers" 6552: 6263: 6222: 6217: 5923: 5835: 5825: 5701: 5584: 5284:

Happiness in Nations: Subjective Appreciation of Life in 56 Nations 1946–1992

4773: 3865: 2858: 2685: 2615: 1955: 1899: 1891: 1404: 1387:(1986) showed that extraversion correlates positively and significantly with 1320: 1124: 979: 859: 790: 516: 476: 396: 391: 6475: 4434: 3672: 3058: 1474: 852: 839: 793:

from outside oneself. Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be

5625: 5481: 5339: 4961: 4920: 4860: 4701: 4505: 4442: 4111: 4084: 3943: 3873: 3754: 3736: 3690: 3628:

Hoehn L, Birely M (1988). "Mental process preferences of gifted children".

3395: 3205: 3120: 3066: 3031: 2921: 2459: 1752: 1518: 1425: 1284: 1280: 1140: 1112: 1088: 1067: 1042: 1025: 932: 896: 846:. Some popular psychologists have characterized introverts as people whose 794: 764: 760: 685: 652: 501: 192: 5180:"Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being" 5125: 4631: 4390: 4335: 3538: 2964: 2956: 2838: 2823: 2743: 2658: 1645: 6298: 5746: 5589: 2541: 2194: 1554: 1550: 1517:

view is based on the notion that there is a direct link between people's

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people, and they are more prone to boredom when they are by themselves.

6273: 6201: 6167: 5385: 4076: 2778: 1963: 1695:

different ethnic groups within nations, exhibit differences in average

1541:, which states that people with stronger behavioral activation system ( 1499: 1412: 1359:

As earlier stated, extraverts are often found to have higher levels of

958: 920: 881: 869: 806: 316: 212: 48: 2537:"Most lawyers are introverted, and that's not necessarily a bad thing" 2057:

The Energies of Men: A Study of the Fundamentals of Dynamic Psychology

739:, he gives a more concise definition of the introverted type, writing: 6196: 5794: 5667: 3721:"The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality" 3187: 2840:

Personality psychology : domains of knowledge about human nature

1482: 1470: 1431: 1400: 1384: 1296: 1292: 1038: 908: 802: 798: 660: 466: 3987:"Adding Liebe und Arbeit: The Full Five-Factor Model and Well-Being" 2770: 2176:"'Mind Reading': Q&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts" 2118:"Introversion, Shyness & Social Anxiety: What's the Difference?" 1937: 56: 4758:"Action, Emotion, and Personality: Emerging Conceptual Integration" 4255:"Influence of impulsivity and sociability on subjective well-being" 3649:"Meta-analytic relations between personality and cognitive ability" 1316: 1300: 1288: 1264: 1260: 1205: 1159: 1152: 1139:, as well as a positive correlation between introversion and total 1116: 1071: 491: 486: 446: 3408: 3047:

Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines

2280:"Mind Reading: Q&A with Susan Cain on the Power of Introverts" 6481: 5391:

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

3847: 2507:

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

2384:

Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

2157:

Quiet: the power of introverts in a world that can't stop talking

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Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

877: 827: 4878:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum and Associates. pp. 87–116. 1460:

brought on by social interactions. Specifically, the results of

1436:

According to the instrumental view, one explanation for greater

1008:(α) of 0.92, that for non-native English-speakers is α of 0.85. 6359: 2081: 2079: 1481:

vibrant city or quiet rural environment. Similarly, a study by

1332: 1324: 1268: 810: 672:

Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single

4876:

Person-environment Psychology: New Directions and Perspectives

2600:"The development of markers for the Big-Five factor structure" 1063: 1053:

specific habitual responses, such as partying on the weekend.

716:

In September 1909, Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung used the term

5436:. Translated by Baynes HG. Toronto, Ontario: York University. 5149:"Big 5 correlates of three measures of subjective well-being" 1618: 1553:

and introversion. Therefore, extraverts are seen as having a

1340: 1252: 1248: 1244: 5636: 3551: 2979: 2791: 2255:

The introvert advantage: how to thrive in an extrovert world

2076: 1506:

with extraversion than were measures of reward sensitivity.

1111:

One study found that introverts have more blood flow in the

5307:(Ph.D. thesis). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 5044:"Happiness, introversion-extraversion and happy introverts" 3609:

Gallagher SA (1990). "Personality patterns of the gifted".

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Swickert R, Hittner JB, Kitos N, Cox-Fuenzalida LE (2004).

1304: 965:-based survey indicating that 60% of attorneys, and 90% of 506: 2199:"The Power of Introverts: A Manifesto for Quiet Brillianc" 1379:(2001) found that positive affect was again significantly 1200:

than introverts. Others suggest that such results reflect

1099:

Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the

4647: 2942: 2843:. David M. Buss. New York, NY: McGraw Hill. p. 200. 1680: 4286: 2562: 1521:

and their sensitivity to positive and negative affects.

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resources, on his own initiative, and in his own way...

5075:"Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness" 4533: 4224:"Emotional stability as a major dimension of happiness" 4124: 1667: 1646:

Complications to the extraversion-happiness correlation

2998:"Functional neuroimaging of extraversion-introversion" 2271: 1196:

found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of

4675: 4673: 4671: 3921: 3797:"Quiet, Please: Unleashing 'The Power Of Introverts'" 3362: 2005:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1108:, since the reward itself is experienced as greater. 659:

theory. The terms were introduced into psychology by

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score higher than the U.S. average on extraversion.

6075:

Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self

5916:

Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self

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(1976). 1654: 4562: 4420: 4368: 2498: 1764: 1070:indicate that extraversion-introversion has a 5652: 5540: 5245: 5233:Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology 5218:Well-Being: Foundations of Hedonic Psychology 4898: 4797: 4737:The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions 4643: 4641: 4592:Personality, cognition and social interaction 4152:Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas RE, Smith HL (1999). 4058: 4056: 4054: 4026: 2890: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 1524: 1447: 625: 5184:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 5103: 5006: 4831:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4682:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4612:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4371:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4259:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 4252: 3519:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3439: 3366:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3176:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3101:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2899: 2794:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2724:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2671: 2553: 2472: 2437: 1627: 5248:Current Directions in Psychological Science 5146: 5072: 5041: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4722:. 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"The Association Method". 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1619:The set-point model aka affect-level model 1488: 1407:and McCrae's (1986). short version of the 632: 618: 6069:Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious 5359:"Secrets of a super successful introvert" 5280: 4951: 4842: 4756:Carver CS, Sutton SK, Scheier MF (2000). 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4282: 4280: 4183: 4181: 4179: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3744: 3680: 3608: 3377: 3279:Social and Personality Psychology Compass 3195: 3021: 2995: 2805: 2277: 2173: 2148: 1945: 1857:. London: Fontana Press. pp. 414–5. 985: 5413:"Not all successful CEOs are extroverts" 4968: 4717: 4708: 4479: 4477: 4405: 4217: 4215: 4187: 3718: 3712: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 2597: 2511: 2479:Industrial and Organizational Psychology 2115: 2059:, Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, p. 184. 1821: 1395:. Similar results were found in a large 1354: 1062: 991:20-word measure as part of his 100-word 943: 858: 821: 31: 5457: 5440: 4979: 4788: 4598: 4518: 4017: 3767: 3703: 3630:Illinois Council for the Gifted Journal 3497: 3141: 2706: 2636: 2414: 2303: 2109: 1808: 1788: 1703:with their lives than Asian Americans. 1606: 14: 6551: 6513: 6365:Int'l Assoc. for Analytical Psychology 6062:Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche 5397: 5332:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056 5177: 5153:Personality and Individual Differences 5079:Personality and Individual Differences 5048:Personality and Individual Differences 4873: 4804:Personality and Individual Differences 4589: 4566:Personality and individual differences 4455: 4355: 4277: 4228:Personality and Individual Differences 4194:Personality and Individual Differences 4176: 4033:Personality and Individual Differences 3973: 3584:Personality and Individual Differences 3473:Personality and Individual Differences 3446:Personality and Individual Differences 3415:Personality and Individual Differences 3338:Personality and Individual Differences 3276: 3249: 3079: 2836: 2759:British Journal of Educational Studies 2534: 1828:Personality and Individual Differences 1681:Other contributing personality factors 939: 6375:Jungian Society for Scholarly Studies 5640: 5528: 5474: 5434:Classics in the History of Psychology 5410: 5300: 5009:Canadian Journal of School Psychology 4933: 4523:. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 4474: 4212: 3958: 3924:Perspectives on Psychological Science 3706:Readings in Extraversion-Introversion 3578:Furnham A, Forde L, Cotter T (1998). 3316: 3303: 3218: 2996:Lei X, Yang T, Wu T (December 2015). 2756: 2711:. Springfield, IL: Thomas Publishing. 2549:from the original on January 8, 2016. 2353: 2351: 2252: 2231:. Gale Research. 1998. Archived from 2217: 2131: 2069: 2067: 2065: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1919: 1917: 1877: 1791:"Is it extraversion or extroversion?" 1509: 1237: 1078: 1035:ascending reticular activation system 6503: 5356: 4732: 4726: 3332:Pavot W, Diener E, Fujita F (1990). 2674:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2524:from the original on March 15, 2012. 2380: 2357: 2334: 2193: 2154: 2144:from the original on August 1, 2022. 2134:"Social Anxiety? Introvert? Or Shy?" 2128:from the original on August 1, 2022. 1998: 1976: 1923: 1852: 1773: 1668:Other Big 5 factors and extraversion 1586:during the negative mood induction. 1493:Yet another explanation of the high 1424:The instrumental view proposes that 1419: 6054:Two Essays on Analytical Psychology 5611:International Personality Item Pool 4521:The biological basis of personality 2865: 2709:The biological basis of personality 2370:from the original on July 12, 2023. 2343:from the original on July 12, 2023. 1056:Eysenck compared this trait to the 1033:inhibition and excitation with the 1020: 759:In the 1950s, British psychologist 24: 6115:Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature 5430:"General description of the types" 5349: 4982:Journal of Research in Personality 4650:Journal of Research in Personality 4289:Journal of Research in Personality 4127:Journal of Research in Personality 4100:Journal of Research in Personality 3237:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1978.tb01011.x 2945:The American Journal of Psychiatry 2565:Journal of Research in Personality 2348: 2062: 1987: 1926:The American Journal of Psychology 1914: 25: 6580: 5621:Revised NEO Personality Inventory 5491: 5460:"What Kind of Introvert Are You?" 5458:Kaufman SB (September 29, 2014). 4720:Anxiety and the anxiety disorders 2908:(3): 491–517, discussion 518–69. 2902:The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2639:Journal of Personality Assessment 2440:Journal of Personality Assessment 2423:. AllPsych Online. Archived from 2091:The Myers & Briggs Foundation 1782: 1373:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire 1351:are also relatively introverted. 1037:(ARAS), a pathway located in the 865:Quiet: The Power of Introverts... 6533: 6532: 6522: 6512: 6502: 6370:Int'l Assoc. for Jungian Studies 5427: 5369: 5311: 5294: 5274: 5239: 5224: 5202: 5171: 5140: 5097: 5066: 5035: 5000: 4953:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00554.x 4927: 4913:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00405.x 4892: 4498:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00490.x 4460:. New York, NY: Guilford Press. 3936:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00084.x 3817: 3770:"The Therapeutic Power of Sleep" 3647:Stanek KC, Ones DS (June 2023). 3291:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00106.x 2514:"The Secret Power Of Introverts" 2491:10.1111/j.1754-9434.2009.01127.x 2345:(Glor's interview of Susan Cain) 2278:Szalavitz M (January 27, 2012). 2174:Szalavitz M (January 27, 2012). 1980:C.G. Jung - Psychologische Typen 1748:Reinforcement sensitivity theory 1717: 1535:reinforcement sensitivity theory 599: 55: 6489:The Secret of the Golden Flower 6023:Psychogenesis of Mental Disease 5800:Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman 5209:Cantor N, Sanderson CA (1999). 4867: 4822: 4749: 4583: 4563:Eysenck HJ, Eysenck MW (1985). 4556: 4527: 4512: 4449: 4307: 4246: 4145: 4118: 4091: 3915: 3888: 3811: 3789: 3768:Diamond SA (November 7, 2008). 3761: 3697: 3640: 3621: 3602: 3571: 3545: 3510: 3491: 3464: 3433: 3402: 3356: 3297: 3270: 3243: 3212: 3170:, Gallagher P (December 2009). 3160: 3135: 3092: 3073: 2989: 2936: 2830: 2785: 2750: 2715: 2700: 2665: 2630: 2591: 2512:Goudreau J (January 26, 2012). 2431: 2408: 2374: 2297: 2049: 2046:London: Hodder & Stoughton. 2036: 1307:and the southeastern states of 1186: 817: 784: 6355:C. G. Jung Institute in Zürich 5889:Modern Man in Search of a Soul 5398:Helgoe L (September 1, 2010). 4798:Rusting CL, Larsen RJ (1995). 4569:. New York, NY: Plenum Press. 3959:Simon S (September 23, 2008). 3580:"Personality and intelligence" 2415:Heffner CL (March 23, 2004) . 2116:Peterson AL (April 11, 2019). 2087:"Extraversion or Introversion" 2019: 1970: 1947:11858/00-001M-0000-002B-AD55-2 1871: 1846: 972: 926: 13: 1: 6461:Archetypal literary criticism 6039:Psychology of the Unconscious 5951:Memories, Dreams, Reflections 5873:Psychology of the Unconscious 5831:Extraversion and introversion 5666: 5503:Extraversion and introversion 5411:Jones D (September 3, 2011). 5165:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00057-0 5091:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00229-4 5060:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00058-1 4240:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00229-4 4190:"The happiness of extraverts" 4027:Furnham A, Brewin CR (1990). 3596:10.1016/S0191-8869(97)00169-4 3561:Annals of Biological Research 3458:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00078-8 3427:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00080-1 2535:Gordon LA (January 1, 2016). 2358:Nair D (September 12, 2012). 2304:Whitten M (August 21, 2001). 2015:– via Internet Archive. 1855:Memories, Dreams, Reflections 1758: 1533:. This model is based on the 1257:Eastern Orthodox Christianity 342:Industrial and organizational 5517:Resources in other libraries 5260:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770572 4816:10.1016/0191-8869(94)00157-N 4538:The quality of American life 4301:10.1016/0092-6566(92)90039-7 4253:Emmons RA, Diener E (1986). 4206:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90128-E 4045:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90138-H 3985:McCrae RR, Costa PT (1991). 3719:Schaller M (December 2011). 3485:10.1016/0191-8869(81)90047-7 3350:10.1016/0191-8869(90)90157-M 3334:"Extraversion and happiness" 2473:Ones DS, Dilchert S (2009). 1789:Barnett G (August 2, 2016). 1655:Neuroticism and extraversion 775: 768:central traits in Eysenck's 497:Human factors and ergonomics 7: 5556:Big Five personality traits 5477:"Caring for Your Introvert" 5441:Kaufman SB (June 9, 2014). 5357:Cain S (February 6, 2012). 5320:Annual Review of Psychology 5196:10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058 5118:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197 4853:10.1037/0022-3514.78.6.1135 4271:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1211 4170:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 4029:"Personality and happiness" 3961:"The United States of Mind" 3531:10.1037/0022-3514.48.5.1316 3440:Cheng H, Furnham A (2003). 3388:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1409 3113:10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1236 2816:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1031 2452:10.1207/s15327752jpa4305_14 2381:Cain S (January 24, 2012). 2335:Glor J (January 26, 2012). 2073:Merriam Webster Dictionary. 2055:McDougall, W. (1923/1932). 1738:Big Five personality traits 1710: 1664:in measures of well-being. 1165: 1083:The relative importance of 969:attorneys, are introverts. 876:Mistaking introversion for 706:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 10: 6585: 6127:Development of Personality 6081:Civilization in Transition 6029:Freud & Psychoanalysis 5692:Interpretation of religion 5400:"Revenge of the Introvert" 5147:Hayes N, Joseph S (2003). 5073:Hills P, Argyle M (2001). 5042:Hills P, Argyle M (2001). 5021:10.1177/082957359801400103 4694:10.1037/0022-3514.83.1.245 4624:10.1037/0022-3514.47.3.580 4383:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.132 4222:Hills P, Argyle M (2001). 4003:10.1177/014616729101700217 3306:"The Secrets of Happiness" 3264:10.1207/s15327965pli0704_6 2736:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.113 2651:10.1207/s15327752jpa6303_8 2132:Brown A (March 13, 2022). 1840:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.013 1689: 1525:Affective reactivity model 1448:Social activity hypothesis 1101:mesolimbic dopamine system 711: 6498: 6453: 6393: 6342: 6321: 6251: 6210: 6165: 6158: 6121:Practice of Psychotherapy 6035:Symbols of Transformation 5995: 5975:Seven Sermons to the Dead 5967:The Red Book: Liber Novus 5942: 5899: 5864: 5855: 5813: 5760: 5722: 5715: 5674: 5598: 5562: 5512:Resources in your library 5372:"The power of introverts" 4994:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.007 4662:10.1016/j.jrp.2008.05.002 4328:10.1037/0882-7974.1.2.140 4139:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.008 3909:10.1108/01425450410506904 3820:"The Power of Introverts" 3146:. New York: Basic Books. 3014:10.1007/s12264-015-1565-1 2914:10.1017/S0140525X99002046 2577:10.1016/j.jrp.2005.08.007 2257:. New York: Workman Pub. 1628:Pleasure-arousal relation 1085:nature versus environment 1000:reliabilities, and other 272:Applied behavior analysis 6141:(Revised Edition) (1990) 4774:10.1177/0146167200268008 3866:10.1177/0956797610384742 3611:Understanding Our Gifted 2873:"Lemon juice experiment" 2686:10.1177/0022022197282001 2616:10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.26 2604:Psychological Assessment 1892:10.1177/1354067X11408135 1880:Culture & Psychology 1590:Social reactivity theory 1224:behavioral immune system 1137:temporoparietal junction 1121:anterior cingulate gyrus 1012:Statement self-reporting 737:Psychologische Typologie 6334:C. G. Jung House Museum 6109:Mysterium Coniunctionis 6087:Psychology and Religion 6017:Experimental Researches 5932:Mysterium Coniunctionis 4435:10.1111/1467-6494.00072 4188:Argyle M, Lu L (1990). 3965:The Wall Street Journal 3799:. NPR. January 30, 2012 3673:10.1073/pnas.2212794120 3500:Theories of Personality 3059:10.1111/1469-7610.00101 1489:Social attention theory 1145:functional neuroimaging 832:social anxiety disorder 462:Behavioral neuroscience 117:Behavioral neuroscience 6564:Personality typologies 6385:Psychology Club Zürich 6177:Marie-Louise von Franz 6094:Psychology and Alchemy 5908:Psychology and Alchemy 5842:Participation mystique 5732:Collective unconscious 5570:Openness to experience 5475:Rauch J (March 2003). 5106:Psychological Bulletin 4940:Journal of Personality 4934:Tamir M (April 2009). 4901:Journal of Personality 4542:. New York, NY: Sage. 4486:Journal of Personality 4423:Journal of Personality 4158:Psychological Bulletin 4112:10.1006/jrpe.2001.2322 4065:Journal of Personality 3737:10.1098/rstb.2011.0029 3304:Myers DG (July 1992). 3225:Journal of Personality 2027:Journal of Personality 1272:introverted cultures. 1106:positive reinforcement 1075: 986:Lexical self-reporting 949: 873: 835: 757: 698:16 personality factors 512:Psychology of religion 452:Behavioral engineering 136:Cognitive neuroscience 102:Affective neuroscience 37: 6037:(1967, a revision of 5682:Analytical psychology 5423:on September 3, 2011. 3854:Psychological Science 3822:. TED. Archived from 3252:Psychological Inquiry 3082:Psychological Studies 3002:Neuroscience Bulletin 2957:10.1176/ajp.156.2.252 2316:on September 12, 2016 2211:on February 19, 2012. 2122:Mental Health at Home 1733:Analytical psychology 1438:subjective well-being 1355:Relation to happiness 1228:communicable diseases 1149:middle temporal gyrus 1143:volume. Task-related 1066: 967:intellectual property 947: 890:, argues that modern 884:, author of the book 862: 825: 741: 682:analytical psychology 606:Psychology portal 35: 6350:Bollingen Foundation 6289:Laurens van der Post 6139:General Bibliography 5752:Personal unconscious 5616:Personality theories 5281:Veenhoven R (1993). 4458:Mood and Temperament 4316:Psychology and Aging 2598:Goldberg LR (1992). 2504:Cain, Susan (2012), 2421:Personality Synopsis 2235:on January 29, 2009. 2197:(January 24, 2012). 1822:Thompson ER (2008). 1795:The Predictive Index 1776:Psychologische Typen 1607:Affective regulation 1255:, and regions where 1222:Research shows that 1131:volume in the right 998:internal consistency 729:Psychologische Typen 6466:Archetypal pedagogy 6380:Philemon Foundation 6284:Joseph L. Henderson 6046:Psychological Types 6011:Psychiatric Studies 5998:The Collected Works 5959:Man and His Symbols 5881:Psychological Types 5687:Cognitive functions 5470:on October 8, 2014. 5464:Scientific American 5447:Scientific American 4519:Eysenck HJ (1967). 3731:(1583): 3418–3426. 3704:Eysenck HJ (1971). 3665:2023PNAS..12012794S 3659:(23): e2212794120. 2707:Eysenck HJ (1967). 2306:"All About Shyness" 2204:Scientific American 2002:Psychological types 1232:airborne infections 940:Relative prevalence 655:dimension in human 457:Behavioral genetics 372:Occupational health 112:Behavioral genetics 43:Part of a series on 6559:Personality traits 6402:A Dangerous Method 6102:Alchemical Studies 5821:Active imagination 5762:Jungian archetypes 5707:Theory of neurosis 5606:Facet (psychology) 5382:on March 15, 2012. 5178:Emmons RA (1986). 4077:10.1111/jopy.12138 3897:Employee Relations 3708:. New York: Wiley. 3498:Ryckman R (2004). 3142:Gosling S (2008). 2837:Larsen RJ (2014). 1557:predisposition to 1519:personality traits 1510:Temperamental view 1426:personality traits 1397:longitudinal study 1238:Regional variation 1079:Biological factors 1076: 950: 931:Most contemporary 874: 836: 690:three-factor model 574:Schools of thought 412:Sport and exercise 258:Applied psychology 38: 6546: 6545: 6317: 6316: 6154: 6153: 6133:The Symbolic Life 5851: 5850: 5634: 5633: 5575:Conscientiousness 5498:Library resources 4885:978-0-8058-2470-4 4456:Watson D (2000). 3860:(11): 1563–1569. 3826:on March 15, 2012 3504:Thomson/Wadsworth 3153:978-0-465-02781-1 2850:978-0-07-803535-7 2293:on March 2, 2012. 2264:978-0-7611-2369-9 2253:Laney MO (2002). 2189:on March 2, 2012. 2166:978-0-307-35214-9 2012:978-0-691-09770-1 1864:978-0-00-654027-4 1725:Psychology portal 1697:life satisfaction 1584:negative emotions 1539:Jeffrey Alan Gray 1420:Instrumental view 1133:prefrontal cortex 1058:four temperaments 781:and expression." 733:Personality Types 731:was published as 642: 641: 539:Counseling topics 482:Consumer behavior 223:Psycholinguistics 107:Affective science 27:Personality trait 16:(Redirected from 6576: 6536: 6535: 6528:Wikisource texts 6526: 6516: 6515: 6506: 6505: 6438:Persona (series) 6233:Sabina Spielrein 6163: 6162: 5862: 5861: 5770:Anima and animus 5720: 5719: 5697:Personality type 5661: 5654: 5647: 5638: 5637: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5486: 5471: 5466:. 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6261: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6228:Wolfgang Pauli 6225: 6220: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6207: 6205: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6187:Jolande Jacobi 6184: 6182:Barbara Hannah 6179: 6173: 6171: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6106: 6098: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6058: 6050: 6042: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6005: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5981: 5980: 5979: 5963: 5955: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5928: 5920: 5912: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5877: 5868: 5866: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5805:Wounded healer 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5641: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5552: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5507: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492:External links 5490: 5488: 5487: 5472: 5455: 5438: 5425: 5408: 5395: 5367: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5345: 5310: 5293: 5273: 5238: 5223: 5201: 5190:(5): 1058–68. 5170: 5159:(4): 723–727. 5139: 5112:(2): 197–229. 5096: 5065: 5054:(4): 595–608. 5034: 4999: 4967: 4946:(2): 447–470. 4926: 4891: 4884: 4866: 4821: 4810:(3): 321–329. 4787: 4748: 4725: 4707: 4688:(1): 245–252. 4667: 4637: 4618:(3): 580–592. 4597: 4582: 4575: 4555: 4548: 4526: 4511: 4492:(3): 385–414. 4473: 4466: 4448: 4429:(5): 761–791. 4404: 4377:(1): 132–140. 4354: 4341: 4322:(2): 140–143. 4306: 4295:(3): 205–215. 4276: 4245: 4234:(8): 1357–64. 4211: 4200:(10): 1011–7. 4175: 4164:(2): 276–302. 4144: 4133:(5): 580–587. 4117: 4106:(3): 247–277. 4090: 4071:(5): 564–574. 4050: 4039:(10): 1093–6. 4016: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3930:(5): 339–369. 3914: 3887: 3837: 3810: 3788: 3760: 3711: 3696: 3639: 3620: 3601: 3570: 3544: 3509: 3490: 3463: 3432: 3401: 3355: 3315: 3296: 3269: 3258:(4): 340–344. 3242: 3231:(3): 438–461. 3211: 3159: 3152: 3134: 3091: 3072: 3037: 3008:(6): 663–675. 2988: 2978: 2951:(2): 252–257. 2935: 2889: 2864: 2849: 2829: 2784: 2749: 2730:(1): 113–123. 2714: 2699: 2680:(2): 131–155. 2664: 2645:(3): 506–516. 2629: 2590: 2552: 2527: 2497: 2485:(2): 163–170. 2465: 2446:(5): 514–516. 2430: 2407: 2393: 2373: 2347: 2327: 2296: 2270: 2263: 2238: 2225:"Introversion" 2216: 2214: 2213: 2191: 2165: 2147: 2108: 2075: 2061: 2048: 2035: 2018: 2011: 1986: 1969: 1932:(2): 219–269. 1913: 1886:(3): 339–358. 1870: 1863: 1845: 1807: 1781: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1712: 1709: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1669: 1666: 1656: 1653: 1647: 1644: 1629: 1626: 1620: 1617: 1608: 1605: 1591: 1588: 1582:reported more 1526: 1523: 1511: 1508: 1490: 1487: 1449: 1446: 1433: 1430: 1421: 1418: 1356: 1353: 1239: 1236: 1202:socio-cultural 1188: 1185: 1167: 1164: 1125:temporal lobes 1080: 1077: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1010: 987: 984: 974: 971: 941: 938: 933:trait theories 928: 925: 905:Mahatma Gandhi 819: 816: 786: 783: 777: 774: 727:His 1921 book 713: 710: 678:Big Five model 651:are a central 640: 639: 637: 636: 629: 622: 614: 611: 610: 609: 608: 593: 592: 587: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 535: 534: 533: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 443: 440: 439: 436: 435: 430: 429: 424: 419: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 263: 262: 261: 256: 255: 252: 251: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 153:Cross-cultural 150: 145: 144: 143: 133: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 93: 92: 91: 86: 85: 82: 81: 80: 79: 74: 69: 61: 60: 52: 51: 45: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6581: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6539: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6519: 6511: 6509: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6409:Synchronicity 6406: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343:Organizations 6341: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6269:Erich Neumann 6267: 6265: 6264:James Hillman 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6223:Maria Moltzer 6221: 6219: 6218:Sigmund Freud 6216: 6215: 6213: 6209: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6146: 6145:General Index 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6018: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6003: 6002:of C. G. Jung 5999: 5994: 5987: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924:Answer to Job 5921: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5898: 5891: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5837: 5836:Individuation 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826:Enantiodromia 5824: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5702:Synchronicity 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5657: 5655: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5642: 5639: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5597: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5585:Agreeableness 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5355: 5354: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5305: 5297: 5286: 5285: 5277: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5227: 5219: 5212: 5205: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4988:(4): 1053–9. 4987: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4930: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4768:(6): 741–51. 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4729: 4721: 4714: 4712: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4663: 4659: 4656:(6): 1613–8. 4655: 4651: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4586: 4578: 4576:9780306418440 4572: 4568: 4567: 4559: 4551: 4549:9780871541949 4545: 4540: 4539: 4530: 4522: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4478: 4469: 4467:1-57230-526-6 4463: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4348: 4346: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4281: 4272: 4268: 4265:(6): 1211–5. 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4021: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3997:(2): 227–32. 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3842: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3798: 3792: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3715: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3590:(2): 187–92. 3589: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3567:(6): 116–122. 3566: 3562: 3555: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3452:(6): 921–42. 3451: 3447: 3443: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3421:(1): 207–17. 3420: 3416: 3412: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2878: 2874: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2841: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2710: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2557: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2396: 2394:9780307452207 2390: 2386: 2385: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2354: 2352: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2315: 2311: 2310:Psych Central 2307: 2300: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2266: 2260: 2256: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2158: 2151: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2112: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2058: 2052: 2045: 2039: 2032: 2028: 2022: 2014: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1982: 1981: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1918: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1777: 1770: 1768: 1763: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1687: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1625: 1616: 1614: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1555:temperamental 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1515:Temperamental 1507: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1429: 1427: 1417: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391:but not with 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:New Hampshire 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1163: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1113:frontal lobes 1109: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1086: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1018: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 983: 981: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 955: 946: 937: 934: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 893: 889: 888: 883: 879: 871: 867: 866: 861: 857: 854: 849: 845: 841: 833: 829: 824: 815: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 791:gratification 782: 773: 771: 766: 762: 756: 752: 749: 745: 740: 738: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 668: 667: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 635: 630: 628: 623: 621: 616: 615: 613: 612: 607: 597: 596: 595: 594: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 559:Psychologists 557: 555: 552: 550: 549:Organizations 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 531: 526: 525: 518: 517:Psychometrics 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 477:Consciousness 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 438: 437: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 397:Psychotherapy 395: 393: 392:Psychometrics 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 259: 254: 253: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 163:Developmental 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 132: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 89: 84: 83: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 64: 63: 62: 58: 54: 53: 50: 47: 46: 42: 41: 34: 30: 19: 6538:All articles 6487: 6480: 6442: 6430: 6408: 6400: 6238:Victor White 6192:Aniela Jaffé 6166: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6100: 6092: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6060: 6052: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6001: 5997: 5983: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5949: 5930: 5922: 5914: 5906: 5887: 5879: 5871: 5857:Publications 5840: 5830: 5626:Trait theory 5580:Extraversion 5579: 5502: 5482:The Atlantic 5480: 5468:the original 5463: 5451:the original 5446: 5433: 5421:the original 5416: 5403: 5389: 5388:, author of 5380:the original 5375: 5362: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5303: 5296: 5283: 5276: 5254:(1): 26–30. 5251: 5247: 5241: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5204: 5187: 5183: 5173: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5051: 5047: 5037: 5015:(1): 21–35. 5012: 5008: 5002: 4985: 4981: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4875: 4869: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4807: 4803: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4736: 4728: 4719: 4685: 4681: 4653: 4649: 4615: 4611: 4591: 4585: 4565: 4558: 4537: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4489: 4485: 4457: 4451: 4426: 4422: 4374: 4370: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4292: 4288: 4262: 4258: 4248: 4231: 4227: 4197: 4193: 4161: 4157: 4147: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4068: 4064: 4036: 4032: 3994: 3990: 3964: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3903:(1): 62–71. 3900: 3896: 3890: 3857: 3853: 3830:December 27, 3828:. 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