351:
93:. Involuntary commitment is used in some degree for each of the following although different jurisdictions have different criteria. Some jurisdictions limit involuntary treatment to individuals who meet statutory criteria for presenting a danger to self or others. Other jurisdictions have broader criteria. The legal process by which commitment takes place varies between jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions have a formal court hearing where testimony and other evidence may also be submitted and the subject of the hearing is typically entitled to legal counsel and may challenge a commitment order through
919:(APA) strongly oppose the practice. The Task Force on Sexually Dangerous Offenders, a component of APA's Council on Psychiatry and Law, reported that "in the opinion of the task force, sexual predator commitment laws represent a serious assault on the integrity of psychiatry, particularly with regard to defining mental illness and the clinical conditions for compulsory treatment. Moreover, by bending civil commitment to serve essentially non-medical purposes, statutes threaten to undermine the legitimacy of the medical model of commitment."
106:
under law. The extension of first aid training to cover mental health problems and crises is a quite recent development. A mental health first aid training course was developed in
Australia in 2001 and has been found to improve assistance provided to persons with an alleged mental illness or mental health crisis. This form of training has now spread to a number of other countries (Canada, Finland, Hong Kong, Ireland, Singapore, Scotland, England, Wales, and the United States).
459:
are generally set by the individual states, and often have both short- and long-term types of commitment. Short-term commitment tends to be a few days or less, requiring an examination by a medical professional, while longer-term commitment typically requires a court hearing, or sentencing as part of a criminal trial. Indefinite commitment is rare and is usually reserved for individuals who are violent or present an ongoing danger to themselves and others.
643:
585:
124:
544:
735:"There they stand, isolated, majestic, imperious, brooded over by the gigantic water-tower and chimney combined, rising unmistakable and daunting out of the countryside - the asylums which our forefathers built with such immense solidity to express the notions of their day. Do not for a moment underestimate their powers of resistance to our assault. Let me describe some of the defenses which we have to storm."
1100:"The chair of each Mental Health Tribunal is a legal member who is known as a tribunal judge. There are usually three tribunal members at a hearing, one legal member, one medical member, and one other member, as defined above. Any three or more such members, constituted in this manner, may exercise the jurisdiction of a Mental Health Tribunal"
2865:, 361 (1997) ("The thrust of Hendricks' argument is that the Act establishes criminal proceedings; hence confinement under it necessarily constitutes punishment. He contends that where, as here, newly enacted 'punishment' is predicated upon past conduct for which he has already been convicted and forced to serve a prison sentence, the Constitution's Double Jeopardy and
264:
services, critics say that deinstitutionalization has led to large numbers of people who would once have been inpatients as instead being incarcerated or becoming homeless. In some jurisdictions, laws authorizing court-ordered outpatient treatment have been passed in an effort to compel individuals with chronic, untreated severe mental illness to take
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disappointed. Psychiatrists were pressured by an ever-increasing patient population. The average number of patients in asylums kept increasing. Asylums were quickly becoming almost indistinguishable from custodial institutions, and the reputation of psychiatry in the medical world had was at an extreme low.
458:
established that the mere presence of mental illness and the necessity for treatment are not sufficient by themselves to justify involuntary commitment, if the patient is capable of surviving in freedom and does not present a danger of harm to themselves or others. Criteria for involuntary commitment
750:
During the 1970s and 1990s the hospital population started to fall rapidly, mainly because of the deaths of long-term inmates. Significant efforts were made to re-house large numbers of former residents in a variety of suitable or otherwise alternative accommodation. The first 1,000+ bed hospital to
263:
Starting in the 1960s, there has been a worldwide trend toward moving psychiatric patients from hospital settings to less restricting settings in the community, a shift known as "deinstitutionalization". Because the shift was typically not accompanied by a commensurate development of community-based
229:
such as childhood adversity and poverty are correlated with both schizophrenia and violence it can be difficult to determine whether this effect is due to schizophrenia or other factors. In an attempt to avoid these confounding factors, researchers have tried comparing the rates of violence amongst
88:
For most jurisdictions, involuntary commitment is applied to individuals believed to be experiencing a mental illness that impairs their ability to reason to such an extent that the agents of the law, state, or courts determine that decisions will be made for the individual under a legal framework.
71:
Criteria for civil commitment are established by laws which vary between nations. Commitment proceedings often follow a period of emergency hospitalization, during which an individual with acute psychiatric symptoms is confined for a relatively short duration (e.g. 72 hours) in a treatment facility
906:
Patients are able to sue if they believe that they have been wrongfully committed. In one instance, Junius Wilson, an
African American man, was committed to Cherry Hospital in Goldsboro, North Carolina in 1925 for an alleged crime without a trial or conviction. He was castrated. He continued to be
530:", is a non-binding resolution advocating certain broadly drawn procedures for the carrying out of involuntary commitment. These principles have been used in many countries where local laws have been revised or new ones implemented. The UN runs programs in some countries to assist in this process.
462:
New York City officials under several administrations have implemented programs involving the involuntary hospitalization of people with mental illnesses in the city. Some of these policies have involved reinterpreting the standard of "harm to themselves or others" to include neglecting their own
105:
Training is gradually becoming available in mental health first aid to equip community members such as teachers, school administrators, police officers, and medical workers with training in recognizing, and authority in managing, situations where involuntary evaluations of behavior are applicable
400:
At the turn of the century, England and France combined had only a few hundred individuals in asylums. By the late 1890s and early 1900s, those so detained had risen to the hundreds of thousands. However, the idea that mental illness could be ameliorated through institutionalization was soon
910:
In many U.S. states, sex offenders who have completed a period of incarceration can be civilly committed to a mental institution based on a finding of dangerousness due to a mental disorder. Although the United States
Supreme Court determined that this practice does not constitute
381:, focusing on reform of the legislation concerning lunacy. The commission consisted of eleven Metropolitan Commissioners who were required to carry out the provisions of the Act; the compulsory construction of asylums in every county, with regular inspections on behalf of the
731:, when Minister for Health in the early 1960s, was a later opponent who was appalled by what he witnessed on his visits to the asylums, and his famous "water tower" speech in 1961 called for the closure of all NHS asylums and their replacement by wards in general hospitals:
97:. Other jurisdictions have delegated these power to physicians, though may provide an appeal process that involves the judiciary but may also involve physicians. For example, in the UK a mental health tribunal consists of a judge, a medical member, and a lay representative.
306:
developed a systematic approach for training individuals with mental deficiencies, and, in 1839, he opened the first school for intellectually disabled people. His method of treatment was based on the idea that intellectually disabled people did not suffer from disease.
244:
This concern has found expression in the standards for involuntary commitment in every US state and in other countries as the danger to self or others standard, sometimes supplemented by the requirement that the danger be imminent. In some jurisdictions, the
475:
administration program. The trial, which attracted significant media attention, ended in her favor, and while the city won on appeal she was ultimately released after a subsequent case determined she could not be forcibly medicated. In 2022, Mayor
487:, all committals to public psychiatric facilities and most committals to private ones were involuntary. Since then, there have been alternating trends towards the abolition or substantial reduction of involuntary commitment, a trend known as
2736:
875:, were wrongfully certified as being mentally ill and as a result were committed to psychiatric institutions where they were allegedly forced to take psychiatric medication that they did not need and were abused. They were named after
343:- its officers were eventually dismissed and national attention was focused on the routine use of bars, chains and handcuffs and the filthy conditions in which the inmates lived. However, it was not until 1828 that the newly appointed
439:
In the United States and most other developed societies, severe restrictions have been placed on the circumstances under which a person may be committed or treated against their will as such actions have been ruled by the
4001:
1715:
Harding, C.M.; Brooks, G.W.; Ashikaga, T.; Strauss, J.S.; Breier, A. (June 1987). "The
Vermont longitudinal study of persons with severe mental illness, I: Methodology, study sample, and overall status 32 years later".
224:
to harm themselves or others. Research has found that those with schizophrenia are between 3.4 and 7.4 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour than members of the general public. However, because other
2920:
2065:
64:, including involuntary administration. In many jurisdictions, people diagnosed with mental health disorders can also be forced to undergo treatment while in the community; this is sometimes referred to as
3646:
1259:
The law provides a process known as
Involuntary Commitment. Involuntary commitment is the use of legal means to commit a person to a mental hospital or psychiatric ward against their will or over their
2728:
72:
for evaluation and stabilization by mental health professionals who may then determine whether further civil commitment is appropriate or necessary. Civil commitment procedures may take place in a
2758:
493:. In many currents, individuals can voluntarily admit themselves to a mental health hospital and may have more rights than those who are involuntarily committed. This practice is referred to as
1082:
See table 2, many countries such as
Australia, Denmark, England and Spain do not require the involvement of the judiciary for commitment. See for a discussion of mental-health tribunals.
184:
Observation is sometimes used to determine whether a person warrants involuntary commitment. It is not always clear on a relatively brief examination whether a person should be committed.
3289:
771:, led to considerable criticism in the press, as some individuals slipped through the net into homelessness or were discharged to poor quality private sector mini-institutions.
1142:
Rains, Luke
Sheridan; Zenina, Tatiana; Dias, Marisa Casanova; Jones, Rebecca; Jeffreys, Stephen; Branthonne-Foster, Stella; Lloyd-Evans, Brynmor; Johnson, Sonia (2019-05-01).
2594:
810:, who was wrongfully committed that year and filed a lawsuit and won thereafter, highlighted the issue of wrongful involuntary commitment. In 1887, investigative journalist
3069:
Spitzer, Robert L. (October 1975). "On pseudoscience in science, logic in remission, and psychiatric diagnosis: A critique of
Rosenhan's 'On being sane in insane places'".
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about the relationship between a patient and his doctor in one of these hospitals. Stoppard was inspired by a meeting with a
Russian exile. In 1927, after the execution of
527:
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movement in the 1960s and 1970s led in Italy to the first successful legislative challenge to the authority of the mental institutions, culminating in their closure.
1500:
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Austria, Belgium, Germany, Israel, the
Netherlands, Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, Russia, Taiwan, Ontario (Canada), and the United States have adopted
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was sent to a mental health facility for psychiatric evaluation after she participated in a rally in support of the anarchists. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s in
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Scandal after scandal followed, with many high-profile public inquiries. These involved the exposure of abuses such as unscientific surgical techniques such as
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903:, which at the time was white, for summer classes; the local police secretly arrested and involuntarily committed him to a mental hospital for 12 days.
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842:
1203:"Are mental health tribunals operating in accordance with international human rights standards? A systematic review of the international literature"
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3200:
Report of the Committee of Inquiry into allegations of ill-treatment of patients and other irregularities at the Ely Hospital, Cardiff, HMSO 1969
2088:
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Thom, Katey; Nakarada-Kordic, Ivana (2013-05-22). "Mental Health Review Tribunals in Action: A Systematic Review of the Empirical Literature".
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to expose the terrible conditions that mental patients at the time had to deal with. She published her findings and experiences as articles in
378:
354:
2682:
3585:
3296:
2032:
2921:"Assessing the Real Risk of Sexually Violent Predators: Doctor Padilla's Dangerous Data, Tamara Rice Lave and Franklin E. Zimring, 2018"
1999:
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In the first half of the twentieth century there were a few high-profile cases of wrongful commitment based on racism or punishment for
997:
464:
791:
There are instances in which mental health professionals have wrongfully deemed individuals to have been displaying the symptoms of a
420:
In the United States, the erection of state asylums began with the first law for the creation of one in New York, passed in 1842. The
3495:
1005:
1001:
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began in the early 19th century with a state-led effort. Public mental asylums were established in Britain after the passing of the
1451:
Kitchener, Betty A.; Jorm, Anthony F. (February 2008). "Mental health first aid: an international program for early intervention".
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234:. In these studies people with schizophrenia are found to be between 1.3 and 1.8 times more likely to engage in violent behaviour.
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Extracts of the Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Normansfield Hospital - British Medical Journal, 1978, 2, 1560-1563
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done by Courtenay M. Harding and associates, about two-thirds of the ex-patients did well after deinstitutionalization.
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246:
199:
193:
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2202:"A/RES/46/119: Principles for the protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care"
1369:"Mental health first aid training for the public: evaluation of effects on knowledge, attitudes and helping behaviour"
26:
This article is about involuntary hospitalization for those with severe mental disorder. For voluntary treatment, see
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Clauses are violated. We are unpersuaded by Hendricks' argument that Kansas has established criminal proceedings.").
153:
1956:
1144:"Variations in patterns of involuntary hospitalisation and in legal frameworks: an international comparative study"
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was a landmark in the treatment of the mentally ill, as it explicitly changed the status of mentally ill people to
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In 1838, France enacted a law to regulate both the admissions into asylums and asylum services across the country.
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Fazel, Seena; Gulati, Gautam; Linsell, Louise; Geddes, John R.; Grann, Martin (2009-08-11). McGrath, John (ed.).
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to house the many "pauper lunatics". Nine counties first applied, and the first public asylum opened in 1812 in
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held at Cherry Hospital for the next 67 years of his life. It turned out he was deaf rather than mentally ill.
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is a legal process through which an individual who is deemed by a qualified person to have symptoms of severe
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may be used in an emergency room to make a determination about potential risk and apply treatment protocols.
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was opened approximately in 1850. The creation of this hospital, as of many others, was largely the work of
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process that does involve the judiciary in some capacity, though potentially through a specialist court.
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Principles for the Protection of Persons with Mental Illness and the Improvement of Mental Health Care
249:
has been broadened in recent years to include need-for-treatment criteria such as "gravely disabled".
3706:
3518:
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900:
2729:"Can an involuntary commitment be false imprisonment if it is not malpractice?: Thompson O'neil Law"
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from the federal government. Decades later in the 1990s, several of the orphans sued Quebec and the
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3905:
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The Production and Reproduction of Scandals in Chronic Sector Hospitals Amy Munson- Barkshire 1981
2056:"New NYC policy to address mental illness will force more people to hospitals. Here's what to know"
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20:
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announced a similar compulsory hospitalization program, relying on similar legal interpretations.
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and the widespread neglect and abuse of vulnerable patients in the US and Europe. The growing
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Mind, State and Society: Social History of Psychiatry and Mental Health in Britain 1960–2010
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For a discussion of the role of physicians in mental health tribunals and its effects see
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53:
27:
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1672:"Kendra's Law: Results from New York's First Ten Years with Assisted Outpatient Treatment"
759:, swiftly followed by many more across the UK. The haste of these closures, driven by the
8:
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1995:
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was an outspoken and high-profile early critic, and several of his novels, in particular
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523:
501:
385:. All asylums were required to have written regulations and to have a resident qualified
303:
226:
3037:
1704:. The California Treatment Advocacy Coalition & The Treatment Advocacy Center. 2009.
1496:"Almost a Revolution: An International Perspective on the Law of Involuntary Commitment"
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or only involve physicians. If commitment does not involve a court there is normally an
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The protection of persons with mental illness and the improvement of mental health care
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2201:
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1964:
1935:
1903:
1858:
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1612:
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1301:
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876:
872:
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432:. Many state hospitals in the United States were built in the 1850s and 1860s on the
374:
358:
357:, a vigorous campaigner for the reform of lunacy law in England, and the Head of the
3233:
2906:
Dangerous Sex Offenders: A Task Force Report of the American Psychiatric Association
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at the time, who deliberately committed these children to misappropriate additional
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demonstrate his insight into the damage that institutions can do to human beings.
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The potential dangers of institutions have been noted and criticized by reformers/
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well-being or posing a harm to themselves or others in the future. In 1987–88, a
428:, whose philanthropic efforts extended over many states, and in Europe as far as
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332:
273:
49:
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3686:
3610:
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3009:"The ADA and Persons with Mental Disabilities: Can Sanist Attitudes Be Undone?"
2905:
1028:
820:
520:
433:
429:
382:
316:
269:
3201:
2315:"UNC study: Mental illness by itself does not predict future violent behavior"
4025:
3845:
3790:
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3404:
3147:(Fall 1998). "Protecting Children Against Unnecessary Institutionalization".
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2590:
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2503:
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2165:
1968:
1557:
1437:
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815:
484:
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people diagnosed with schizophrenia to their siblings in a similar manner to
221:
94:
3647:
American Association for the Abolition of Involuntary Mental Hospitalization
3101:"Getting Someone to Psychiatric Treatment Can Be Difficult and Inconclusive"
2999:
2358:
2134:
2089:"New York plan for forced 'removal' of mentally ill tests limits of the law"
1862:
1814:
3931:
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3865:
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3462:
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The dancer defects: The struggle for cultural supremacy during the Cold War
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upon such grounds. Claims of wrongful commitment are a common theme in the
728:
715:
449:
445:
231:
4002:
We've Had a Hundred Years of Psychotherapy – and the World's Getting Worse
3090:
3053:
2260:
1900:
The Discovery of the Asylum: Social Order and Disorder in the New Republic
1737:
1729:
1698:
A Guide to Laura's Law: California's Law for Assisted Outpatient Treatment
1513:
1422:(2nd ed.). Parkville, Victoria: ORYGEN Youth Health Resource Centre.
3850:
3760:
3447:
2977:
964:
2293:"Official Inquiry Reports into National Health Service Mental Hospitals"
1845:
A history of psychiatry: from the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac
1315:
Basant Puri; Robert Brown; Heather McKee; Ian Treasaden (28 July 2017).
662:
Please help rewrite or integrate negative information to other sections
3875:
3394:
3344:
2982:
Black Hands of Beijing: Lives of Defiance in China's Democracy Movement
2618:
The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund
811:
768:
609: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
477:
324:
2673:"Detaining patients against wishes carries legal risks - amednews.com"
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89:
In some jurisdictions, this is a proceeding distinct from being found
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3252:
3082:
2060:
934:
386:
213:
3274:
3024:
Rosenhan, D.L. (19 January 1973). "On being sane in insane places".
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based on the presumed danger of the defendant to self or to others.
123:
3815:
3439:
1957:"35 Years of Efforts to Address Mental Illness on New York Streets"
740:
706:
370:
217:
3473:
1647:
Landscapes of Despair: From Deinstitutionalization to Homelessness
3381:
3262:
2093:
1532:"Schizophrenia and Violence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
895:
for the abuse and wrongdoing. In 1958, black pastor and activist
888:
880:
472:
339:
were established to investigate abuses at private madhouses like
206:
2788:"Deaf Man To Be Released After 67 Years In Psychiatric Hospital"
1931:
The Architecture of Madness: Insane Asylums in the United States
19:"Sectioning" and "Sectioned" redirect here. For other uses, see
3119:
Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis
1265:
1249:
1012:
884:
868:
483:
Historically, until the mid-1960s in most jurisdictions in the
328:
77:
2951:
Private and Public Protection: Civil Mental Health Legislation
2654:"Negro Pastor Pronounced Sane; Demands Mississippi Apologize".
1201:
Macgregor, Aisha; Brown, Michael; Stavert, Jill (2019-04-16).
3435:
1751:
King, D. Brett; Viney, Wayne; Woody, William Douglas (2007).
73:
2880:"APA Opposes Civil Commitment of Sex Offenders After Prison"
2759:"Locked up and castrated for a crime he wasn't convicted of"
2647:
1714:
2909:, American Psychiatric Association at 173 (1999).
756:
241:
can occasionally present a danger to themselves or others.
3246:
National Resource Center on Psychiatric Advance Directives
471:
to challenge her forced hospitalization under a new Mayor
3245:
1501:
Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
1252:"Committed To Healing: Involuntary Commitment Procedures"
504:
established the procedures for a long-term or indefinite
397:, although the body appeared in an earlier form in 1841.
347:
were empowered to license and supervise private asylums.
1529:
1367:
Kitchener, Betty A.; Jorm, Anthony F. (1 October 2002).
444:
and other national legislative bodies as a violation of
436:, an architectural style meant to have curative effect.
2774:"Now 95, deaf man was castrated, locked up for decades"
1776:
The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (12 June 2013).
1633:. Arlington, Virginia: Treatment Advocacy Center. 2018.
1418:
Kitchener, Betty; Jorm, Anthony; Kelly, Claire (2010).
412:
in Scotland and other legislation in Northern Ireland.
209:
may act on these impulses and harm or kill themselves.
3268:
410:
Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003
3098:
Sulzberger, A.G.; Carey, Benedict (18 January 2011).
2552:"Duplessis orphans seek proof of medical experiments"
1200:
315:
In the United Kingdom, provision for the care of the
2577:"Orphans of the 1950s, Telling of Abuse, Sue Quebec"
1591:"Borderline Personality and Externalized Aggression"
1349:. National Council for Behavioral Health. 2013-10-10
1141:
3987:
The Politics of Experience and The Bird of Paradise
2705:"Involuntary Civil Commitment and Patients' Rights"
2317:. UNC Health Care. February 2, 2009. Archived from
2196:
1271:
824:, and later made the articles into one book called
389:. A national body for asylum superintendents - the
60:. This treatment may involve the administration of
3745:World Network of Users and Survivors of Psychiatry
3099:
2398:
1796:
1589:Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori (March 9, 2012).
1417:
795:, and committed the individual for treatment in a
774:
393:- was established in 1866 under the Presidency of
1542:(8). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e1000120.
4023:
2488:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 359.
2255:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–307.
1525:
1523:
1250:Texas Young Lawyers Association (January 2008).
1094:
3097:
1826:
1824:
2804:
1755:(4 ed.). Allyn & Bacon. p. 214.
1750:
1588:
3586:Outline of the psychiatric survivors movement
3489:
3290:
2621:. University of Illinois Press. p. 119.
1798:"Law and Lunacy in Psychiatry's 'Golden Age'"
1644:Dear, Michael J.; Wolch, Jennifer R. (1987).
1520:
1450:
1366:
1257:. Austin, TX: State Bar of Texas. p. 2.
849:from the rest of society. British playwright
3257:College of Behavioral and Community Sciences
2807:"The Endless Punishment of Civil Commitment"
2526:. Yale University Press Publishers. p.
2435:Testa, Megan; West, Sara G. (October 2010).
2148:Testa, Megan; West, Sara G. (October 2010).
1885:
1883:
1881:
1821:
1308:
1137:
1135:
373:who required treatment. The Act created the
68:and shares legal processes with commitment.
2295:. Socialist Health Association. 6 June 1981
1934:. Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
1650:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Legacy Library.
572:Learn how and when to remove these messages
152:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3496:
3482:
3297:
3283:
2975:
2829:
2574:
2401:"The antipsychiatry movement: Who and why"
1753:A History of Psychology: Ideas and Context
843:psychiatric hospitals were used as prisons
2460:
2434:
2375:
2357:
2173:
2147:
1987:
1912:
1878:
1869:
1836:
1643:
1606:
1565:
1547:
1493:
1394:
1384:
1218:
1207:Health & Social Care in the Community
1177:
1159:
1132:
693:Learn how and when to remove this message
625:Learn how and when to remove this message
327:to build rate-supported asylums in every
252:
172:Learn how and when to remove this message
3023:
2984:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2948:
2756:
2275:"Enoch Powell's Water Tower Speech 1961"
2047:
1794:
1778:"Edouard Seguin (American psychiatrist)"
1194:
1122:"Being sectioned (in England and Wales)"
1085:
349:
268:while living outside the hospital (e.g.
187:
3727:Royal Association for Disability Rights
3068:
2702:
2437:"Civil Commitment in the United States"
2342:"Antipsychiatry: Meeting the challenge"
2150:"Civil Commitment in the United States"
2035:from the original on September 30, 2022
2020:
1981:
1892:
1842:
1076:
998:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel)
991:
871:, 20,000 Canadian children, called the
508:applicable to people convicted of some
4024:
3143:
3116:
3006:
2771:
2739:from the original on December 20, 2019
2614:
2597:from the original on November 23, 2018
2564:from the original on January 28, 2018.
2516:
2392:
2114:
2108:
2068:from the original on November 30, 2022
2014:
1954:
1006:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (play)
1002:One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)
3477:
3304:
3278:
2953:. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press.
2483:
2339:
2250:
1927:
1318:Mental Health Law 2EA Practical Guide
3662:Bazelon Center for Mental Health Law
2717:from the original on March 20, 2015.
2685:from the original on August 29, 2018
2399:Henry A. Nasrallah (December 2011).
2086:
2054:Kim, Elizabeth (November 30, 2022).
2023:"Whatever Happened to Billie Boggs?"
1847:. New York: Wiley. pp. 34, 41.
1631:State Standards for Civil Commitment
1595:Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience
652:"criticism" or "controversy" section
636:
607:adding citations to reliable sources
578:
537:
150:adding citations to reliable sources
117:
3667:Citizens Commission on Human Rights
3503:
3269:National Alliance on Mental Illness
2832:"A Backdoor Around Double Jeopardy"
2575:Farnsworth, Clyde H. (1993-05-21).
2053:
930:5150 (involuntary psychiatric hold)
863:in the United States, demonstrator
404:Sectioning is now regulated by the
286:
13:
3626:Self-help groups for mental health
3361:Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
2941:
2805:Hamilton-Smith, Guy (2018-11-16).
2002:from the original on March 2, 2023
1280:(1). Informa UK Limited: 112–126.
194:Obligatory Dangerousness Criterion
14:
4048:
3692:International Disability Alliance
3239:
2557:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1988:Kasindorf, Jeanie (May 2, 1988).
553:This section has multiple issues.
515:
310:
293:Involuntary commitment by country
247:danger to self or others standard
216:are occasionally driven by their
3261:Provides information related to
3112:from the original on 2022-01-03.
2949:Atkinson, Jacqueline M. (2006).
2635:from the original on May 6, 2020
1902:. Boston: Little Brown, p. 239.
1833:: "Mental Health Timeline", 1999
1494:Appelbaum, Paul S. (June 1997).
1465:10.1111/j.1751-7893.2007.00056.x
1453:Early Intervention in Psychiatry
917:American Psychiatric Association
814:went undercover at an asylum in
641:
583:
542:
465:homeless woman named Joyce Brown
415:
391:Medico-Psychological Association
279:In a study of 269 patients from
122:
3952:Interpretation of Schizophrenia
3677:Disability Rights International
3225:, Doubleday Publishing, 1956. (
3176:United Nations General Assembly
2913:
2897:
2872:
2848:
2830:Signorelli, Nina (2020-07-09).
2823:
2798:
2780:
2765:
2757:Swofford, Stan (Jan 30, 1993).
2750:
2721:
2703:Orlando, James (Jan 24, 2013).
2696:
2665:
2608:
2568:
2544:
2510:
2477:
2428:
2333:
2307:
2285:
2267:
2244:
2227:"Mental Health and Development"
2219:
2190:
2141:
2080:
1948:
1921:
1803:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
1795:Unsworth, Clive (Winter 1993).
1788:
1769:
1744:
1708:
1689:
1664:
1637:
1623:
1582:
1487:
1444:
1411:
1360:
1335:
775:Wrongful involuntary commitment
709:almost since their foundation.
594:needs additional citations for
561:or discuss these issues on the
3740:Socialist Patients' Collective
3601:Psychiatric survivors movement
3524:Controversies about psychiatry
3259:. University of South Florida.
3071:Journal of Abnormal Psychology
2772:Wright, Gary (June 24, 1993).
2021:Hampson, Rick (June 3, 1991).
1991:The Real Story of Billie Boggs
1718:American Journal of Psychiatry
1420:Mental Health First Aid Manual
1274:Psychiatry, Psychology and Law
1243:
1126:Royal College of Psychiatrists
1114:
1051:
856:Every Good Boy Deserves Favour
469:New York Civil Liberties Union
113:
56:(inpatient) where they can be
1:
3697:Learning Disability Coalition
3591:Political abuse of psychiatry
2119:. W. W. Norton. p. 214.
1161:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30090-2
1039:
781:Political abuse of psychiatry
655:may compromise the article's
237:People with certain types of
3722:Rehabilitation International
3657:Autism Network International
3265:'s Civil Commitment Statute.
3253:"Baker Act Reporting Center"
3046:10.1126/science.179.4070.250
2903:
2710:Connecticut General Assembly
2346:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
1549:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000120
1286:10.1080/13218719.2013.790004
1107:
915:, organizations such as the
533:
100:
7:
3712:National Empowerment Center
3672:Critical Psychiatry Network
3539:History of mental disorders
3007:Perlin, Michael L. (1993).
2615:Tucker, William H. (2002).
2087:Kanu, Hassan (2022-12-08).
1955:Newman, Andy (2022-12-02).
1347:Mental Health First Aid USA
922:
897:Clennon Washington King Jr.
442:United States Supreme Court
42:involuntary hospitalization
10:
4053:
3982:The Myth of Mental Illness
3717:Radical Psychology Network
3227:excerpts from Whyte's book
3117:Torrey, E. Fuller (1998).
784:
778:
452:. The Supreme Court case
408:in England and Wales, the
290:
256:
191:
83:
25:
18:
16:Compulsory hospitalization
4010:
3914:
3753:
3707:MindFreedom International
3639:
3519:Biopsychiatry controversy
3511:
3434:
3413:
3379:
3353:
3312:
3013:Journal of Law and Health
2733:Thompson & O'Neil Law
2523:The Sacco-Vanzetti Affair
2340:Desai, Nimesh G. (2005).
1918:Shorter, E. (1997), p. 65
1889:Shorter, E. (1997), p. 46
1875:Shorter, E. (1997), p. 34
1676:Treatment Advocacy Center
1057:Also known informally as
975:Special commitment center
901:University of Mississippi
297:
3967:Madness and Civilization
3957:Liberation by Oppression
3193: 17 December 1991.
2904:
2115:Hendin, Herbert (1996).
1044:
801:anti-psychiatry movement
337:Parliamentary Committees
3596:Positive disintegration
3534:Hearing Voices Movement
2359:10.4103/0019-5545.43048
1782:Encyclopædia Britannica
1213:(4). Wiley: e494–e513.
1024:film based on the novel
899:tried enrolling at the
827:Ten Days in a Mad-House
345:Commissioners in Lunacy
321:1808 County Asylums Act
4032:Involuntary commitment
3927:Anatomy of an Epidemic
3682:Hearing Voices Network
3554:Martha Mitchell effect
3544:Involuntary commitment
3453:Mental health tribunal
3325:Involuntary commitment
3149:South Texas Law Review
2251:Scull, Andrew (2021).
1898:Rothman, D.J. (1990).
1386:10.1186/1471-244X-2-10
970:Mental Health Act 2007
955:Institutional syndrome
737:
500:In the United States,
490:deinstitutionalisation
406:Mental Health Act 2007
362:
281:Vermont State Hospital
266:psychiatric medication
259:Deinstitutionalisation
253:Deinstitutionalization
34:Involuntary commitment
3997:The Radical Therapist
3992:The Protest Psychosis
3631:Therapeutic community
3606:Psychoanalytic theory
3549:Involuntary treatment
3382:medical interventions
3335:Outpatient commitment
3320:Involuntary treatment
3178: Session 46
2678:American Medical News
2484:Caute, David (2005).
2261:10.1017/9781911623793
1928:Yanni, Carla (2007).
1815:10.1093/ojls/13.4.479
1730:10.1176/ajp.144.6.718
1148:The Lancet Psychiatry
1034:Rebel without a Cause
806:In 1860, the case of
753:Darenth Park Hospital
733:
455:O'Connor v. Donaldson
353:
239:personality disorders
188:Containment of danger
66:outpatient commitment
58:treated involuntarily
3581:Nouthetic counseling
3380:Currently regulated
3340:Voluntary commitment
3223:The Organization Man
3145:Tsesis, Alexander V.
2863:521 U.S. 346
2441:Psychiatry (Edgmont)
2200:(17 December 1991).
2154:Psychiatry (Edgmont)
1843:Shorter, E. (1997).
992:In the creative arts
835:political dissenters
797:psychiatric hospital
603:improve this article
526:Resolution 46/119, "
495:voluntary commitment
422:Utica State Hospital
395:William A. F. Browne
146:improve this section
108:Mental health triage
54:psychiatric hospital
28:voluntary commitment
3621:Rosenhan experiment
3616:Rhetoric of therapy
3529:Critical psychiatry
3400:Chemical castration
3121:. New York: Wiley.
3038:1973Sci...179..250R
2884:Just Future Project
2857:Kansas v. Hendricks
2836:Just Future Project
2811:Just Future Project
2198:UN General Assembly
847:political prisoners
787:Rosenhan experiment
763:governments led by
502:Kansas v. Hendricks
227:confounding factors
200:commitment criteria
3972:Radical Psychology
3947:Doctoring the Mind
3652:Aspies For Freedom
3390:Psychoactive drugs
2582:The New York Times
2408:Current Psychiatry
2117:Suicide in America
1998:. pp. 36–44.
1961:The New York Times
945:Conversion therapy
861:Sacco and Vanzetti
664:through discussion
506:form of commitment
426:Dorothea Lynde Dix
363:
62:psychoactive drugs
4037:Mental health law
4019:
4018:
4013:Psychiatry portal
3977:The Gene Illusion
3881:Elizabeth Packard
3841:Peter C. Gøtzsche
3826:Leonard Roy Frank
3766:Giorgio Antonucci
3471:
3470:
3306:Mental health law
3219:Whyte, William H.
3191: A/RES/46/119
3128:978-0-471-24532-2
3032:(4070): 250–258.
2991:978-0-471-57977-9
2960:978-1-903765-61-6
2925:Prison Legal News
2628:978-0-252-02762-8
2537:978-0-300-12484-2
2495:978-0-19-927883-1
2321:on April 14, 2009
2126:978-0-393-31368-0
1941:978-0-8166-4939-6
1908:978-0-316-75745-4
1429:978-0-9805541-3-7
1328:978-1-4441-4975-3
1220:10.1111/hsc.12749
980:Giorgio Antonucci
940:Civil confinement
877:Maurice Duplessis
873:Duplessis orphans
808:Elizabeth Packard
765:Margaret Thatcher
703:
702:
695:
685:
684:
635:
634:
627:
576:
375:Lunacy Commission
359:Lunacy Commission
323:. This empowered
207:suicidal thoughts
182:
181:
174:
52:is detained in a
4044:
3871:Joanna Moncrieff
3731:Paranoia Network
3498:
3491:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3276:
3275:
3260:
3172:
3140:
3113:
3103:
3094:
3083:10.1037/h0077124
3065:
3020:
3003:
2972:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2917:
2911:
2910:
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2895:
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2818:
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2796:
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2784:
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2747:
2745:
2744:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2669:
2663:
2662:20 June 1958: 3.
2659:Sarasota Journal
2651:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2560:. Jun 18, 2004.
2548:
2542:
2541:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2416:
2410:. Archived from
2405:
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2390:
2389:
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2331:
2330:
2328:
2326:
2311:
2305:
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2300:
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2283:
2282:
2279:studymore.org.uk
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2241:
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2237:
2223:
2217:
2216:
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2112:
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2101:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2007:
1985:
1979:
1978:
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1952:
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1945:
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1712:
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1703:
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1687:
1686:
1684:
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1627:
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1610:
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1569:
1551:
1527:
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1491:
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1484:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1269:
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1222:
1198:
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1118:
1101:
1098:
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1089:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1055:
985:Ulysses contract
950:Criminal justice
837:. In the former
698:
691:
680:
677:
671:
645:
644:
637:
630:
623:
619:
616:
610:
587:
579:
568:
546:
545:
538:
524:General Assembly
467:worked with the
379:Lord Shaftesbury
355:Lord Shaftesbury
341:Bethlem Hospital
287:Around the world
177:
170:
166:
163:
157:
126:
118:
38:civil commitment
4052:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4006:
3942:Crazy Therapies
3922:Against Therapy
3910:
3906:Robert Whitaker
3901:Stephen Ticktin
3836:James Gottstein
3821:Michel Foucault
3806:Judi Chamberlin
3801:Ted Chabasinski
3786:Richard Bentall
3781:Lauretta Bender
3771:Franco Basaglia
3749:
3635:
3507:
3505:Anti-psychiatry
3502:
3472:
3467:
3458:Judicial review
3430:
3409:
3375:
3366:Duty to protect
3349:
3308:
3303:
3271:(United States)
3251:
3248:(United States)
3242:
3237:
3155:(4): 995–1027.
3129:
2992:
2976:Black, George;
2961:
2944:
2942:Further reading
2939:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2919:
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2878:
2877:
2873:
2854:
2853:
2849:
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2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2803:
2799:
2794:. Nov 10, 1992.
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2015:
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1086:
1081:
1077:
1071:being committed
1063:being sectioned
1056:
1052:
1047:
1042:
994:
989:
925:
913:double jeopardy
893:Catholic Church
865:Aurora D'Angelo
793:mental disorder
789:
783:
777:
745:anti-psychiatry
711:Charles Dickens
699:
688:
687:
686:
681:
675:
672:
661:
650:This article's
646:
642:
631:
620:
614:
611:
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588:
547:
543:
536:
518:
510:sexual offences
418:
367:Lunacy Act 1845
333:Nottinghamshire
313:
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261:
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196:
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178:
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50:mental disorder
46:hospitalisation
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3994:
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3969:
3964:
3962:Mad in America
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3893:
3888:
3886:Sascha Scatter
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3831:Erving Goffman
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3687:Icarus Project
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:Recovery model
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3564:Medicalization
3561:
3559:Medical ethics
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
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3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3386:
3384:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3249:
3241:
3240:External links
3238:
3236:
3235:
3230:
3216:
3211:Erving Goffman
3208:
3203:
3198:
3173:
3141:
3127:
3114:
3106:New York Times
3095:
3077:(5): 442–452.
3066:
3021:
3004:
2990:
2973:
2959:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2912:
2896:
2871:
2847:
2822:
2797:
2779:
2764:
2749:
2720:
2695:
2681:. 2010-08-11.
2664:
2646:
2627:
2607:
2567:
2543:
2536:
2518:Moshik, Temkin
2509:
2494:
2476:
2427:
2391:
2352:(4): 185–187.
2332:
2306:
2284:
2266:
2243:
2231:United Nations
2218:
2206:United Nations
2189:
2140:
2125:
2107:
2079:
2046:
2013:
1980:
1947:
1940:
1920:
1911:
1891:
1877:
1868:
1853:
1835:
1820:
1787:
1768:
1761:
1743:
1707:
1688:
1663:
1656:
1636:
1622:
1581:
1519:
1508:(2): 135–147.
1486:
1443:
1428:
1410:
1373:BMC Psychiatry
1359:
1334:
1327:
1307:
1264:
1242:
1193:
1154:(5): 403–417.
1131:
1128:. August 2013.
1112:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1075:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1029:Cool Hand Luke
1026:
1016:
1009:
993:
990:
988:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
924:
921:
821:New York World
779:Main article:
776:
773:
701:
700:
683:
682:
649:
647:
640:
633:
632:
591:
589:
582:
577:
551:
550:
548:
541:
535:
532:
521:United Nations
517:
516:United Nations
514:
434:Kirkbride Plan
430:Constantinople
417:
414:
383:Home Secretary
312:
311:United Kingdom
309:
304:Édouard Séguin
299:
296:
291:Main article:
288:
285:
257:Main article:
254:
251:
222:hallucinations
189:
186:
180:
179:
130:
128:
121:
115:
112:
102:
99:
85:
82:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4049:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4014:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
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3899:
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3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3856:Peter Lehmann
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3846:Jacques Lacan
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Peter Breggin
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Ernest Becker
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3746:
3743:
3741:
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3728:
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3700:
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3665:
3663:
3660:
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3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:Organizations
3638:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3575:
3574:medical model
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
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3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3405:Psychosurgery
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:
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3243:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3124:
3120:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2907:
2900:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2868:
2867:Ex Post Facto
2864:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2812:
2808:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2768:
2760:
2753:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2699:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2611:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2447:(10): 30–40.
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2417:on 2015-02-07
2413:
2409:
2402:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2369:
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2355:
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2343:
2336:
2320:
2316:
2310:
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2276:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2160:(10): 30–40.
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2039:September 28,
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2017:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1854:0-471-15749-X
1850:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1831:Wright, David
1827:
1825:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1762:9780205512133
1758:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1724:(6): 718–26.
1723:
1719:
1711:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1657:9781400858965
1653:
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1541:
1537:
1536:PLOS Medicine
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1507:
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1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
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1363:
1348:
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1338:
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1324:
1321:. CRC Press.
1320:
1319:
1311:
1303:
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1127:
1123:
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1079:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1054:
1050:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1018:Forrest Gump
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
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951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
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914:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
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862:
858:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
829:
828:
823:
822:
817:
816:New York City
813:
809:
804:
802:
798:
794:
788:
782:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
748:
746:
742:
736:
732:
730:
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724:
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712:
708:
697:
694:
679:
669:
665:
659:
658:
653:
648:
639:
638:
629:
626:
618:
608:
604:
598:
597:
592:This section
590:
586:
581:
580:
575:
573:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
549:
540:
539:
531:
529:
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511:
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503:
498:
496:
492:
491:
486:
485:United States
481:
479:
474:
470:
466:
460:
457:
456:
451:
447:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:United States
413:
411:
407:
402:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
361:for 40 years.
360:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
308:
305:
294:
284:
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242:
240:
235:
233:
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210:
208:
203:
201:
195:
185:
176:
173:
165:
155:
151:
147:
141:
140:
136:
131:This section
129:
125:
120:
119:
111:
109:
98:
96:
95:habeas corpus
92:
81:
79:
75:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
29:
22:
3932:Anti-Oedipus
3915:Publications
3896:Thomas Szasz
3866:Loren Mosher
3861:Kate Millett
3811:David Cooper
3796:Paula Caplan
3569:of sexuality
3543:
3463:Human rights
3421:Kendra's Law
3324:
3256:
3222:
3188:
3183:
3179:
3152:
3148:
3118:
3105:
3074:
3070:
3029:
3025:
3019:(15): 15–45.
3016:
3012:
2981:
2978:Munro, Robin
2950:
2928:. Retrieved
2924:
2915:
2899:
2888:. Retrieved
2886:. 2019-11-08
2883:
2874:
2866:
2855:
2850:
2839:. Retrieved
2835:
2825:
2814:. Retrieved
2810:
2800:
2791:
2782:
2767:
2752:
2741:. Retrieved
2732:
2723:
2708:
2698:
2687:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2657:
2649:
2637:. Retrieved
2617:
2610:
2599:. Retrieved
2580:
2570:
2555:
2546:
2522:
2512:
2485:
2479:
2444:
2440:
2430:
2419:. Retrieved
2412:the original
2407:
2394:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2323:. Retrieved
2319:the original
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2287:
2278:
2269:
2252:
2246:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2205:
2192:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2116:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2092:
2082:
2070:. Retrieved
2059:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2026:
2016:
2006:December 11,
2004:. Retrieved
1990:
1983:
1972:. Retrieved
1960:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1899:
1894:
1871:
1844:
1838:
1806:
1802:
1790:
1781:
1771:
1752:
1746:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1697:
1691:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1666:
1646:
1639:
1630:
1625:
1601:(3): 23–26.
1598:
1594:
1584:
1539:
1535:
1505:
1499:
1489:
1459:(1): 55–61.
1456:
1452:
1446:
1419:
1413:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1317:
1310:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1258:
1245:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1151:
1147:
1125:
1116:
1096:
1087:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1011:
909:
905:
854:
851:Tom Stoppard
839:Soviet Union
832:
825:
819:
805:
790:
761:Conservative
749:
738:
734:
729:Enoch Powell
727:
720:
716:Oliver Twist
714:
704:
689:
673:
654:
621:
612:
601:Please help
596:verification
593:
569:
562:
556:
555:Please help
552:
519:
499:
488:
482:
461:
453:
450:human rights
446:civil rights
438:
419:
403:
399:
390:
377:, headed by
364:
317:mentally ill
314:
301:
278:
274:Kendra's Law
262:
243:
236:
232:twin studies
212:People with
211:
205:People with
204:
197:
183:
168:
162:October 2017
159:
144:Please help
132:
104:
87:
70:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:
3891:David Smail
3851:R. D. Laing
3761:Linda Andre
3448:Court order
3426:Laura's Law
2299:21 December
2072:December 1,
965:Medical law
845:to isolate
325:magistrates
270:Laura's Law
114:Observation
91:incompetent
4026:Categories
3876:David Oaks
3395:Castration
3371:Automatism
3354:Principles
3345:Psychiatry
3329:by country
3180:Resolution
2930:2020-12-03
2890:2020-11-18
2841:2020-11-18
2816:2020-11-18
2743:2020-07-13
2689:2020-07-13
2601:2020-07-14
2421:2013-08-14
1974:2023-07-10
1809:(4): 482.
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