1062:) could efficiently replace the water molecules that normally shield potassium ions, but that sodium ions were smaller and cannot be completely dehydrated to allow such shielding, and therefore could not pass through. This mechanism was finally confirmed when the first structure of an ion channel was elucidated. A bacterial potassium channel KcsA, consisting of just the selectivity filter, "P" loop, and two transmembrane helices was used as a model to study the permeability and the selectivity of ion channels in the Mackinnon lab. The determination of the molecular structure of KcsA by
1078:
membranes with detergent, many researchers regard images that have been obtained as tentative. An example is the long-awaited crystal structure of a voltage-gated potassium channel, which was reported in May 2003. One inevitable ambiguity about these structures relates to the strong evidence that channels change conformation as they operate (they open and close, for example), such that the structure in the crystal could represent any one of these operational states. Most of what researchers have deduced about channel operation so far they have established through
1502:
42:
581:, this group of channels open in response to specific ligand molecules binding to the extracellular domain of the receptor protein. Ligand binding causes a conformational change in the structure of the channel protein that ultimately leads to the opening of the channel gate and subsequent ion flux across the plasma membrane. Examples of such channels include the cation-permeable
542:: Voltage-gated proton channels open with depolarization, but in a strongly pH-sensitive manner. The result is that these channels open only when the electrochemical gradient is outward, such that their opening will only allow protons to leave cells. Their function thus appears to be acid extrusion from cells. Another important function occurs in phagocytes (e.g.
679:: These channels allow potassium ions to flow into the cell in an "inwardly rectifying" manner: potassium flows more efficiently into than out of the cell. This family is composed of 15 official and 1 unofficial member and is further subdivided into 7 subfamilies based on homology. These channels are affected by intracellular
270:). Ions often move through the segments of the channel pore in a single file nearly as quickly as the ions move through the free solution. In many ion channels, passage through the pore is governed by a "gate", which may be opened or closed in response to chemical or electrical signals, temperature, or mechanical force.
653:. The voltage activated potassium channel (Kv) is regulated by PA. Its midpoint of activation shifts +50 mV upon PA hydrolysis, near resting membrane potentials. This suggests Kv could be opened by lipid hydrolysis independent of voltage and may qualify this channel as dual lipid and voltage gated channel.
528:, which alter the voltage sensitivity of the channel's opening. These channels are permeable to the monovalent cations K and Na. There are 4 members of this family, all of which form tetramers of six-transmembrane α subunits. As these channels open under hyperpolarizing conditions, they function as
1077:
Because of their small size and the difficulty of crystallizing integral membrane proteins for X-ray analysis, it is only very recently that scientists have been able to directly examine what channels "look like." Particularly in cases where the crystallography required removing channels from their
2598:
Other than Ca2+ and Na+ channels that are formed by four intramolecular repeats, together forming the tetrameric channel's pore, the new channel had just two Shaker-like repeats, each of which was equipped with one pore domain. Because of this unusual topology, this channel, present in animals as
317:
that organisms have evolved for shutting down the nervous systems of predators and prey (e.g., the venoms produced by spiders, scorpions, snakes, fish, bees, sea snails, and others) work by modulating ion channel conductance and/or kinetics. In addition, ion channels are key components in a wide
3486:
An expansive review of bioelectrical characteristics from 1987. ... the observation of an inductance (negative capacitance) by Cole and Baker (1941) during measurements of the AC electrical properties of squid axons led directly to the concept of voltage-gated membrane pores, as embodied in the
3543:
with electrodes and pass through an alternating current, and then notice that sometimes the voltage rises with time, and sometimes it decreases. The inductive reactance is a property of the axon and requires that it contain an inductive structure. The variation of the impedance with interpolar
1042:), the ways in which they may be regulated, the number of subunits of which they are composed and other aspects of structure. Channels belonging to the largest class, which includes the voltage-gated channels that underlie the nerve impulse, consist of four or sometimes five subunits with six
414:) and consist of four homologous repeat domains (I-IV) each comprising six transmembrane segments (S1-S6) for a total of 24 transmembrane segments. The members of this family also coassemble with auxiliary β subunits, each spanning the membrane once. Both α and β subunits are extensively
428:δ, β, and γ subunits. These channels play an important role in both linking muscle excitation with contraction as well as neuronal excitation with transmitter release. The α subunits have an overall structural resemblance to those of the sodium channels and are equally large.
192:
376:
Ion channels may be classified by gating, i.e. what opens and closes the channels. For example, voltage-gated ion channels open or close depending on the voltage gradient across the plasma membrane, while ligand-gated ion channels open or close depending on binding of
919:
Ion channels are also classified according to their subcellular localization. The plasma membrane accounts for around 2% of the total membrane in the cell, whereas intracellular organelles contain 98% of the cell's membrane. The major intracellular compartments are
1097:
Channels can have single (CLICs) to multiple transmembrane (K channels, P2X receptors, Na channels) domains which span plasma membrane to form pores. Pore can determine the selectivity of the channel. Gate can be formed either inside or outside the pore region.
1046:
each. On activation, these helices move about and open the pore. Two of these six helices are separated by a loop that lines the pore and is the primary determinant of ion selectivity and conductance in this channel class and some others.
761:: This superfamily of channels contains two families: the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels and the hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. This grouping is functional rather than evolutionary.
485:. These channels also vary according to the ion(s) they pass, some being selective for Ca while others are less selective, acting as cation channels. This family is subdivided into 6 subfamilies based on homology: classical (
997:. These channels also vary according to the ion(s) they pass, some being selective for Ca while others are less selective cation channels. This family is subdivided into 6 subfamilies based on homology: canonical TRP (
1281:
There are a number of disorders which disrupt normal functioning of ion channels and have disastrous consequences for the organism. Genetic and autoimmune disorders of ion channels and their modifiers are known as
772:. These channels are primarily permeable to monovalent cations such as K and Na. They are also permeable to Ca, though it acts to close them. There are 6 members of this family, which is divided into 2 subfamilies.
1451:, published in 1952. They built on the work of other physiologists, such as Cole and Baker's research into voltage-gated membrane pores from 1941. The existence of ion channels was confirmed in the 1970s by
368:
give rise to a specific kind of current. Absence or mutation of one or more of the contributing types of channel subunits can result in loss of function and, potentially, underlie neurologic diseases.
562:(ROS) that help kill bacteria. NADPH oxidase is electrogenic, moving electrons across the membrane, and proton channels open to allow proton flux to balance the electron movement electrically.
473:
phototransduction. This family, containing at least 28 members, is incredibly diverse in its method of activation. Some TRP channels seem to be constitutively open, while others are gated by
2841:
Lu, Yi; Yue, Chen-Xi; Zhang, Li; Yao, Deqiang; Xia, Ying; Zhang, Qing; Zhang, Xinchen; Li, Shaobai; Shen, Yafeng; Cao, Mi; Guo, Chang-Run; Qin, An; Zhao, Jie; Zhou, Lu; Yu, Ye (2024-09-26).
3186:
Doyle DA, Morais Cabral J, Pfuetzner RA, Kuo A, Gulbis JM, Cohen SL, et al. (April 1998). "The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity".
1423:, upregulation of gBK potassium channels and ClC-3 chloride channels enables glioblastoma cells to migrate within the brain, which may lead to the diffuse growth patterns of these tumors.
977:
visual phototransduction. This family, containing at least 28 members, is diverse in its mechanisms of activation. Some TRP channels remain constitutively open, while others are gated by
1475:, the technique's inventors. Hundreds if not thousands of researchers continue to pursue a more detailed understanding of how these proteins work. In recent years the development of
454:): This family contains almost 40 members, which are further divided into 12 subfamilies. These channels are known mainly for their role in repolarizing the cell membrane following
808:: This superfamily of channels consists of approximately 13 members. They include ClCs, CLICs, Bestrophins and CFTRs. These channels are non-selective for small anions; however
2651:
The best candidate for a vacuolar Ca2+ release channel is TPC1, a homolog of a mammalian voltage-gated Ca2+ channel that possesses two pores and twelve membrane spans.
2099:
Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (July 6, 2023).
9715:
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250:. They are often described as narrow, water-filled tunnels that allow only ions of a certain size and/or charge to pass through. This characteristic is called
7227:
735:
include ligand-gated and voltage-gated cation channels, so-named because they contain two pore-forming subunits. As their name suggests, they have two pores.
7098:
9548:
9543:
9533:
1531:. The artwork contains a wire object representing the channel's interior with a blown glass object representing the main cavity of the channel structure.
9483:
8772:
5903:
5089:
4341:
4274:
7156:
7151:
1058:. The idea of the ionic selectivity for potassium channels was that the carbonyl oxygens of the protein backbones of the "selectivity filter" (named by
630:
molecules binding to the channel's transmembrane domain typically near the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (
7222:
691:βγ subunits. They are involved in important physiological processes such as pacemaker activity in the heart, insulin release, and potassium uptake in
7108:
6818:
6758:
6663:
6001:
1235:
Several compounds are known to promote the opening or activation of specific ion channels. These are classified by the channel on which they act:
2876:
Lim C, Dudev T (2016). "Potassium Versus Sodium
Selectivity in Monovalent Ion Channel Selectivity Filters". In Sigel A, Sigel H, Sigel R (eds.).
1320:
883:
520:
rather than the depolarization required for other cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. These channels are also sensitive to the cyclic nucleotides
9617:
8238:
6983:
6928:
6923:
6888:
9099:
8862:
8792:
7721:
7578:
7453:
7197:
7045:
7008:
6908:
6903:
6803:
6788:
6783:
6748:
727:. Contrary to their common name of 'Two-pore-domain potassium channels', these channels have only one pore but two pore domains per subunit.
458:. The α subunits have six transmembrane segments, homologous to a single domain of the sodium channels. Correspondingly, they assemble as
8418:
7841:
7816:
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7378:
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6958:
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9301:
8423:
8403:
8388:
8358:
7776:
7686:
7118:
7023:
7013:
6993:
6973:
6953:
254:. The archetypal channel pore is just one or two atoms wide at its narrowest point and is selective for specific species of ion, such as
9337:
9094:
9089:
9074:
8378:
7292:
7075:
7826:
7806:
7202:
7182:
226:, which is a function of ion concentration and membrane potential, "downhill", without the input (or help) of metabolic energy (e.g.
3594:
The Weiss Lab is investigating the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying human diseases caused by dysfunction of ion channels
262:. However, some channels may be permeable to the passage of more than one type of ion, typically sharing a common charge: positive (
9119:
8441:
8090:
7187:
357:
There are over 300 types of ion channels just in the cells of the inner ear. Ion channels may be classified by the nature of their
641:) are the best-characterized lipids to gate these channels. Many of the leak potassium channels are gated by lipids including the
9357:
7310:
5896:
5285:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
3229:
Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, Ruta V, Cadene M, Chait BT, MacKinnon R (May 2003). "X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel".
1300:
2794:"Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases"
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1304:
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676:
642:
9652:
8142:
2893:
2524:
2108:
1983:
1860:
1828:
1751:
1444:
953:
Mitochondrial channels: mPTP, KATP, BK, IK, CLIC5, Kv7.4 at the inner membrane and VDAC and CLIC4 as outer membrane channels.
631:
8582:
8560:
6656:
5342:
4523:
968:
712:
466:
439:
1130:(inorganic and organic molecules) can modulate ion channel activity and conductance. Some commonly used blockers include:
939:
Examples: Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv), Sodium channels (Nav), Calcium channels (Cav) and
Chloride channels (ClC)
9745:
8455:
5240:
4261:
3439:"The passive electrical properties of biological systems: their significance in physiology, biophysics and biotechnology"
826:
706:
215:
There are two distinctive features of ion channels that differentiate them from other types of ion transporter proteins:
2757:
The
Arabidopsis two‐pore channel (AtTPC1) has been predicted to have 12 transmembrane helices and two pores (red lines).
9384:
6689:
5889:
5026:
3487:
celebrated
Hodgkin-Huxley (1952) treatment (Cole 1972, Jack er a1 1975), as the crucial mechanism of neurotransmission.
6312:
6300:
7654:
6332:
6209:
776:
758:
293:, the pore-forming subunit(s) are called the α subunit, while the auxiliary subunits are denoted β, γ, and so on.
8345:
8165:
6649:
5619:
4618:
4396:
3712:
2705:
Organellar two-pore channels (TPCs) are an interesting type of channel that, as the name suggests, has two pores.
820:
764:
Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels: This family of channels is characterized by activation by either intracellular
513:
447:
5881:
6345:
5641:
1769:"Membrane positioning for high- and low-resolution protein structures through a binary classification approach"
1342:
1314:
769:
765:
525:
521:
361:, the species of ions passing through those gates, the number of gates (pores), and localization of proteins.
8912:
8642:
5850:
3761:
2126:"ASIC and ENaC type sodium channels: conformational states and the structures of the ion selectivity filters"
994:
892:
482:
421:
3557:
9711:
5216:
4128:
2983:"Negative conductance caused by entry of sodium and cesium ions into the potassium channels of squid axons"
2483:
1393:
1383:
1336:
1112:
Chemical substances can modulate the activity of ion channels, for example by blocking or activating them.
906:
862:
752:
539:
403:
132:
volume. Ion channels are present in the membranes of all cells. Ion channels are one of the two classes of
17:
3605:
3589:
554:) during the "respiratory burst." When bacteria or other microbes are engulfed by phagocytes, the enzyme
9735:
9691:
5491:
517:
1476:
1297:
mutations cause a defect in the voltage gated ion channels, slowing down the repolarization of the cell.
695:. They contain only two transmembrane segments, corresponding to the core pore-forming segments of the K
62:
9740:
6367:
6324:
3669:
3653:
358:
109:
101:
1816:
9760:
9677:
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978:
868:
474:
390:
290:
274:
3280:
Lunin VV, Dobrovetsky E, Khutoreskaya G, Zhang R, Joachimiak A, Doyle DA, et al. (April 2006).
2665:"Recent advances in our understanding of the structure and function of more unusual cation channels"
1572:
1486:
for his studies on the physico-chemical properties of ion channel structure and function, including
971:: This group of channels, normally referred to simply as TRP channels, is named after their role in
469:: This group of channels, normally referred to simply as TRP channels, is named after their role in
9579:
9497:
9398:
9315:
9184:
8607:
8504:
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8105:
6381:
5920:
5835:
4096:
3972:
3638:
3632:
2056:
Vicini S (April 1999). "New perspectives in the functional role of GABA(A) channel heterogeneity".
1848:
1287:
1257:
1071:
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572:
431:
223:
9755:
9525:
9461:
8797:
6703:
5840:
1711:
1420:
1248:
837:
578:
559:
219:
The rate of ion transport through the channel is very high (often 10 ions per second or greater).
9329:
9265:
8656:
7622:
7613:
7177:
7164:
7146:
7088:
6712:
6568:
5871:
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3837:
3817:
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1597:
1592:
1528:
1310:
1239:
902:: These non-selectively allow many types of cations, mainly Na, K and Ca, through the channel.
680:
582:
251:
227:
2516:
9750:
9293:
9194:
5916:
3646:
2487:
1516:
based on the molecule's atomic coordinates that were determined by MacKinnon's group in 2001.
1487:
1432:
The fundamental properties of currents mediated by ion channels were analyzed by the
British
1409:
1266:
947:
921:
609:
434:: This small family of channels, normally referred to as Catsper channels, is related to the
378:
168:
2508:
608:
Ion channels activated by second messengers may also be categorized in this group, although
8887:
7418:
7353:
7333:
3744:
3453:
3293:
3238:
3195:
2561:
2553:
2290:
2233:
1216:
845:
720:
164:
1050:
The existence and mechanism for ion selectivity was first postulated in the late 1960s by
8:
9538:
7676:
7080:
6581:
2542:"Structure, inhibition and regulation of two-pore channel TPC1 from Arabidopsis thaliana"
2222:"Structural basis of PIP2 activation of the classical inward rectifier K+ channel Kir2.2"
1577:
1509:
1419:
Mutations in and overexpression of ion channels are important events in cancer cells. In
1204:
1127:
1121:
1043:
586:
3628:
3457:
3297:
3242:
3199:
2557:
2294:
2237:
285:
proteins closely packed around a water-filled pore through the plane of the membrane or
7948:
7943:
7846:
7553:
7323:
6384:
6119:
5928:
5211:
4087:
3734:
3525:
3500:
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3387:
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3314:
3281:
3262:
3163:
3138:
3111:
3086:
3059:
3034:
3007:
2982:
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2933:
2818:
2793:
2748:
2691:
2664:
2637:
2612:
2584:
2541:
2460:
2433:
2409:
2384:
2360:
2335:
2311:
2278:
2254:
2221:
2197:
2172:
2153:
2081:
2033:
2008:
1943:
1918:
1693:
1684:
1668:
1644:
1617:
1550:
1520:
1513:
1483:
1230:
1063:
478:
396:
364:
Further heterogeneity of ion channels arises when channels with different constitutive
330:
282:
3622:
a manually curated database of protein-protein interactions for mammalian TRP channels
2842:
2780:
It is believed that TPCs, with their two pores, dimerise to form a functional channel.
1975:
1767:
Postic, Guillaume; Ghouzam, Yassine; Guiraud, Vincent; Gelly, Jean-Christophe (2016).
200:
9597:
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3012:
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2718:
2696:
2642:
2589:
2520:
2509:
2465:
2414:
2400:
2365:
2316:
2259:
2202:
2145:
2104:
2073:
2038:
1989:
1979:
1948:
1899:
1856:
1824:
1790:
1747:
1649:
1587:
1545:
1490:
1460:
1369:
1351:
1180:
1107:
1079:
815:
638:
529:
435:
196:
148:
2157:
9375:
8872:
8787:
8587:
8306:
8095:
7433:
6426:
6159:
5018:
3999:
3540:
3520:
3512:
3461:
3438:
3409:
3399:
3358:
3350:
3309:
3301:
3266:
3246:
3203:
3158:
3150:
3106:
3098:
3087:"Ionic selectivity, saturation, and block in sodium channels. A four-barrier model"
3054:
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3002:
2994:
2953:
2945:
2881:
2850:
2813:
2805:
2770:
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2579:
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2445:
2404:
2396:
2355:
2347:
2306:
2298:
2249:
2241:
2192:
2184:
2137:
2085:
2065:
2028:
2020:
1971:
1938:
1930:
1889:
1780:
1688:
1680:
1639:
1629:
1448:
1379:
1354:
1347:
805:
742:
732:
662:
459:
455:
407:
235:
105:
93:
35:
2843:"Structural basis for inositol pyrophosphate gating of the phosphate channel XPR1"
709:: This family of channels is activated by intracellular Ca and contains 8 members.
410:
creation and propagation. The pore-forming α subunits are very large (up to 4,000
9627:
9622:
9592:
9421:
9416:
9019:
8984:
8974:
8939:
8546:
8521:
7988:
7681:
7563:
6718:
6680:
5911:
5554:
3694:
3558:"The crucible: Art inspired by science should be more than just a pretty picture"
3035:"Potassium channels in myelinated nerve. Selective permeability to small cations"
2885:
2351:
2188:
1403:
1326:
1211:
1067:
925:
876:
857:
365:
323:
278:
137:
125:
74:
3207:
1329:(EA), characterized by sporadic bouts of severe discoordination with or without
9602:
9558:
9149:
9049:
8959:
8633:
8489:
8432:
8277:
8233:
8188:
7933:
7923:
7543:
7463:
7060:
6963:
5993:
5945:
5350:
4037:
3354:
2934:"The permeability of the sodium channel to organic cations in myelinated nerve"
2809:
1894:
1877:
1456:
1389:
1373:
1252:
1152:
1055:
1018:
964:
Some ion channels are classified by the duration of their response to stimuli:
944:
Intracellular channels, which are further classified into different organelles
506:
319:
310:
129:
50:
31:
7093:
6688:
2628:
2024:
1618:"Emerging Roles of the Membrane Potential: Action Beyond the Action Potential"
424:: This family contains 10 members, though these are known to coassemble with α
9729:
9612:
9505:
9451:
9436:
9222:
9159:
8892:
8837:
8832:
8822:
8777:
8597:
8531:
8383:
8193:
8178:
8023:
7716:
7598:
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7318:
7297:
7272:
7192:
6813:
6808:
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5985:
5937:
5304:
4977:
2917:
2862:
2092:
1785:
1768:
1634:
1440:
1397:
1333:, and can be provoked by stress, startle, or heavy exertion such as exercise.
1283:
1035:
666:
646:
598:
594:
555:
415:
327:
318:
variety of biological processes that involve rapid changes in cells, such as
302:
286:
277:, typically formed as assemblies of several individual proteins. Such "multi-
243:
208:
156:
117:
82:
5337:
5235:
2854:
2279:"TRPV1 structures in nanodiscs reveal mechanisms of ligand and lipid action"
886:(XPR1), has been identified in animals. It is a pyrophosphate-gated channel.
9484:
9232:
9144:
9134:
9044:
8979:
8877:
8807:
8742:
8732:
8687:
8311:
8296:
8243:
8198:
8053:
8008:
7993:
7983:
7968:
7908:
7548:
7528:
7468:
7018:
6873:
6733:
6589:
5657:
5048:
3534:
3423:
3372:
3323:
3258:
3172:
3134:
3082:
3030:
2929:
2903:
2827:
2744:
2700:
2646:
2593:
2469:
2418:
2369:
2320:
2263:
2206:
2149:
2077:
2042:
1993:
1952:
1903:
1844:
1794:
1739:
1653:
1472:
1452:
1436:
1134:
1083:
1059:
1051:
1039:
929:
841:
716:
305:
and because "transmitter-activated" channels mediate conduction across the
231:
180:
152:
3473:
3404:
3215:
3154:
3120:
3068:
3016:
2967:
2177:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
1479:
helped to increase significantly the throughput in ion channel screening.
812:
is the most abundant anion, and hence they are known as chloride channels.
349:
release. In the search for new drugs, ion channels are a frequent target.
9283:
9237:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9029:
9014:
9009:
8964:
8943:
8935:
8847:
8842:
8827:
8812:
8747:
8692:
8268:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8228:
8213:
8203:
8183:
8085:
8068:
8058:
8048:
8038:
8033:
8003:
7978:
7973:
7953:
7938:
7903:
7888:
7851:
7786:
7746:
7736:
7593:
7588:
7573:
7558:
7498:
7363:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7247:
7242:
7123:
7070:
7065:
7050:
6893:
6868:
6858:
6848:
6838:
6828:
6743:
6738:
6728:
6641:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5459:
5298:
3516:
3102:
3050:
2998:
2949:
1808:
1563:
1540:
1468:
1464:
1294:
1199:
1186:
1166:
1138:
1091:
784:
551:
547:
543:
406:: This family contains at least 9 members and is largely responsible for
204:
172:
160:
100:
to pass through the channel pore. Their functions include establishing a
3305:
3250:
3139:"Journal of General Physiology: Membrane permeation and ion selectivity"
2880:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 16. Springer. pp. 325–47.
2575:
2450:
2302:
2245:
9587:
9515:
9510:
9446:
9441:
9431:
9426:
9406:
9227:
9216:
9212:
9179:
9064:
9059:
9034:
9024:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8930:
8920:
8902:
8897:
8867:
8857:
8817:
8782:
8737:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8702:
8667:
8592:
8536:
8513:
8481:
8408:
8368:
8326:
8316:
8291:
8263:
8223:
8208:
8128:
8123:
8063:
8043:
8028:
8018:
7883:
7873:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7781:
7741:
7696:
7691:
7603:
7583:
7523:
7513:
7443:
7423:
7408:
7398:
7388:
7373:
7358:
7348:
7338:
7328:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7252:
7232:
7212:
7138:
7128:
7113:
7103:
7055:
7003:
6938:
6863:
6853:
6843:
6823:
6798:
6793:
6773:
6753:
6723:
5567:
4933:
4301:
4269:
2141:
2069:
1812:
1582:
1433:
1031:
990:
973:
755:
open under the influence of stretch, pressure, shear, and displacement.
470:
411:
334:
144:
2007:
Gabashvili IS, Sokolowski BH, Morton CC, Giersch AB (September 2007).
1746:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer Associates, Inc. p. 5.
1307:(HyperPP) are caused by a defect in voltage-dependent sodium channels.
9607:
9553:
9469:
9352:
9342:
9273:
9202:
9164:
9139:
9129:
9054:
9004:
8949:
8925:
8852:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8712:
8707:
8697:
8682:
8541:
8413:
8393:
8373:
8363:
8321:
8301:
8218:
8013:
7928:
7918:
7898:
7836:
7821:
7811:
7771:
7756:
7726:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7627:
7568:
7518:
7508:
7503:
7488:
7478:
7458:
7448:
7428:
7403:
7033:
6998:
6978:
6943:
6933:
6898:
6883:
5652:
5562:
1406:
is caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which is a chloride channel.
1261:
1243:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1148:
849:
724:
688:
259:
247:
133:
121:
3668:
2434:"Phosphatidic acid modulation of Kv channel voltage sensor function"
1966:
Camerino DC, Desaphy JF, Tricarico D, Pierno S, Liantonio A (2008).
1934:
1851:. In Siegel GJ, Agranoff BW, Albers RW, Fisher SK, Uhler MD (eds.).
1030:
Channels differ with respect to the ion they let pass (for example,
281:" assemblies usually involve a circular arrangement of identical or
9278:
9084:
9079:
9039:
8954:
8802:
8677:
8615:
7998:
7963:
7868:
7483:
7413:
7383:
7343:
7237:
7028:
6988:
6968:
5665:
5013:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3909:
3904:
2566:
2125:
1715:
1558:
1501:
1361:
1357:
1330:
1156:
809:
612:
and second messengers are otherwise distinguished from each other.
342:
9347:
9169:
8969:
8494:
7893:
7831:
7493:
7473:
7169:
7040:
6516:
6511:
6260:
5792:
5549:
5385:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3279:
2006:
669:– rather than from outside the cell, as in the case for ligands.
533:
346:
306:
2717:
Jammes F, Hu HC, Villiers F, Bouten R, Kwak JM (November 2011).
932:. On the basis of localization, ion channels are classified as:
9173:
8437:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
8286:
8282:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
7958:
7878:
7761:
7751:
7533:
7302:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6144:
6136:
6128:
6089:
6081:
6073:
6065:
6057:
6049:
6041:
6033:
6025:
6017:
6009:
5469:
5464:
5198:
5193:
5139:
5134:
4950:
4938:
4928:
4923:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4670:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4417:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4165:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3830:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
2173:"Lipid agonism: The PIP2 paradigm of ligand-gated ion channels"
1615:
1459:
using noise analysis . It was then shown more directly with an
1413:
1193:
746:
338:
263:
255:
176:
3597:
3185:
1965:
1853:
Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular, and medical aspects
1807:
1220:(brown huntsman spider or laya) and blocks potassium channels.
41:
9653:
8143:
7913:
7766:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6549:
6541:
6476:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6290:
6285:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5703:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5541:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5280:
5224:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5053:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4945:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4864:
4859:
4845:
4840:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4812:
4807:
4798:
4793:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4684:
4679:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4501:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4427:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4326:
4311:
4306:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4190:
4170:
4155:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4009:
4004:
3727:
3722:
3717:
1190:
1142:
1014:
986:
792:
788:
627:
502:
267:
8561:
3617:
191:
9489:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
9411:
8456:
8114:
8076:
7859:
6199:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5498:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5407:
5360:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5036:
4854:
4412:
3749:
3739:
2772:
Molecular characterisation of NAADP-gated two-pore channels
1554:
1365:
1087:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
692:
498:
494:
490:
486:
97:
9385:
6690:
2515:(8th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p.
914:
4356:
4316:
3612:. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology.
3544:
distance indicates that the inductance is in the membrane
2098:
2013:
Journal of the
Association for Research in Otolaryngology
1766:
1270:
645:
and two pore domain potassium channels TREK-1 and TRAAK.
395:
Voltage-gated ion channels open and close in response to
113:
7655:
1875:
1208:(Eastern Indian scorpion) and blocks potassium channels.
882:
Phosphate chanels: To date, only one phosphate channel,
8346:
8166:
2431:
1970:. Advances in Genetics. Vol. 64. pp. 81–145.
1734:
1732:
982:
2716:
1815:, LaMantia AS, McNamara JO, Williams SM, eds. (2001).
309:, channels are especially prominent components of the
179:. Their classification as molecules is referred to as
8643:
1849:"Chapter 6: Electrical Excitability and Ion Channels"
1666:
1482:
The Nobel Prize in
Chemistry for 2003 was awarded to
626:
This group of channels opens in response to specific
2432:
Hite RK, Butterwick JA, MacKinnon R (October 2014).
2333:
2103:. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 12.4 The Action Potential.
1801:
1729:
1527:, a 5-foot (1.5 m) tall sculpture based on the
661:
Gating also includes activation and inactivation by
597:, and the anion-permeable γ-aminobutyric acid-gated
6580:
2599:
well as plants, was named Two Pore
Channel1 (TPC1).
2334:Cabanos C, Wang M, Han X, Hansen SB (August 2017).
1876:Camerino DC, Tricarico D, Desaphy JF (April 2007).
1667:Alexander SP, Mathie A, Peters JA (November 2011).
715:: This family of 15 members form what are known as
3339:"Ion Channel Functions in Early Brain Development"
2980:
2791:
2219:
1616:Abdul Kadir L, Stacey M, Barrett-Jolley R (2018).
840:: This family of 15 members form what is known as
566:
246:of all excitable cells, and of many intracellular
9678:
9252:
2276:
799:
9727:
9316:
5826:
3501:"Longitudinal Impedance of the Squid Giant Axon"
3282:"Crystal structure of the CorA Mg2+ transporter"
3228:
2662:
1837:
1412:is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the
1392:is a developmental brain malformation caused by
1159:". It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels.
795:, are opened either by hot or cold temperatures.
558:assembles in the membrane and begins to produce
9716:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
3511:(6). The Rockefeller University Press: 771–88.
2613:"The ins and outs of cellular Ca(2+) transport"
1916:
1321:Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus
884:Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1
2785:
2610:
2009:"Ion channel gene expression in the inner ear"
1968:Therapeutic Approaches to Ion Channel Diseases
1843:
9658:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
8148:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
6657:
5897:
3654:
3610:IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels
2840:
2539:
2382:
2277:Gao Y, Cao E, Julius D, Cheng Y (June 2016).
2220:Hansen SB, Tao X, MacKinnon R (August 2011).
211:and were calculated with the ANVIL algorithm.
8566:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
3273:
3222:
3127:
3075:
2000:
1959:
1382:is another ventricular arrhythmia caused by
8464:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
3179:
3023:
2981:Bezanilla F, Armstrong CM (November 1972).
2974:
2922:
2719:"Calcium-permeable channels in plant cells"
2663:Brown BM, Nguyen HM, Wulff H (2019-01-30).
1910:
1869:
783:Temperature-gated channels: Members of the
371:
9390:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
7682:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
6695:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
6671:
6664:
6650:
5904:
5890:
3661:
3647:
3436:
3336:
2918:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02486-9
2878:The Alkali Metal Ions: Their Role for Life
1364:in one or more of presently ten different
703:channels. Their α subunits form tetramers.
516:: The opening of these channels is due to
4245:
3690:
3631:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
3524:
3498:
3413:
3403:
3362:
3313:
3162:
3110:
3058:
3006:
2957:
2817:
2734:
2690:
2680:
2636:
2583:
2565:
2459:
2449:
2408:
2359:
2310:
2253:
2196:
2123:
2032:
1942:
1917:Verkman AS, Galietta LJ (February 2009).
1893:
1784:
1773:Protein Engineering, Design and Selection
1692:
1643:
1633:
1224:
314:
143:The study of ion channels often involves
7660:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
3539:Describes what happens when you stick a
3385:
2875:
2611:Spalding EP, Harper JF (December 2011).
1823:(2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates Inc.
1500:
1145:for defense. It blocks sodium channels.
1017:), and ankyrin transmembrane protein 1 (
959:
785:transient receptor potential ion channel
532:channels in the heart, particularly the
505:), and ankyrin transmembrane protein 1 (
190:
40:
8354:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
8174:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
5814:
4033:
2792:Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A (April 2016).
1301:Equine hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
1115:
915:Classification by cellular localization
14:
9728:
2768:
2500:
2170:
2055:
1817:"Chapter 4: Channels and Transporters"
1305:human hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis
222:Ions pass through channels down their
120:, controlling the flow of ions across
8648:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
6645:
5885:
5813:
4998:
4244:
4032:
3689:
3642:
3133:
3081:
3029:
2928:
1738:
1706:
1704:
1025:
969:Transient receptor potential channels
907:transient receptor potential channels
467:transient receptor potential channels
45:Schematic diagram of an ion channel.
8583:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
3555:
3337:Smith RS, Walsh CA (February 2020).
2540:Kintzer AF, Stroud RM (March 2016).
2506:
2383:Brown DA, Passmore GM (April 2009).
1760:
1512:. The sculpture was commissioned by
827:Calcium-activated potassium channels
713:Tandem pore domain potassium channel
707:Calcium-activated potassium channels
587:ionotropic glutamate-gated receptors
242:Ion channels are located within the
203:). The two gray planes indicate the
7677:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
5027:Calcium-activated chloride channels
1919:"Chloride channels as drug targets"
1744:Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes
833:Inward-rectifier potassium channels
677:Inward-rectifier potassium channels
643:inward-rectifier potassium channels
481:, pH, redox state, osmolarity, and
155:, while using techniques including
24:
4097:Amiloride-sensitive cation channel
1855:. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven.
1701:
1685:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01649_5.x
838:Two-pore-domain potassium channels
296:
69:- diameter of selectivity filter,
25:
9772:
9683:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
9257:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
4999:
3582:
3505:The Journal of General Physiology
3437:Pethig R, Kell DB (August 1987).
3143:The Journal of General Physiology
3091:The Journal of General Physiology
3039:The Journal of General Physiology
2987:The Journal of General Physiology
2938:The Journal of General Physiology
2484:"Two P domain potassium channels"
2336:"2 Antagonism of TREK-1 Channels"
1467:", which led to a Nobel Prize to
583:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
462:to produce a functioning channel.
337:transport of nutrients and ions,
186:
9321:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
2736:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08369.x
2617:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
2401:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00111.x
1372:and all of which affect cardiac
1196:, and blocks potassium channels.
1183:which block sodium ion channels.
821:Voltage-gated potassium channels
777:cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
759:Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
514:cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
448:Voltage-gated potassium channels
384:
108:and other electrical signals by
5620:Voltage-dependent anion channel
3713:Inositol trisphosphate receptor
3549:
3499:Cole KS, Baker RF (July 1941).
3492:
3446:Physics in Medicine and Biology
3430:
3379:
3330:
2910:
2869:
2834:
2762:
2710:
2656:
2604:
2533:
2476:
2425:
2389:British Journal of Pharmacology
2376:
2327:
2270:
2213:
2164:
2117:
2049:
1811:, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D,
1673:British Journal of Pharmacology
1101:
656:
567:Ligand-gated (neurotransmitter)
7139:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
5642:General bacterial porin family
3388:"Ion channels in glioblastoma"
2682:10.12688/f1000research.17163.1
1923:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery
1660:
1609:
1461:electrical recording technique
1343:Spinocerebellar ataxia type 13
1315:potassium-aggravated myotonias
800:Classification by type of ions
615:
422:Voltage-gated calcium channels
301:Because channels underlie the
53:(typically four per channel),
13:
1:
9712:Receptor/signaling modulators
7114:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
2124:Hanukoglu I (February 2017).
1976:10.1016/S0065-2660(08)00804-3
1603:
1477:automated patch clamp devices
900:Non-selective cation channels
893:Voltage-gated proton channels
863:Voltage-gated sodium channels
829:e.g., BKCa or MaxiK, SK, etc.
753:Mechanosensitive ion channels
647:KCNQ potassium channel family
540:Voltage-gated proton channels
404:Voltage-gated sodium channels
27:Pore-forming membrane protein
3606:"Voltage-Gated Ion Channels"
2886:10.1007/978-3-319-21756-7_10
2385:"Neural KCNQ (Kv7) channels"
2352:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.034
2189:10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.011
1394:voltage-gated sodium channel
1384:voltage-gated sodium channel
1337:Familial hemiplegic migraine
775:Hyperpolarization-activated
512:Hyperpolarization-activated
352:
7:
3208:10.1126/science.280.5360.69
2769:Hooper R (September 2011).
1534:
1276:
10:
9777:
9746:Integral membrane proteins
8675:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
5061:Chloride Channel Accessory
3670:Membrane transport protein
3466:10.1088/0031-9155/32/8/001
3355:10.1016/j.tins.2019.12.004
2810:10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061
1895:10.1016/j.nurt.2007.01.013
1878:"Ion channel pharmacology"
1573:Lipid bilayer ion channels
1496:
1427:
1228:
1119:
1105:
950:channels: RyR, SERCA, ORAi
869:Epithelial sodium channels
619:
570:
388:
291:voltage-gated ion channels
275:integral membrane proteins
136:proteins, the other being
102:resting membrane potential
29:
9705:
9676:
9651:
9644:
9578:
9571:
9524:
9496:
9482:
9460:
9397:
9383:
9374:
9328:
9314:
9292:
9264:
9250:
9193:
9185:Tricyclic antidepressants
8655:
8641:
8632:
8606:
8573:
8559:
8503:
8471:
8454:
8335:
8194:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
8155:
8141:
8104:
7667:
7653:
7644:
7612:
6702:
6679:
6567:
6527:
6464:Voltage- and ligand-gated
6462:
6392:
6380:
6358:
6208:
6158:
5984:
5936:
5927:
5921:ligand-gated ion channels
5867:
5822:
5809:
5650:
5539:
5335:
5233:
5209:
5011:
5007:
4994:
4617:
4522:
4387:
4260:
4256:
4240:
4127:
4086:
4056:Epithelial sodium channel
4048:
4044:
4028:
3760:
3705:
3701:
3685:
2629:10.1016/j.pbi.2011.08.001
2025:10.1007/s10162-007-0082-y
1447:-winning research on the
1258:Potassium channel openers
936:Plasma membrane channels
673:Some potassium channels:
637:) and phosphatidic acid (
591:acid-sensing ion channels
577:Also known as ionotropic
438:and distantly related to
391:Voltage-gated ion channel
3973:Cation channels of sperm
3633:Medical Subject Headings
2101:Anatomy & Physiology
1635:10.3389/fphys.2018.01661
1288:Category:Channelopathies
1249:Chloride channel openers
1090:sequence comparison and
1072:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1070:won a share of the 2003
1001:), vanilloid receptors (
622:Lipid-gated ion channels
573:Ligand-gated ion channel
489:), vanilloid receptors (
432:Cation channels of sperm
372:Classification by gating
224:electrochemical gradient
30:Not to be confused with
8798:Eslicarbazepine acetate
6210:Nicotinic acetylcholine
3343:Trends in Neurosciences
2855:10.1126/science.adp3252
1847:, Catterall WA (1999).
1622:Frontiers in Physiology
1421:Glioblastoma multiforme
1240:Calcium channel openers
745:are directly opened by
665:from the inside of the
595:ATP-gated P2X receptors
560:reactive oxygen species
8542:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
6673:Ion channel modulators
2171:Hansen SB (May 2015).
2058:Molecular Neurobiology
1786:10.1093/protein/gzv063
1679:(Suppl 1): S137–S174.
1598:Transmembrane receptor
1593:Synthetic ion channels
1529:KcsA potassium channel
1517:
1488:x-ray crystallographic
1311:Paramyotonia congenita
1267:Sodium channel openers
1225:Ion channel activators
252:selective permeability
212:
195:Structure of the KcsA
86:
6899:Ryodipine (riodipine)
5917:cell surface receptor
4049:Constitutively active
3556:Ball P (March 2008).
3155:10.1085/jgp.201711937
2488:Guide to Pharmacology
1504:
1410:Mucolipidosis type IV
1179:belong to a class of
1068:X-ray crystallography
1044:transmembrane helices
960:Other classifications
948:Endoplasmic reticulum
922:endoplasmic reticulum
787:superfamily, such as
194:
169:X-ray crystallography
44:
8888:Valproate semisodium
7419:Carboxyamidotriazole
7354:Gabapentin enacarbil
7334:Arbaclofen placarbil
6582:Purinergic receptors
3517:10.1085/jgp.24.6.771
3386:Molenaar RJ (2011).
3103:10.1085/jgp.66.5.535
3051:10.1085/jgp.61.6.669
2999:10.1085/jgp.60.5.588
2950:10.1085/jgp.58.6.599
1368:, most of which are
1217:Heteropoda venatoria
1128:ion channel blockers
1116:Ion channel blockers
981:, intracellular Ca,
846:Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz
823:e.g., Kvs, Kirs etc.
739:Light-gated channels
721:Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz
165:immunohistochemistry
9539:1,10-Phenanthroline
8096:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
7081:Tetrahydropalmatine
5816:By gating mechanism
3458:1987PMB....32..933P
3405:10.5402/2011/590249
3306:10.1038/nature04642
3298:2006Natur.440..833L
3251:10.1038/nature01580
3243:2003Natur.423...33J
3200:1998Sci...280...69D
2576:10.1038/nature17194
2558:2016Natur.531..258K
2451:10.7554/eLife.04366
2303:10.1038/nature17964
2295:2016Natur.534..347G
2246:10.1038/nature10370
2238:2011Natur.477..495H
1578:Magnesium transport
1510:Julian Voss-Andreae
1205:Hottentotta tamulus
1202:is produced by the
1122:Ion channel blocker
844:, and they display
719:, and they display
57:- outer vestibule,
9736:Cell communication
9549:7,8-Benzoquinoline
9544:4,7-Phenanthroline
9534:1,7-Phenanthroline
8910:Local anesthetics:
8442:ML-297 (VU0456810)
7949:Diallyl trisulfide
7944:Dextropropoxyphene
7847:Tetraethylammonium
7554:Pinaverium bromide
7324:4-Methylpregabalin
6350:β1δε - Muscle type
5929:Cys-loop receptors
5343:TRP cation channel
5241:CNG cation channel
4524:Tandem pore domain
3735:Ryanodine receptor
2142:10.1111/febs.13840
2070:10.1007/BF02743656
1551:Ion channel family
1521:Roderick MacKinnon
1518:
1514:Roderick MacKinnon
1484:Roderick MacKinnon
1370:potassium channels
1231:Ion channel opener
1141:and some types of
1064:Roderick MacKinnon
1026:Detailed structure
995:mechanical stretch
816:Potassium channels
483:mechanical stretch
397:membrane potential
213:
207:boundaries of the
87:
63:selectivity filter
9741:Electrophysiology
9723:
9722:
9701:
9700:
9640:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9598:Meclofenamic acid
9567:
9566:
9478:
9477:
9370:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9310:
9309:
9246:
9245:
9120:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
8883:Valproate pivoxil
8773:Acetylpheneturide
8628:
8627:
8624:
8623:
8555:
8554:
8527:Meclofenamic acid
8490:Ethanol (alcohol)
8450:
8449:
8399:Minoxidil sulfate
8137:
8136:
7640:
7639:
7636:
7635:
7539:Otilonium bromide
7464:Ethanol (alcohol)
7228:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
6964:Phenylalkylamines
6639:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6563:
6562:
6394:Ligand-gated only
6376:
6375:
5879:
5878:
5863:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5851:Stretch-activated
5828:Ion channel class
5805:
5804:
5801:
5800:
4990:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4262:Calcium-activated
4250:Potassium channel
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
3085:(November 1975).
2932:(December 1971).
2895:978-3-319-21755-0
2526:978-0-443-07145-4
2110:978-1-947172-04-3
1985:978-0-12-374621-4
1882:Neurotherapeutics
1862:978-0-397-51820-3
1830:978-0-87893-741-7
1753:978-0-87893-321-1
1588:Passive transport
1546:Babycurus toxin 1
1443:as part of their
1290:for a full list.
1181:local anesthetics
1151:is produced by a
1108:Channel modulator
1080:electrophysiology
806:Chloride channels
733:Two-pore channels
663:second messengers
518:hyperpolarization
456:action potentials
436:two-pore channels
273:Ion channels are
197:potassium channel
149:electrophysiology
128:, and regulating
106:action potentials
94:membrane proteins
92:are pore-forming
16:(Redirected from
9768:
9761:Protein families
9684:
9680:
9659:
9655:
9649:
9648:
9576:
9575:
9494:
9493:
9490:
9486:
9395:
9394:
9391:
9387:
9381:
9380:
9326:
9325:
9322:
9318:
9262:
9261:
9258:
9254:
8873:Sodium valproate
8788:Chlorphenacemide
8770:Anticonvulsants:
8653:
8652:
8649:
8645:
8639:
8638:
8588:Arachidonic acid
8571:
8570:
8567:
8563:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8461:
8438:
8434:
8355:
8351:
8307:Dextromethorphan
8283:
8279:
8175:
8171:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8145:
7665:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7650:
7623:L-type-selective
7434:Dimeditiapramine
7396:Others/unsorted:
7178:T-type-selective
7165:R-type-selective
7147:P-type-selective
7099:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
7089:N-type-selective
6719:Dihydropyridines
6713:L-type-selective
6700:
6699:
6696:
6692:
6686:
6685:
6666:
6659:
6652:
6643:
6642:
6578:
6577:
6390:
6389:
5934:
5933:
5906:
5899:
5892:
5883:
5882:
5824:
5823:
5811:
5810:
5019:Chloride channel
5009:
5008:
4996:
4995:
4389:Inward-rectifier
4258:
4257:
4242:
4241:
4046:
4045:
4030:
4029:
4000:Two-pore channel
3703:
3702:
3687:
3686:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3640:
3639:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3596:. Archived from
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3553:
3547:
3546:
3541:giant squid axon
3528:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3443:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3407:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3366:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3317:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3114:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3062:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3010:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2961:
2926:
2920:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2777:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2738:
2723:The FEBS Journal
2714:
2708:
2707:
2694:
2684:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2640:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2587:
2569:
2552:(7593): 258–62.
2537:
2531:
2530:
2514:
2507:Rang HP (2003).
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2463:
2453:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2346:(6): 1287–1294.
2331:
2325:
2324:
2314:
2289:(7607): 347–51.
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2200:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2130:The FEBS Journal
2121:
2115:
2114:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1897:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1708:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1637:
1613:
1525:Birth of an Idea
1506:Birth of an Idea
1449:action potential
1380:Brugada syndrome
1348:Long QT syndrome
1009:), polycystins (
889:Proton channels
877:Calcium channels
743:channelrhodopsin
649:are gated by PIP
497:), polycystins (
477:, intracellular
408:action potential
381:to the channel.
341:activation, and
236:active transport
138:ion transporters
126:epithelial cells
36:Ion implantation
21:
9776:
9775:
9771:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9726:
9725:
9724:
9719:
9697:
9682:
9672:
9657:
9632:
9628:Trifluoperazine
9623:Tolfenamic acid
9593:Flufenamic acid
9563:
9520:
9488:
9474:
9456:
9422:Flufenamic acid
9417:Ethacrynic acid
9389:
9362:
9320:
9306:
9288:
9256:
9242:
9189:
9020:Metabutoxycaine
8985:Diphenhydramine
8975:Cyclomethycaine
8940:Levobupivacaine
8647:
8620:
8602:
8565:
8551:
8547:Tolfenamic acid
8522:Flufenamic acid
8517:
8499:
8485:
8463:
8460:
8446:
8436:
8353:
8350:
8331:
8281:
8173:
8170:
8147:
8133:
8118:
8100:
8080:
7989:Norpropoxyphene
7866:11.1)-specific:
7865:
7659:
7632:
7608:
7564:Rhynchophylline
7314:
6694:
6675:
6670:
6640:
6631:
6559:
6553:
6545:
6523:
6458:
6372:
6354:
6349:
6341:- Ganglion type
6340:
6336:
6328:
6320:
6316:
6308:
6304:
6204:
6195:
6187:
6179:
6171:
6154:
6148:
6140:
6132:
6123:
6093:
6085:
6077:
6069:
6061:
6053:
6045:
6037:
6029:
6021:
6013:
6005:
5997:
5980:
5949:
5923:
5910:
5880:
5875:
5855:
5818:
5797:
5646:
5545:
5535:
5331:
5229:
5205:
5003:
4982:
4896:
4773:
4630:
4613:
4518:
4482:
4452:
4408:
4400:
4383:
4337:
4252:
4228:
4201:
4140:
4123:
4082:
4040:
4016:
3899:
3871:
3858:
3845:
3825:
3812:
3777:
3756:
3697:
3695:Calcium channel
3681:
3667:
3618:"TRIP Database"
3616:
3604:
3590:"The Weiss Lab"
3588:
3585:
3580:
3571:
3569:
3562:Chemistry World
3554:
3550:
3497:
3493:
3441:
3435:
3431:
3384:
3380:
3335:
3331:
3292:(7085): 833–7.
3278:
3274:
3237:(6935): 33–41.
3227:
3223:
3194:(5360): 69–77.
3184:
3180:
3132:
3128:
3080:
3076:
3028:
3024:
2979:
2975:
2927:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2896:
2874:
2870:
2839:
2835:
2790:
2786:
2775:
2767:
2763:
2729:(22): 4262–76.
2715:
2711:
2661:
2657:
2609:
2605:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2505:
2501:
2492:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2430:
2426:
2381:
2377:
2332:
2328:
2275:
2271:
2232:(7365): 495–8.
2218:
2214:
2169:
2165:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2097:
2093:
2054:
2050:
2005:
2001:
1986:
1964:
1960:
1935:10.1038/nrd2780
1915:
1911:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1806:
1802:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1719:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1665:
1661:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1567:
1537:
1499:
1430:
1404:Cystic fibrosis
1400:gene mutations.
1386:gene mutations.
1327:Episodic ataxia
1284:channelopathies
1279:
1233:
1227:
1214:is produced by
1212:Heteropodatoxin
1189:is produced by
1155:also known as "
1137:(TTX), used by
1124:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1028:
1013:), mucolipins (
1005:), melastatin (
962:
926:Golgi apparatus
917:
858:Sodium channels
802:
702:
698:
686:
659:
652:
635:
624:
618:
602:
575:
569:
501:), mucolipins (
493:), melastatin (
453:
427:
393:
387:
374:
355:
315:numerous toxins
299:
297:Biological role
266:) or negative (
234:mechanisms, or
189:
75:phosphorylation
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9774:
9764:
9763:
9758:
9756:Neurochemistry
9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9721:
9720:
9706:
9703:
9702:
9699:
9698:
9696:
9695:
9687:
9685:
9674:
9673:
9671:
9670:
9662:
9660:
9646:
9642:
9641:
9638:
9637:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9603:Mefenamic acid
9600:
9595:
9590:
9584:
9582:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9559:Phenanthridine
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9530:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9502:
9500:
9491:
9480:
9479:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9472:
9466:
9464:
9458:
9457:
9455:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9403:
9401:
9392:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9334:
9332:
9323:
9312:
9311:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9298:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9287:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9270:
9268:
9259:
9248:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9207:Atracotoxins (
9205:
9199:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9167:
9162:
9153:
9152:
9150:Zetekitoxin AB
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9123:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9050:Proxymetacaine
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8960:Chloroprocaine
8957:
8952:
8947:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8906:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8766:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8671:
8670:
8661:
8659:
8650:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8626:
8625:
8622:
8621:
8619:
8618:
8612:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8579:
8577:
8568:
8557:
8556:
8553:
8552:
8550:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8515:
8509:
8507:
8501:
8500:
8498:
8497:
8492:
8483:
8477:
8475:
8466:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8448:
8447:
8445:
8444:
8427:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8396:
8391:
8386:
8381:
8376:
8371:
8366:
8361:
8348:
8341:
8339:
8333:
8332:
8330:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8309:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8272:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8234:Glyclopyramide
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8201:
8196:
8191:
8189:Chlorpropamide
8186:
8181:
8168:
8161:
8159:
8150:
8139:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8116:
8110:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7951:
7946:
7941:
7936:
7934:Clarithromycin
7931:
7926:
7924:Chlorpromazine
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7863:
7855:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7673:
7671:
7662:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7633:
7631:
7630:
7618:
7616:
7610:
7609:
7607:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7544:Paramethadione
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7392:
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7319:gabapentinoids
7312:
7306:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:Non-selective:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7173:
7172:
7160:
7159:
7157:ω-Agatoxin IVB
7154:
7152:ω-Agatoxin IVA
7142:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7109:Huwentoxin XVI
7106:
7101:
7096:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7061:Cyproheptadine
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6819:Levniguldipine
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6759:Dexniguldipine
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6708:
6706:
6697:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6654:
6646:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6586:
6584:
6575:
6573:gated channels
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6468:
6466:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6456:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6424:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6398:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6368:Zinc-activated
6364:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6214:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6185:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
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6156:
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6150:
6146:
6142:
6138:
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6121:
6117:
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6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6059:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5995:
5990:
5988:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5938:5-HT/serotonin
5931:
5925:
5924:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5886:
5877:
5876:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5832:
5830:
5820:
5819:
5807:
5806:
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5802:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5795:
5790:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5768:
5767:
5766:
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5756:
5748:
5747:
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5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5662:
5660:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5617:
5616:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5559:
5557:
5543:
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5521:
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5511:
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5467:
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5415:
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5333:
5332:
5330:
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5328:
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5317:
5312:
5307:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
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5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5245:
5243:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5221:
5219:
5217:Proton channel
5207:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
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5144:
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5132:
5127:
5122:
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5112:
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5092:
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5023:
5021:
5005:
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4992:
4991:
4988:
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4984:
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4975:
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4973:
4968:
4963:
4953:
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4909:
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4888:
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4881:
4876:
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4791:
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4771:
4766:
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4758:
4753:
4748:
4741:
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4732:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4689:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4628:
4623:
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4615:
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4610:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
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4393:
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4385:
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4380:
4379:
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4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4266:
4264:
4254:
4253:
4238:
4237:
4234:
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4230:
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4188:
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4120:
4119:
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4109:
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4093:
4091:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4052:
4050:
4042:
4041:
4038:Sodium channel
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4007:
3997:
3996:
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3699:
3698:
3683:
3682:
3666:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3600:on 2024-02-25.
3584:
3583:External links
3581:
3579:
3578:
3548:
3491:
3429:
3392:ISRN Neurology
3378:
3349:(2): 103–114.
3329:
3272:
3221:
3178:
3149:(3): 389–400.
3137:(March 2018).
3126:
3074:
3022:
2993:(5): 588–608.
2973:
2944:(6): 599–619.
2921:
2909:
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2868:
2833:
2784:
2761:
2709:
2655:
2603:
2567:10.1101/041400
2532:
2525:
2499:
2475:
2424:
2395:(8): 1185–95.
2375:
2326:
2269:
2212:
2163:
2136:(4): 525–545.
2116:
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2048:
1999:
1984:
1958:
1909:
1868:
1861:
1836:
1829:
1800:
1759:
1752:
1728:
1700:
1669:"Ion Channels"
1659:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1553:as defined in
1548:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1498:
1495:
1463:known as the "
1457:Ricardo Miledi
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1407:
1401:
1390:Polymicrogyria
1387:
1377:
1374:repolarization
1345:
1340:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1264:
1255:
1253:phenanthroline
1246:
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1184:
1170:
1160:
1153:dinoflagellate
1146:
1120:Main article:
1117:
1114:
1106:Main article:
1103:
1100:
1056:Clay Armstrong
1027:
1024:
1023:
1022:
961:
958:
957:
956:
955:
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951:
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633:
620:Main article:
617:
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571:Main article:
568:
565:
564:
563:
537:
510:
463:
451:
445:
444:
443:
425:
419:
389:Main article:
386:
383:
373:
370:
354:
351:
311:nervous system
298:
295:
240:
239:
220:
188:
187:Basic features
185:
32:Ion Television
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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9762:
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9757:
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9656:
9650:
9647:
9643:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9613:Niflumic acid
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9585:
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9535:
9532:
9531:
9529:
9527:
9523:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9507:
9506:Glibenclamide
9504:
9503:
9501:
9499:
9495:
9492:
9487:
9481:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9465:
9463:
9459:
9453:
9452:Niflumic acid
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9437:Glibenclamide
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
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9275:
9272:
9271:
9269:
9267:
9263:
9260:
9255:
9249:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9233:Grayanotoxins
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9223:Batrachotoxin
9221:
9218:
9214:
9210:
9209:ω-Atracotoxin
9206:
9204:
9201:
9200:
9198:
9196:
9192:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9160:Buprenorphine
9158:
9155:
9154:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
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8919:
8917:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8907:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8893:Valproic acid
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8849:
8846:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8838:Oxitriptyline
8836:
8834:
8833:Oxcarbazepine
8831:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8823:Licarbazepine
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8778:Carbamazepine
8776:
8774:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8761:
8759:
8756:
8754:
8751:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8673:
8672:
8669:
8666:
8665:Antianginals:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8651:
8646:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8631:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8611:
8609:
8605:
8599:
8598:Norfluoxetine
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8572:
8569:
8564:
8558:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8532:Niflumic acid
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8502:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8470:
8467:
8462:
8453:
8443:
8440:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8405:
8402:
8400:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8390:
8387:
8385:
8384:Levcromakalim
8382:
8380:
8377:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8352:
8343:
8342:
8340:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8262:
8260:
8257:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8212:
8210:
8207:
8205:
8202:
8200:
8197:
8195:
8192:
8190:
8187:
8185:
8182:
8180:
8179:Acetohexamide
8177:
8172:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8151:
8146:
8140:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8107:
8103:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8074:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8024:Roxithromycin
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7870:
7867:
7861:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7717:Charybdotoxin
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7658:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7615:
7611:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7599:Trimethadione
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7439:Diproteverine
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7316:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7298:Ruthenium red
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7276:
7274:
7273:Levetiracetam
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7223:ω-Agatoxin TK
7221:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:Niflumic acid
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7086:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6814:Levamlodipine
6812:
6810:
6809:Lercanidipine
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6701:
6698:
6693:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6655:
6653:
6648:
6647:
6644:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6583:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6554:
6548:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6530:
6526:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6379:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6361:
6357:
6351:
6344:
6342:
6331:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6311:
6309:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6182:
6180:
6174:
6172:
6166:
6165:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6133:
6127:
6126:
6125:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6088:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6062:
6056:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6024:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5907:
5902:
5900:
5895:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5874:
5873:
5866:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5846:Voltage-gated
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5812:
5808:
5794:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5649:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5538:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5334:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
5001:Miscellaneous
4997:
4993:
4979:
4978:Shaker (gene)
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4951:minK/ISK-like
4949:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4619:Voltage-gated
4616:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4243:
4239:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4129:Voltage-gated
4126:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3894:
3893:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3762:Voltage-gated
3759:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3495:
3488:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:(8): 933–70.
3451:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:(5): 535–60.
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3045:(6): 669–86.
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:(June 1973).
3032:
3026:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2804:(2): 95–132.
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2669:F1000Research
2666:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2623:(6): 715–20.
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2371:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2064:(2): 97–110.
2063:
2059:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:(3): 305–28.
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:(2): 153–71.
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1888:(2): 184–98.
1887:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1840:
1832:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1717:
1713:
1712:"Ion Channel"
1707:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:commissioned
1522:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:Andrew Huxley
1438:
1435:
1434:biophysicists
1422:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:NMDA receptor
1395:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:to hunt prey.
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1126:A variety of
1123:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:
970:
967:
966:
965:
952:
949:
946:
945:
943:
938:
937:
935:
934:
933:
931:
927:
923:
908:
904:
903:
901:
898:
894:
891:
890:
888:
885:
881:
878:
875:
870:
867:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
851:
850:rectification
847:
843:
842:leak channels
839:
836:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
811:
807:
804:
803:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
762:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
744:
740:
737:
734:
731:
726:
725:rectification
722:
718:
717:leak channels
714:
711:
708:
705:
694:
690:
682:
678:
675:
674:
672:
671:
670:
668:
667:cell membrane
664:
654:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
623:
613:
611:
606:
604:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:
561:
557:
556:NADPH oxidase
553:
549:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
461:
457:
449:
446:
441:
437:
433:
430:
429:
423:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
402:
401:
400:
398:
392:
385:Voltage-gated
382:
380:
369:
367:
362:
360:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
329:
328:smooth muscle
325:
321:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:nerve impulse
294:
292:
288:
287:lipid bilayer
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
217:
216:
210:
209:lipid bilayer
206:
202:
198:
193:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:voltage clamp
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:cell membrane
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
84:
83:cell membrane
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
9751:Ion channels
9708:
9707:
9618:Talniflumate
9156:
9145:Tetrodotoxin
9135:Neosaxitoxin
9126:
9071:
9045:Propoxycaine
8980:Dimethocaine
8913:
8909:
8878:Valnoctamide
8808:Fosphenytoin
8769:
8743:Procainamide
8733:Pilsicainide
8688:Disopyramide
8674:
8664:
8512:
8480:
8430:
8344:
8312:Ethosuximide
8297:Cloperastine
8275:
8244:Metahexamide
8239:Glycyclamide
8199:Glibornuride
8164:
8113:
8075:
8054:Thioridazine
8009:Promethazine
7994:Orphenadrine
7984:Ketoconazole
7969:Erythromycin
7858:
7621:
7549:Phensuximide
7529:Ochratoxin A
7469:Ethosuximide
7395:
7317:-selective (
7309:
7219:
7176:
7163:
7145:
7094:ω-Conotoxins
7087:
7037:
7019:Norverapamil
6984:Dexverapamil
6962:
6936:derivatives:
6932:
6929:Vatanidipine
6924:Trombodipine
6889:Palonidipine
6874:Nitrendipine
6829:Mepirodipine
6734:Azelnidipine
6717:
6711:
6572:
6536:
6528:
6463:
6393:
6359:
6297:
6217:
5912:
5869:
5836:Ligand-gated
5827:
5815:
5658:Gap junction
5651:
5540:
5336:
5297:
5275:
5248:
5234:
5210:
5188:
5146:
5094:
5060:
5043:
5031:
5012:
5000:
4955:
4918:
4892:
4769:
4626:
4531:
4478:
4448:
4404:
4333:
4246:
4197:
4136:
4034:
3943:
3916:
3895:
3867:
3854:
3841:
3821:
3808:
3773:
3706:Ligand-gated
3691:
3674:ion channels
3673:
3629:Ion Channels
3621:
3609:
3598:the original
3593:
3570:. Retrieved
3565:
3561:
3551:
3538:
3508:
3504:
3494:
3485:
3449:
3445:
3432:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3289:
3285:
3275:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3146:
3142:
3129:
3094:
3090:
3077:
3042:
3038:
3025:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2941:
2937:
2924:
2912:
2877:
2871:
2846:
2836:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2704:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2650:
2620:
2616:
2606:
2597:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2511:Pharmacology
2510:
2502:
2491:. Retrieved
2478:
2441:
2437:
2427:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2343:
2340:Cell Reports
2339:
2329:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2183:(5): 620–8.
2180:
2176:
2166:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2100:
2094:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2016:
2012:
2002:
1967:
1961:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1852:
1839:
1821:Neuroscience
1820:
1803:
1779:(3): 87–91.
1776:
1772:
1762:
1743:
1720:. Retrieved
1676:
1672:
1662:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1524:
1519:
1505:
1481:
1473:Bert Sakmann
1453:Bernard Katz
1437:Alan Hodgkin
1431:
1280:
1234:
1215:
1203:
1135:Tetrodotoxin
1125:
1111:
1102:Pharmacology
1096:
1084:biochemistry
1076:
1060:Bertil Hille
1052:Bertil Hille
1049:
1029:
972:
963:
930:mitochondria
918:
899:
660:
657:Other gating
625:
607:
576:
440:TRP channels
416:glycosylated
394:
375:
363:
356:
300:
272:
241:
238:mechanisms).
232:co-transport
214:
181:channelomics
153:pharmacology
142:
112:the flow of
90:Ion channels
89:
88:
78:
70:
66:
58:
54:
46:
18:Ion channels
9284:Triamterene
9238:Poneratoxin
9228:Ciguatoxins
9115:Raxatrigine
9110:Ralfinamide
9105:PF-05089771
9100:PF-04531083
9072:Analgesics:
9030:Piperocaine
9015:Meprylcaine
9010:Mepivacaine
8965:Cinchocaine
8944:Ropivacaine
8936:Bupivacaine
8863:Sipatrigine
8848:Pheneturide
8843:Phenacemide
8828:Mephenytoin
8813:Lamotrigine
8793:Elpetrigine
8748:Propafenone
8693:Dronedarone
8269:Tolbutamide
8259:Repaglinide
8254:Nateglinide
8249:Mitiglinide
8229:Glisoxepide
8214:Glimepiride
8204:Glicaramide
8184:Carbutamide
8086:Linopirdine
8069:Vernakalant
8059:Tolterodine
8049:Terfenadine
8039:Tamulotoxin
8034:Solifenacin
8004:PNU-282,987
7979:Haloperidol
7974:Gigactonine
7954:Domperidone
7939:Darifenacin
7904:Bedaquiline
7889:Azaspiracid
7852:Vernakalant
7787:Linopirdine
7747:Dronedarone
7737:Dendrotoxin
7722:Clamikalant
7594:Tolperisone
7589:Tetrandrine
7579:Sipatrigine
7574:Silperisone
7559:Prenylamine
7499:Lidoflazine
7454:Elpetrigine
7364:Mirogabalin
7268:Lamotrigine
7263:Flunarizine
7258:Efonidipine
7248:Cinnarizine
7243:Cilnidipine
7198:NNC 55-0396
7124:Ralfinamide
7071:Fantofarone
7066:Dronedarone
7051:Budiodarone
7046:Brinazarone
7009:Levemopamil
6909:Sornidipine
6904:Sagandipine
6894:Pranidipine
6869:Nisoldipine
6859:Nilvadipine
6849:Niguldipine
6839:Nicardipine
6804:Lemildipine
6789:Iganidipine
6784:Furnidipine
6749:Cronidipine
6744:Clevidipine
6739:Barnidipine
6729:Aranidipine
5913:Ion channel
5841:Light-gated
4323:IK channel
1541:Alpha helix
1469:Erwin Neher
1465:patch clamp
1445:Nobel Prize
1352:ventricular
1303:as well as
1295:Shaker gene
1200:Iberiotoxin
1187:Dendrotoxin
1167:cone snails
1165:is used by
1139:puffer fish
1092:mutagenesis
693:glial cells
616:Lipid-gated
552:macrophages
548:neutrophils
544:eosinophils
412:amino acids
331:contraction
289:. For most
205:hydrocarbon
173:fluoroscopy
161:patch clamp
116:across the
96:that allow
9730:Categories
9588:Bumetanide
9526:Activators
9516:Piretanide
9511:Lonidamine
9462:Activators
9447:Mibefradil
9442:Mefloquine
9432:Furosemide
9427:Fluoxetine
9407:Crofelemer
9294:Activators
9217:Versutoxin
9213:Robustoxin
9195:Activators
9180:Safinamide
9130:Conotoxins
9065:Trimecaine
9060:Tetracaine
9035:Prilocaine
9025:Orthocaine
9000:Iontocaine
8995:Hexylcaine
8990:Etidocaine
8931:Benzocaine
8921:Amylocaine
8903:Zonisamide
8898:Valpromide
8868:Topiramate
8858:Rufinamide
8818:Lacosamide
8783:Cenobamate
8738:Prajmaline
8728:Moricizine
8723:Mexiletine
8718:Lorcainide
8703:Flecainide
8668:Ranolazine
8608:Activators
8593:Fluoxetine
8537:Nimesulide
8519:-specific:
8505:Activators
8487:-specific:
8439:-specific:
8419:Rilmakalim
8409:Nicorandil
8369:Cromakalim
8356:-specific:
8337:Activators
8327:Tipepidine
8317:Ifenprodil
8292:Caramiphen
8284:-specific:
8264:Tolazamide
8224:Gliquidone
8209:Gliclazide
8176:-specific:
8129:Retigabine
8124:Flupirtine
8121:-specific:
8106:Activators
8083:-specific:
8064:Vanoxerine
8044:Terodiline
8029:Sertindole
8019:Ranolazine
7884:Astemizole
7874:Amiodarone
7842:Terikalant
7817:Pinokalant
7802:Nifekalant
7797:Maurotoxin
7792:Lolitrem B
7782:Kaliotoxin
7742:Dofetilide
7732:Dalazatide
7727:Conotoxins
7697:Amiodarone
7692:Almokalant
7614:Activators
7604:Valperinol
7584:Terodiline
7524:Naftopidil
7514:Mesuximide
7444:Enpiperate
7424:Cycleanine
7409:Bevantolol
7399:Bencyclane
7389:Pregabalin
7379:PD-299,685
7374:PD-217,014
7369:PD-200,347
7359:Imagabalin
7349:Gabapentin
7339:Atagabalin
7329:Arbaclofen
7288:Mibefradil
7283:Loperamide
7278:Lomerizine
7253:Dotarizine
7233:Benidipine
7213:Zonisamide
7129:Safinamide
7104:Caroverine
7056:Celivarone
7004:Gallopamil
6959:Siratiazem
6949:Iprotiazem
6939:Clentiazem
6919:Tiamdipine
6914:Teludipine
6879:Olradipine
6864:Nimodipine
6854:Niludipine
6844:Nifedipine
6834:Mesudipine
6824:Manidipine
6799:Lacidipine
6794:Isradipine
6779:Flordipine
6774:Felodipine
6769:Elnadipine
6764:Elgodipine
6754:Darodipine
6724:Amlodipine
6385:glutamates
6382:Ionotropic
6298:pentamers:
5044:Bestrophin
4302:SK channel
4270:BK channel
3944:γ-subunits
3917:β-subunits
3900:δ-subunits
3572:2009-01-12
3568:(3): 42–43
3398:: 590249.
2778:(Thesis).
2493:2019-05-28
1722:2019-05-28
1604:References
1583:Neurotoxin
1508:(2007) by
1360:caused by
1355:arrhythmia
1269:, such as
1260:, such as
1251:, such as
1242:, such as
991:osmolarity
974:Drosophila
530:pacemaking
471:Drosophila
345:beta-cell
343:pancreatic
335:epithelial
313:. Indeed,
283:homologous
248:organelles
145:biophysics
134:ionophoric
104:, shaping
49:- channel
9709:See also:
9608:Mepacrine
9554:Ivacaftor
9470:Carbachol
9353:Ibuprofen
9343:Amiloride
9302:Solnatide
9274:Amiloride
9203:Aconitine
9165:Evenamide
9140:Saxitoxin
9055:Risocaine
9005:Lidocaine
8950:Butacaine
8926:Articaine
8853:Phenytoin
8763:Tocainide
8758:Sparteine
8753:Quinidine
8713:Lorajmine
8708:Lidocaine
8698:Encainide
8683:Aprindine
8424:Sarakalim
8414:Pinacidil
8404:Naminidil
8394:Minoxidil
8389:Mazokalim
8374:Diazoxide
8364:Bimakalim
8359:Aprikalim
8322:Tertiapin
8302:Clozapine
8219:Glipizide
8014:Quinidine
7964:Ergtoxins
7929:Cisapride
7919:BRL-32872
7899:Azimilide
7862:(KCNH2, K
7837:Tedisamil
7822:Quinidine
7812:Paxilline
7777:Inakalant
7772:Ibutilide
7757:Hanatoxin
7712:Bunaftine
7707:Bretylium
7702:Azimilide
7687:Adekalant
7646:Potassium
7628:Bay K8644
7569:Sesamodil
7519:Monatepil
7509:Manoalide
7504:Magnesium
7489:Imepitoin
7479:Fendiline
7459:Ethadione
7449:Eperisone
7429:Dauricine
7404:Berbamine
7315:δ subunit
7119:PD-173212
7034:Verapamil
7024:Ronipamil
7014:Nexopamil
6999:Falipamil
6994:Etripamil
6979:Devapamil
6974:Dagapamil
6954:Nictiazem
6944:Diltiazem
6934:Diltiazem
6884:Oxodipine
6218:monomers:
5872:disorders
5870:see also
5653:Cytoplasm
5563:Aquaporin
5032:Anoctamin
4855:11.1/hERG
3482:250880496
2863:0036-8075
2753:205884593
1742:(2001) .
1493:studies.
1491:structure
1362:mutations
1313:(PC) and
1262:minoxidil
1244:Bay K8644
1177:novocaine
1173:Lidocaine
1163:Conotoxin
1149:Saxitoxin
689:G-protein
593:(ASICs),
579:receptors
460:tetramers
353:Diversity
260:potassium
201:PDB: 1K4C
122:secretory
9694:instead.
9669:instead.
9580:Blockers
9572:Unsorted
9498:Blockers
9399:Blockers
9376:Chloride
9338:A-317567
9330:Blockers
9279:Benzamil
9266:Blockers
9095:NKTR-171
9090:GDC-0276
9085:Funapide
9080:DSP-2230
9075:AZD-3161
9040:Procaine
8955:Butamben
8803:Ethotoin
8678:Ajmaline
8657:Blockers
8616:Riluzole
8575:Blockers
8473:Blockers
8379:Emakalim
8157:Blockers
7999:Pimozide
7869:Ajmaline
7669:Blockers
7484:Fostedil
7414:Canadine
7384:Phenibut
7344:Baclofen
7293:NP078585
7238:Bepridil
7076:SR-33805
7029:Tiapamil
6989:Emopamil
6969:Anipamil
6704:Blockers
6529:‘Orphan’
5666:Connexin
4946:minK/ISK
3535:19873252
3424:22389824
3373:31959360
3324:16598263
3259:12721618
3173:29363566
2904:26860306
2828:26772908
2745:21955583
2701:30755796
2647:21865080
2594:26961658
2470:25285449
2419:19298256
2370:28793254
2321:27281200
2264:21874019
2207:25633344
2158:24402104
2150:27580245
2078:10371465
2043:17541769
1994:19161833
1953:19153558
1904:17395128
1809:Purves D
1795:26685702
1716:Scitable
1654:30519193
1628:: 1661.
1568:Database
1559:InterPro
1535:See also
1358:syndrome
1331:myokymia
1277:Diseases
1157:red tide
810:chloride
603:receptor
366:subunits
324:skeletal
307:synapses
244:membrane
9348:Aspirin
9170:Menthol
9157:Others:
9127:Toxins:
8970:Cocaine
8495:GAL-021
8115:KCNQ (K
8077:KCNQ (K
7894:AZD1305
7832:Sotalol
7827:ShK-186
7807:Notoxin
7494:JTV-519
7474:Fasudil
7203:ProTx I
7183:ABT-639
7170:SNX-482
7041:AH-1058
7038:Others:
6681:Calcium
6427:Kainate
6160:Glycine
5793:Innexin
5550:solutes
3526:2238007
3474:3306721
3454:Bibcode
3415:3263536
3364:7092371
3315:3836678
3294:Bibcode
3267:4347957
3239:Bibcode
3216:9525859
3196:Bibcode
3188:Science
3164:5839722
3135:Hille B
3121:1194886
3112:2226224
3083:Hille B
3069:4541077
3060:2203488
3031:Hille B
3017:4644327
3008:2226091
2968:5315827
2959:2226049
2930:Hille B
2847:Science
2819:4756657
2692:6354322
2675:: 123.
2638:3230696
2585:4863712
2562:bioRxiv
2554:Bibcode
2461:4212207
2410:2697739
2361:5586213
2312:4911334
2291:Bibcode
2255:3324908
2234:Bibcode
2198:4540326
2086:5832189
2034:2538437
1944:3601949
1845:Hille B
1813:Katz LC
1740:Hille B
1694:3315630
1645:6258788
1497:Culture
1428:History
1416:channel
1323:(GEFS+)
989:state,
979:voltage
871:(ENaCs)
848:(open)
747:photons
723:(open)
610:ligands
534:SA node
475:voltage
379:ligands
347:insulin
320:cardiac
279:subunit
264:cations
51:domains
9645:Others
8634:Sodium
8287:Barium
8091:XE-991
7959:E-4031
7909:BeKm-1
7879:AmmTX3
7762:HgeTx1
7752:E-4031
7534:Osthol
7303:TROX-1
7188:ML-218
4090:-gated
4088:Proton
3864:T-type
3851:R-type
3838:Q-type
3818:P-type
3805:N-type
3770:L-type
3635:(MeSH)
3533:
3523:
3480:
3472:
3422:
3412:
3371:
3361:
3322:
3312:
3286:Nature
3265:
3257:
3231:Nature
3214:
3171:
3161:
3119:
3109:
3067:
3057:
3015:
3005:
2966:
2956:
2902:
2892:
2861:
2826:
2816:
2751:
2743:
2699:
2689:
2645:
2635:
2592:
2582:
2564:
2546:Nature
2523:
2468:
2458:
2417:
2407:
2368:
2358:
2319:
2309:
2283:Nature
2262:
2252:
2226:Nature
2205:
2195:
2156:
2148:
2107:
2084:
2076:
2041:
2031:
1992:
1982:
1951:
1941:
1902:
1859:
1827:
1793:
1750:
1718:. 2014
1691:
1652:
1642:
1414:TRPML1
1286:. See
1194:snakes
1066:using
993:, and
928:, and
879:(CaVs)
865:(NaVs)
687:, and
359:gating
339:T-cell
326:, and
268:anions
256:sodium
177:RT-PCR
175:, and
151:, and
110:gating
77:site,
9679:LGICs
9386:CaCCs
9358:PcTX1
9317:ASICs
8644:VGSCs
7914:BmTx3
7767:HsTx1
7656:VGKCs
6691:VDCCs
5704:GJA10
5555:Porin
5455:TRPML
5225:HVCN1
4919:KCNIP
4774:α7-12
3678:TC 1A
3478:S2CID
3442:(PDF)
3263:S2CID
2916:doi:
2776:(PDF)
2749:S2CID
2438:eLife
2154:S2CID
2082:S2CID
1366:genes
1350:is a
1339:(FHM)
1317:(PAM)
1191:mamba
1143:newts
1015:TRPML
987:redox
905:Most
793:TRPM8
789:TRPV1
741:like
699:and K
683:, PIP
628:lipid
503:TRPML
465:Some
9692:here
9690:See
9667:here
9665:See
9654:TRPs
9485:CFTR
9412:DIDS
9253:ENaC
9174:mint
8562:K2Ps
8433:GIRK
8278:GIRK
8144:IRKs
7860:hERG
7208:Z944
7134:Z160
6537:GluD
6472:NMDA
6402:AMPA
6360:Zinc
6346:(α1)
6337:(β4)
6333:(α1)
6325:(α7)
6317:(β2)
6313:(α4)
6305:(β4)
6301:(α3)
6120:GABA
5994:GABA
5986:GABA
5946:5-HT
5784:GJD4
5779:GJD3
5774:GJD2
5764:GJC3
5759:GJC2
5754:GJC1
5744:GJB7
5739:GJB6
5734:GJB5
5729:GJB4
5724:GJB3
5719:GJB2
5714:GJB1
5699:GJA9
5694:GJA8
5689:GJA5
5684:GJA4
5679:GJA3
5674:GJA1
5499:TRPV
5482:TRPP
5477:TRPN
5408:TRPM
5361:TRPC
5351:TRPA
5189:CLNS
5147:CLIC
5095:CLCN
5090:CFTR
5037:ANO1
4956:MiRP
4884:12.3
4879:12.2
4874:12.1
4865:11.3
4860:11.2
4846:10.2
4841:10.1
4631:α1-6
4445:GIRK
3859:α2.3
3846:α2.1
3813:α2.2
3531:PMID
3470:PMID
3420:PMID
3396:2011
3369:PMID
3320:PMID
3255:PMID
3212:PMID
3169:PMID
3117:PMID
3065:PMID
3013:PMID
2964:PMID
2900:PMID
2890:ISBN
2859:ISSN
2824:PMID
2798:Gene
2741:PMID
2697:PMID
2643:PMID
2590:PMID
2521:ISBN
2466:PMID
2415:PMID
2366:PMID
2317:PMID
2260:PMID
2203:PMID
2181:1851
2146:PMID
2105:ISBN
2074:PMID
2039:PMID
1990:PMID
1980:ISBN
1949:PMID
1900:PMID
1857:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1791:PMID
1748:ISBN
1650:PMID
1557:and
1555:Pfam
1471:and
1455:and
1439:and
1396:and
1175:and
1088:gene
1054:and
1019:TRPA
1011:TRPP
1007:TRPM
1003:TRPV
999:TRPC
770:cGMP
766:cAMP
599:GABA
526:cGMP
524:and
522:cAMP
507:TRPA
499:TRPP
495:TRPM
491:TRPV
487:TRPC
130:cell
124:and
114:ions
98:ions
8916:FBT
8349:ATP
8169:ATP
6590:P2X
6569:ATP
6517:L1B
6512:L1A
6261:α10
5548:(+
5386:4AP
5299:HCN
4832:9.3
4827:9.2
4822:9.1
4813:8.2
4808:8.1
4799:7.5
4794:7.4
4789:7.3
4784:7.2
4779:7.1
4761:6.4
4756:6.3
4751:6.2
4746:6.1
4737:5.1
4728:4.3
4723:4.2
4718:4.1
4709:3.4
4704:3.3
4699:3.2
4694:3.1
4685:2.2
4680:2.1
4671:1.8
4666:1.7
4661:1.6
4656:1.5
4651:1.4
4646:1.3
4641:1.2
4636:1.1
4532:K2P
4512:7.1
4507:6.2
4502:6.1
4497:5.1
4492:4.2
4487:4.1
4472:3.4
4467:3.3
4462:3.2
4457:3.1
4438:2.6
4433:2.4
4428:2.3
4423:2.2
4418:2.1
4413:1.1
4399:ATP
4377:5.1
4372:4.2
4367:4.1
4362:3.1
4357:2.3
4352:2.2
4347:2.1
4342:1.1
4327:IK1
4317:SK3
4312:SK2
4307:SK1
4186:1.9
4181:1.8
4176:1.7
4171:1.6
4166:1.5
4161:1.4
4156:1.3
4151:1.2
4146:1.1
4035:Na:
3887:3.3
3882:3.2
3877:3.1
3831:2.1
3798:1.4
3793:1.3
3788:1.2
3783:1.1
3692:Ca:
3521:PMC
3513:doi
3462:doi
3410:PMC
3400:doi
3359:PMC
3351:doi
3310:PMC
3302:doi
3290:440
3247:doi
3235:423
3204:doi
3192:280
3159:PMC
3151:doi
3147:150
3107:PMC
3099:doi
3055:PMC
3047:doi
3003:PMC
2995:doi
2954:PMC
2946:doi
2882:doi
2851:doi
2814:PMC
2806:doi
2802:579
2731:doi
2727:278
2687:PMC
2677:doi
2633:PMC
2625:doi
2580:PMC
2572:doi
2550:531
2456:PMC
2446:doi
2405:PMC
2397:doi
2393:156
2356:PMC
2348:doi
2307:PMC
2299:doi
2287:534
2250:PMC
2242:doi
2230:477
2193:PMC
2185:doi
2138:doi
2134:284
2066:doi
2029:PMC
2021:doi
1972:doi
1939:PMC
1931:doi
1890:doi
1781:doi
1689:PMC
1681:doi
1677:164
1640:PMC
1630:doi
1271:DDT
791:or
768:or
681:ATP
632:PIP
258:or
228:ATP
34:or
9732::
9714:•
9215:,
9211:,
8942:,
8516:Ca
8514:BK
8484:Ca
8482:BK
8459:Ca
8119:7)
8081:7)
7321:):
7036:;
6961:;
6931:;
6507:3B
6502:3A
6497:2D
6492:2C
6487:2B
6482:2A
6281:β4
6276:β3
6271:β2
6266:β1
6256:α9
6251:α7
6246:α6
6241:α5
6236:α4
6231:α3
6226:α2
6221:α1
6124:-ρ
5919::
5915:,
5770:D
5750:C
5710:B
5670:A
5552:):
5305:FC
5199:1B
5194:1A
5182:L1
5140:KB
5135:KA
5014:Cl
4607:18
4602:17
4597:16
4592:15
4587:13
4582:12
4577:10
4481:ir
4451:ir
4407:ir
4336:Ca
4295:β4
4290:β3
4285:β2
4280:β1
4275:α1
4247:K:
4198:Na
4191:7A
4137:Na
3964:γ4
3959:γ3
3954:γ2
3949:γ1
3937:β4
3932:β3
3927:β2
3922:β1
3868:Ca
3855:Ca
3842:Ca
3822:Ca
3809:Ca
3774:Ca
3672::
3620:.
3608:.
3592:.
3564:.
3560:.
3537:.
3529:.
3519:.
3509:24
3507:.
3503:.
3484:.
3476:.
3468:.
3460:.
3450:32
3448:.
3444:.
3418:.
3408:.
3394:.
3390:.
3367:.
3357:.
3347:43
3345:.
3341:.
3318:.
3308:.
3300:.
3288:.
3284:.
3261:.
3253:.
3245:.
3233:.
3210:.
3202:.
3190:.
3167:.
3157:.
3145:.
3141:.
3115:.
3105:.
3095:66
3093:.
3089:.
3063:.
3053:.
3043:61
3041:.
3037:.
3011:.
3001:.
2991:60
2989:.
2985:.
2962:.
2952:.
2942:58
2940:.
2936:.
2898:.
2888:.
2857:.
2849:.
2845:.
2822:.
2812:.
2800:.
2796:.
2755:.
2747:.
2739:.
2725:.
2721:.
2703:.
2695:.
2685:.
2671:.
2667:.
2649:.
2641:.
2631:.
2621:14
2619:.
2615:.
2596:.
2588:.
2578:.
2570:.
2560:.
2548:.
2544:.
2519:.
2517:59
2486:.
2464:.
2454:.
2444:.
2440:.
2436:.
2413:.
2403:.
2391:.
2387:.
2364:.
2354:.
2344:20
2342:.
2338:.
2315:.
2305:.
2297:.
2285:.
2281:.
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