Mustard gas - Knowledge

2427:. Although not yet declassified, toxicology specialists who dealt with the accidental puncturing of World War I gas stockpiles add that Air Force bases in Colorado have been made available to assist veterans of the 2003 American war with Iraq in which many Marines were exposed to gas as caches of up to 25,000 lb (11,000 kg). The United Nations definition of a weapon of mass destruction for mustard gas is 30,000 lb (14,000 kg), typically the Marines and other coalition allies discovered caches of 25,000 pounds (11,000 kg) located across a road from 5,000 pounds (2,300 kg) caches as multiple memoirs attest. These were discovered by the assistance of host country allies, or through leaks affecting personnel in an area with a weapon and gas cache called an 2557:. Approximately 1,621 tons of mustard agents were stored in one-ton containers on the base under heavy guard. A chemical neutralization plant was built on the proving ground and neutralized the last of this stockpile in February 2005. This stockpile had priority because of the potential for quick reduction of risk to the community. The nearest schools were fitted with overpressurization machinery to protect the students and faculty in the event of a catastrophic explosion and fire at the site. These projects, as well as planning, equipment, and training assistance, were provided to the surrounding community as a part of the Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP), a joint program of the Army and the 2682: 2561:(FEMA). Unexploded shells containing mustard gases and other chemical agents are still present in several test ranges in proximity to schools in the Edgewood area, but the smaller amounts of poison gas (4 to 14 pounds (1.8 to 6.4 kg)) present considerably lower risks. These remnants are being detected and excavated systematically for disposal. The U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency oversaw disposal of several other chemical weapons stockpiles located across the United States in compliance with international chemical weapons treaties. These include the complete incineration of the chemical weapons stockpiled in 1800: 1758: 1779: 1821: 372: 247: 1423: 2739: 1737: 1715: 616: 2388: 38: 1662: 611: 47: 2056: 803: 1943: 56: 1207: 1599: 1631: 1097: 1694: 2491:, leaving behind amber-colored residues that still contain most of the active mustard gas. On mechanically breaking these lumps (e.g., with the drag board of a fishing net or by the human hand) the enclosed mustard gas is still as active as it had been at the time the weapon was dumped. These lumps, when washed ashore, can be mistaken for amber, which can lead to severe health problems. 902: 2535:

expected to achieve 100 percent destruction within that time frame. India informed the United Nations in May 2009 that it had destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons in compliance with the international Chemical Weapons Convention. With this India has become the third country after South Korea and Albania to do so. This was cross-checked by inspectors of the United Nations.

1330: 1887:. The purity of this compound was much higher and consequently the adverse health effects upon exposure were much more severe. These symptoms presented themselves in his assistant, and in order to rule out the possibility that his assistant was suffering from a mental illness (psychosomatic symptoms), Meyer had this compound tested on laboratory 2048:

airborne toxic agent. An example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches, particularly once the "sousterrain" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as an

808: 807: 1365:). After initial decontamination of the victim's wounds is complete, medical treatment is similar to that required by any conventional burn. The degree of pain and discomfort suffered by the victim is also comparable. Mustard agent burns do not heal quickly, and (as with other types of burns) present a risk of 2734:

stated that it would contact 4,000 surviving test subjects but failed to do so, eventually only contacting 600. Skin cancer, severe eczema, leukemia, and chronic breathing problems plagued the test subjects, some of whom were as young as 19 at the time of the tests, until their deaths, but even those

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The US military conducted experiments with chemical weapons like lewisite and mustard gas on Japanese American, Puerto Rican and African Americans in the US military in World War II to see how non-white races would react to being mustard gassed, with Rollin Edwards describing it as "It felt like you

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Concentrations of thiodiglycol in urine have been used to confirm a diagnosis of chemical poisoning in hospitalized victims. The presence in urine of 1,1'-sulfonylbismethylthioethane (SBMTE), a conjugation product with glutathione, is considered a more specific marker, since this metabolite is not

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In June 1997, India declared its stock of chemical weapons of 1,044 tonnes (1,151 short tons) of mustard gas. By the end of 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons/material stockpile and was granted extension for destroying the remaining stocks by April 2009 and was

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Mustard gas can remain in the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates one's clothing and equipment while cold, then other people with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warm up enough material to become an

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in December 1943, the doctors of the U.S. Army noted that white blood cell counts were reduced in their patients. Some years after World War II was over, the incident in Bari and the work of the Yale University group with nitrogen mustard converged, and this prompted a search for other similar

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later in life. In a study of patients 25 years after wartime exposure to chemical weaponry, c-DNA microarray profiling indicated that 122 genes were significantly mutated in the lungs and airways of mustard gas victims. Those genes all correspond to functions commonly affected by mustard gas

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New detection techniques are being developed in order to detect the presence of mustard gas and its metabolites. The technology is portable and detects small quantities of the hazardous waste and its oxidized products, which are notorious for harming unsuspecting civilians. The

1245:, which accelerates their absorption into the body. Because people exposed to mustard agents rarely suffer immediate symptoms, and contaminated areas may appear completely normal, victims can unknowingly receive high doses. Within 24 hours of exposure, they experience intense 2176:

were on fire, Guys started screaming and hollering and trying to break out. And then some of the guys fainted. And finally they opened the door and let us out, and the guys were just, they were in bad shape." and "It took all the skin off your hands. Your hands just rotted".

1302:. Burns that are severe (i.e. covering more than 50% of the victim's skin) are often fatal, with death occurring after only days or weeks. Mild or moderate exposure to mustard gases is unlikely to kill, though victims still require lengthy periods of medical treatment and 5142: 806: 2495:

containing mustard gas and other toxic ammunition from World War I (as well as conventional explosives) can still be found in France and Belgium. These were formerly disposed of by explosion undersea, but since the current environmental regulations prohibit this, the

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They cannot be bandaged or touched. We cover them with a tent of propped-up sheets. Gas burns must be agonizing because usually the other cases do not complain, even with the worst wounds, but gas cases are invariably beyond endurance and they cannot help crying

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but never made mention of any irritating properties of the reaction product. In 1854, another French chemist, Alfred Riche (1829–1908), repeated this procedure, also without describing any adverse physiological properties. In 1860, the British scientist

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Ghasemi, Hassan; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Ardestani, Sussan K.; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Pourfarzam, Shahryar; Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza Vaez; Yarmohammadi, Mohammad Ebrahim; Baradaran-Rafii, Alireza; Jadidi, Khosro; Shariatpanahi, Shamsa; Rastin, Maryam (2020).

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2601:. The incineration of this stockpile began in 2006. In May 2011, the last of the mustard agents in the stockpile were incinerated at the Deseret Chemical Depot, and the last artillery shells containing mustard gas were incinerated in January 2012. 2038:

was not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. A common countermeasure was using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a readily available remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries (e.g.

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In the United States, storage and incineration of mustard gas and other chemical weapons were carried out by the U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency. Disposal projects at the two remaining American chemical weapons sites were carried out near

2483:, most of which contain mustard gas. One of the more frequently dumped weapons was "Sprühbüchse 37" (SprüBü37, Spray Can 37, 1937 being the year of its fielding with the German Army). These weapons contain mustard gas mixed with a 1278:, when the pupil constricts more than usual, may also occur, which is probably the result of the cholinomimetic activity of mustard. At very high concentrations, if inhaled, mustard agents cause bleeding and blistering within the 3280:

Heidary, Fatemeh; Ardestani, Sussan K.; Ghasemi, Hassan; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Yaraee, Roya; Shams, Jalaledin; Falahi, Faramarz; Sedighi Moghadam, Mohamad Reza; Shariatpanahi, Shamsa; Shakeri, Raheleh (2019).

2366:(also known as mechlorethamine, mustine) to be used. Chlormethine and other mustard gas molecules are still used to this day as an chemotherapy agent albeit they have largely been replaced with more safe chemotherapy drugs like 4342: 3169:

Ghazanfari, Tooba; Ghasemi, Hassan; Yaraee, Roya; Mahmoudi, Mahmoud; Javadi, Mohammad Ali; Soroush, Mohammad Reza; Faghihzadeh, Soghrat; Majd, Ali Mohammad Mohseni; Shakeri, Raheleh; Babaei, Mahmoud; Heidary, Fatemeh (2019).

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Salouti, Ramin; Ghazavi, Roghayeh; Rajabi, Sattar; Zare, Mohammad; Talebnejad, Mohammadreza; Abtahi, Mohammad Bagher; Parvizi, Maryam; Madani, Sedigheh; Asadi-Amoli, Fahimeh; Mirsharif, Ensieh-Sadat; Gharebaghi, Reza (2020).

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in 2018) and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs; however, the effectiveness of this measure is unclear.

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and are very debilitating. Mustard gases easily penetrate clothing fabrics such as wool or cotton, so it is not only exposed skin that gets burned. If the victim's eyes were exposed, then they become sore, starting with

4720:. Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2015 (Report). p. 42 624: 5022:

And it wasn't just African-Americans. Japanese-Americans were used so scientists could explore how mustard gas and other chemicals might affect Japanese troops. Puerto Rican soldiers were also singled

1984:, France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred on 7665: 5098: 2507:

banned the practice of disposing of chemical weapons into the ocean by the United States. 29,000 tons of nerve and mustard agents had already been dumped into the ocean off the United States by the

4587: 2349:, and this compound was tried out on its first human patient in December 1942. The results of this study were not published until 1946, when they were declassified. In a parallel track, after the 2302:

was manufacturing and using mustard gas in Syria and Iraq, which was allegedly confirmed by the group's head of chemical weapons development, Sleiman Daoud al-Afari, who has since been captured.

591: 4615: 2542:. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared worldwide stockpiles of 17,440 tonnes of mustard gas. As of December 2015, 86% of these stockpiles had been destroyed. 4784: 4333: 7841: 7830: 1385:. The mechanisms behind mustard gas's effect on endothelial cells are still being studied, but recent studies have shown that high levels of exposure can induce high rates of both 3551:

Dabrowska, Milena I.; Becks, Lauren L.; Lelli, Joseph L. Jr.; Levee, Minette G.; Hinshaw, Daniel B. (1996). "Sulfur Mustard Induces Apoptosis and Necrosis in Endothelial Cells".

4992:... the Department of Veterans Affairs made two promises: to locate about 4,000 men who were used in the most extreme tests, and to compensate those who had permanent injuries. 2445:, Canada, were loaded onto 187 boxcars for the 900 miles (1,400 km) journey to be buried at sea on board a 400 foot (120 m) long barge 40 miles (64 km) south of 8237: 5456: 2081: 2487:, which gives it a tar-like viscosity. When the content of the SprüBü37 comes in contact with water, only the mustard gas in the outer layers of the lumps of viscous mustard 6113: 4187: 1522:(L), originally intended for use in winter conditions due to its lower freezing point compared to the pure substances. The lewisite component of HL was used as a form of 6194: 2904: 726: 5311: 4854: 1464:

under controlled conditions. Undistilled mustard gas contains 20–30% impurities, which means it does not store as well as HD. Also, as it decomposes, it increases in

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found in specimens from unexposed persons. In one case, intact mustard gas was detected in postmortem fluids and tissues of a man who died one week post-exposure.

5164:. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. II. London: HMSO. 7757: 4205: 5951: 2438:

assay would eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming lab tests and enable easy-to-read tests to protect civilians from sulfur-mustard dumping sites.

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Heidary, Fatemeh; Gharebaghi, Reza; Ghasemi, Hassan; Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza Vaez; Ghaffarpour, Sara; Naghizadeh, Mohammad Mehdi; Ghazanfari, Tooba (2019).

4591: 4891: 1262:(also known as pink eye), after which the eyelids swell, resulting in temporary blindness. Extreme ocular exposure to mustard gas vapors may result in 915: 3376: 1988:(the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process). This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the 1393:. In vitro tests have shown that at low concentrations of mustard gas, where apoptosis is the predominant result of exposure, pretreatment with 50 mM 1922:

Mustard gas can have the effect of turning a patient's skin different colors, including shades of red, orange, pink, and in unusual cases, blue. The

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were tested alongside white men in separate trials to determine whether their skin color would afford them a degree of immunity to the agents, and

5253: 5130: 7790: 5005: 4004: 7836: 2103: 1911:. Clarke was hospitalized for two months for burns after one of his flasks broke. According to Meyer, Fischer's report on this accident to the 4975: 4619: 1020:, are often not gases but a fine mist of liquid droplets. Sulfur mustards are viscous liquids at room temperature and have an odor resembling 7892: 4788: 5471: 2635:. The majority of the bombs were filled with mustard agents. The bombs were left over from the German army and were meant to be used in the 1401:

filaments from reorganization by mustard gas, demonstrating that actin filaments play a large role in the severe burns observed in victims.

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synthesized and characterized the mustard agent compound and noted its irritating properties, especially in tasting. Also in 1860, chemist

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In 2002, an archaeologist at the Presidio Trust archaeology lab in San Francisco was exposed to mustard gas, which had been dug up at the

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The United States Government tested effectiveness on US Naval recruits in a laboratory setting at The Great Lakes Naval Base, June 3, 1945

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Benschop, Hendrik P.; van der Schans, Govert P.; Noort, Daan; Fidder, Alex; Mars-Groenendijk, Roos H.; de Jong, Leo P.A. (1 July 1997).

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is "a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres." The Allies did not use mustard gas until November 1917 at

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Since World War I, mustard gas has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind:

5466: 4043: 3283:"Alteration in serum levels of ICAM-1 and P-, E- and L-selectins in seriously eye-injured long-term following sulfur-mustard exposure" 1309:

Mustard gases' carcinogenic and mutagenic effects mean that victims, even if they fully recover, have an increased risk of developing

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Medical Services: Diseases of the War: Including the Medical Aspects of Aviation and Gas Warfare and Gas Poisoning in Tanks and Mines

831: 7685: 7680: 7675: 1000:, which can interfere with several biological processes. Also known as mustard agents, this family of compounds comprises infamous 722: 7912: 4876: 4224: 3818: 2326:. This led the American Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD) to finance the biology and chemistry departments at 4257: 3227:"Angiogenesis modulatory factors in subjects with chronic ocular complications of Sulfur Mustard exposure: A case-control study" 2875:

Mustard agents: description, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of action, symptoms, antidotes and methods of treatment

7815: 7799: 3622: 2730:, claims for medical care and compensation were routinely denied, even after the WWII-era tests were declassified in 1993. The 4739: 4501:"Competitive immunochromatographic assay for the detection of thiodiglycol sulfoxide, a degradation product of sulfur mustard" 3906: 3881: 2453:, at a depth of 600 fathoms (1,100 m). The dump location is 42 degrees, 50 minutes north by 60 degrees, 12 minutes west. 2010:

in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions as

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217 °C (423 °F; 490 K) begins to decompose at 217 °C (423 °F) and boils at 218 °C (424 °F)

8304: 5319: 5285: 5114: 4922: 4366:"Rôle of the blood and the bone marrow in certain forms of gas poisoning: I. peripheral blood changes and their significance" 4075: 3945: 3605: 1540: – any of several blends containing sulfur mustard and sometimes arsine agents, along with solvents and other additives. 4846: 2299: 2254: 5388: 5051:

Cook, Tim. "‘Against God-Inspired Conscience’: The Perception of Gas Warfare as a Weapon of Mass Destruction, 1915–1939."

4642: 2952:"Sulfur Mustard and Immunology; Trends of 20 Years Research in the Web of Science Core Collection: A Scientometric Review" 7825: 7783: 6710: 3680: 2558: 2512: 1468:, making the munition it is contained in likely to split, especially along a seam, releasing the agent to the atmosphere. 1061: 5382: 4694: 2515:, the army created at least 26 chemical weapons dumping sites in the ocean offshore from at least 11 states on both the 7942: 6326: 5349:"A Recent Exposure to Mustard Gas in the United States: Clinical Findings of a Cohort (n = 247) 6 Years After Exposure" 2246:, abandoned stockpiles of mustard gas shells were destroyed in the open air, and were used against Coalition forces in 910: 8309: 8217: 6341: 6331: 5397: 5088: 4105: 3980: 3934:(1986). "Civilisation and "Frightfulness": Air Control in the Middle East Between the Wars". In Chris Wrigley (ed.). 3632: 3451:"Alteration in inflammatory mediators in seriously eye-injured war veterans, long-term after sulfur mustard exposure" 3116:"Alteration in inflammatory mediators in seriously eye-injured war veterans, long-term after sulfur mustard exposure" 2874: 2166: 2129: 1032:, hence the name. When pure, they are colorless, but when used in impure forms, such as in warfare, they are usually 386: 2531:, etc.). In addition, due to poor recordkeeping, about one-half of the sites have only their rough locations known. 6169: 5612: 2762: 2673:. Multiple fishermen suffered from blistering and respiratory irritation severe enough to require hospitalization. 1963: 5248:

Wattana, Monica, and Tareg Bey. "Mustard gas or sulfur mustard: an old chemical agent as a new terrorist threat."

922: 7999: 7582: 5800: 2520: 2516: 1536: 5393: 5063: 4435:"Chlormethine 160 mcg/g gel in mycosis fungoides-type cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: a profile of its use in the EU" 2727: 8314: 7776: 7058: 6867: 6621: 5217: 4818: 4482: 2731: 2441:

In 1946, 10,000 drums of mustard gas (2,800 tonnes) stored at the production facility of Stormont Chemicals in

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After World War II, stockpiled mustard gas was dumped by South African military personnel under the command of

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Colorless if pure. Normally ranges from pale yellow to dark brown. Slight garlic or horseradish type odor.

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Najafi, Ali; Masoudi-Nejad, Ali; Imani Fooladi, Abbas Ali; Ghanei, Mostafa; Nourani, Mohamad Reza (2014).

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From 1943 to 1944, mustard agent experiments were performed on Australian service volunteers in tropical

2539: 2292: 2156: 2133: 2086: 2034:. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing a 2000: 1643: 1065: 884: 350: 204: 7043: 5147:

Jones, Edgar. "Terror weapons: The British experience of gas and its treatment in the First World War."

4023:"NEWSLETTER - JUNE 1992 NEWSLETTER - Johannesburg - South African Military History Society - Title page" 3986: 1131:. Alternatively, if cell death is not immediate, the damaged DNA can lead to the development of cancer. 1048:

Sulfur mustard is a type of chemical warfare agent. As a chemical weapon, mustard gas was first used in

702: 615: 7882: 7867: 7569: 7274: 6742: 6321: 6068: 4758:"Milestones in U.S. Chemical Weapons Storage and Destruction, fact sheet, US Chemical Materials Agency" 3665: 2694: 2319: 1896: 1574: 948: 5446: 710: 8036: 7846: 7537: 6940: 6737: 3388: 3172:"Tear and serum interleukin-8 and serum CX3CL1, CCL2 and CCL5 in sulfur mustard eye-exposed patients" 2813: 2726:

on up to 60,000 servicemen during and after WWII. The experiments were classified secret and as with

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A large British stockpile of old mustard agent that had been made and stored since World War I at

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mustard of 95% or higher purity. The term "mustard gas" usually refers to this variety of mustard.

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Mustard gas alkylating an amino group via conversion to a sulfonium ion (2-chloroethylthiiranium)

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Before My Helpless Sight: Suffering, Dying and Military Medicine on the Western Front, 1914–1918

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shells, some containing "Mustard H", that had been buried by the U.S. Army during World War II.

2358:. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard called "HN2" became the first cancer 1198:−). These compounds have a similar ability to alkylate DNA, but their physical properties vary. 8227: 8181: 8151: 8111: 8106: 8101: 7897: 7877: 6822: 6576: 6404: 5755: 5745: 5592: 4572: 4499:

Sathe, Manisha; Srivastava, Shruti; Merwyn, S.; Agarwal, G. S.; Kaushik, M. P. (24 July 2014).

3652: 3403:"Microarray gene expression analysis of the human airway in patients exposed to sulfur mustard" 2818: 2802: 2766: 2711: 2706: 2613: 2594: 2511:. According to a report created in 1998 by William Brankowitz, a deputy project manager in the 2504: 1884: 1509: 1381: 1171: 1017: 880: 5303: 5265: 5060:

Holding Their Breath: How the Allies Confronted the Threat of Chemical Warfare in World War II

3595: 224: 8258: 8176: 8166: 7907: 7872: 7194: 6721: 6522: 6430: 5341: 5312:"NATO Presses New Libyan Leaders to Eliminate Mustard Agent - Global Security Newswire - NTI" 5240:

Toxic Exposures: Mustard Gas and the Health Consequences of World War II in the United States

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The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard gas, during warfare is known as

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In its history, various types and mixtures of mustard gas have been employed. These include:

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Ghabili, Kamyar, et al. "Mustard gas toxicity: the acute and chronic pathological effects."

3791:(...) 'Ypres,' a name used by the French, because the compound was first used at Ypres (...) 3789:. University of California Libraries. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc. p. 150. 3769:. University of California Libraries. New York McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc. p. 176. 758: 152: 8324: 8091: 7978: 7887: 7695: 7526: 7354: 7269: 6930: 6857: 6812: 6777: 6757: 6306: 5805: 5675: 5669: 5607: 5516: 5274:"History and Analysis of Mustard Agent and Lewisite Research Programs in the United States" 4512: 3737: 3728:

Duchovic, Ronald J.; Vilensky, Joel A. (2007). "Mustard Gas: Its Pre-World War I History".

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Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel and

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A large amount of chemical weapons, including mustard gas, was found in a neighborhood of

2479:. Between 1966 and 2002, fishermen have found about 700 chemical weapons in the region of 734: 8: 8289: 8161: 8009: 7862: 7768: 7559: 7214: 6982: 6910: 6905: 6837: 6762: 6445: 6394: 6265: 6255: 6025: 5836: 5663: 5637: 5627: 5597: 4937: 4877:"Vial found in Presidio may be mustard gas / Army experts expected to identify substance" 4717: 2639:

in World War I. It was the largest collection of chemical weapons ever found in Belgium.

2208: 2141: 2049: 2030:. Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as an 1892: 1461: 1350: 1334: 1215: 859: 543: 128: 118: 5152: 4950: 4516: 4148:"Verification of Exposure to Sulfur Mustard in Two Casualties of the Iran-Iraq Conflict" 3741: 3564: 2401:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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on exposed skin and in the lungs, often resulting in prolonged illness ending in death.

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Schummer, Joachim. "Ethics of chemical weapons research: Poison gas in World War One."

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Duchovic, Ronald J., and Joel A. Vilensky. "Mustard gas: its pre-World War I history."

4462: 4334:"Isis 'manufacturing and using chemical weapons' in Iraq and Syria, US official claims" 3533: 3478: 3430: 3318: 3262: 3207: 3151: 3090: 3065: 3041: 3008: 2984: 2951: 2528: 2508: 2492: 2420: 2314:. In addition, autopsies performed on 75 soldiers who had died of mustard agent during 1971: 1955: 1532: – A blend of distilled mustard (HD) and sesquimustard (Q) (Gates and Moore 1946). 1358: 1295: 1279: 1267: 371: 246: 164: 5085:

Medical defense against mustard gas: toxic mechanisms and pharmacological implications

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Effects of mustard gas, WW1|Gas Warfare Medical Aspects|World War II Resource Centre

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is building an automated factory to dispose of the accumulation of chemical shells.

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chemistry, repeated the reaction, and recorded blister-forming properties. In 1886,

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Fitzgerald, Gerard J. "Chemical warfare and medical response during World War I."

3338:"Ocular injuries caused by mustard gas: diagnosis, treatment, and medical defense" 2887: 2701:

and American experimenters, resulting in some severe injuries. One test site, the

1683: 1651: 1620: 1588: 318: 7994: 7425: 7199: 6915: 6668: 6591: 6571: 6493: 5587: 5567: 5457:

UK Ministry of Defence Report on disposal of weapons at sea and incidents arising

4486: 3935: 3885: 3784: 3764: 3684: 3668:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Accessed March 19, 2009. 3466: 3418: 3298: 3242: 3187: 3131: 2524: 2428: 2327: 2288: 2180: 2162: 2023: 2019: 1989: 1985: 1947: 1931: 1869: 1287: 1283: 1077: 694: 559: 273: 5273: 5266:

Mustard gas (Sulphur Mustard) (IARC Summary & Evaluation, Supplement7, 1987)

4022: 3910: 3850:(in German) (Online ed.). Institut für Sächsische Geschichte und Volkskunde 3666:

The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Mustard-Lewisite Mixture (HL)

1868:

published a paper describing a synthesis that produced good yields. He combined

1714: 1290:. Depending on the level of contamination, mustard agent burns can vary between 963:, as well as other species. In the wider sense, compounds with the substituents 8232: 7820: 7629: 7344: 7279: 7204: 7143: 6877: 6817: 6566: 6007: 5778: 5703: 5617: 5200: 4646: 2808: 2666: 2578: 2198: 2184: 2090: 1505: 1465: 1394: 1353:), or by nucleophilic attack using decontamination solutions such as "DS2" (2% 1259: 893: 714: 682: 4450: 4044:"The Tox Lab: When U Chicago Was in the Chemical Weapons "Business" | Newcity" 3677: 3354: 3337: 2877:. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Accessed June 8, 2010. 1736: 678: 8283: 8058: 7962: 7670: 7548: 7495: 7490: 7420: 7364: 7224: 7209: 7163: 6988: 6951: 6920: 6767: 6616: 6499: 6425: 6351: 5722: 5647: 5572: 5506: 5169: 5038:, 10th edition, Biomedical Publications, Seal Beach, CA, 2014, pp. 1892–1894. 4915:

Keen as mustard: Britain's horrific chemical warfare experiments in Australia

4458: 3521: 3306: 3250: 3195: 3139: 3032: 2975: 2967: 2770: 2718:

The United States tested sulfur mustards and other chemical agents including

2586: 2311: 2247: 2114: 1923: 1916: 1612: 1430: 1303: 1298:, though they can also be every bit as severe, disfiguring, and dangerous as 1263: 1254: 1249:

and skin irritation. If this irritation goes untreated, blisters filled with

1179: 1147: 1033: 1021: 1005: 698: 516: 506: 235: 37: 4434: 1661: 8171: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 7957: 7500: 7450: 7229: 7219: 7174: 7168: 7138: 7133: 6891: 6802: 6704: 6648: 6611: 6560: 6539: 6488: 6455: 6384: 6346: 6285: 6250: 6148: 5770: 5750: 5622: 5521: 5461: 5439: 5421: 5374: 4742:. US Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). 2 May 2006. Archived from 4668: 4532: 4419: 4164: 4147: 3572: 3529: 3497: 3474: 3426: 3363: 3314: 3282: 3258: 3226: 3203: 3171: 3147: 3115: 3099: 2993: 2796: 2698: 2472: 2446: 2363: 2359: 2121: 2035: 1880: 1865: 1483: 1346: 1073: 1001: 5158:

MacPherson, W. G.; Herringham, W. P.; Elliott, T. R.; Balfour, A. (1923).

4173: 3580: 3050: 830: 686: 46: 8201: 7952: 7510: 7485: 7440: 7303: 7264: 7128: 7123: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7048: 6967: 6956: 6946: 6658: 6389: 6280: 6275: 6209: 5908: 5893: 5865: 5847: 5819: 5532: 4716:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (30 November 2016).

4188:"More Than 600 Reported Chemical Exposure in Iraq, Pentagon Acknowledges" 3714: 2685:

Mustard gas test subjects enter gas chamber, Edgewood Arsenal, March 1945

2605: 2371: 2315: 2276: 2272: 2055: 2011: 1927: 1405: 1319: 1211: 1081: 1052:, and has been used in several armed conflicts since then, including the 1049: 1029: 843: 742: 551: 3081: 3024: 2330:

to conduct research on the use of chemical warfare during World War II.

1942: 816: 746: 718: 55: 7460: 7455: 7435: 7430: 7415: 7410: 7323: 7318: 7294: 7113: 7098: 7093: 7038: 7033: 6715: 6596: 6555: 6549: 6533: 6516: 6510: 6477: 6469: 6410: 6204: 5976: 5882: 5871: 5693: 5687: 4847:"Cleanup Complete At WWI Chemical Weapons Dump In D.C.'s Spring Valley" 4524: 4398:

Gilman A (May 1963). "The initial clinical trial of nitrogen mustard".

4310:"US official: 'IS making and using chemical weapons in Iraq and Syria'" 3783:

Fries, Amos A. (Amos Alfred); West, Clarence J. (Clarence Jay) (1921).

3763:

Fries, Amos A. (Amos Alfred); West, Clarence J. (Clarence Jay) (1921).

2735:

who had previously filed claims with the VA went without compensation.

2628: 2488: 2476: 2465: 1523: 1323: 1242: 1234: 1151: 1120: 1117: 823: 538: 475: 255: 215: 5379:

Shows photographs taken in 1996 showing people with mustard gas burns.

5125:

Geraci, Matthew J. "Mustard gas: imminent danger or eminent threat?."

4553:. Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Historical Society. 18 September 2016 3749: 3513: 3400: 2298:

In September 2012, a US official stated that the rebel militant group

1226:, which interferes with cellular division and can lead to mutations. 1072:(though since then, mustard gas has been found to be useful in cancer 770: 8222: 8191: 8136: 7660: 7555: 7505: 7480: 7470: 7395: 7118: 7108: 7103: 7023: 7003: 6977: 6962: 6900: 6847: 6606: 6544: 6527: 6505: 6482: 6219: 6060: 5853: 5717: 5656: 5582: 5404:

Clayton, William; Howard, Alfred John; Thomson, David (25 May 1946).

4976:"The VA's Broken Promise To Thousands Of Vets Exposed To Mustard Gas" 2662: 2632: 2590: 2484: 2461: 2367: 2310:

As early as 1919 it was known that mustard agent was a suppressor of

2258: 2015: 1675: 1501: 1390: 1342: 1315: 1233:

effects on victims. Their alkylating capabilities make them strongly

1159: 1128: 1113: 1056:, resulting in more than 100,000 casualties. Today, sulfur-based and 5185:

Padley, Anthony Paul. "Gas: the greatest terror of the Great War."

4479: 4365: 3727: 3698: 1206: 892:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

8196: 8053: 8042: 7637: 7564: 7465: 7374: 7339: 7284: 7239: 7153: 7063: 7013: 6896: 6885: 6862: 6852: 6832: 6727: 6694: 6688: 6678: 6078: 6050: 6045: 6040: 5681: 5540: 4691:"India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile - Yahoo! India News" 4286: 4225:"Samples confirm Islamic State used mustard gas in Iraq - diplomat" 2747: 2723: 2624: 2617: 2566: 2554: 2480: 2346: 2342: 2265: 2243: 2152: 2125: 2075: 1848: 1519: 1457: 1426: 1386: 1370: 1230: 1163: 1105: 789: 293: 7598: 5157: 3937:

Warfare, diplomacy and politics: essays in honour of A.J.P. Taylor

1404:

A British nurse treating soldiers with mustard agent burns during

782: 151: 8268: 7842:

Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives

7313: 7308: 7018: 7008: 6998: 6993: 6683: 6311: 6229: 6214: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6073: 5981: 5971: 5931: 5926: 5903: 5898: 5632: 5394:

UMDNJ-Rutgers University CounterACT Research Center of Excellence

5342:

Detailed information on physical effects and suggested treatments

5336:

Textbook of Military Medicine – Intensive overview of mustard gas

4229: 4145: 3641: 2570: 2562: 2219: 2098: 2007: 1981: 1934:

was readily available from the German dye industry of that time.

1873: 1861: 1687: 1655: 1624: 1598: 1592: 1238: 1037: 690: 496: 305: 5278:

Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite

5197:

Veterans at risk: The health effects of mustard gas and lewisite

5107:

Gas! GAS! Quick, boys! How Chemistry Changed the First World War

5006:"Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race" 4005:"Secret World War II Chemical Experiments Tested Troops By Race" 2187:, resulting in several cases of burns among local trawler crews. 1630: 7531: 7189: 7184: 6972: 6118: 6108: 6103: 6098: 5760: 5562: 5472:

Measures to protect against mustard gas, 1917-1918, Simon Jones

3224: 3168: 2582: 2574: 2027: 1908: 1888: 1397:(NAC) was able to decrease the rate of apoptosis. NAC protects 1366: 1310: 1275: 1085: 1025: 195: 3447: 3112: 2612:

just west of Sydney, Australia. In 2009, a mining survey near

2608:

that contained mustard gas were found in an excavation at the

2589:. The largest mustard agent stockpile, at approximately 6,200 1966:

by the German army against British and Canadian soldiers near

1329: 1096: 996:, respectively, where X = Cl or Br. Such compounds are potent 664: 8063: 7475: 7390: 7349: 6631: 6035: 6030: 6020: 5859: 5842: 5795: 4804: 3279: 2761:

servicemen, some of whom had joined after their release from

2758: 2709:. These experiments were the subject of the documentary film 2305: 2215: 1967: 1544: 1398: 1135:

would be another pathology involved in mustard gas toxicity.

766: 555: 547: 175: 141: 6114:

Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)

4951:"Keen as mustard | Bridget Goodwin | 1989 | ACMI collection" 4498: 3687:. Itech.dickinson.edu (2008-04-25). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 1693: 1452:. This is named after the inventor of the "quick but dirty" 1138:

In the wider sense, compounds with the structural element BC

1116:

ions. These very reactive intermediates tend to permanently

355: 6641: 6636: 6195:

2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate

5230:

Ethics of Chemistry: From Poison Gas to Climate Engineering

3614: 3335: 2598: 1999:, who developed a method of large-scale production for the 1246: 1210:

Soldier with moderate mustard agent burns sustained during

656: 284: 7798: 4669:"Zee News – India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile" 4139: 3971:. In Mary Kaldor; Helmut Anheier; Marlies Glasius (eds.). 3624:

Weapons of mass casualties and terrorism response handbook

2545:

A significant portion of the United States' mustard agent

2538:

Producing or stockpiling mustard gas is prohibited by the

2052:

that forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas.

1839:

Mustard gases were possibly developed as early as 1822 by

1253:

can form wherever the agent contacted the skin. These are

706: 7028: 6581: 4640: 3844:

Fischer, Karin (June 2004). Schattkowsky, Martina (ed.).

3336:

Safarinejad, M. R.; Moosavi, S. A.; Montazeri, B (2001).

1250: 1223: 1127:

strands, which can prevent cellular division, leading to

1124: 7831:

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense

4889: 3550: 2948: 1341:

Mustard gases' blistering effects can be neutralized by

648: 4206:"Veterans Hurt by Chemical Weapons in Iraq Get Apology" 2623:

In 2014, a collection of 200 bombs was found near the

5383:

An overview of the sulfur and nitrogen mustard agents

5271: 4616:"India to destroy chemical weapons stockpile by 2009" 4610: 4608: 2705:, was chosen to simulate Pacific islands held by the 2271:

According to Syrian state media, by ISIS against the

1950:

containing "HD" (distilled mustard gas agent) at the

8264:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

5403: 4324: 4258:"Chemical weapons used by fighters in Syria—sources" 3966:"Global society and biological and chemical weapons" 2197:

destroyed an Allied stockpile of mustard gas on the

1970:, Belgium, on July 12, 1917. Later also against the 1229:

Mustard gases are extremely toxic and have powerful

652: 586:

Flammable, toxic, vesicant, carcinogenic, mutagenic

5268:. Inchem.org (1998-02-09). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 4892:"Fishing crewman exposed to mustard gas from shell" 4547:"Hill 70 & Cornwall's Deadly Mustard Gas Plant" 3909:. Federation of American Scientitst. Archived from 3651:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from 3620: 2264:By ISIS against another rebel group in the town of 1891:, most of which died. In 1913, the English chemist 1182:, which has two α-chloroethyl thioether groups (ClC 1170:. Other such compounds are bis(2-haloethyl)ethers ( 4874: 4605: 4332: 4282:"Syria war: IS 'used mustard gas' on Assad troops" 3847:Steinkopf, Georg Wilhelm, in: Sächsische Biografie 5396:A research center studying mustard gas, includes 5338:Includes many references to scientific literature 4683: 3498:"Mustard gas: imminent danger or eminent threat?" 2856:FM 3–8 Chemical Reference handbook, US Army, 1967 2776: 2333:As a part of this effort, the group investigated 2287:, and this kind of warfare was prohibited by the 1429:(top row) and mustard gas (bottom row) test with 1091: 8281: 4123:"Iran's Chemical Ali survivors still bear scars" 3819:"Photographic Archive of Avonmouth Bristol BS11" 3391:. Vlib.us (2004-08-23). Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 3066:"War! What is it good for? Mustard gas medicine" 2059:US Army World War II gas identification poster, 1843:(1798–1863). Despretz described the reaction of 644: 317: 5195:Rall, David P., and Constance M. Pechura, eds. 5036:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man 4816: 4489:. cma.army.mil. Retrieved on November 11, 2011. 4480:The U.S. Army's Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) 3593: 2649: 2471:Most of the mustard gas found in Germany after 1500:by the US. A mixture of 60% HD mustard and 40% 1016:is technically incorrect; the substances, when 805: 127: 5467:The advent of mustard gas in 1917, Simon Jones 4643:"India declares its stock of chemical weapons" 4330: 2104:Spanish use of chemical weapons in the Rif War 1518: – A blend of distilled mustard (HD) and 1076:). Mustard agents can be deployed by means of 1043: 778: 660: 7893:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System 7826:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 7784: 7614: 5492: 4938:Brook Island Trials of Mustard Gas during WW2 4917:. St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press. 3963: 3699:"XIII.—On some derivatives from the olefines" 3006: 2742:Arms of four test subjects after exposure to 511:14.45 °C (58.01 °F; 287.60 K) 4363: 4301: 3975:. Oxford University Press. pp. 87–117. 3407:Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction 2661:In 2010, a clamming boat pulled up some old 2235:Possibly in Sudan against insurgents in the 1068:, as substances with few uses other than in 4807:. Mustardgas.org. Retrieved on 29 May 2011. 4057: 2769:to these agents. These tests also included 2765:were tested to determine susceptibility of 2138:36th Division (National Revolutionary Army) 1899:) replaced the phosphorus trichloride with 7791: 7777: 7621: 7607: 5499: 5485: 5400:with many early references on mustard gas. 5104: 4940:. Home.st.net.au. Retrieved on 2011-05-29. 4782: 4307: 4063: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3696: 3671: 3627:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. p. 47. 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2306:Development of the first chemotherapy drug 2082:Alleged British use in Mesopotamia in 1920 1930:relied on the Meyer-Clarke method because 1903:in Meyer's formulation while working with 1669:Bis(2-(2-chloroethylsulfanyl)ethyl) ether 1545:Commonly-stockpiled mustard agents (class) 750: 370: 245: 223: 7666:p-(2-Chloroethylthio)phenyldichloroarsine 5429: 5364: 5346: 5003: 4973: 4890:Wickett, Shana; Beth Daley (2010-06-08). 4393: 4391: 4163: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4002: 3930: 3782: 3771:(...) on the night of July 12, 1917 (...) 3762: 3678:By Any Other Name: Origins of Mustard Gas 3649:"Chemical Weapons Production and Storage" 3353: 3089: 3040: 2983: 1807:Bis((2-chloroethylsulfanyl)methyl) ether 337: 4800: 4798: 4785:"Base's phantom war reveals its secrets" 4397: 3600:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 184. 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2737: 2680: 2676: 2054: 1941: 1421: 1328: 1270:. In these severe and infrequent cases, 1205: 1201: 1095: 7913:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility 5452:surgical treatment of mustard gas burns 5207: 4912: 4255: 4222: 4114: 4070:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 74–. 3959: 3957: 3861: 3843: 3802: 3690: 2859: 1786:1,5-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) pentane 1744:1,3-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) propane 1190:S−) connected by an ethylene bridge (−C 951:, which has the chemical structure S(CH 395:InChI=1S/C4H8Cl2S/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2 366: 14: 8282: 7800:United States chemical weapons program 6380:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro) 6374:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro) 4590:. Daily Press Virginia. Archived from 4388: 4095: 4084: 3907:"Uses of CW since the First World War" 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3879:Blister Agent: Mustard gas (H, HD, HS) 3495: 3007:Watson, A. P.; Griffin, G. D. (1992). 1765:1,4-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) butane 1606:1,2-Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) ethane 848:105 °C (221 °F; 378 K) 405:InChI=1/C4H8Cl2S/c5-1-3-7-4-2-6/h1-4H2 236: 7837:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity 7772: 7602: 6622:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS) 5480: 5389:Questions and Answers for Mustard Gas 4997: 4967: 4795: 4432: 4223:Deutsch, Anthony (15 February 2016). 3063: 2899: 2897: 2841: 1512:and similar vesicant characteristics. 1326:, pain, and foreign-body sensations. 1274:has been used as a treatment option. 398:Key: QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 203: 183: 4833:"Farmer discovers 200 bombs (Dutch)" 4817:Cumming, Stuart (11 November 2009). 4585: 4331:Lizzie Dearden (11 September 2015). 4120: 3954: 3064:Smith, Susan L. (27 February 2017). 2381: 7628: 6711:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine 4003:Dickerson, Caitlin (22 June 2015). 3904: 3891: 3821:. BristolPast.co.uk. Archived from 3553:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 2646:The cleanup was completed in 2021. 2559:Federal Emergency Management Agency 2549:was stored at the Edgewood Area of 2513:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Agency 2293:Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993 2204:, killing 83 and hospitalizing 628. 1722:Bis(2-chloroethylsulfanyl) methane 1701:2-Chloroethyl chloromethyl sulfide 1060:mustard agents are regulated under 408:Key: QKSKPIVNLNLAAV-UHFFFAOYAK 308: 292: 24: 7943:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments 6327:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride 5385:(Caution: contains graphic images) 5296:"CDC - Facts About Sulfur Mustard" 5045: 3973:Global Civil Society Yearbook 2003 2894: 2763:Japanese American Internment Camps 2318:were done by researchers from the 1337:on an arm caused by vesicant burns 1104:Sulfur mustards readily eliminate 801: 25: 8336: 6342:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride 6332:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide 5259: 5250:Prehospital and disaster medicine 5242:(Rutgers University Press, 2017) 5095:American journal of public health 5004:Dickerson, Caitlin (2015-06-22). 4974:Dickerson, Caitlin (2015-06-23). 4875:Sullivan, Kathleen (2002-10-22). 4787:. Fairfax Digital. Archived from 4618:. Dominican Today. Archived from 4382:10.1001/jama.1919.26110010018009f 3013:Environmental Health Perspectives 2322:who reported decreased counts of 1919:on the road to chemical weapons. 1879:, and then treated the resulting 1266:, anterior chamber scarring, and 1158:. Such compounds can form cyclic 27:Compound used in chemical warfare 6170:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate 5613:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin 5462:Rhydymwyn Valley History Society 5406:"Treatment of Mustard Gas Burns" 4671:. Zeenews.india.com. 14 May 2009 4641:Amy Smithson; Frank Gaffney Jr. 4439:Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 4308:Paul Blake (11 September 2015). 4152:Journal of Analytical Toxicology 3455:International Immunopharmacology 3287:International Immunopharmacology 3231:International Immunopharmacology 3176:International Immunopharmacology 3120:International Immunopharmacology 2956:Iranian Journal of Public Health 2468:, Wales, was destroyed in 1958. 2386: 2006:Mustard gas was dispersed as an 1819: 1798: 1777: 1756: 1735: 1713: 1692: 1660: 1629: 1597: 1504:, a related vesicant with lower 1241:. Furthermore, they are highly 1088:, or by spraying from aircraft. 941:are names commonly used for the 900: 614: 609: 462: 456: 54: 45: 36: 7583:List of chemical warfare agents 5801:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride 5028: 4943: 4931: 4906: 4883: 4868: 4857:from the original on 2022-02-07 4839: 4825: 4810: 4776: 4750: 4732: 4709: 4661: 4634: 4579: 4565: 4539: 4492: 4473: 4433:Scott, Lesley J. (2017-06-01). 4426: 4357: 4345:from the original on 2022-06-18 4274: 4256:Deutsch, Anthony (2015-11-06). 4249: 4216: 4198: 4180: 4036: 4015: 3996: 3924: 3837: 3811: 3796: 3776: 3756: 3721: 3659: 3587: 3544: 3489: 3441: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3329: 3273: 3218: 3162: 2665:shells of World War I from the 2616:, uncovered 144 105-millimeter 1958:scheme on each shell is visible 1417: 896:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 5316:NTI: Nuclear Threat Initiative 5272:Institute of Medicine (1993). 5187:Anaesthesia and intensive care 4740:"CSEPP Background Information" 4586:Bull, John (30 October 2005). 3805:The Port of Bristol, 1848-1884 3106: 3057: 3000: 2942: 2918: 2880: 2777:Detection in biological fluids 2732:Department of Veterans Affairs 2261:forces in Iraq in August 2015. 1834: 1456:for manufacture, reacting dry 1218:on the neck, armpit, and hands 1092:Mechanism of cellular toxicity 1008:with a long history of use as 573:Occupational safety and health 468: 450: 13: 1: 5139:Journal of applied toxicology 5073:Journal of chemical education 4819:"Weapons await UN inspection" 4805:Chemical Warfare in Australia 4121:Lyon, Alistair (2008-07-09). 4067:A History of Chemical Warfare 3502:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 2829: 2060: 1306:before recovery is complete. 8305:World War I chemical weapons 8000:Operation Davy Jones' Locker 7903:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity 6654:Trimethylolpropane phosphite 6200:Neopentylene fluorophosphate 5398:searchable reference library 5280:. National Academies Press. 4783:Ashworth L (7 August 2008). 4412:10.1016/0002-9610(63)90232-0 3621:Stewart, Charles D. (2006). 3467:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105897 3419:10.3109/10799893.2014.896379 3299:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105820 3243:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105843 3188:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105844 3132:10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105897 2926:"What is a Chemical Weapon?" 2914:. American Chemical Society. 2650:Post-war accidental exposure 1638:2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide 1174:), the (2-haloethyl)amines ( 7: 8048:Methylphosphonyl difluoride 7753:2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide 6436:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol 6296:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol 6165:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate 4573:"Valley Factory, Rhydymwyn" 3496:Geraci, Matthew J. (2008). 2785: 2767:Japanese military personnel 2755:African American servicemen 2703:Brook Islands National Park 2540:Chemical Weapons Convention 2377: 2134:Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang 2074:United Kingdom against the 1066:Chemical Weapons Convention 1044:History as chemical weapons 885:Chloromethyl methyl sulfide 10: 8341: 7883:Edgewood Chemical Activity 7868:Anniston Chemical Activity 7275:Hexamethylene diisocyanate 6743:Phenylcarbylamine chloride 6069:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride 5189:44.1_suppl (2016): 24-30. 4064:K. Coleman (23 May 2005). 2695:Royal Australian Engineers 2658:, a former military base. 2320:University of Pennsylvania 1897:Eschweiler-Clarke reaction 1829: 1575:Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 1349:, using household bleach ( 949:bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 82:Bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide 8246: 8210: 8084: 8037:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate 8027: 7987: 7971: 7935: 7926: 7855: 7847:Chemical mortar battalion 7806: 7745: 7694: 7636: 7578: 7538:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate 7519: 7383: 7332: 7293: 7152: 6929: 6876: 6738:Perchloromethyl mercaptan 6667: 6468: 6243: 6157: 6149:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10) 6059: 6006: 5990: 5917: 5827: 5818: 5788: 5769: 5736: 5702: 5655: 5646: 5531: 5127:Annals of Pharmacotherapy 4913:Goodwin, Bridget (1998). 4551:Cornwall Community Museum 4485:October 15, 2004, at the 4451:10.1007/s40267-017-0409-7 3940:. Hamilton. p. 148. 2814:Poison gas in World War I 2656:Presidio of San Francisco 2395:This section needs to be 2229:Iraq against Iranians in 2140:in 1934, and also in the 1222:Mustard gases react with 1110:nucleophilic substitution 890: 865: 590: 570: 565: 437: 417: 382: 111: 79: 67: 62: 53: 44: 35: 8310:IARC Group 1 carcinogens 7821:U.S. Army Chemical Corps 7250:Chloroacetophenone oxime 7235:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone 6843:Trifluoroacetyl chloride 6753:Tetrachlorodinitroethane 6400:Phosphorus pentachloride 6225:Methanesulfonyl fluoride 5208:Richter, Donald (1994). 4100:. Springer. p. 71. 3594:Van Bergen, Leo (2009). 2968:10.18502/ijph.v49i7.3573 2291:, and also by the later 1860:, known as a pioneer in 673:Precautionary statements 8187:XM736 8-inch projectile 7918:Umatilla Chemical Depot 7534:(variants and mixtures) 6798:Trichloronitrosomethane 6793:Trifluoronitrosomethane 6368:Methyldichlorophosphine 5410:British Medical Journal 5105:Freemantle, M. (2012). 4096:Faguet, Guy B. (2005). 4025:. Samilitaryhistory.org 3355:10.1093/milmed/166.1.67 2792:Bis(chloromethyl) ether 2637:Battle of Passchendaele 2551:Aberdeen Proving Ground 2289:Geneva Protocol of 1925 2224:Halabja chemical attack 2041:They Shall Not Grow Old 1913:German Chemical Society 1841:César-Mansuète Despretz 1272:corneal transplantation 1214:showing characteristic 1108:ions by intramolecular 106:Dichlorodiethyl sulfide 8182:M687 155 mm projectile 8152:M360 105 mm projectile 8112:M121 155 mm projectile 8107:M110 155 mm projectile 8102:M104 155 mm projectile 7898:Newport Chemical Depot 7878:Deseret Chemical Depot 7816:2nd Chemical Battalion 7809:centers and institutes 7333:Cornea-clouding agents 6823:Phosphorus trichloride 6405:Phosphorus trichloride 6139:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843) 5593:Phosphorus trifluoride 5422:10.1136/bmj.1.4455.797 5151:21.3 (2014): 355-375. 5141:30.7 (2010): 627-643. 5129:42.2 (2008): 237-246. 5097:98.4 (2008): 611-625. 4821:. Toowoomba Chronicle. 4588:"The Deadliness Below" 3964:Daniel Feakes (2003). 3884:July 24, 2007, at the 3573:10.1006/taap.1996.0324 2819:Rawalpindi experiments 2751: 2707:Imperial Japanese Army 2686: 2614:Chinchilla, Queensland 2595:Deseret Chemical Depot 2101:of 1921–27 (see also: 2067: 1962:Mustard gas was first 1959: 1937: 1885:phosphorus trichloride 1444: – Also known as 1434: 1415: 1382:Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1338: 1333:Typical appearance of 1219: 1166:, etc.) that are good 1101: 881:Bis(chloroethyl) ether 812: 8315:Chloroethyl compounds 8259:Dugway sheep incident 8177:M60 105 mm projectile 8167:M44 generator cluster 7908:Pueblo Chemical Depot 7873:Blue Grass Army Depot 7856:Industrial facilities 7696:Antineoplastic agents 6722:Disulfur decafluoride 6523:Chlorophenylsilatrane 6431:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol 5109:. The History Press. 4364:Krumbhaar EB (1919). 2741: 2691:Queensland, Australia 2684: 2677:WWII-era tests on men 2671:Long Island, New York 2610:Marrangaroo Army Base 2458:M. S. Factory, Valley 2436:immunochromatographic 2275:during the battle in 2058: 1952:Pueblo Chemical Depot 1945: 1425: 1410: 1376:Staphylococcus aureus 1332: 1209: 1202:Physiological effects 1129:programmed cell death 1099: 1036:. Mustard gases form 811: 8211:Protective equipment 8092:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb 7979:Operation Ranch Hand 7888:Hawthorne Army Depot 7758:Mustard chlorohydrin 7527:Methyl fluoroacetate 7355:Methyl cyanoacrylate 7270:Allyl isothiocyanate 6858:Uranium hexafluoride 6813:Dinitrogen tetroxide 6758:Chlorine trifluoride 5806:Selenium oxychloride 5676:Phenyldichloroarsine 5670:Methyldichloroarsine 5608:Nickel tetracarbonyl 5252:24.1 (2009): 19-29. 4764:on 15 September 2012 4237:on February 22, 2016 4165:10.1093/jat/21.4.249 3715:10.1039/QJ8601200109 3379:. brooksidepress.org 2604:In 2008, many empty 2593:, was stored at the 2475:was dumped into the 2193:The 2 December 1943 2032:incapacitating agent 2001:Imperial German Army 1496:by the British, and 1478:by the British, and 1314:exposure, including 794:(fire diamond) 69:Preferred IUPAC name 8162:M43 BZ cluster bomb 8010:Operation Steel Box 7863:Anniston Army Depot 7215:Bromobenzyl cyanide 6983:Dimethylheptylpyran 6911:Diphenylcyanoarsine 6906:Diphenylchlorarsine 6838:Methyl vinyl ketone 6763:Perchloryl fluoride 6627:Bicyclic phosphates 6446:Trimethyl phosphite 6395:Phosphoryl chloride 5664:Ethyldichloroarsine 5638:Chloral cyanohydrin 5628:Acetone cyanohydrin 5598:Methyl cyanoformate 5062:(Cornell UP, 2023) 5058:Dorsey, M. Girard. 5055:18.1 (2000): 47-69. 4791:on 5 December 2008. 4622:on 7 September 2013 4517:2014Ana...139.5118S 3905:Pearson, Graham S. 3803:David Large (ed.). 3742:2007JChEd..84..944D 3697:F. Guthrie (1860). 3655:on August 11, 2014. 3565:1996ToxAP.141..568D 3082:10.1503/cmaj.161032 3025:10.1289/ehp.9298259 2341:and other types of 2239:, in 1995 and 1997. 2142:Xinjiang War (1937) 1964:used in World War I 1893:Hans Thacher Clarke 1550: 1462:disulfur dichloride 1433:from 0.01% to 0.06% 1395:N-acetyl-L-cysteine 1351:sodium hypochlorite 1296:second degree burns 528:Solubility in water 483: g·mol 165:Beilstein Reference 96:Yellow cross liquid 32: 8254:CB military symbol 8005:Operation Geranium 7807:Units, formations, 7588:CB military symbol 7446:Enterotoxin type B 7401:Cyclopiazonic acid 7360:N-Methylmorpholine 7255:Ethyl bromoacetate 6733:Ethyl bromoacetate 6700:Perfluoroisobutene 6441:Triethyl phosphite 5712:Levinstein mustard 5603:Iron pentacarbonyl 5347:Iyriboz Y (2004). 5244:online book review 5232:(2021) pp. 55-83. 5075:84.6 (2007): 944. 4649:on 6 November 2012 4525:10.1039/C4AN00720D 4210:The New York Times 4192:The New York Times 3932:Townshend, Charles 3913:on August 22, 2010 3683:2014-02-01 at the 2752: 2687: 2529:Operation Geranium 2421:Richmond, Kentucky 2356:chemical compounds 2339:Hodgkin's lymphoma 2068: 2050:area-denial weapon 1972:French Second Army 1960: 1954:. The distinctive 1946:Pallets of 155 mm 1549: 1498:Mustard T- mixture 1492: – Codenamed 1474: – Codenamed 1454:Levinstein Process 1450:Levinstein mustard 1435: 1359:diethylenetriamine 1339: 1300:third degree burns 1280:respiratory system 1268:neovascularization 1264:corneal ulceration 1220: 1146:X, where X is any 1102: 923:Infobox references 866:Related compounds 813: 501:1.27 g/mL, liquid 102:Mustard T- mixture 30: 8277: 8276: 8157:M426 8-inch shell 8142:M23 chemical mine 8023: 8022: 8015:Operation Red Hat 7948:Operation Top Hat 7766: 7765: 7596: 7595: 7406:Histrionicotoxins 7384:Biological toxins 7260:Ethyl iodoacetate 6828:Methyl isocyanate 6788:Selenoyl fluoride 6778:Mercuric chloride 6748:Tetranitromethane 6602:Sulfuryl fluoride 6587:HN3 hydrochloride 6582:HN2 hydrochloride 6577:HN1 hydrochloride 6464: 6463: 6421:Phenacyl chloride 6416:Pinacolyl alcohol 6362:Isopropyl alcohol 6357:4-Hydroxycoumarin 6291:1,8-Dibromooctane 5814: 5813: 5738:Nitrogen mustards 5551:Cyanogen chloride 5447:Nightmare in Bari 5416:(4455): 797–799. 5287:978-0-309-04832-3 5210:Chemical Soldiers 5116:978-0-7524-6601-9 5083:Feister, Alan J. 5053:War & Society 4924:978-0-7022-2941-1 4098:The War on Cancer 4077:978-0-230-50183-6 3947:978-0-241-11789-7 3750:10.1021/ed084p944 3607:978-0-7546-5853-5 3514:10.1345/aph.1K445 3342:Military Medicine 2720:nitrogen mustards 2581:located south of 2498:French government 2443:Cornwall, Ontario 2416: 2415: 2337:as a therapy for 2324:white blood cells 2130:Republic of China 1997:Wilhelm Steinkopf 1901:hydrochloric acid 1877:potassium sulfide 1854:Frederick Guthrie 1845:sulfur dichloride 1827: 1826: 1480:Distilled Mustard 1448:("Hun Stuff") or 1176:nitrogen mustards 1168:alkylating agents 998:alkylating agents 993:nitrogen mustards 946:chemical compound 931:Chemical compound 929: 928: 872:Related compounds 854:Safety data sheet 639:Hazard statements 533:7.6 mg/L at 20°C 351:CompTox Dashboard 153:Interactive image 100:Distilled mustard 73:1-Chloro-2-ethane 16:(Redirected from 8332: 8147:M34 cluster bomb 8097:M1 chemical mine 7933: 7932: 7793: 7786: 7779: 7770: 7769: 7623: 7616: 7609: 7600: 7599: 7570:White phosphorus 7547:post-combustion 7543:Depleted uranium 7370:Osmium tetroxide 7245:Phenacyl bromide 6808:Nitrogen dioxide 6783:Selenium dioxide 6773:Cadmium chloride 6230:Dimefox (TL-792) 5825: 5824: 5653: 5652: 5578:Hydrogen sulfide 5557:Hydrogen cyanide 5546:Cyanogen bromide 5512:chemical warfare 5501: 5494: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5443: 5433: 5378: 5368: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5318:. Archived from 5307: 5302:. Archived from 5291: 5238:Smith, Susan I. 5223: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5120: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4988: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4902:on June 9, 2010. 4898:. Archived from 4896:The Boston Globe 4887: 4881: 4880: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4760:. Archived from 4754: 4748: 4747: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693:. Archived from 4687: 4681: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4645:. Archived from 4638: 4632: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4612: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4496: 4490: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4395: 4386: 4385: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4336: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4295: 4278: 4272: 4271: 4269: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4233:. Archived from 4220: 4214: 4213: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4167: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4093: 4082: 4081: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4019: 4013: 4012: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3985:. Archived from 3970: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3918: 3902: 3889: 3876: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3786:Chemical warfare 3780: 3774: 3773: 3766:Chemical warfare 3760: 3754: 3753: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3694: 3688: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3656: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3618: 3612: 3611: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3357: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3277: 3271: 3270: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3093: 3076:(8): E321–E322. 3061: 3055: 3054: 3044: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2987: 2962:(7): 1202–1210. 2946: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2857: 2854: 2824:Selenium mustard 2744:nitrogen mustard 2644:Washington, D.C. 2493:Artillery shells 2425:Pueblo, Colorado 2411: 2408: 2402: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2351:air raid on Bari 2335:nitrogen mustard 2285:chemical warfare 2195:air raid on Bari 2065: 2062: 2024:artillery shells 1948:artillery shells 1823: 1802: 1781: 1760: 1739: 1717: 1696: 1664: 1633: 1601: 1551: 1548: 1363:2-methoxyethanol 1284:mucous membranes 1133:Oxidative stress 1078:artillery shells 1070:chemical warfare 1010:chemical weapons 985: 913: 907: 904: 903: 877:Nitrogen mustard 833: 826: 819: 804: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 618: 613: 482: 470: 464: 458: 452: 445:Chemical formula 375: 374: 359: 357: 341: 321: 310: 296: 274:Gmelin Reference 257: 249: 238: 227: 207: 187: 155: 131: 58: 49: 40: 33: 29: 21: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8320:Sulfur mustards 8295:Organochlorides 8280: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8242: 8206: 8080: 8019: 7995:Operation CHASE 7983: 7967: 7928: 7922: 7851: 7808: 7802: 7797: 7767: 7762: 7741: 7690: 7632: 7630:Sulfur mustards 7627: 7597: 7592: 7574: 7515: 7426:Botulinum toxin 7379: 7328: 7289: 7200:Benzyl chloride 7155: 7148: 6932: 6925: 6916:Cacodyl cyanide 6878:Vomiting agents 6872: 6670: 6663: 6572:Dimethylmercury 6494:Botulinum toxin 6460: 6239: 6153: 6055: 6008:Novichok agents 6002: 5986: 5913: 5810: 5784: 5765: 5732: 5704:Sulfur mustards 5698: 5642: 5588:Carbon monoxide 5568:Cacodyl cyanide 5527: 5526: 5510:Agents used in 5505: 5325: 5323: 5310: 5294: 5288: 5262: 5220: 5174: 5172: 5117: 5048: 5046:Further reading 5043: 5042: 5033: 5029: 5016: 5014: 5002: 4998: 4986: 4984: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4957: 4955:www.acmi.net.au 4949: 4948: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4911: 4907: 4888: 4884: 4873: 4869: 4860: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4835:. 5 March 2014. 4831: 4830: 4826: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4796: 4781: 4777: 4767: 4765: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4746:on 27 May 2006. 4738: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4714: 4710: 4700: 4698: 4689: 4688: 4684: 4674: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4652: 4650: 4639: 4635: 4625: 4623: 4614: 4613: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4584: 4580: 4575:. 24 July 2010. 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4511:(20): 5118–26. 4497: 4493: 4487:Wayback Machine 4478: 4474: 4431: 4427: 4396: 4389: 4362: 4358: 4348: 4346: 4339:The Independent 4329: 4325: 4315: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4293: 4291: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4266: 4264: 4254: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4221: 4217: 4204: 4203: 4199: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4144: 4140: 4131: 4129: 4119: 4115: 4108: 4094: 4085: 4078: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4001: 3997: 3989: 3983: 3968: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3914: 3903: 3892: 3886:Wayback Machine 3877: 3862: 3853: 3851: 3842: 3838: 3828: 3826: 3825:on July 3, 2011 3817: 3816: 3812: 3801: 3797: 3781: 3777: 3761: 3757: 3726: 3722: 3703:Q. J. Chem. Soc 3695: 3691: 3685:Wayback Machine 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3592: 3588: 3549: 3545: 3494: 3490: 3446: 3442: 3399: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3334: 3330: 3278: 3274: 3223: 3219: 3167: 3163: 3111: 3107: 3062: 3058: 3005: 3001: 2947: 2943: 2934: 2932: 2924: 2923: 2919: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2860: 2855: 2842: 2832: 2803:Keen as Mustard 2788: 2779: 2712:Keen as Mustard 2679: 2652: 2525:Operation CHASE 2449:, southeast of 2412: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2328:Yale University 2308: 2257:forces against 2218:in the town of 2181:William Bleloch 2163:Japanese Empire 2063: 1990:Hindenburg Line 1986:Avonmouth Docks 1940: 1932:2-chloroethanol 1895:(known for the 1870:2-chloroethanol 1837: 1832: 1547: 1420: 1288:pulmonary edema 1204: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1172:oxygen mustards 1154:, are known as 1145: 1141: 1112:to form cyclic 1094: 1046: 988:sulfur mustards 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 962: 958: 954: 932: 925: 920: 919: 918: ?) 909: 905: 901: 897: 873: 838: 837: 836: 835: 828: 821: 814: 810: 802: 675: 641: 627: 606: 583: 530: 480: 467: 461: 455: 447: 433: 430: 425: 424: 413: 410: 409: 406: 400: 399: 396: 390: 389: 378: 360: 353: 344: 324: 311: 299: 276: 267: 230: 210: 190: 167: 158: 145: 134: 121: 107: 105: 103: 101: 99: 97: 95: 93: 91: 89: 87: 85: 83: 75: 74: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8338: 8328: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8300:Blister agents 8297: 8292: 8275: 8274: 8272: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8250: 8248: 8247:Related topics 8244: 8243: 8241: 8240: 8235: 8233:People sniffer 8230: 8225: 8220: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8088: 8086: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8040: 8033: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7859: 7857: 7853: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7796: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7773: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7749: 7747: 7743: 7742: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7722: 7719: 7716: 7713: 7710: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7611: 7603: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7579: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7553: 7552: 7551: 7549:uranium oxides 7540: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7300: 7298: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7280:Crotonaldehyde 7277: 7272: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7205:Benzyl bromide 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7166: 7160: 7158: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7144:Chlorpromazine 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6937: 6935: 6931:Incapacitating 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6894: 6889: 6882: 6880: 6874: 6873: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6818:Sulfur dioxide 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6673: 6671:choking agents 6665: 6664: 6662: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6567:Tetraethyllead 6564: 6558: 6553: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6271:A.P.C. complex 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6065: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5982:V-sub x (GD-7) 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5840: 5833: 5831: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5782: 5779:Phosgene oxime 5775: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5708: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5659: 5650: 5648:Blister agents 5644: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5618:Glycolonitrile 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5517:incapacitation 5514: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5496: 5489: 5481: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5401: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5331: 5308: 5306:on 2006-08-09. 5292: 5286: 5269: 5261: 5260:External links 5258: 5257: 5256: 5246: 5236: 5225: 5224: 5218: 5212:. Leo Cooper. 5204: 5203: 5193: 5182: 5181: 5155: 5149:War in History 5145: 5134: 5133: 5122: 5121: 5115: 5101: 5091: 5080: 5079: 5068: 5067: 5056: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5027: 4996: 4966: 4942: 4930: 4923: 4905: 4882: 4867: 4838: 4824: 4809: 4794: 4775: 4749: 4731: 4708: 4697:on 21 May 2009 4682: 4660: 4633: 4604: 4578: 4564: 4538: 4491: 4472: 4445:(6): 249–253. 4425: 4387: 4356: 4323: 4300: 4273: 4248: 4215: 4212:. 25 Mar 2015. 4197: 4179: 4158:(4): 249–251. 4138: 4113: 4106: 4083: 4076: 4056: 4035: 4014: 3995: 3992:on 2007-07-11. 3981: 3953: 3946: 3923: 3890: 3860: 3836: 3810: 3795: 3775: 3755: 3720: 3709:(1): 109–126. 3689: 3670: 3658: 3640: 3633: 3613: 3606: 3586: 3543: 3508:(2): 237–246. 3488: 3440: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3328: 3272: 3217: 3161: 3105: 3056: 2999: 2941: 2917: 2893: 2879: 2858: 2839: 2838: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2809:Phosgene oxime 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2678: 2675: 2667:Atlantic Ocean 2651: 2648: 2579:Johnston Atoll 2414: 2413: 2394: 2392: 2385: 2379: 2376: 2307: 2304: 2281: 2280: 2269: 2262: 2251: 2248:roadside bombs 2240: 2233: 2227: 2212: 2207:Egypt against 2205: 2191: 2188: 2185:Port Elizabeth 2177: 2173: 2159: 2147:Italy against 2145: 2118: 2108: 2093:resistance in 2084: 2079: 1939: 1936: 1858:Albert Niemann 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1782: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1761: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1690: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1627: 1618: 1615: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1595: 1586: 1583: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1533: 1527: 1513: 1506:freezing point 1487: 1469: 1466:vapor pressure 1431:concentrations 1419: 1416: 1260:conjunctivitis 1255:chemical burns 1203: 1200: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1143: 1139: 1093: 1090: 1058:nitrogen-based 1045: 1042: 1022:mustard plants 1006:blister agents 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 960: 956: 952: 939:sulfur mustard 930: 927: 926: 921: 899: 898: 894:standard state 891: 888: 887: 874: 871: 868: 867: 863: 862: 857: 850: 849: 846: 840: 839: 829: 822: 815: 800: 799: 798: 797: 795: 786: 785: 727:P305+P351+P338 676: 671: 668: 667: 642: 637: 634: 633: 628: 623: 620: 619: 607: 602: 599: 598: 588: 587: 584: 581: 578: 577: 568: 567: 563: 562: 541: 535: 534: 531: 526: 523: 522: 519: 513: 512: 509: 503: 502: 499: 493: 492: 489: 485: 484: 478: 472: 471: 465: 459: 453: 448: 443: 440: 439: 435: 434: 432: 431: 428: 420: 419: 418: 415: 414: 412: 411: 407: 404: 403: 401: 397: 394: 393: 385: 384: 383: 380: 379: 377: 376: 363: 361: 349: 346: 345: 343: 342: 334: 332: 326: 325: 323: 322: 314: 312: 304: 301: 300: 298: 297: 289: 287: 281: 280: 277: 272: 269: 268: 266: 265: 261: 259: 251: 250: 240: 232: 231: 229: 228: 220: 218: 212: 211: 209: 208: 200: 198: 192: 191: 189: 188: 180: 178: 172: 171: 168: 163: 160: 159: 157: 156: 148: 146: 139: 136: 135: 133: 132: 124: 122: 117: 114: 113: 109: 108: 92:Sulfur mustard 81: 77: 76: 72: 71: 65: 64: 60: 59: 51: 50: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8337: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8257: 8255: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8215: 8213: 8209: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8074: 8071: 8068: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8038: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7970: 7964: 7963:Operation LAC 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7934: 7931: 7925: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7805: 7801: 7794: 7789: 7787: 7782: 7780: 7775: 7774: 7771: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7735: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7671:Sesquimustard 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7624: 7619: 7617: 7612: 7610: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7577: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7560:its compounds 7557: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7496:Tetanospasmin 7494: 7492: 7491:T-2 mycotoxin 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7421:Batrachotoxin 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7365:Allyl alcohol 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7225:Chloroacetone 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Benzyl iodide 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7164:Xylyl bromide 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6952:Butyrophenone 6950: 6948: 6945: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6928: 6922: 6921:o-Dianisidine 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6768:Cadmium oxide 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6617:Batrachotoxin 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6535: 6532: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6500:Tetanospasmin 6498: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5771:Nettle agents 5768: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573:Cacodyl oxide 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5482: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5322:on 2016-01-02 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5183: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5037: 5031: 5024: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4956: 4952: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4926: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4886: 4879:. sfgate.com. 4878: 4871: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4719: 4712: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4670: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4594:on 2012-07-23 4593: 4589: 4582: 4574: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4392: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4360: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4327: 4311: 4304: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4201: 4194:. 6 Nov 2014. 4193: 4189: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4142: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4107:1-4020-3618-3 4103: 4099: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4045: 4039: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3988: 3984: 3982:0-19-926655-7 3978: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3958: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3933: 3927: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3895: 3888:, CBWinfo.com 3887: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3730:J. Chem. Educ 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3644: 3636: 3634:0-7637-2425-4 3630: 3626: 3625: 3617: 3609: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3559:(2): 568–83. 3558: 3554: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3397: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2913: 2906: 2905:"Mustard Gas" 2900: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2774: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2647: 2645: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Pacific Ocean 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:U.S. Congress 2503:In 1972, the 2501: 2499: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2410: 2407:February 2022 2398: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312:hematopoiesis 2303: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2232: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2214:Iraq against 2213: 2210: 2206: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2132:, during the 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2071: 2057: 2053: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020:mortar rounds 2017: 2013: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924:German Empire 1920: 1918: 1917:German Empire 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1613:Sesquimustard 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560:Trivial name 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1414: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1304:convalescence 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1199: 1181: 1180:sesquimustard 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148:leaving group 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1054:Iran–Iraq War 1051: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 989: 986:are known as 950: 947: 944: 940: 936: 924: 917: 912: 895: 889: 886: 882: 878: 875: 870: 869: 864: 861: 860:External MSDS 858: 855: 852: 851: 847: 845: 842: 841: 834: 827: 820: 796: 793: 792: 788: 787: 677: 674: 670: 669: 643: 640: 636: 635: 632: 629: 626: 622: 621: 617: 612: 608: 605: 601: 600: 596: 594: 589: 585: 580: 579: 575: 574: 569: 564: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 542: 540: 537: 536: 532: 529: 525: 524: 520: 518: 517:Boiling point 515: 514: 510: 508: 507:Melting point 505: 504: 500: 498: 495: 494: 490: 487: 486: 479: 477: 474: 473: 449: 446: 442: 441: 436: 427: 426: 423: 416: 402: 392: 391: 388: 381: 373: 369: 368:DTXSID0037100 365: 364: 362: 352: 348: 347: 340: 336: 335: 333: 331: 328: 327: 320: 316: 315: 313: 307: 303: 302: 295: 291: 290: 288: 286: 283: 282: 278: 275: 271: 270: 263: 262: 260: 258: 253: 252: 248: 244: 241: 239: 237:ECHA InfoCard 234: 233: 226: 222: 221: 219: 217: 214: 213: 206: 202: 201: 199: 197: 194: 193: 186: 182: 181: 179: 177: 174: 173: 169: 166: 162: 161: 154: 150: 149: 147: 143: 138: 137: 130: 126: 125: 123: 120: 116: 115: 110: 88:Schwefel-LOST 78: 70: 66: 61: 57: 52: 48: 43: 39: 34: 19: 8132:M139 bomblet 8127:M138 bomblet 8122:M134 bomblet 8117:M125 bomblet 8069: 7958:Project SHAD 7929:and projects 7655: 7501:Tetrodotoxin 7451:Grayanotoxin 7230:Bromoacetone 7220:Thiophosgene 7175:Mace (spray) 7169:Pepper spray 7154:Lachrymatory 7139:Fluphenazine 7134:Procarbazine 7044:Sleeping gas 6892:Chloropicrin 6803:Nitric oxide 6705:Chloropicrin 6649:Cloflubicyne 6612:Oxotremorine 6561:Antillatoxin 6540:Tetrodotoxin 6489:Bungarotoxin 6385:Nitromethane 6347:Formaldoxime 6286:Cyclohexanol 6251:Acetonitrile 5998:GV (EA-5365) 5820:Nerve agents 5711: 5623:Lactonitrile 5533:Blood agents 5522:riot control 5413: 5409: 5356: 5352: 5324:. Retrieved 5320:the original 5315: 5304:the original 5299: 5277: 5249: 5239: 5229: 5209: 5196: 5186: 5173:. Retrieved 5160: 5148: 5138: 5126: 5106: 5094: 5084: 5072: 5059: 5052: 5035: 5030: 5021: 5015:. Retrieved 5009: 4999: 4991: 4985:. Retrieved 4979: 4969: 4958:. Retrieved 4954: 4945: 4933: 4914: 4908: 4900:the original 4895: 4885: 4870: 4859:. Retrieved 4850: 4841: 4827: 4812: 4789:the original 4778: 4766:. Retrieved 4762:the original 4752: 4744:the original 4734: 4722:. Retrieved 4711: 4699:. Retrieved 4695:the original 4685: 4673:. Retrieved 4663: 4651:. Retrieved 4647:the original 4636: 4624:. Retrieved 4620:the original 4596:. Retrieved 4592:the original 4581: 4567: 4555:. Retrieved 4550: 4541: 4508: 4504: 4494: 4475: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4406:(5): 574–8. 4403: 4399: 4373: 4369: 4359: 4349:16 September 4347:. Retrieved 4338: 4326: 4316:16 September 4314:. Retrieved 4303: 4292:. Retrieved 4290:. 2016-04-05 4285: 4276: 4265:. Retrieved 4261: 4251: 4239:. Retrieved 4235:the original 4228: 4218: 4209: 4200: 4191: 4182: 4155: 4151: 4141: 4130:. Retrieved 4126: 4116: 4097: 4066: 4059: 4048:. Retrieved 4046:. 2013-09-23 4038: 4027:. Retrieved 4017: 4008: 3998: 3987:the original 3972: 3936: 3926: 3915:. Retrieved 3911:the original 3852:. Retrieved 3846: 3839: 3827:. Retrieved 3823:the original 3813: 3804: 3798: 3790: 3785: 3778: 3770: 3765: 3758: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3706: 3702: 3692: 3673: 3661: 3653:the original 3643: 3623: 3616: 3596: 3589: 3556: 3552: 3546: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3458: 3454: 3443: 3413:(4): 283–9. 3410: 3406: 3396: 3384: 3372: 3348:(1): 67–70. 3345: 3341: 3331: 3290: 3286: 3275: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3179: 3175: 3164: 3123: 3119: 3108: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3016: 3012: 3002: 2959: 2955: 2944: 2933:. Retrieved 2929: 2920: 2911: 2882: 2834: 2833: 2801: 2797:Chlorine gas 2780: 2771:Puerto Rican 2753: 2728:Agent Orange 2717: 2710: 2699:British Army 2688: 2660: 2653: 2641: 2627:villages of 2622: 2606:aerial bombs 2603: 2597:in northern 2544: 2537: 2533: 2502: 2473:World War II 2470: 2455: 2447:Sable Island 2440: 2432: 2417: 2404: 2396: 2364:chlormethine 2360:chemotherapy 2332: 2309: 2297: 2282: 2211:in 1963–1967 2200: 2136:against the 2122:Soviet Union 2102: 2089:against the 2069: 2046: 2040: 2012:aerial bombs 2005: 1994: 1976: 1975: 1961: 1956:color-coding 1921: 1905:Emil Fischer 1881:thiodiglycol 1866:Viktor Meyer 1838: 1793:142868-94-8 1772:142868-93-7 1644:Half mustard 1537:Yellow Cross 1535: 1529: 1515: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1418:Formulations 1411: 1403: 1380: 1374: 1347:chlorination 1340: 1308: 1286:and causing 1235:carcinogenic 1228: 1221: 1162:(sulfonium, 1160:"onium" ions 1155: 1137: 1103: 1082:aerial bombs 1074:chemotherapy 1064:of the 1993 1047: 1034:yellow-brown 1013: 991: 987: 943:organosulfur 938: 934: 933: 790: 630: 592: 582:Main hazards 571: 552:hydrocarbons 205:ChEMBL455341 112:Identifiers 104:1,1'-thiobis 80:Other names 31:Mustard gas 8325:Dermatoxins 8238:M1135 NBCRV 8202:Weteye bomb 8070:Mustard gas 7972:Operational 7953:Project 112 7656:Mustard gas 7511:Veratridine 7486:Shiga toxin 7441:Domoic acid 7304:Thioacetone 7265:Iodoacetone 7129:Pentazocine 7124:Sevoflurane 7089:CAR-302,668 7084:CAR-302,282 7079:CAR-302,196 7074:CAR-301,060 7069:CAR-226,086 7049:Carfentanil 6947:Apomorphine 6868:Green Cross 6659:Domoic acid 6470:Neurotoxins 6390:OPA mixture 6281:Chlorosoman 6276:Chlorosarin 6210:Phospholine 5909:Crotylsarin 5894:Fluorotabun 5866:Chlorosoman 5848:Chlorosarin 5034:R. Baselt, 4557:23 December 4505:The Analyst 4400:Am. J. Surg 4241:15 February 3019:: 259–280. 2912:ChemMatters 2372:carboplatin 2316:World War I 2277:Deir ez-Zor 2273:Syrian Army 2222:during the 2209:North Yemen 2201:John Harvey 2097:during the 2064: 1941 1928:World War I 1835:Development 1814:63918-90-1 1751:63905-10-2 1730:63869-13-6 1680:63918-89-8 1563:CAS number 1482:by the US. 1408:commented: 1406:World War I 1320:photophobia 1282:, damaging 1212:World War I 1150:and B is a 1121:nucleotides 1050:World War I 1030:horseradish 1014:mustard gas 1012:. The name 935:Mustard gas 844:Flash point 625:Signal word 576:(OHS/OSH): 488:Appearance 438:Properties 243:100.209.973 185:CHEBI:25434 8290:Thioethers 8284:Categories 8172:M55 rocket 7927:Operations 7833:(USAMRICD) 7461:Maitotoxin 7456:Guanitoxin 7436:Ciguatoxin 7431:Brevetoxin 7416:Anatoxin-a 7411:Aflatoxins 7324:Putrescine 7319:Cadaverine 7295:Malodorant 7114:Isoflurane 7099:Desflurane 7094:Benperidol 7039:Psilocybin 7034:PAVA spray 6716:Diphosgene 6669:Pulmonary/ 6597:Picrotoxin 6556:Strychnine 6550:Brevetoxin 6534:Maitotoxin 6517:Guanitoxin 6511:Ciguatoxin 6478:Anatoxin-a 6411:Pinacolone 6244:Precursors 6205:Selenophos 6061:Carbamates 5977:Chinese VX 5883:Cyclosarin 5872:Ethylsarin 5843:Sarin (GB) 5694:Lewisite 3 5688:Lewisite 2 5657:Arsenicals 5326:2015-11-06 5219:0850523885 5175:19 October 5017:2019-05-03 4987:2019-05-03 4960:2024-07-23 4861:2022-02-07 4768:15 January 4598:2013-01-28 4294:2017-06-30 4267:2017-06-30 4132:2008-11-17 4050:2021-07-02 4029:2013-08-23 3917:2010-06-28 3854:2010-12-28 3736:(6): 944. 3461:: 105897. 3293:: 105820. 3237:: 105843. 3182:: 105844. 3126:: 105897. 2935:2023-09-15 2830:References 2773:subjects. 2629:Passendale 2591:short tons 2521:West Coast 2517:East Coast 2489:hydrolyzes 2477:Baltic Sea 2466:Flintshire 2144:in 1936–37 2016:land mines 1708:2625-76-5 1617:3563-36-8 1569:Structure 1524:antifreeze 1510:volatility 1369:caused by 1324:presbyopia 1243:lipophilic 1231:blistering 1152:Lewis base 1062:Schedule 1 1002:cytotoxins 973:X or −N(CH 604:Pictograms 539:Solubility 476:Molar mass 339:T8KEC9FH9P 216:ChemSpider 140:3D model ( 119:CAS Number 8192:MC-1 bomb 8137:M2 mortar 8085:Munitions 7661:O-Mustard 7638:Vesicants 7556:Plutonium 7506:Volkensin 7481:Saxitoxin 7471:Palytoxin 7396:Aconitine 7119:Halothane 7109:Bufotenin 7104:Enflurane 7024:Kolokol-1 7004:Pethidine 6978:Etoxadrol 6963:Etorphine 6959:(CS-4640) 6943:(CS-4030) 6901:glycerine 6848:Salcomine 6607:Tremorine 6545:Aconitine 6528:Palytoxin 6506:Ryanodine 6483:Saxitoxin 6220:Ro 3-0422 5991:GV agents 5854:Thiosarin 5583:Phosphine 5353:MedGenMed 5170:769752656 4718:"Annex 3" 4467:256367068 4459:1179-1977 4376:: 39–41. 3538:207263000 3522:1542-6270 3483:207899509 3377:Vesicants 3323:201831881 3307:1878-1705 3267:204799405 3251:1878-1705 3212:204967476 3196:1878-1705 3156:207899509 3140:1878-1705 3033:0091-6765 2976:2251-6085 2888:"Pubchem" 2669:south of 2663:artillery 2633:Moorslede 2547:stockpile 2509:U.S. Army 2485:thickener 2462:Rhydymwyn 2368:cisplatin 2237:civil war 2231:1983–1988 2171:1937–1945 2157:1935-1936 2149:Abyssinia 2003:in 1916. 1915:sent the 1684:CID 45452 1676:O-mustard 1652:CID 12733 1648:693-07-2 1621:CID 19092 1589:CID 10461 1585:505-60-2 1554:Chemical 1502:O-mustard 1484:Distilled 1391:apoptosis 1371:pathogens 1343:oxidation 1316:apoptosis 1239:mutagenic 1114:sulfonium 1018:dispersed 775:P403+P233 759:P337+P313 755:P332+P313 723:P304+P340 719:P302+P352 715:P302+P350 711:P301+P310 595:labelling 429:ClCCSCCCl 264:684-527-7 256:EC Number 8197:M47 bomb 8054:Phosgene 8043:Chlorine 7988:Disposal 7936:Research 7646:Bromlost 7565:Polonium 7466:Modeccin 7375:Acrolein 7340:Lewisite 7285:DRC-5593 7240:Acrolein 7064:CS-27349 7014:Ibogaine 6897:Litharge 6886:Adamsite 6863:Diborane 6853:Fluomine 6833:Ethenone 6728:Acrolein 6695:Fluorine 6689:Phosgene 6679:Chlorine 6079:EA-3887A 6051:C01-A042 6046:C01-A039 6041:C01-A035 5919:V-agents 5829:G-agents 5714:(EA-229) 5682:Lewisite 5541:Cyanogen 5440:20786722 5375:15775831 5359:(4): 4. 5199:(1993). 5087:(1991). 4855:Archived 4675:30 April 4653:30 April 4626:30 April 4533:25121638 4483:Archived 4420:13947966 4343:Archived 4287:BBC News 3882:Archived 3681:Archived 3530:18212254 3475:31685435 3435:41665583 3427:24823320 3364:11197102 3315:31480003 3259:31629219 3204:31669888 3148:31685435 3100:28246228 2994:33083286 2786:See also 2748:lewisite 2724:lewisite 2618:howitzer 2567:Arkansas 2555:Maryland 2519:and the 2481:Bornholm 2378:Disposal 2347:leukemia 2343:lymphoma 2279:in 2016. 2268:in 2015. 2244:Iraq War 2165:against 2153:Ethiopia 2126:Xinjiang 2076:Red Army 2036:gas mask 1849:ethylene 1582:Mustard 1566:PubChem 1520:lewisite 1508:, lower 1458:ethylene 1427:Lewisite 1387:necrosis 1373:such as 1164:ammonium 1156:mustards 1118:alkylate 1106:chloride 1038:blisters 791:NFPA 704 566:Hazards 544:Alcohols 225:21106142 170:1733595 129:505-60-2 8269:MKULTRA 8223:M93 Fox 7737:TL-1002 7651:EA-5983 7314:Skatole 7309:Allicin 7019:EA-3834 7009:EA-3580 6999:EA-3443 6994:EA-3167 6989:EA-2148 6973:CS-4297 6968:EA-2092 6957:EA-4941 6684:Bromine 6322:EA-1224 6302:EA-1250 6215:R-16661 6190:EA-2613 6185:EA-2098 6180:EA-2054 6175:EA-2012 6144:3152 CT 6134:TL-1317 6129:TL-1299 6124:TL-1238 6094:EA-4056 6089:EA-3990 6084:EA-3966 6074:EA-3887 5972:EA-1763 5932:EA-3148 5927:EA-2192 5904:EA-4352 5899:EA-1356 5633:Stibine 5431:2058956 5366:1480580 5300:cdc.gov 4724:8 March 4513:Bibcode 4262:Reuters 4230:Reuters 4174:9248939 4127:Reuters 3738:Bibcode 3581:8975783 3561:Bibcode 3091:5325736 3051:1486858 3042:1519623 2985:7548481 2625:Flemish 2585:in the 2571:Indiana 2563:Alabama 2451:Halifax 2397:updated 2259:Kurdish 2242:In the 2226:in 1988 2220:Halabja 2117:in 1930 2099:Rif War 2095:Morocco 2078:in 1919 2028:rockets 2008:aerosol 1982:Cambrai 1977:Yperite 1926:during 1889:rabbits 1874:aqueous 1862:cocaine 1830:History 1688:PubChem 1656:PubChem 1625:PubChem 1593:PubChem 1247:itching 1178:), and 1086:rockets 916:what is 914: ( 497:Density 306:PubChem 279:324535 98:Yperite 94:Senfgas 8029:Agents 7686:TL-767 7681:TL-293 7676:TL-258 7532:Napalm 7297:agents 7156:agents 7059:JB-336 7054:JB-318 7029:LSD-25 6985:(DMHP) 6933:agents 6592:A-8564 6552:(PbTX) 6502:(TeNT) 6119:TL-599 6109:T-1194 6104:T-1152 6099:T-1123 5868:(ClGD) 5850:(ClGB) 5761:TL-301 5563:Arsine 5438: 5428: 5373: 5363: 5284: 5254:online 5234:online 5216: 5201:online 5191:online 5168: 5153:online 5143:online 5131:online 5113: 5099:online 5089:online 5077:online 5064:online 4921: 4701:20 May 4531: 4465: 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