388:
377:
437:
2250:
525:, all major communist and marxists groups were banned, their leaders executed and their members sentenced to prison. After Kianouri's televised confession against the Tudeh Party, the party's internal wing was practically dissolved. While outside Iran, the first "Tudeh" generation alongside Eskandari attempted to revive the party when they conducted its 18th Plenum of the Central Committee in 1983 in
512:
After his dismissal, Eskandari often criticised some of the actions of the Tudeh Party. This was met with the party's strong protest, which made him take back his words. In his final days of his career, he came under the heavy pressure of the Tudeh party leaders for his opposition, specially
31:
465:
and, consequently, many leaders of the Tudeh Party were arrested. During these events, Iraj
Eskandari was outside Iran and, when his death sentence was announced along with three other Tudeh members, he decided to stay abroad, marking the start of his thirty-year exile.
509:, who backed Khomeini in the revolution. This is contrary to Eskandari's beliefs, however, as he stated that there were no political and organizational objections to him, and this dismissal was related to the turbulent political situation in Iran at that time.
412:
6 March 1944 until 12 March 1946. Inside the Majlis, he backed the Tudeh Party by advocating for the soviet exploit of
Iranian oil. Later on in his life, Eskandari went on to expressing his regret of doing such an action.
342:", in which a total of fifty-three politicians and activists were tried in a span of two years for involvement in communist and anti-government political activities. He spent three years in prison until the
505:, or not, led to his dismissal in the 16th congress of the central committee of the Tudeh Party. Eskandari was unwilling to support Khomeini, and as a result, he was dismissed in favor of
813:
2318:
2328:
373:. In his diaries, he writes that "they had on their mind to create a national movement of democratic, patriotic and progressive forces to dominate sectarianism".
1107:
384:
In the first congress of the Tudeh Party, his membership was consolidated and he became member of 3-person board of first secretaries of the Tudeh Party.
268:. At the age of 18, Iraj Eskandari finished his studies and at 20, according to his father's will and with the help of his grandfather, he travelled to
2323:
338:
In 1938, Eskandari was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison along 52 other communists in a trial popularised as the trial of the group of "
2293:
292:
friend and a student of good knowledge of
Marxism, in which he showed his utmost admiration and interest in Marxism. With the advice of his uncle
1316:
777:
2298:
2353:
2338:
497:
On
January 4, 1979, the internal conflict between Eskandari and other members of the Tudeh Party on the issue of whether he should back
2348:
1100:
425:
appointed three ministerial positions to be under the authority of the Tudeh Party, as to retain his government's relations with the
218:
522:
457:
on his life. An investigation after the attempt concluded that the Tudeh Party was the perpetrator behind the attempt. Shortly,
2313:
301:
170:
2273:
618:
236:". Eskandari was identified at the time as the leader of the dominant, moderate faction in the party leadership, along with
2358:
2253:
1093:
2145:
226:
2343:
248:
Iraj
Eskandari was born in 1907 in Tehran. His father was Yahya Mirza Eskandari, one of Qajar princes in favor of the
1351:
257:
2333:
2308:
474:
In
December 1969, in the 13th congress of the central committee, Eskandari returned as first secretary replacing
643:
429:
and also as a solution to internal and foreign problems regarding the Tudeh Party. Eskandari was chosen as the
343:
297:
482:, he was elected for this role for the next seven years. He held this position until 1979, the dawn of the
249:
2278:
1673:
430:
42:
2014:
327:
225:
and a member of parliament. In the summer of 1946 he was named a
Minister of Commerce and Industry in
2044:
2009:
1698:
1454:
2084:
1496:
536:
Iraj
Eskandari continued his work, albeit less than before, in the operations of the Tudeh Party.
1888:
1683:
1251:
955:"Iraj Eskandari's letter to members of the central committee of the Tudeh Party, 8 February 1985"
699:. Contemporary issues in the Middle East. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1985. p. 141
118:
684:. Contemporary issues in the Middle East. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1985. p. 56
582:
2303:
2079:
1449:
1246:
1181:
1151:
479:
260:
Qajar prince. He started his education at first in the school of "Sepehr", then he enrolled in
2074:
2029:
1765:
1366:
450:
391:
Iraj
Eskandari (left) with Reza Radmanesh (right), another founding member of the Tudeh Party
261:
2288:
2283:
2171:
1954:
1724:
1558:
1186:
1171:
1024:
8:
2191:
2186:
2039:
1873:
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1832:
1749:
1501:
1413:
1341:
1216:
1049:
1014:
989:
409:
401:
380:
Tudeh leaders in the congress of the Soviet Union Party (Eskandari second from the right)
359:
222:
791:
2216:
2181:
2019:
1949:
1939:
1744:
1583:
1326:
1226:
1201:
1062:
1034:
999:
771:
610:
573:
506:
502:
483:
293:
253:
180:
72:
376:
2211:
2135:
2049:
1994:
1974:
1908:
1893:
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586:. Fasc. 6. Vol. VIII. New York City: Bibliotheca Persica Press. pp. 604–606
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until the end of the year, when he was set aside from the government's cabinet.
358:
After his prison sentence was cut short, Iraj
Eskandari decided to co-found the
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1984:
1969:
1929:
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296:, Iraj Eskandari linked up with a group of Iranian students studying at the
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1999:
1944:
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Iraj Eskandari's position came to an abrupt end on the first week of 1979.
426:
138:
954:
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350:'s forced abdication, when he was one of the first prisoners to be freed.
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1739:
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323:
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93:
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Noureddin Kianouri, which forced him to leave Iran once and for all.
370:
347:
210:
636:
Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran
312:
Iraj Eskandari returned to Iran in 1931 and started his career as a
289:
540:
285:
134:
30:
362:
with the goal of attracting the new radical generation of young
326:. Five years later, in 1936, Eskandari resigned his work in the
458:
269:
114:
217:
prince, Eskandari received French education. He was the first
214:
273:
489:
333:
839:"Iraj Eskandari's political memories", in four parts;
469:
2319:
Central Committee of the Tudeh Party of Iran members
726:
Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran
711:
Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran
666:
Rebels with a Cause: The Failure of the Left in Iran
523:
consolidation of the Islamic Republic under Khomeini
919:"Iraj Eskandari's Interview with Tehran-e-Mosavvar"
814:"Iran Hostage Crisis: A Chronology of Daily Events"
638:. University of California Press. pp. 76–78.
2329:Co-General-Secretaries of the Tudeh Party of Iran
607:Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran
539:He died of cancer on Tuesday, April 30, 1985, in
300:who had founded and lead the left-wing socialist
2265:
794:[Iraj Eskandari's Entry]. دانشنامه ایران
264:and finally he studied at the Iranian school of
1115:
353:
1101:
421:On July, 1946, in a controversial decision,
307:
604:
444:
1108:
1094:
776:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
738:
633:
279:
29:
2324:Second Secretaries of Tudeh Party of Iran
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
2294:First secretaries of Tudeh Party of Iran
571:
516:
435:
386:
375:
55:1 August 1946 – 16 October 1946
729:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. pp. 16, 24
572:Chaqueri, Cosroe (December 15, 1998) .
316:. Meanwhile, he co-founded the Marxist
284:In France, Eskandari was introduced to
2266:
757:
556:
302:Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran
171:Revolutionary Republican Party of Iran
1089:
521:In the following years following the
85:6 March 1944 – 12 March 1946
2254:Category:Political prisoners in Iran
659:
657:
655:
490:The Iranian Revolution and dismissal
2299:Iranian expatriates in East Germany
209:; 1907–1985) was an Iranian
206:
13:
2354:Deaths from cancer in East Germany
2339:Members of the 14th Iranian Majlis
833:
747:]. تهران: نشر نی. p. 198.
714:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. p. 18
696:Labor Unions and Autocracy in Iran
681:Labor Unions and Autocracy in Iran
669:. London: I.B. Tauris, 2000. p. 75
478:and in 1970, with the proposal of
470:First secretary of the Tudeh Party
431:minister of trade, crafts and arts
43:Minister of Trade, Crafts and Arts
14:
2370:
732:
652:
2349:20th-century Iranian politicians
2249:
2248:
416:
395:
806:
784:
751:
501:, the proclaimed leader of the
400:Eskandari was elected into the
937:"Scattered notes and memories"
764:Political memories - Volume II
717:
702:
687:
672:
627:
605:Shahibzadeh, Yadullah (2019).
598:
1:
2314:Iranian expatriates in France
550:
344:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
298:Humboldt University of Berlin
243:
2274:Government ministers of Iran
1048:Co-General-Secretary of the
250:Persian Constitution of 1906
73:Member of Parliament of Iran
7:
2359:Political prisoners in Iran
1674:Mohammad Seddigh Kaboudvand
1116:Political prisoners in Iran
739:آبراهیمیان, یرواند (1396).
634:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999).
354:Founding of the Tudeh Party
272:to continue his studies in
10:
2375:
2015:Amir Hossein Heshmat Saran
766:]. فرانسه. p. 12.
453:narrowly escaped a failed
440:Eskandari's identification
334:"The group of fifty-three"
2344:Iranian magazine founders
2245:
2164:
2123:
2045:Ali-Akbar Mousavi Khoeini
2010:Faezeh Hashemi Rafsanjani
1917:
1841:
1825:
1789:
1758:
1717:
1699:Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe
1551:
1510:
1484:
1463:
1422:
1401:
1375:
1134:
1121:
1067:
1046:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1006:
996:
986:
978:
973:
308:Return to Iran and career
227:Qavam's coalition cabinet
192:
176:
164:
154:
144:
124:
108:
103:
99:
89:
78:
71:
59:
48:
41:
37:
28:
21:
2085:Abolghasem Sarhaddizadeh
1013:Second Secretary of the
974:Party political offices
445:Death sentence and exile
2334:Tudeh Party of Iran MPs
2309:Politicians from Tehran
2146:Seyed Hossein Mousavian
1889:Mohammad Farrokhi Yazdi
1854:MohammadReza Alee Payam
1684:Mashallah Shamsolvaezin
988:First Secretary of the
898:"بخش چهارم - Part Four"
280:Introduction to Marxism
119:Sublime State of Persia
2080:Gholam Hossein Sadighi
1450:Amir Reza Nasr Azadani
1247:Amir Khosrow Dalirsani
1182:Golrokh Ebrahimi Iraee
1152:Maryam Akbari Monfared
880:"بخش سوم - Part Three"
760:خاطرات سیاسی - جلد دوم
480:Ghulam Yahya Daneshian
441:
392:
381:
2075:Abdollah Ramezanzadeh
2030:Mohammad-Reza Khatami
1766:Amir Farshad Ebrahimi
1497:Gholam-Hossein Sa'edi
1367:Sayed Ziaoddin Nabavi
844:"بخش نخست - Part One"
758:اسکندی, ایرج (1986).
517:Later years and death
455:assassination attempt
451:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
449:On February 4, 1949,
439:
390:
379:
2172:Ali Mohammad Afghani
1955:Seyyed Ebrahim Amini
1725:Mohammad Ali Dadkhah
1559:Bahman Ahmadi Amouee
1252:Dhabihu'llah Mahrami
1187:Amir Abbas Fakhravar
1172:Mahmudali Chehregani
1025:Abdolsamad Kambakhsh
959:www.iran-archive.com
941:www.iran-archive.com
923:www.iran-archive.com
902:www.iran-archive.com
884:www.iran-archive.com
866:www.iran-archive.com
862:"بخش دوم - Part Two"
848:www.iran-archive.com
583:Encyclopædia Iranica
404:, representing with
234:group of fifty-three
232:He belonged to the "
2192:Mahmoud Etemadzadeh
2187:Mahmoud Dowlatabadi
2040:Mir-Hossein Mousavi
1874:Mohammad-Taqi Bahar
1869:Mehdi Akhavan-Sales
1833:Amir Emad Mirmirani
1750:Abdolfattah Soltani
1502:Mohammad Ali Taheri
1414:Amir Emad Mirmirani
1342:Ghasem Sholeh-Saadi
1217:Vida Hajebi Tabrizi
1050:Tudeh Party of Iran
1015:Tudeh Party of Iran
990:Tudeh Party of Iran
792:"مدخل ایرج اسکندری"
693:Ladjevardi, Habib.
678:Ladjevardi, Habib.
410:Mazandaran Province
402:14th Iranian Majlis
360:Tudeh Party of Iran
328:Ministry of Justice
223:Tudeh Party of Iran
2279:Iranian communists
2217:Ahmad Samii Gilani
2182:Najaf Daryabandari
2020:Amir-Abbas Hoveyda
1950:Mohammad Atrianfar
1940:Abbas Amir-Entezam
1745:Mohammad Seifzadeh
1584:Mohammad Ghouchani
1327:Kavous Seyed-Emami
1227:Leila Hosseinzadeh
1202:Ali-Asghar Gharavi
1077:as First-Secretary
1063:Noureddin Alamouti
1056:Served alongside:
1035:Soleiman Eskandari
1000:Noureddin Kianouri
611:Palgrave Macmillan
507:Noureddin Kianouri
484:Iranian Revolution
442:
393:
382:
294:Soleiman Eskandari
286:Marxist ideologies
254:Soleiman Eskandari
181:Soleiman Eskandari
16:Iranian politician
2261:
2260:
2212:Fariborz Raisdana
2136:Ramin Jahanbegloo
2050:Farajollah Mizani
1995:Sadegh Ghotbzadeh
1975:Nasrollah Entezam
1909:Sedigheh Vasmaghi
1894:Khosrow Golsorkhi
1879:Keramat Daneshian
1689:Heshmat Tabarzadi
1579:Abdolali Bazargan
1543:Mohammad Rasoulof
1533:Mohammad Nourizad
1435:Ali Akbar Heidari
1388:Hengameh Ghaziani
1383:Taraneh Alidoosti
1362:Habibollah Peyman
1297:Shiva Nazar Ahari
1292:Youcef Nadarkhani
1197:Parvaneh Forouhar
1084:
1083:
1080:
1068:Succeeded by
1054:1944–1948
1044:
1022:Succeeded by
997:Succeeded by
723:Behrooz, Maziar.
708:Behrooz, Maziar.
663:Behrooz, Maziar.
620:978-3-319-92521-9
574:"ESKANDARĪ, ĪRAJ"
499:Ruhollah Khomeini
314:deputy prosecutor
266:political science
258:constitutionalist
252:, and his uncle,
219:general secretary
196:
195:
132:(aged 77–78)
2366:
2252:
2251:
2237:Sadegh Zibakalam
2232:Nasser Zarafshan
2207:Shahrokh Meskoob
2105:Mostafa Tajzadeh
2090:Ali Shakouri-Rad
2055:Ahmad Moftizadeh
1990:Dariush Forouhar
1965:Jila Baniyaghoob
1935:Shahrbanoo Amani
1925:Mohsen Aminzadeh
1802:Shervin Hajipour
1679:Hengameh Shahidi
1614:Elaheh Mohammadi
1594:Adnan Hassanpour
1538:Hossein Rajabian
1528:Mahnaz Mohammadi
1409:Atena Farghadani
1337:Jamshid Sharmahd
1282:Narges Mohammadi
1277:Ahmad Moftizadeh
1272:Mohsen Mirdamadi
1207:Kouhyar Goudarzi
1110:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1074:
1059:Mohammad Bahrami
1038:
1032:Preceded by
979:Preceded by
971:
970:
968:
966:
965:
950:
948:
947:
932:
930:
929:
911:
909:
908:
893:
891:
890:
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873:
872:
857:
855:
854:
828:
827:
825:
824:
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
788:
782:
781:
775:
767:
755:
749:
748:
741:تاریخ ایران مدرن
736:
730:
721:
715:
706:
700:
691:
685:
676:
670:
661:
650:
649:
631:
625:
624:
602:
596:
595:
593:
591:
578:Yarshater, Ehsan
569:
208:
131:
104:Personal details
83:
62:
53:
33:
19:
18:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2241:
2160:
2119:
2110:Mansour Osanlou
2005:Bahareh Hedayat
1960:Emadeddin Baghi
1913:
1884:Arzhang Davoodi
1837:
1821:
1797:Dariush Eghbali
1785:
1754:
1735:Nasrin Sotoudeh
1713:
1709:Ahmad Zeidabadi
1669:Mohsen Sazegara
1664:Kianush Sanjari
1634:Siamak Pourzand
1604:Masoud Lavasani
1589:Niloofar Hamedi
1547:
1506:
1480:
1476:Sattar Beheshti
1459:
1440:Mohammad Karimi
1418:
1397:
1371:
1322:Fatemeh Sepehri
1287:Abdollah Momeni
1267:Farideh Mashini
1257:Mohammad Maleki
1222:Saeed Hajjarian
1212:Zeynab Jalalian
1130:
1117:
1114:
1073:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1027:
1018:
1002:
993:
984:
963:
961:
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917:
906:
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836:
834:Further reading
831:
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789:
785:
769:
768:
756:
752:
745:History of Iran
737:
733:
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707:
703:
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688:
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662:
653:
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628:
621:
603:
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570:
557:
553:
519:
492:
472:
447:
419:
398:
356:
340:The Fifty-Three
336:
310:
282:
246:
186:Abbas Eskandari
184:
166:
165:Other political
155:Political party
133:
129:
113:
84:
79:
60:
54:
49:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2240:
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2234:
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2224:
2222:Brayim Younisi
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2156:Kian Tajbakhsh
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2070:Reza Radmanesh
2067:
2065:Abdollah Nouri
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Hossein Fatemi
1982:
1980:Iraj Eskandari
1977:
1972:
1970:Mehdi Bazargan
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1930:Morteza Alviri
1927:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1899:Morteza Keyvan
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1864:Piruz Dilanchi
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1807:Mehdi Rajabian
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1192:Alireza Farshi
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1167:Esmail Bakhshi
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1147:Raheleh Ahmadi
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1071:Reza Radmanesh
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982:Reza Radmanesh
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613:. p. 89.
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476:Reza Radmanesh
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2197:Ahmad Mahmoud
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1518:Keywan Karimi
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1262:Azar Mansouri
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1232:Soheila Hejab
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1157:Zahra Bahrami
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417:As a minister
414:
411:
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403:
396:In the Majlis
389:
385:
378:
374:
372:
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351:
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128:30 April 1985
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52:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
27:
20:
2247:
2227:Kourosh Zaim
2202:Abbas Milani
2177:Bozorg Alavi
2151:Ehsan Tabari
2141:Omid Kokabee
2095:Ali Shariati
2025:Anvar Khamei
2000:Mehdi Hajati
1979:
1945:Mohsen Armin
1704:Ruhollah Zam
1654:Majid Saeedi
1619:Sam Mahmoudi
1609:Saeed Laylaz
1599:Zahra Kazemi
1569:Ahmad Batebi
1523:Jafar Panahi
1471:Soheil Arabi
1455:Navid Afkari
1352:Ali Shariati
1347:Abbas Lisani
1332:Reza Shahabi
1317:Mahan Sadrat
1242:Amir Khorram
1237:Jafar Kazemi
1162:Emad Bahavar
1142:Habib Afkari
1076:
1075:
1057:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1012:
1007:
987:
962:. Retrieved
958:
952:
944:. Retrieved
940:
934:
926:. Retrieved
922:
916:
905:. Retrieved
901:
887:. Retrieved
883:
869:. Retrieved
865:
851:. Retrieved
847:
821:. Retrieved
817:
808:
796:. Retrieved
786:
763:
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694:
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588:. Retrieved
581:
545:East Germany
538:
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496:
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448:
427:Soviet Union
420:
399:
383:
357:
337:
317:
311:
283:
262:Dar ul-Funun
247:
231:
207:ایرج اسکندری
198:
197:
167:affiliations
139:East Germany
130:(1985-04-30)
90:Constituency
80:
50:
2289:1985 deaths
2284:1907 births
2100:Mahdi Tajik
1918:Politicians
1776:Akbar Ganji
1771:Saeed Emami
1694:Roya Toloui
1629:Kasra Nouri
1552:Journalists
1177:Atena Daemi
1041:as Chairman
818:archive.org
463:martial law
461:was put to
423:Ahmad Qavam
406:Sari County
367:nationalist
364:progressive
288:by a close
159:Tudeh Party
145:Nationality
66:Ahmad Qavam
2268:Categories
2131:Taqi Arani
2124:Scientists
1826:Programmer
1740:Shadi Sadr
1511:Filmmakers
1019:1948–1969
994:1969–1978
964:2019-04-24
946:2019-04-24
928:2019-04-24
907:2019-04-24
889:2019-04-24
871:2019-04-24
853:2019-04-24
823:2019-04-24
645:0520922905
551:References
527:Bratislava
503:revolution
371:communists
324:Taqi Arani
244:Early life
1790:Musicians
1135:Activists
1008:New title
772:cite book
348:Reza Shah
290:Bulgarian
211:communist
177:Relatives
81:In office
51:In office
1759:Military
1464:Bloggers
1423:Athletes
188:(cousin)
2165:Writers
1718:Lawyers
1485:Doctors
1402:Artists
798:July 1,
580:(ed.).
541:Leipzig
408:of the
221:of the
203:Persian
183:(uncle)
149:Iranian
135:Leipzig
1376:Actors
1126:Prison
642:
617:
459:Tehran
270:France
115:Tehran
1842:Poets
762:[
743:[
576:. In
319:Donya
215:Qajar
1061:and
800:2015
778:link
640:ISBN
615:ISBN
592:2017
346:and
125:Died
112:1907
109:Born
94:Sari
274:Law
2270::
957:.
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900:.
882:.
864:.
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856:.
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802:.
780:)
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369:-
201:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
