Iran–Contra affair

844:, claiming power after an election full of irregularities. The dealings with the Iranians were conducted via the NSC with Admiral Poindexter and his deputy Colonel North, with the US historians Malcolm Byrne and Peter Kornbluh writing that Poindexter granted much power to North "who made the most of the situation, often deciding important matters on his own, striking outlandish deals with the Iranians, and acting in the name of the president on issues that were far beyond his competence. All of these activities continued to take place within the framework of the president's broad authorization. Until the press reported on the existence of the operation, nobody in the administration questioned the authority of Poindexter's and North's team to implement the president's decisions". North proposed a $ 15 million markup, while contracted arms broker Ghorbanifar added a 41-percent markup of his own. Other members of the NSC were in favor of North's plan; with large support, Poindexter authorized it without notifying President Reagan, and it went into effect. At first, the Iranians refused to buy the arms at the inflated price because of the excessive markup imposed by North and Ghorbanifar. They eventually relented, and, in February 1986, 1,000 TOW missiles were shipped to the country. From May to November 1986, there were additional shipments of miscellaneous weapons and parts. 1088:, which created the NSC, gave it the vague right to perform "such other functions and duties related to the intelligence as the National Security Council may from time to time direct." However, the NSC had usually, although not always, acted as an advisory agency until the Reagan administration when the NSC had "gone operational", a situation that was condemned by both the Tower Commission and by Congress as a departure from the norm. The American historian John Canham-Clyne asserted that the Iran–Contra affair and the NSC "going operational" were not departures from the norm, but were the logical and natural consequence of the existence of the "national security state", the plethora of shadowy government agencies with multi-million dollar budgets operating with little oversight from Congress, the courts or the media, and for whom upholding national security justified almost everything. Canham-Clyne argued that for the "national security state", the law was an obstacle to be surmounted rather than something to uphold and that the Iran–Contra affair was just "business as usual", something he asserted that the media missed by focusing on the NSC having "gone operational." 923:, head of the CIA, requested that the US authorize sending a shipment of small missile parts to Iranian military forces as a way of expressing gratitude. Casey also justified this request by stating that the contact in the Iranian government might otherwise lose face or be executed, and hostages might be killed. Reagan authorized the shipment to ensure that those potential events would not occur. North used this release to persuade Reagan to switch over to a "sequential" policy of freeing the hostages one by one, instead of the "all or nothing" policy that the Americans had pursued until then. By this point, the Americans had grown tired of Ghorbanifar who had proven himself a dishonest intermediary who played off both sides to his own commercial advantage. In August 1986, the Americans had established a new contact in the Iranian government, Ali Hashemi Bahramani, the nephew of Rafsanjani and an officer in the Revolutionary Guard. The fact that the Revolutionary Guard was deeply involved in international terrorism seemed only to attract the Americans more to Bahramani, who was seen as someone with the influence to change Iran's policies. 1155: 706:, Reagan claimed that he was deeply committed to securing the release of the hostages; it was this compassion that supposedly motivated his support for the arms initiatives. The president requested that the "moderate" Iranians do everything in their capability to free the hostages held by Hezbollah. Reagan always publicly insisted after the scandal broke in late 1986 that the purpose behind the arms-for-hostages trade was to establish a working relationship with the "moderate" faction associated with Rafsanjani to facilitate the reestablishment of the US–Iranian alliance after the soon to be expected death of Khomeini, to end the Iran–Iraq War and end Iranian support for Islamic terrorism while downplaying the importance of freeing the hostages in Lebanon as a secondary issue. By contrast, when testifying before the Tower Commission, Reagan declared that hostage issue was the main reason for selling arms to Iran. 650:

back within the US sphere of influence. It remains unclear if Rafsanjani really wanted a rapprochement with the US or was just deceiving Reagan administration officials who were willing to believe that he was a moderate who would effect a rapprochement. Rafsanjani, whose nickname is "the Shark", was described by the UK journalist Patrick Brogan as a man of great charm and formidable intelligence known for his subtlety and ruthlessness whose motives in the Iran–Contra affair remain completely mysterious. The Israeli government required that the sale of arms meet high-level approval from the US government, and, when McFarlane convinced them that the US government approved the sale, Israel obliged by agreeing to sell the arms.

1189:. The 200-page report was the most comprehensive of any released, criticizing the actions of Oliver North, John Poindexter, Caspar Weinberger, and others. It determined that President Reagan did not have knowledge of the extent of the program, especially about the diversion of funds to the Contras, although it argued that the president ought to have had better control of the National Security Council staff. The report heavily criticized Reagan for not properly supervising his subordinates or being aware of their actions. A major result of the Tower Commission was the consensus that Reagan should have listened to his National Security Advisor more, thereby placing more power in the hands of that chair. 59: 683:

Regan since the surgery. The meeting took place five days after the surgery and only three days after doctors gave the news that his polyp had been malignant. The three participants of this meeting had very different recollections of what was discussed during its 23-minute duration. Months later, Reagan even stated that he "had no recollection of a meeting in the hospital in July with McFarlane and that he had no notes which would show such a meeting". This does not come as a surprise considering the possible short and long-term effects of anesthesia on patients above the age of 60, in addition to his already weakened physical and mental state.

313:" After the weapon sales were revealed in November 1986, Reagan appeared on national television and stated that the weapons transfers had indeed occurred, but that the U.S. did not trade arms for hostages. The investigation was impeded when large volumes of documents relating to the affair were destroyed or withheld from investigators by Reagan administration officials. On 4 March 1987, Reagan made a further nationally televised address, saying he was taking full responsibility for the affair and stating that "what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into trading arms for hostages." 943:

politics decided to get all the groups involved and give them a role to play". Thus, all the factions in the Iranian government would be jointly responsible for the talks with the Americans and "there would not be an internal war". This demand of Behramani caused much dismay on the US side as it made clear to them that they would not be dealing solely with a "moderate" faction in the Islamic Republic, as the Americans liked to pretend to themselves, but rather with all the factions in the Iranian government—including those who were very much involved in terrorism. Despite this, the talks were not broken off.

1580:, who headed the investigation of Reagan administration officials' criminal conduct in the Iran–Contra scandal, stated that "the Iran-contra cover-up, which has continued for more than six years, has now been completed." Walsh noted that in issuing the pardons Bush appears to have been preempting being implicated himself in the crimes of Iran–Contra by evidence that was to come to light during the Weinberger trial, and noted that there was a pattern of "deception and obstruction" by Bush, Weinberger and other senior Reagan administration officials. 899:, which the US rejected. More importantly, McFarlane refused to ship spare parts for the Hawk missiles until the Iranians had Hezbollah release the US hostages, whereas the Iranians wanted to reverse that sequence with the spare parts being shipped first before the hostages were freed. The differing negotiating positions led to McFarlane's mission going home after four days. After the failure of the secret visit to Tehran, McFarlane advised Reagan not to talk to the Iranians anymore, advice that was disregarded. 1450:. A former CIA clandestine service officer. According to Special Prosecutor Walsh, he earned nearly $ 883,000 helping retired Air Force Maj. Gen. Richard V. Secord and Albert Hakim carry out the secret operations of "the Enterprise". He was indicted for concealing the full amount of his Enterprise profits for the 1985 and 1986 tax years, and for failing to declare his foreign financial accounts. He was convicted and served 16 months in prison, the only Iran–Contra defendant to have served a prison sentence. 9346: 1444:. A businessman, he pleaded guilty in November 1989 to supplementing the salary of North by buying a $ 13,800 fence for North with money from "the Enterprise," which was a set of foreign companies Hakim used in Iran–Contra. In addition, Swiss company Lake Resources Inc., used for storing money from arms sales to Iran to give to the Contras, plead guilty to stealing government property. Hakim was given two years of probation and a $ 5,000 fine, while Lake Resources Inc. was ordered to dissolve. 339:, who had been vice president at the time of the affair. Former Independent Counsel Walsh noted that, in issuing the pardons, Bush appeared to have been preempting being implicated himself by evidence that came to light during the Weinberger trial and noted that there was a pattern of "deception and obstruction" by Bush, Weinberger, and other senior Reagan administration officials. Walsh submitted his final report on 4 August 1993 and later wrote an account of his experiences as counsel, 895:, and a CIA communicator. They arrived in Tehran in an Israeli plane carrying forged Irish passports on 25 May 1986. This meeting also failed. Much to McFarlane's disgust, he did not meet ministers, and instead met in his words "third and fourth level officials". At one point, an angry McFarlane shouted: "As I am a Minister, I expect to meet with decision-makers. Otherwise, you can work with my staff." The Iranians requested concessions such as Israel's withdrawal from the 1253:

approved it. Enthusiastically." Handwritten notes by Defense Secretary Weinberger indicate that the President was aware of potential hostage transfers with Iran, as well as the sale of Hawk and TOW missiles to what he was told were "moderate elements" within Iran. Notes taken by Weinberger on 7 December 1985 record that Reagan said that "he could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer charge that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages

1305: 787:. Two days later, Reagan met with his advisors at the White House, where a new plan was introduced. This called for a slight change in the arms transactions: instead of the weapons going to the "moderate" Iranian group, they would go to "moderate" Iranian army leaders. As each weapons delivery was made from Israel by air, hostages held by Hezbollah would be released. Israel would continue to be reimbursed by the US for the weapons. Though staunchly opposed by 10657: 9278: 9242: 1698: 9288: 9336: 667:

formally recognized by the White House. It was later revealed that this decision was made on the grounds that "Mr. Reagan and his advisors did not want his actions to establish a definition of incapacitation that would bind future presidents." Reagan expressed this transfer of power in two identical letters that were sent to the speaker of the House of Representatives, Representative

1438:. Former Air Force major general, who was involved in arms transfers to Iran and diversion of funds to Contras, he pleaded guilty in November 1989 to making false statements to Congress and was sentenced to two years of probation. As part of his plea bargain, Secord agreed to provide further truthful testimony in exchange for the dismissal of remaining criminal charges against him. 710: 871:

within the Iranian government, so, with the hope of the release of the hostages, Reagan approved this plan as well. Throughout February 1986, weapons were shipped directly to Iran by the US (as part of Oliver North's plan), but none of the hostages were released. Retired National Security Advisor McFarlane conducted another international voyage, this one to

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realization for Reagan. From seeing the recovery process of other patients, as well as medical “experts” on television predicting his death to be soon, Reagan's typical optimistic outlook was dampened. These factors were bound to contribute to psychological distress in the midst of an already distressing situation. Additionally, Reagan's invocation of the

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group of senior Reagan administration officials in the Senior Interdepartmental Group conducted a secret study on 21 July 1981 and concluded that the arms embargo was ineffective because Iran could always buy arms and spare parts for its U.S. weapons elsewhere, while, at the same time, the arms embargo opened the door for Iran to fall into the

821:] that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages'." Now retired National Security Advisor McFarlane flew to London to meet with Israelis and Ghorbanifar in an attempt to persuade the Iranian to use his influence to release the hostages before any arms transactions occurred; this plan was rejected by Ghorbanifar. 430:, the name given to three U.S. legislative amendments between 1982 and 1984 aimed at limiting U.S. government assistance to Contra militants. By 1984, funding for the Contras had run out; and, in October of that year, a total ban came into effect. The second Boland Amendment, in effect from 3 October 1984 to 3 December 1985, stated: 1112:

was aware of the operation as well and strongly opposed it, in particular the diversion of funds allotted to the Afghan operation. According to his Middle Eastern experts, the operation was pointless because the moderates in Iran were not in a position to challenge the fundamentalists. However, he was overruled by Clair George.

403:, a wide-ranging diplomatic effort to persuade other nations all over the world not to sell arms or spare parts for weapons to Iran. This was at least part of the reason the Iran–Contra affair proved so humiliating for the U.S. when the story first broke in November 1986 that the U.S. itself was selling arms to Iran. 544:

Administration secretly and abruptly changed United States policy." Secret Israeli arms sales and shipments to Iran began in that year, even as, in public, "the Reagan Administration" presented a different face, and "aggressively promoted a public campaign to stop worldwide transfers of military goods to Iran".

851:. Administration officials argued that, regardless of Congress restricting funds for the Contras, or any affair, the President (or in this case the administration) could carry on by seeking alternative means of funding such as private entities and foreign governments. Funding from one foreign country, 1514:

Although Bush publicly insisted that he knew little about the operation, his statements were contradicted by excerpts of his diary released by the White House in January 1993. An entry dated 5 November 1986 stated: "On the news at this time is the question of the hostages... I'm one of the few people

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In January 1987, Congress announced it was opening an investigation into the Iran–Contra affair. Depending upon one's political perspective, the Congressional investigation into the Iran–Contra affair was either an attempt by the legislative arm to gain control over an out-of-control executive arm, a

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What is involved is that in the course of the arms transfers, which involved the United States providing the arms to Israel and Israel in turn transferring the arms -- in effect, selling the arms to representatives of Iran. Certain monies which were received in the transaction between representatives

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explains: "Iran at that time was in dire need of arms and spare parts for its American-made arsenal to defend itself against Iraq, which had attacked it in September 1980", while "Israel was interested in keeping the war between Iran and Iraq going to ensure that these two potential enemies remained

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that supplied arms to the Contras. It was ostensibly a private sector operation, but in fact was controlled by the NSC. To fund "the Enterprise", the Reagan administration was constantly on the look-out for funds that came from outside the U.S. government in order not to explicitly violate the letter

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A few months ago I told the American people I did not trade arms for hostages. My heart and my best intentions still tell me that's true, but the facts and the evidence tell me it is not. As the Tower board reported, what began as a strategic opening to Iran deteriorated, in its implementation, into

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First, let me say I take full responsibility for my own actions and for those of my administration. As angry as I may be about activities undertaken without my knowledge, I am still accountable for those activities. As disappointed as I may be in some who served me, I'm still the one who must answer

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President Reagan appeared before the Tower Commission on 2 December 1986, to answer questions regarding his involvement in the affair. When asked about his role in authorizing the arms deals, he first stated that he had; later, he appeared to contradict himself by stating that he had no recollection

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later wrote: "Independent Counsel obtained no documentary evidence showing Casey knew about or approved the diversion. The only direct testimony linking Casey to early knowledge of the diversion came from North." Gust Avrakodos, who was responsible for the arms supplies to the Afghans at this time,

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My purpose was to send a signal that the United States was prepared to replace the animosity between with a new relationship . At the same time we undertook this initiative, we made clear that Iran must oppose all forms of international terrorism as a condition of progress in our relationship. The

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who was seen as a leading potential successor to Khomeini and who was alleged to want a rapprochement with the US. The Americans believed that Rafsanjani had the power to order Hezbollah to free the US hostages and establishing a relationship with him by selling Iran arms would ultimately place Iran

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The Reagan administration's policy toward Nicaragua produced a major clash between the executive and legislative branches as Congress sought to limit, if not curb altogether, the ability of the White House to support the Contras. Direct U.S. funding of the Contras insurgency was made illegal through

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In 1994, just five years after leaving office, President Reagan announced that he had been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Lawrence Walsh, who was appointed Independent Counsel in 1986 to investigate the transactions later implied Reagan's declining health may have played a role in his handling

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The reason I haven't spoken to you before now is this: You deserve the truth. And as frustrating as the waiting has been, I felt it was improper to come to you with sketchy reports, or possibly even erroneous statements, which would then have to be corrected, creating even more doubt and confusion.

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According to Reagan, these Iranians sought to establish a quiet relationship with the US, before establishing formal relationships upon the death of the aging Ayatollah. In Reagan's account, McFarlane told Reagan that the Iranians, to demonstrate their seriousness, offered to persuade the Hezbollah

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When the story broke, many legal and constitutional scholars expressed dismay that the NSC, which was supposed to be just an advisory body to assist the President with formulating foreign policy, had "gone operational" by becoming an executive body covertly executing foreign policy on its own. The

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On 7 January 1986, John Poindexter proposed to Reagan a modification of the approved plan: instead of negotiating with the "moderate" Iranian political group, the US would negotiate with "moderate" members of the Iranian government. Poindexter told Reagan that Ghorbanifar had important connections

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to pass on confidential information from what Reagan later described as the "moderate" Iranian faction headed by Rafsanjani opposed to the Ayatollah's hardline anti-US policies. The visit from McFarlane in Reagan's hospital room was the first visit from an administration official outside of Donald

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as a staging ground for operations against the FSLN and offering to train Contras in Panama, but this would later be overshadowed by the Iran–Contra affair itself. At around the same time, the Soviet Bloc also engaged in arms deals with ideologically opponent buyers, possibly involving some of the

434:

During the fiscal year 1985 no funds available to the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense or any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities may be obligated or expended for the purpose of or which may have the effect of supporting directly or

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to the executive, its efforts to overthrow the government of Nicaragua were a presidential prerogative that Congress had no right to try to halt via the Boland Amendments. By contrast, Congressional leaders argued that the constitution had assigned Congress control of the budget, and Congress had

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and Iran desperately needed weapons and spare parts for its current weapons. After Ronald Reagan took office as president on 20 January 1981 and the hostages were released, he vowed to continue Carter's policy of blocking arms sales to Iran on the grounds that Iran supported terrorism. However, a

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wrote that "Ronald Reagan knew of and approved a great deal of what went on with both the Iranian initiative and private efforts on behalf of the contras and he received regular, detailed briefings on both...I have no doubt that he was told about the use of residuals for the Contras, and that he

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surgery. Reagan's recovery was nothing short of miserable, as the 74-year-old President admitted having little sleep for days in addition to his immense physical discomfort. While doctors seemed to be confident that the surgery was successful, the discovery of his localized cancer was a daunting

568:

Dynamic political evolution is taking place inside Iran. Instability caused by the pressures of the Iraq-Iran war, economic deterioration and regime in-fighting create the potential for major changes inside Iran. The Soviet Union is better positioned than the U.S. to exploit and benefit from any

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wrote, "U.S. willingness to engage in concessions with Iran and the Hezbollah not only signaled to its adversaries that hostage-taking was an extremely useful instrument in extracting political and financial concessions for the West but also undermined any credibility of U.S. criticism of other

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antitank missiles to Iran, claiming that this would aid the "moderate" Iranian faction, by demonstrating that the group actually had high-level connections to the US government. Reagan initially rejected the plan, until Israel sent information to the US showing that the "moderate" Iranians were

1208:

issued its own report on 18 November 1987, stating that "If the president did not know what his national security advisers were doing, he should have." The Congressional report wrote that the president bore "ultimate responsibility" for wrongdoing by his aides, and his administration exhibited

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of Iraq and the establishment of "a non-hostile regime in Baghdad". In September and October 1986, three more Americans—Frank Reed, Joseph Cicippio, and Edward Tracy—were abducted in Lebanon by a separate terrorist group, who referred to them simply as "G.I. Joe", after the popular US toy. The

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prior to the surgery was a risky and unprecedented decision that smoothly flew under the radar for the duration of the complex situation. While it only lasted slightly longer than the length of the procedure (approximately seven hours and 54 minutes), this temporary transfer of power was never

439:

In violation of the Boland Amendment, senior officials of the Reagan administration continued to secretly arm and train the Contras and provide arms to Iran, an operation they called "the Enterprise". Given the Contras' heavy dependence on U.S. military and financial support, the second Boland

942:

During a secret meeting in Frankfurt in October 1986, North told Bahramani that: "Saddam Hussein must go". North also claimed that Reagan had told him to tell Bahramani that: "Saddam Hussein is an asshole." Behramani during a secret meeting in Mainz informed North that Rafsanjani "for his own

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A major legal debate at the center of the Iran–Contra affair concerned the question of whether the NSC was one of the "any other agency or entity of the United States involved in intelligence activities" covered by the Boland Amendment. The Reagan administration argued it was not, and many in

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in 1991, "continuing allegations that Reagan campaign officials made a deal with the Iranian Government of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in the fall of 1980" led to "limited investigations". However "limited", those investigations established that "Soon after taking office in 1981, the Reagan

1209:"secrecy, deception and disdain for the law". It also read that "the central remaining question is the role of the President in the Iran–Contra affair. On this critical point, the shredding of documents by Poindexter, North and others, and the death of Casey, leave the record incomplete". 302:

on 7 December 1985 indicate that Reagan was aware of potential hostage transfers with Iran, by Israel, as well as the sale of Hawk and TOW missiles to "moderate elements" within that country. Weinberger wrote that Reagan said "he could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer

1261:

There is some question and dispute about precisely the level at which he chose to follow the operation details. There is no doubt, however, ... the President set the US policy towards Nicaragua, with few if any ambiguities, and then left subordinates more or less free to implement

1292:, the leaker of the scandal, was executed in 1987, allegedly for activities unrelated to the scandal. Though Hashemi made a full video confession to numerous serious charges, some observers find the coincidence of his leak and the subsequent prosecution highly suspicious. 569:

power struggle that results in changes from the Iranian regime . The U.S. should encourage Western allies and friends to help Iran meet its import requirements so as to reduce the attractiveness of Soviet assistance . This includes provision of selected military equipment.

939:

reasons for their abduction are unknown, although it is speculated that they were kidnapped to replace the freed Americans. One more original hostage, David Jacobsen, was later released. The captors promised to release the remaining two, but the release never happened.

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of the Boland Amendment, though the efforts to find alternative funding for the Contras violated the spirit of the Boland Amendment. Ironically, military aid to the Contras was reinstated with Congressional consent in October 1986, a month before the scandal broke.

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from doing the same, was a beneficial move. Although Reagan claims that the arms sales were to a "moderate" faction of Iranians, the Walsh Iran–Contra Report states that the arms sales were "to Iran" itself, which was under the control of the Ayatollah.

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opposed to terrorism and had fought against it. Now having a reason to trust the "moderates", Reagan approved the transaction, which was meant to be between Israel and the "moderates" in Iran, with the US reimbursing Israel. In his 1990 autobiography

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in December 1986 to investigate possible criminal actions by officials involved in the scheme. In the end, several dozen administration officials were indicted, including Weinberger. Eleven convictions resulted, some of which were vacated on appeal.

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preoccupied with each other". Major General Avraham Tamir, a high-ranking Israeli Defense Ministry official in 1981, said there was an "oral agreement" to allow the sale of "spare parts" to Iran. This was based on an "understanding" with Secretary

632:

The short term dimension concerns the seven hostages; the long term dimension involves the establishment of a private dialogue with Iranian officials on the broader relations . They sought specifically the delivery from Israel of 100 TOW missiles

1481:

in August 1987, Bush stated that he was denied information about the operation and did not know about the diversion of funds. Bush said that he had not advised Reagan to reject the initiative because he had not heard strong objections to it. The

927:, a US arms dealer, who was being used as a contact with Iran, wrote to North: "My judgment is that we have opened up a new and probably better channel into Iran". North was so impressed with Bahramani that he arranged for him to secretly visit 1063:

During the trial, North testified that on 21, 22 or 24 November, he witnessed Poindexter destroy what may have been the only signed copy of a presidential covert-action finding that sought to authorize CIA participation in the November 1985

1204:

partisan "witch hunt" by the Democrats against a Republican administration or a feeble effort by Congress that did far too little to rein in the "imperial presidency" that had run amok by breaking numerous laws. The Democratic-controlled

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system under stress, and the manner in which that system has served eight different presidents since its inception in 1947". The Tower Commission was the first presidential commission to review and evaluate the National Security Council.

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admitted on 25 November that profits from weapons sales to Iran were made available to assist the Contra rebels in Nicaragua. On the same day, John Poindexter resigned, and President Reagan fired Oliver North. Poindexter was replaced by

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militants to release the seven US hostages. McFarlane met with the Israeli intermediaries; Reagan claimed that he allowed this because he believed that establishing relations with a strategically located country, and preventing the

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described the cake as a joke between North and Ghorbanifar. McFarlane met directly with Iranian officials associated with Rafsanjani, who sought to establish US–Iranian relations in an attempt to free the four remaining hostages.

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who was believed to be seeking a rapprochement with the US; after the transaction, the US would reimburse Israel with the same weapons, while receiving monetary benefits. McFarlane in a memo to Shultz and Weinberger wrote:

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Iran-Contra Investigation: Joint Hearings Before the Senate Select Committee on Secret Military Assistance to Iran and the Nicaraguan Opposition and the House Select Committee to Investigate Covert Arms Transactions with

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The plan was discussed with President Reagan on 18 July 1985 and again on 6 August 1985. Shultz at the latter meeting warned Reagan that "we were just falling into the arms-for-hostages business and we shouldn't do it".

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Domestically, the affair precipitated a drop in President Reagan's popularity. His approval ratings suffered "the largest single drop for any U.S. president in history", from 67% to 46% in November 1986, according to a

4154: 832:(NSC), proposed a new plan for selling arms to Iran, which included two major adjustments: instead of selling arms through Israel, the sale was to be direct at a markup; and a portion of the proceeds would go to the 10691: 4843: 387:

as the Kremlin could sell Iran weapons if the U.S. would not. The conclusion was that the U.S. should start selling Iran arms as soon as it was politically possible. This was made more difficult politically due to

487:, wrote that the weapons sales to Iran were used "for purposes prohibited by the elected representatives of the American people in a way that avoided accountability to the President and Congress. It was wrong." 452:

Congress argued that it was. The majority of constitutional scholars have asserted the NSC did indeed fall within the purview of the second Boland Amendment, though the amendment did not mention the NSC by name.

1180:

The report published by the Tower Commission was delivered to the president on 26 February 1987. The commission had interviewed 80 witnesses to the scheme, including Reagan, and two of the arms trade middlemen:

515:, using various intermediaries to distance themselves from the deal. Noriega was apparently one of these intermediaries but backed out on the deal as the ship and weapons were seized at a Panamanian port. The 805:

trading arms for hostages, nor were we negotiating with terrorists". In his notes of a meeting held in the White House on 7 December 1985, Weinberger wrote he told Reagan that this plan was illegal, writing:

553:(which a Haig adviser denied). This account was confirmed by a former senior US diplomat with a few modifications. The diplomat claimed that " Sharon violated it, and Haig backed away". A former "high-level" 1389:

was indicted on 16 charges. A jury convicted him of accepting an illegal gratuity, obstruction of a Congressional inquiry, and destruction of documents. The convictions were overturned on appeal because his

980:, who was captured by Nicaraguan authorities after surviving the plane crash, initially alleged in a press conference on Nicaraguan soil that two of his coworkers, Max Gomez and Ramon Medina, worked for the 557:(CIA) official who saw reports of arms sales to Iran by Israel in the early 1980s estimated that the total was about $ 2 billion a year—but also said, "The degree to which it was sanctioned I don't know." 810:

I argued strongly that we have an embargo that makes arms sales to Iran illegal and President couldn't violate it and that 'washing' transactions through Israel wouldn't make it legal. Shultz, Don Regan

4119:

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair, with supplemental minority and additional views, H. Doc 100–433, S. Doc 100–216, 00th Congress, 1st sess., 13 November 1987,

1146:. The main objectives of the commission were to inquire into "the circumstances surrounding the Iran–Contra matter, other case studies that might reveal strengths and weaknesses in the operation of the 762:

The first arms sales to Iran began in 1981, though the official paper trail has them beginning in 1985 (see above). On 20 August 1985, Israel sent 96 US-made TOW missiles to Iran through an arms dealer

1248:

Reagan's role in these transactions is still not definitively known. It is unclear exactly what Reagan knew and when, and whether the arms sales were motivated by his desire to save the U.S. hostages.

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regarding a Senate inquiry into them. Bush added the briefing with Durenberger left him with the feeling he had "been deliberately excluded from key meetings involving details of the Iran operation".

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chronicled the role of the CIA in facilitating the transfer of funds from the Iran arms sales to the Nicaraguan Contras spearheaded by Oliver North. According to Woodward, then-Director of the CIA

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North frequently met with Bahramani in the summer and autumn of 1986 in West Germany, discussing arms sales to Iran, the freeing of hostages held by Hezbollah and how best to overthrow President

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on 4 March 1987, and in two other speeches. Reagan had not spoken to the American people directly for three months amidst the scandal, and he offered the following explanation for his silence:

422:. Almost from the time he took office in 1981, a major goal of the Reagan administration was the overthrow of the left-wing Sandinista government in Nicaragua and to support the Contra rebels. 2471: 10684: 10175: 9666: 3640: 1428:. An ex-CIA senior official, he was indicted in November 1991 on seven counts of perjury and false statements relating to a November 1985 shipment to Iran. Pardoned before trial by President 9332: 5298: 6631: 9524: 6205: 32: 10001: 4449: 3723: 1415: 467:

As part of the effort to circumvent the Boland Amendment, the NSC established "the Enterprise", an arms-smuggling network headed by a retired U.S. Air Force officer turned arms dealer

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release US hostages in Lebanon in exchange for Israelis shipping Iran US weapons. Having been designated a State Sponsor of Terrorism since January 1984, Iran was in the midst of the

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was highly negative, writing on his copy of McFarlane's paper: "This is almost too absurd to comment on like asking Qaddafi to Washington for a cozy chat." Secretary of State

9494: 5940: 4146: 2043: 5710: 10704: 1964: 1574: 1490:, stating that he began to develop misgivings about the Iran initiative. He wrote that he did not learn the full extent of the Iran dealings until he was briefed by Senator 4916: 4698: 2587: 1507:

told Bush that his unwillingness to speak about the scandal led "people to say 'either George Bush was irrelevant or he was ineffective, he set himself outside of the loop.

1107:, and, according to his wife, was unable to communicate. On 6 May 1987, William Casey died the day after Congress began public hearings on Iran–Contra. Independent Counsel 6557: 6173: 4835: 11115: 11065: 9822: 9547: 6909: 3291: 1925: 1803: 1394:

rights may have been violated by use of his immunized public testimony and because the judge had incorrectly explained the crime of destruction of documents to the jury.

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Jonathan Scott Royster, Liaison to Oliver North, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for his testimony.

1103:

admitted to him in February 1987 that he was aware of the diversion of funds to the Contras. The controversial admission occurred while Casey was hospitalized for a

619:

and could find few Western nations willing to supply it with weapons. The idea behind the plan was for Israel to ship weapons through an intermediary (identified as

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led to a small controversy, as the Panama and Peru governments in 1986 accused the U.S. and each other of being involved in the East Germany-originated shipment.

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The Iran-Contra Affair 30 Years Later: A Milestone in Post-Truth Politics: Declassified Records Recall Official Deception in the Name of Protecting a Presidency

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On 25 November 1986, President Reagan announced the creation of a Special Review Board to look into the matter; the following day, he appointed former Senator

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The broader constitutional question at stake was the power of Congress versus the power of the presidency. The Reagan administration argued that, because the

10941: 10849: 10486: 10143: 8808: 5579: 5055: 4736: 3701: 2674: 392:'s openly declared goal of exporting his Islamic revolution all over the Middle East and overthrowing the governments of Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and the 5400: 4581: 4063: 3669: 1341:, National Security Adviser, convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years of probation. Later pardoned by President 292: 10551: 9479: 6617: 4370:

Pichirallo, Joe (12 March 1988). "McFarlane Enters Guilty Plea Arising From Iran-Contra Affair; Former Reagan Adviser Withheld Information From Congress".

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of Israel and representatives of Iran were taken and made available to the forces in Central America, which are opposing the Sandinista government there.

1017:

by concealing them in her boots and dress. North's explanation for destroying some documents was to protect the lives of individuals involved in Iran and

257:, an expatriate Iranian arms dealer. Some within the Reagan administration hoped the sales would influence Iran to get Hezbollah to release the hostages. 11197: 11139: 9736: 9696: 9519: 9514: 9509: 8531: 8521: 6721: 6298: 6115: 6069: 5689: 2996: 9817: 8327: 8174: 6469: 6182: 5813: 863:

account number. A Swiss businessperson, suddenly $ 10 million richer, alerted the authorities of the mistake. The money was eventually returned to the

363:

inherited in January 1979 were U.S.-made. To maintain this arsenal, Iran required a steady supply of spare parts to replace those broken and worn out.

4979: 4519: 4480: 3437: 11127: 10889: 10201: 9656: 9474: 9245: 5645: 4245: 2463: 1391: 1365:, Chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force, convicted of withholding evidence and sentenced to one year probation. Later pardoned by President 1009:, testified extensively about helping North alter and shred official US National Security Council (NSC) documents from the White House. According to 997:

most significant step which Iran could take, we indicated, would be to use its influence in Lebanon to secure the release of all hostages held there.

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The Iran–Contra affair and the ensuing deception to protect senior administration officials (including President Reagan) was cast as an example of

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wrote a National Security Decision Directive which called for the US to begin a rapprochement with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The paper read:

561: 328: 4636: 2109: 1400:, Oliver North's secretary, was given immunity from prosecution on charges of conspiracy and destroying documents in exchange for her testimony. 9947: 9927: 9897: 9785: 9386: 9381: 9317: 8497: 7076: 5852: 2564: 4441: 3370: 2079: 1527:, President George H. W. Bush pardoned five administration officials who had been found guilty on charges relating to the affair. They were: 11120: 10873: 10093: 8484: 6042: 6035: 5956: 3916: 3038: 2139: 1732: 1601: 1418:

overturned the convictions on 15 November 1991 for the same reason the court had overturned Oliver North's, and by the same 2 to 1 vote. The

847:

Both the sale of weapons to Iran and the funding of the Contras attempted to circumvent not only stated administration policy, but also the

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The US delegation comprised McFarlane, North, Cave (a retired CIA officer who served as the group's translator), Teicher, Israeli diplomat

678:

While the President was recovering in the hospital, McFarlane met with him and told him that representatives from Israel had contacted the

654: 6762: 5447: 5405: 5396: 4603: 767:. Subsequently, on 14 September 1985, 408 more TOW missiles were delivered. On 15 September 1985, following the second delivery, Reverend 10566: 10458: 9757: 9688: 9432: 9163: 8511: 8273: 8088: 6312: 5487: 5150: 4804: 2620: 1793: 841: 1013:, enough documents were put into a government shredder to jam it. Hall also testified that she smuggled classified documents out of the 10561: 10546: 10511: 10481: 10251: 10118: 9959: 8854: 8800: 8764: 8337: 7726: 6247: 5991: 5696: 5473: 4542: 4188: 3779: 1678:

The Office of Independent Counsel/Walsh investigation produced four interim reports to Congress. Its final report was published as the

1257:". The Republican-written "Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair" made the following conclusion: 1034: 5506: 5460: 3332: 1486:

quoted him as stating, "We were not in the loop." The following month, Bush recounted meeting Nir in his September 1987 autobiography

1244:

trading arms for hostages. This runs counter to my own beliefs, to administration policy, and to the original strategy we had in mind.

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Robert McFarlane resigned on 4 December 1985, stating that he wanted to spend more time with his family, and was replaced by Admiral

597: 464:

every right to use that power not to fund projects they disapproved of, such as attempting to overthrow the government of Nicaragua.

2032: 295:, the evidence is disputed as to whether he personally authorized the diversion of funds to the Contras. Handwritten notes taken by 11345: 10531: 8769: 8681: 8667: 8526: 8477: 8430: 8425: 8372: 8322: 8267: 7770: 7635: 7447: 6485: 6254: 5880: 5631: 5606: 5597: 5033: 1524: 1277:

poll. The "Teflon President", as Reagan was nicknamed by critics, survived the affair, however, and his approval rating recovered.

5126: 5094:

25 November 2016; National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 567; Edited by Malcolm Byrne, Retrieved 26 November 2016.

4690: 4348: 11240: 10556: 9860: 9153: 8813: 8759: 8357: 8316: 8287: 7859: 6383: 6333: 6326: 6136: 4908: 2579: 1641: 1386: 1147: 1139: 441: 268: 1515:

that know fully the details, and there is a lot of flak and misinformation out there. It is not a subject we can talk about..."

320:. Neither investigation found evidence that President Reagan himself knew of the extent of the multiple programs. Additionally, 10246: 10103: 9832: 9711: 9614: 9406: 9396: 8420: 8259: 8244: 8169: 8152: 6108: 6099: 5652: 3283: 1722: 1555: 1239:

Finally, the president acknowledged that his previous assertions that the U.S. did not trade arms for hostages were incorrect:

972:

This was the first public report of the weapons-for-hostages deal. The operation was discovered only after an airlift of guns (

126: 5534: 3576: 2774: 1948: 1909: 1617:

1987–88). A closed Executive Session heard classified testimony from North and Poindexter; this transcript was published in a

1355:, convicted of withholding evidence, but after a plea bargain was given only two years probation. Later pardoned by President 11192: 10588: 9984: 9954: 9281: 8849: 8746: 8654: 8399: 8281: 8238: 8103: 7071: 7066: 7053: 6774: 6550: 6289: 6226: 6166: 6051: 5723: 5524: 5364: 5277: 5244: 3088: 2540: 2305: 2162: 1828: 1623:

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair With Supplemental, Minority, and Additional Views

1296:

of the situation. However, Walsh did note that he believed President Reagan's "instincts for the country's good were right".

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destroyed or hid pertinent documents between 21 November and 25 November 1986. During North's trial in 1989, his secretary,

11216: 10753: 10034: 9827: 9636: 9371: 8065: 6978: 6780: 6411: 6122: 5624: 5565: 5547: 2393: 1014: 415: 272: 211: 3862:

Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of How the Wildest Man in Congress and a Rogue CIA Agent Changed the History

11252: 11228: 11101: 9775: 9609: 9271: 8688: 8438: 7991: 7931: 7521: 7035: 6940: 6157: 5926: 5613: 5501: 4501:

royster, North Trial Testimony, 3/22/89, pp. 5311–5317, and 3/23/89 pp. 5373–5380, 5386–5386; Chapter 6 Scott Royster 148

4326: 3218: 623:) to the Islamic Republic as a way of aiding a supposedly moderate, politically influential faction within the regime of 5638: 435:

indirectly military or paramilitary operations in Nicaragua by any nation, organization, group, movement, or individual.

122: 11290: 11285: 11280: 10536: 10398: 10061: 9489: 9266: 8753: 8516: 8377: 8309: 8249: 8043: 7546: 7536: 7452: 6752: 6715: 4766: 1712: 1419: 1320: 795: 296: 1021:

operations. It was not until 1993, years after the trial, that North's notebooks were made public, and only after the

10226: 10206: 10169: 10088: 9974: 9969: 9850: 9361: 8415: 8405: 7941: 7578: 7415: 6998: 6786: 6499: 5912: 4026: 3039:"Letter Accepting the Resignation of Robert C. McFarlane as Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs" 2447: 1958: 1919: 1672: 456: 250: 6893: 6888: 6828: 6823: 5103: 815:

Weinberger's notes have Reagan saying he "could answer charges of illegality but he couldn't answer charge [

9892: 9780: 9746: 9651: 9340: 8714: 7968: 7797: 7630: 7590: 7469: 7003: 6804: 6404: 6353: 6198: 5963: 5948: 5682: 4492:

Hall, North Trial Testimony, 3/22/89, pp. 5311–5316, and 3/23/89, pp. 5373–5380, 5385–5387; Chapter 5 Fawn Hall 147

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story, and, 10 days after the story was first published, President Reagan appeared on national television from the

788: 484: 6883: 6872: 4573: 4067: 3691: 1991: 11335: 11275: 10496: 10313: 9964: 9907: 9624: 8915: 8649: 8605: 8001: 7499: 7355: 6596: 6360: 5798: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5202: 4090: 3662: 2744: 1633: 532: 336: 6845: 5210:

Hicks, D. Bruce (1996). "Presidential Foreign Policy Prerogative after the Iran–Contra Affair: A Review Essay".

279:

government of Nicaragua. North later claimed that Ghorbanifar had given him the idea for diverting profits from

11325: 9902: 9887: 9631: 9391: 8385: 8254: 8021: 6768: 6432: 4297: 1462:, chose not to re-try North or Poindexter. In total, several dozen people were investigated by Walsh's office. 1069: 1052: 965:, an unnamed former military officer told him that the leak may have been orchestrated by a covert team led by 9437: 6867: 4322: 2840:

Gilbert, Robert E. (2014). "The politics of presidential illness: Ronald Reagan and the Iran-Contra Scandal".

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Preliminary Inquiry into the Sale of Arms to Iran and Possible Diversion of Funds to the Nicaraguan Resistance

9837: 9765: 9442: 9100: 8709: 8694: 8629: 8619: 8590: 8580: 8118: 6527: 6513: 6397: 6367: 6219: 6129: 1085: 973: 1285:

states' deviation from the principles of no-negotiation and no concession to terrorists and their demands."

969:, assistant to the chair of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, due to fears the scheme had grown out of control. 271:(NSC) diverted a portion of the proceeds from the Iranian weapon sales to fund the Contras, a group of anti- 10669: 10098: 10083: 9741: 9469: 8699: 8673: 8659: 8634: 8624: 8575: 8491: 8098: 7608: 7382: 7276: 7061: 6987: 6756: 6571: 6425: 6028: 5933: 4511: 4476: 3423: 1782: 829: 321: 4241: 198:. Between 1981 and 1986, senior administration officials secretly facilitated the illegal sale of arms to 58: 10368: 10216: 10108: 9795: 9504: 9129: 9025: 8595: 7864: 7241: 7206: 6240: 6092: 6085: 5588: 5479: 981: 554: 4870: 3599: 3362: 1654:

Were Relevant Documents Withheld from the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair?

440:

Amendment threatened to break the Contra movement and led to President Reagan ordering in 1984 that the

11340: 11096: 10643: 10618: 10593: 9979: 9671: 9661: 8719: 8704: 8569: 8083: 7425: 7201: 7171: 7136: 6926: 6587: 6233: 5380: 1727: 772: 582: 528: 384: 5427: 2101: 10901: 10766: 10138: 10039: 9937: 9209: 9194: 9184: 9143: 9065: 9030: 8600: 7667: 7494: 7464: 7233: 6418: 6143: 6058: 5970: 5468: 5056:"William P. Barr Oral History, Assistant Attorney General; Deputy Attorney General; Attorney General" 1757: 1747: 1022: 11089: 2464:"Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega's complex US ties suggest lessons for Trump era, historians say" 695:

Following the Israeli–US meeting, Israel requested permission from the US to sell a small number of

10748: 10598: 10358: 10241: 10236: 10196: 10158: 9917: 9721: 9597: 9214: 9189: 9105: 9010: 8970: 8562: 8108: 7951: 7936: 7837: 7785: 7743: 7731: 7568: 7370: 6971: 6709: 6703: 6261: 6189: 5873: 5843: 5836: 916: 679: 642: 601: 360: 199: 50: 10794: 7645: 4000: 3924: 3042: 2135: 2075: 237:

The official justification for the arms shipments was that they were part of an operation to free

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Reagan expressed regret with regard to the situation in a nationally televised address from the

1158:

President Reagan (center) receives the Tower Commission Report in the White House Cabinet Room;

11305: 11300: 11295: 11070: 11013: 10623: 10506: 10163: 10153: 10026: 9676: 9587: 9582: 9235: 9219: 9158: 8985: 8900: 8844: 8128: 8060: 7996: 7689: 7442: 7387: 7298: 7221: 7126: 7111: 6520: 6078: 5443: 1328: 1205: 512: 406:

At the same time that the U.S. government was considering its options on selling arms to Iran,

367: 238: 227: 223: 154: 27: 6609: 5483: 5146: 4796: 2610: 984:. He later said he did not know whether they did or not. The Iranian government confirmed the 11018: 10541: 10491: 10363: 10078: 10073: 10056: 10051: 10046: 10011: 9770: 9716: 9020: 9015: 8890: 8613: 8164: 8147: 8123: 8016: 8011: 7958: 7780: 7748: 7556: 7541: 7131: 7106: 7091: 6455: 6150: 5984: 5176:

Canham-Clyne, John (1992). "Business as Usual: Iran–Contra and the National Security State".

3783: 2615: 1459: 356: 195: 4177: 1414:, defrauding the government, and the alteration and destruction of evidence. A panel of the 10463: 9942: 9932: 9726: 9499: 9427: 9291: 9110: 9075: 8980: 8955: 8644: 8141: 8093: 8033: 7869: 7790: 7650: 7573: 7531: 7410: 7360: 7345: 7328: 7228: 7116: 7086: 6920: 6833: 6676: 5889: 5859: 5740: 4737:"Bush Pardons 6 in Iran Affair, Averting a Weinberger Trial; Prosecutor Assails 'Cover-Up'" 2580:"The Chinese and Soviets had a bigger role in supporting apartheid than we previously knew" 1645: 1182: 966: 764: 641:

The Americans believed that there was a moderate faction in the Islamic Republic headed by

620: 585:

in January 1984, how could the US possibly sell arms to Iran? Only the Director of the CIA

254: 146: 5557: 5457: 4512:"United States of America v. John M. Poindexter, Appellant, 951 F.2d 369 (D.C. Cir. 1992)" 4267: 1375:, Chief of Covert Ops-CIA, convicted on two charges of perjury, but pardoned by President 8: 11223: 10782: 9706: 9557: 9401: 9095: 9045: 9000: 8990: 8975: 8965: 8950: 8930: 8905: 8895: 8885: 8639: 8459: 8449: 7891: 7640: 7333: 7251: 7246: 7196: 7096: 6964: 6740: 6666: 5617: 3696: 1589: 1455: 1338: 5866: 5535:

Personal accounts of the U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon and other State Department officials

5029: 11330: 11175: 10866: 10737: 10700: 10608: 10583: 10418: 10393: 10378: 10353: 10343: 10293: 10263: 10148: 10123: 9701: 9552: 9115: 9090: 8995: 8935: 8910: 8880: 8870: 8469: 8464: 8454: 8444: 8157: 8135: 7655: 7514: 7489: 7459: 7420: 7303: 7146: 6839: 6670: 5732: 5293: 5219: 5185: 5134: 5123: 3981: 3892: 3265: 3257: 2865: 2558: 1511:" Bush replied, "May I explain what I mean by 'out of the loop'? No operational role." 539: 389: 352: 261: 206:

at the time. The administration hoped to use the proceeds of the arms sale to fund the

5009:

Doppler, Jack (January 1993). "No Longer News: The Trial of the Century That Wasn't".

11001: 10912: 10818: 10809: 10716: 10268: 10191: 10006: 9812: 9572: 9542: 9459: 9287: 9050: 9005: 8945: 8920: 8875: 8818: 8055: 7886: 7699: 7286: 7081: 7042: 5977: 5360: 5330: 5273: 5240: 5233: 4938: 3896: 3429: 3269: 2857: 2546: 2536: 2443: 1954: 1915: 1668: 1577: 1563: 1491: 1435: 1429: 1376: 1366: 1356: 1342: 1332: 1316: 837: 798: 624: 616: 574: 400: 379: 299: 191: 130: 64: 46: 5353: 3363:"Calls President Courageous but Weak : Iranian Exhibits Bible Signed by Reagan" 2869: 955:, a senior official in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, the Lebanese magazine 10761: 10636: 10613: 10603: 10576: 10571: 10521: 10516: 10428: 10348: 10231: 10066: 9870: 9842: 9604: 9454: 9422: 9080: 8960: 8925: 8823: 8738: 8733: 8224: 7662: 7625: 7551: 7509: 7405: 7365: 7166: 7161: 6850: 6815: 6682: 6212: 5391: 5268: 3971: 3884: 3572: 3419: 3249: 2849: 2770: 1790:(the transfer of PLO weapons which were seized by Israel in Lebanon to the Contras) 1777: 1499: 1447: 1173: 1143: 1121: 1100: 920: 864: 848: 702: 586: 427: 335:

The rest of those indicted or convicted were all pardoned in the final days of the

317: 219: 175: 167: 5520: 5476:– Middle East Review of International Affairs, June, 2007 article by Nathan Thrall 3418: 2170: 316:

The affair was investigated by Congress and by the three-person, Reagan-appointed

11053: 11046: 11037: 10954: 10830: 10720: 10328: 10308: 10288: 10278: 9875: 9805: 9751: 9619: 9148: 9085: 9040: 8940: 7946: 7879: 7775: 7736: 7620: 7563: 7435: 7338: 7236: 7156: 7151: 7101: 6660: 6654: 6492: 6319: 5822: 5528: 5514: 5491: 5464: 5451: 5436: 5387: 5322: 5198: 5130: 5110: 5091: 4831: 2530: 2199: 1852: 1832: 1823: 1567: 1537: 1425: 1407: 1281: 1186: 1135: 977: 784: 150: 4411:"North, Poindexter and 2 Others Indicted on Iran-Contra Fraud and Theft Charges" 3888: 2643: 11247: 11203: 11187: 11107: 10977: 10949: 10920: 10906: 10894: 10885: 10837: 10789: 10773: 10443: 10438: 10258: 9731: 8828: 7896: 7874: 7852: 7830: 7825: 7350: 7281: 7211: 6956: 6856: 2824:

The Fighting Never Stopped: A Comprehensive Guide To World Conflicts Since 1945

1531: 1348: 1269: 1108: 1077: 1026: 935: 924: 912: 884: 880: 672: 668: 593: 550: 499:

same players as the Iran–Contra affair. In 1986, a complex operation involving

491: 468: 396:, which led to the Americans perceiving Khomeini as a major threat to the U.S. 393: 324: 5326: 3214: 2550: 1570:

advised the President on these pardons, especially that of Caspar Weinberger.

11269: 11163: 11156: 11084: 10982: 10854: 10805: 10801: 10744: 10413: 10388: 10383: 10338: 10333: 10323: 10318: 10298: 10283: 9345: 8038: 7815: 5542: 5318: 5263: 3875:

Fisher, Louis (1988). "Foreign Policy Powers of the President and Congress".

2131: 2071: 1362: 1289: 1163: 1131: 962: 952: 928: 896: 791: 768: 578: 511:

ultimately aimed to sell Soviet arms and military vehicles to South Africa's

288: 68: 23: 10699: 5334: 4643:. Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Journal wire services. 17 September 1991. p. A6 3433: 309:] that 'big strong President Reagan passed up a chance to free hostages. 11180: 11076: 10813: 10777: 10725: 10501: 10433: 10403: 10303: 8027: 7963: 7504: 5521:

Iran–Contra: Reagan's Scandal and the Unchecked Abuse of Presidential Power

5199:

Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the Iran–Contra Affair

3692:"washingtonpost.com: Hall Testifies of Necessity 'To Go Above Written Law'" 3428:. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 237. 2861: 2423:

Payton, Brenda (4 April 1988). "Is U.S. Backing Contras with Drug Funds?".

1703: 1549: 1441: 1382: 1372: 1308: 1249: 1096: 1002: 825: 688: 658: 608: 607:

for help in the sale of arms to Iran. Having talked to an Israeli diplomat

604: 500: 480: 375: 371: 264: 203: 142: 76: 5343: 4980:"Excerpts From the Portions of Bush's Diaries Released by the White House" 3240:

Fisher, Louis (1989). "How Tightly Can Congress Draw the Purse Strings?".

2885:"From the Archives: Ronald Regan first invoked the 25th Amendment in 1985" 1835:. The National Security Archive (George Washington University), 2006-11-24 1648:

for those bodies. The Senate Intelligence Committee produced two reports:

11211: 10973: 10878: 10526: 10453: 10423: 10408: 10373: 9464: 7919: 7847: 7763: 7583: 7308: 6862: 6687: 6344: 5495: 1474:

briefed Vice President Bush in Jerusalem about the weapon sales to Iran.

1218: 1072: 1065: 1055: 989: 735: 284: 80: 5289:"Eight Important Days in November: Unraveling of the Iran–Contra Affair" 5223: 5189: 1304: 11235: 11168: 11144: 10842: 10448: 10273: 10221: 9989: 8006: 7914: 7820: 7753: 7526: 5314: 4974: 4972: 4950: 4865: 4863: 4861: 3261: 1987: 1543: 1504: 1471: 1159: 1127: 957: 892: 860: 725: 696: 280: 7842: 4826: 4824: 4822: 3985: 611:

and Ledeen, McFarlane learned that the Iranians were prepared to have

11132: 11057: 10932: 10629: 7672: 7291: 7141: 6275: 6012: 6005: 5420: 3385: 1625:(U.S. GPO 17 November 1987). The records of the committee are at the 1618: 1397: 1006: 908: 856: 775:. On 24 November 1985, 18 Hawk antiaircraft missiles were delivered. 612: 419: 276: 246: 215: 134: 6206:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

4969: 4858: 4227:

Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran

3253: 2853: 1697: 1410:

was convicted of five counts of conspiracy, obstruction of justice,

1192: 249:, an Islamist paramilitary group with Iranian ties connected to the 11030: 9667:

Donald Trump's threat for the destruction of Iranian cultural sites

9562: 8048: 7986: 7758: 7677: 5998: 5829: 4819: 3976: 3959: 3573:"Why Secret 1986 U.S.–Iran "Arms for Hostages" Negotiations Failed" 3290:(National ed.). Associated Press. 22 July 1987. sec. A. p. 9. 2997:"Arms, Hostages and Contras: How a Secret Foreign Policy Unraveled" 2495:"Apartheid, guns and money: book lifts the lid on Cold War secrets" 2136:"Address to the Nation on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy" 2076:"Address to the Nation on the Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy" 1614: 1274: 411: 231: 72: 4442:"Civil Liberties Union Asks Court To Quash Iran-Contra Indictment" 3877:

The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

879:

with a handwritten inscription by Ronald Reagan and, according to

9880: 6914: 5256:

Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis

4349:"Pardons and Commutations Granted by President George H. W. Bush" 1411: 1324: 1018: 833: 407: 287:

missile sales to Iran to the Nicaraguan Contras. While President

242: 207: 194:

in the United States that occurred during the second term of the

138: 11229:

2020 election obstruction efforts and Trump classified materials

10114:

Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act

4610:. Bangor, Maine. Associated Press. 24 December 1992. p. 2. 3496: 3494: 2965: 2697: 2094: 1608:) and held hearings in mid-1987. Transcripts were published as: 368:

stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran and took 52 Americans hostage

11006: 10002:

Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria (2023–present)

6877: 6639: 5344:

Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters

3798: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3145: 3143: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2335:

Corn, David (2 July 1988). "Is There Really A 'Secret Team'?".

2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2102:"Excerpts From the Iran-Contra Report: A Secret Foreign Policy" 1680:

Final Report of the Independent Counsel for Iran/Contra Matters

1104: 872: 852: 801:, the plan was authorized by Reagan, who stated that, "We were 495: 4631: 4629: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3333:"McFarlane Took Cake and Bible to Teheran, Ex-C.I.A. Man Says" 9865: 6534: 5329:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 4229:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 162–166. 3089:"Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - The Legal Aftermath" 2198:. U.S. Department of Justice. 12 January 2015. Archived from 1738:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

1606:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

1230:

Reagan then took full responsibility for the acts committed:

1199:

Congressional committees investigating the Iran–Contra affair

876: 504: 6558:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

6174:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

5346:(Report). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 4789: 3545: 3471: 3452: 3402: 3400: 3168: 3140: 2977: 2709: 2246: 2196:"Pardons Granted by President George H. W. Bush (1989–1993)" 1911:

Saving the Reagan Presidency: Trust Is the Coin of the Realm

9335: 6910:

United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

5587: 5474:

How the Reagan Administration Taught Iran the Wrong Lessons

4626: 3810: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 1950:

Reagan, Bush, Gorbachev: Revisiting the End of the Cold War

1804:

United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

1177:, Reagan acknowledges authorizing the shipments to Israel. 931:

and gave him a guided tour at midnight of the White House.

9485:

Phone conversation between Barack Obama and Hassan Rouhani

5122:

The two Senate Intelligence Committee reports are online:

4713: 4390: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3019: 2943: 2941: 709: 589:

supported McFarlane's plan to start selling arms to Iran.

11047:

1992 Bush administration search of Clinton passport files

9791:

United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil

5507:

The Importance of the Iran–Contra Scandal, 25 Years Later

4909:"George H.W. Bush's Mixed Legacy in a Reagan-Era Scandal" 3841: 3533: 3521: 3397: 2926: 961:

exposed the arrangement on 3 November 1986. According to

817: 305: 253:. The idea to exchange arms for hostages was proposed by 10017:

Iranian interference in the 2024 United States elections

9923:

December 2019 United States airstrikes in Iraq and Syria

6306:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

5467:: Documents Spotlight Role of Reagan, Top Aides. By the 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4691:"Albert Hakim, Figure in Iran-Contra Affair, Dies at 66" 3724:"Transcript of Attorney General Meese's News Conference" 3564: 3511: 3509: 3311: 3309: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3057: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2373: 581:

was also opposed, stating that having designated Iran a

355:, the U.S. was the largest seller of arms to Iran under 9450:

Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights

4664:"Hakim, one company plead guilty to Iran-Contra counts" 4378: 4206: 3829: 3639:(National ed.). 12 October 1986. p. 4004001. 3180: 2938: 2675:"U.S. Said to Have Allowed Israel to Sell Arms to Iran" 2363: 2361: 2348: 2346: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 1773:

List of federal political scandals in the United States

671:, and the president pro tempore of the senate, Senator 63:

Reagan meets with (left to right) Secretary of Defense

10134:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

6391:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

4351:. United States Department of Justice. 12 January 2015 3756:(National ed.). 26 November 1986. sec. A. p. 12. 3634:"Nicaragua Downs Plane and Survivor Implicates C.I.A." 3003:(National ed.). 19 November 1987. sec. A. p. 12. 1663:(U.S. GPO 26 February 1987). It was also published as 1058:, White House news conference on November 25, 1986 10487:

Academic relations between Iran and the United States

10144:

United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran

5531:) by Malcolm Byrne (University Press of Kansas, 2014) 4893: 3939: 3506: 3306: 3128: 3111: 3069: 2953: 2907: 2789: 1497:

In January 1988 during a live interview with Bush on

234:

by secretively using non-appropriated funds instead.

10552:

Our enemy is here, they are lying that it is America

9480:

Correspondence between Barack Obama and Ali Khamenei

6276:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

5313: 3668:(National ed.). 3 November 1986. sec. A. p. 6. 3391: 2644:"The Pia Vesta Caper: A New Dimension To Contragate" 2358: 2343: 2273: 2230:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 290. 2006: 1693: 1523:

On 24 December 1992, after he had been defeated for

9697:

Assassination of Paul R. Shaffer and John H. Turner

6722:

United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution

6299:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

5484:"The Secret Government: The Constitution in Crisis" 5147:"Records of Lawrence Walsh relating to Iran/Contra" 4132:

Landslide: The Unmaking of The President, 1984–1988

6470:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 6183:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 5540: 5352: 5287:Shenon, Philip; Engelberg, Stephen (5 July 1987). 5232: 3998: 2190: 2188: 2124: 1876: 1874: 1592:by Malcolm Byrne of George Washington University. 1566:, who had not yet come to trial. Attorney General 1465: 1142:took effect on 1 December and became known as the 10202:Iranian Students Association in the United States 5410:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 5401:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 5235:The Iran–Contra Scandal: The Declassified History 5030:"Proclamation 6518 – Grant of Executive Clemency" 4943:"Text of Dan Rather's Interview With George Bush" 4730: 4728: 2611:"Danish Ship Caught Carrying Soviet-Made Weapons" 2306:"Secord Is Guilty of One Charge in Contra Affair" 2234: 2228:Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-up 1659:The Tower Commission Report was published as the 1470:On 27 July 1986, Israeli counterterrorism expert 1193:Congressional committees investigating the affair 341:Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up 11267: 9737:Jimmy Carter's engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 6986: 6507:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 6449:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 5537:—Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training 3914: 2532:Apartheid guns and money : a tale of profit 1638:House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence 359:, and the vast majority of the weapons that the 6565:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 6283:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 5416:The scandal that almost destroyed Ronald Reagan 5286: 3575:. Washington Report on Middle Eastern Affairs. 2747:. The American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2185: 1871: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1799:United States foreign policy in the Middle East 1621:format. The joint committee's final report was 275:(FSLN) rebels, in their insurgency against the 9948:February 2021 United States airstrike in Syria 9928:Attack on the United States embassy in Baghdad 9898:Deportation of Iranian students at US airports 9786:United States kill or capture strategy in Iraq 9475:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's letter to George W. Bush 9387:Consulate-General of the United States, Tabriz 9382:Interests Section of Iran in the United States 5327:Report of the President's Special Review Board 5196: 4725: 3425:Report of the President's Special Review Board 3025: 2394:"Ortega, Faulting Reagan, Warns of Coming War" 2066: 2064: 1661:Report of the President's Special Review Board 1335:on 24 December 1992, before he could be tried. 230:, but the Reagan administration figured out a 10685: 10094:Iran, North Korea, Syria Nonproliferation Act 9318: 7257:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 6972: 6625: 5957:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 5573: 5230: 4147:"15 Years Later, the Remaking of a President" 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 3558: 3500: 3465: 3174: 3149: 2983: 2971: 2728: 2703: 2438:Powell, Colin L.; Persico, Joseph E. (1995). 2437: 2267: 1733:CIA involvement in Contra cocaine trafficking 1602:Joint Committee of the United States Congress 1331:on 16 June 1992. However, he was pardoned by 1280:Internationally, the damage was more severe. 10212:Organization of Iranian American Communities 8181:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 6442:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 5197:Hamilton, Lee H.; Inouye, Daniel K. (1987). 5175: 5028:Bush, George H. W. (24 December 1992). 4682: 4670:. Modesto, CA. Associated Press. p. 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Official Charged on Iran Arms" 4464: 3975: 3330: 3321: 3215:"Irangate: Iran-Contra affair, 1985–1992" 2138:. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. 2078:. Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1946: 1583: 1235:to the American people for this behavior. 778: 444:"keep the Contras together 'body and soul 399:In the spring of 1983, the U.S. launched 366:In November 1979, after Iranian students 11133:Segal conflict of interest investigation 10532:International Conference on Hollywoodism 9758:America can't do a damn thing against us 9377:Ambassadors of the United States to Iran 9367:Ambassadors of Iran to the United States 6486:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 6255:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 5551:) is being considered for deletion. See 5350: 5253: 5231:Kornbluh, Peter; Byrne, Malcolm (1993). 4871:"Bush Barred From Iran Talks, He Writes" 4734: 4571: 4256:– via WGBH Educational Foundation. 4212: 4088: 4019: 3903: 3835: 3772: 3655: 3626: 3527: 3208: 3206: 3204: 2608: 2303: 2294: 2214: 2160: 1595: 1303: 1171:of doing so. In his 1990 autobiography, 1153: 946: 708: 11351:Political scandals in the United States 11321:1987 controversies in the United States 11316:1986 controversies in the United States 11311:1985 controversies in the United States 10252:People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran 7860:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 6384:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 6334:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 6327:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 6137:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 5722: 5502:Condensed article outlining Iran–Contra 5008: 4298:"The Iran-Contra Affair • Levin Center" 4178:"Reagan Approval: Better in Retrospect" 4175: 4027:"Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs" 3742: 2839: 2826:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 253. 2641: 2442:. New York: Random House. p. 341. 2391: 1907: 1682:. Walsh's records are available at the 1642:Senate Select Committee on Intelligence 1134:, and former National Security Adviser 824:On the day of McFarlane's resignation, 757: 16:1985–1987 political scandal in the U.S. 11268: 11193:2016 election interference allegations 10247:National Council of Resistance of Iran 9407:Iran Syria Policy and Operations Group 6109:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 6100:Office of National Drug Control Policy 5262: 4830: 4688: 4439: 4408: 4239: 4194:from the original on 12 September 2019 4134:. 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Texas A&M University Press. 1889:(National ed.). sec. 7. p. 10 1825:The Iran-Contra Affair 20 Years On 1723:Timeline of the Iran–Contra affair 1718:Israel's role in the Iran–Iraq War 1041:The diversion of funds is revealed 653:In 1985, President Reagan entered 592:In early July 1985, the historian 14: 11367: 10227:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 10207:National Iranian American Council 10170:Rubin v. Islamic Republic of Iran 10129:Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act 9970:August 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 9362:Embassy of Iran, Washington, D.C. 7579:Assassination of William McKinley 6500:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 5555:to help reach a consensus. › 5498:special on the Iran–Contra Affair 5374: 5342:Walsh, Lawrence (4 August 1993). 4986:. 16 January 1993. sec. 1. p. 8. 4553:from the original on 13 June 2018 4522:from the original on 25 June 2023 4278:from the original on 8 March 2021 3960:"Teaching the Iran-Contra Affair" 3915:Church, George J (2 March 1987). 3760:from the original on 29 June 2019 3672:from the original on 19 July 2018 3643:from the original on 19 July 2018 3294:from the original on 30 June 2009 2685:from the original on 28 July 2018 2578:Plaut, Martin (3 November 2018). 2493:Plaut, Martin (30 October 2018). 2404:from the original on 19 July 2018 2082:from the original on 6 March 2016 1967:from the original on 5 April 2023 1629:, but many are still non-public. 1031:Office of the Independent Counsel 771:was released by his captors, the 731:14 September 1985 – 408 more TOWs 251:Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 226:appropriations was prohibited by 10656: 10655: 10459:Iranian Guantanamo Bay detainees 9781:Disappearance of Robert Levinson 9652:Assassination of Qasem Soleimani 9642:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 9637:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 9344: 9334: 9286: 9277: 9276: 9241: 9240: 7798:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 7591:Nadir of American race relations 7470:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 6405:Expedited Funds Availability Act 6354:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 6199:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 5964:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 5949:We begin bombing in five minutes 5359:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 5139: 5116: 5097: 5078: 5048: 5036:from the original on 14 May 2008 5021: 5002: 4965:– via The Washington Post. 4931: 4919:from the original on 31 May 2019 4907:Welna, David (6 December 2018). 4759: 4655: 4596: 4565: 4534: 4504: 4495: 4486: 4433: 4409:Shenon, Philip (17 March 1988). 4363: 4341: 4315: 4290: 4260: 4233: 4218: 4176:Sussman, Dalia (6 August 2001). 3579:from the original on 7 July 2006 3570: 3420:President's Special Review Board 3221:from the original on 12 May 2011 3099:from the original on 17 May 2022 2751:from the original on 15 May 2008 2609:Guerrero, Alina (18 June 1986). 2049:from the original on 3 June 2010 2042:. George Washington University. 1696: 1323:, was indicted on two counts of 1001:The scandal was compounded when 750:4 August 1986 – More Hawk spares 485:Deputy National Security Advisor 114:Iran–Contra scandal, Iran–Contra 11217:Crossfire Hurricane FBI origins 10497:Anti-American sentiment in Iran 9985:2023 Northeastern Syria clashes 9965:July 2021 Gulf of Oman incident 9908:June 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 9625:February 2019 Warsaw Conference 7500:First transcontinental railroad 6361:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 5203:U.S. Government Printing Office 4440:Shanon, Philip (21 July 1988). 4337:– via GlobalSecurity.org. 4169: 4138: 4123: 4113: 4082: 3992: 3951: 3868: 3853: 3716: 3591: 3412: 3355: 3276: 3155: 3031: 2989: 2876: 2763: 2635: 2602: 2486: 2456: 2431: 2416: 2385: 2328: 2154: 1634:House Foreign Affairs Committee 1466:George H. W. Bush's involvement 875:—bringing with him a gift of a 507:and the Danish-registered ship 461:right to conduct foreign policy 337:presidency of George H. W. Bush 10104:Iran Sanctions Enhancement Act 9903:May 2019 Gulf of Oman incident 9888:Kidnapping of Hossein Alikhani 9548:United States support for Iraq 9392:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs 6433:Dairy Export Incentive Program 5258:. 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Washington, D.C.: 4949:(Interview). Interviewed by 4637:"The Iran-Contra Defendants" 2535:. London. pp. 260–269. 1810: 1783:1980 October Surprise theory 1763:Iraq–United States relations 1753:Iran–United States relations 1600:The 100th Congress formed a 1311:'s mugshot, after his arrest 1226:There's been enough of that. 1212: 1130:, former Secretary of State 919:in Lebanon. Following this, 911:freed the US hostage Father 830:US National Security Council 418:revolutionary government of 378:on Iran. In September 1980, 322:U.S. Deputy Attorney General 182:), often referred to as the 51:final period of the Cold War 7: 11346:Military–industrial complex 10217:United Against Nuclear Iran 9796:Kidnapping of Jalal Sharafi 8192:Indictments of Donald Trump 7383:First Industrial Revolution 7217:Declaration of Independence 7207:Second Continental Congress 6894:1989 Paraguayan coup d'état 6889:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état 6829:1954 Paraguayan coup d'état 6824:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 6241:Minerals Management Service 6093:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 6086:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 5589:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 5548:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 5414:Busby, Robert (2011-02-03) 5104:Iran-Contra joint committee 4225:Abrahamian, Ervand (1999). 3958:Masker, John Scott (1996). 3889:10.1177/0002716288499001012 3782:. PBS. 2000. Archived from 2889:The San Diego Union Tribune 2529:Van Vuuren, Hennie (2018). 2226:Walsh, Lawrence E. (1997). 1947:Valentine, Douglas (2008). 1689: 1665:The Tower Commission Report 744:27 February 1986 – 500 TOWs 741:17 February 1986 – 500 TOWs 555:Central Intelligence Agency 533:Israel in the Iran–Iraq War 10: 11372: 11253:Hunter Biden investigation 11241:Biden classified materials 10795:DOJ corruption allegations 10644:Not for the Faint of Heart 10619:Saint Peter Church, Tehran 10594:American School of Isfahan 10557:State Sponsor of Terrorism 10139:Dames & Moore v. Regan 9980:2022 Erbil missile attacks 9672:Operation Martyr Soleimani 9662:Thirteen revenge scenarios 9632:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 8789: 8551: 8213: 8084:Killing of Osama bin Laden 7172:First Continental Congress 7017: 6884:1976 Argentine coup d'état 6873:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 6234:Medical Waste Tracking Act 6227:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 5711:Presidential proclamations 5440:. Monday 17 November 1986. 5124:senate.gov, 100th Congress 4064:"Speech about Iran Contra" 3600:"The Vice President's Men" 3598:Hersh, Seymour M. (2019). 3026:Hamilton & Inouye 1987 1728:Brokers of Death arms case 1518: 1406:National Security Advisor 1196: 1138:to serve as members. This 1119: 1035:Freedom of Information Act 773:Islamic Jihad Organization 753:28 October 1986 – 500 TOWs 583:State Sponsor of Terrorism 529:Brokers of Death arms case 526: 385:Soviet sphere of influence 202:, which was subject to an 11291:1987 in American politics 11286:1986 in American politics 11281:1985 in American politics 10767:Oregon land fraud scandal 10712: 10653: 10482:1998 FIFA World Cup match 10474: 10184: 10089:Iran Nonproliferation Act 10040:Maximum pressure campaign 10025: 9938:2021 Erbil rocket attacks 9687: 9535: 9415: 9354: 9262: 9228: 9172: 9136: 9124: 8863: 8837: 8799: 8795: 8784: 8557: 8546: 8219: 8208: 8074: 7977: 7905: 7806: 7717: 7668:Wall Street Crash of 1929 7599: 7480: 7465:Emancipation Proclamation 7396: 7319: 7267: 7234:Articles of Confederation 7187: 7072:Native American epidemics 7052: 7027: 7023: 7012: 6994: 6936: 6902: 6863:1971 Bolivian coup d'état 6846:1964 Bolivian coup d'état 6814: 6769:Second Occupation of Cuba 6731: 6696: 6647: 6581: 6419:Food Security Act of 1985 6343: 6320:Water Quality Act of 1987 6144:Armed Career Criminal Act 6068: 5812: 5749:Joint session of Congress 5596: 5469:National Security Archive 5254:Ranstorp, Magnus (1997). 3559:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3501:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3466:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3175:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 3150:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2984:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2972:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2745:"The Iran-Contra Scandal" 2729:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2704:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2268:Kornbluh & Byrne 1993 2040:National Security Archive 1422:refused to hear the case. 1387:National Security Council 1148:National Security Council 1023:National Security Archive 992:on 13 November, stating: 828:, a military aide to the 598:National Security Adviser 269:National Security Council 118: 110: 87: 56: 44: 10983:Pierce HUD mismanagement 10599:Community School, Tehran 10359:Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil 10242:National Council of Iran 10237:Kingdom Assembly of Iran 10159:Bank Markazi v. Peterson 9918:2019 K-1 Air Base attack 9833:Strait of Hormuz dispute 9766:Beirut barracks bombings 9722:Operation Credible Sport 9598:Operation Praying Mantis 9438:1953 Iranian coup d'état 9154:Northern Mariana Islands 7727:Strike wave of 1945–1946 6868:1973 Chilean coup d'état 6757:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty 6747:First Occupation of Cuba 6262:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 6190:Toxics Release Inventory 5553:templates for discussion 5463:19 February 2015 at the 5397:The Iranian Arms Scandal 5090:23 December 2021 at the 2822:Brogan, Patrick (1989). 1644:and can be found in the 917:Catholic Relief Services 680:National Security Agency 643:Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani 361:Islamic Republic of Iran 99:– 4 March 1987 91:20 August 1985 11026:Frederick Bernard Lacey 10831:Jordan drug allegations 10109:Kyl–Lieberman Amendment 9856:Nuclear program of Iran 9593:Operation Nimble Archer 9578:Operation Eager Glacier 8689:Middle Eastern American 8506:Technology and industry 7376:Seneca Falls Convention 7177:Continental Association 7077:Settlement of Jamestown 6775:Occupation of Nicaragua 6763:Occupations of Honduras 6588:← Carter administration 6022:American Homecoming Act 5906:Constructive engagement 5669:Administration scandals 5527:4 February 2015 at the 5386:17 January 2019 at the 5239:. New York: New Press. 1908:Abshire, David (2005). 1788:Operation Tipped Kettle 1140:Presidential Commission 186:and more rarely as the 20: 11336:CIA activities in Iran 11071:Whitewater controversy 11014:Malcolm Richard Wilkey 10855:Kraft drug allegations 10624:Tehran American School 10507:CIA activities in Iran 10185:Groups and individuals 10164:Certain Iranian Assets 10154:United States v. Banki 9893:Arrest of Meng Wanzhou 9677:2020 Camp Taji attacks 9588:Operation Prime Chance 9583:Operation Earnest Will 9443:Abadan Crisis Timeline 8809:Admission to the Union 8175:Afghanistan withdrawal 8170:January 6 insurrection 8089:Rise in mass shootings 8061:Virginia Tech shooting 7614:Paris Peace Conference 7388:Second Great Awakening 7127:American Enlightenment 6781:Occupation of Veracruz 6521:Tax Reform Act of 1986 5741:"Tear down this wall!" 5351:Woodward, Bob (1987). 4479: (D.C. Cir.), 3860:Crile, George (2003). 3604:London Review of Books 1652:(2 February 1987) and 1584:Modern interpretations 1329:obstruction of justice 1312: 1264: 1246: 1237: 1228: 1206:United States Congress 1167: 1048: 999: 813: 779:Modifications in plans 734:24 November 1985 – 18 714: 635: 602:Israeli Prime Minister 571: 437: 179: 155:Manuel Antonio Noriega 33:considered for merging 11326:Nicaraguan Revolution 11019:House banking scandal 10843:Carter business loans 10542:Iranian frozen assets 10364:Shahrzad Mirgholikhan 10079:Executive Order 13876 10074:Executive Order 13780 10057:Executive Order 13769 10052:Executive Order 12172 10047:Executive Order 12170 10012:Tower 22 drone attack 9771:Khobar Towers bombing 9717:Guadeloupe Conference 8801:Territorial evolution 8165:George Floyd Protests 8148:Unite the Right rally 8017:Oklahoma City bombing 8012:Republican Revolution 7959:Space Shuttle program 7781:Civil Rights Movement 7749:North Atlantic Treaty 7557:Sherman Antitrust Act 7542:Chinese Exclusion Act 7132:French and Indian War 7122:Prelude to Revolution 7107:First Great Awakening 7067:European colonization 6597:Bush administration → 6151:Sentencing Reform Act 6059:Exon–Florio Amendment 5985:Executive Order 12333 5971:Goldwater–Nichols Act 5646:Judicial appointments 5632:Assassination attempt 5450:14 March 2021 at the 4641:The Milwaukee Journal 4604:"Iran-Contra Pardons" 4327:Department of Defense 3213:Avery, Steve (2005). 2616:Associated Press News 1831:20 March 2015 at the 1758:Iraq–Israel relations 1748:Iran–Israel relations 1596:Reports and documents 1477:In an interview with 1307: 1259: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1157: 1070:U.S. Attorney General 1053:U.S. Attorney General 1043: 994: 947:Discovery and scandal 842:Sandinista government 808: 738:antiaircraft missiles 712: 630: 566: 432: 357:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 196:Reagan administration 123:Reagan administration 75:, and Chief of Staff 67:, Secretary of State 10705:independent counsels 10464:Abdul Majid Muhammed 10197:Iran–America Society 9943:2021 Natanz incident 9933:2020 Iran explosions 9727:Operation Eagle Claw 9689:Incidents after 1979 9500:Joint Plan of Action 9428:Persian Gulf Command 8715:Palestinian American 8142:Obergefell v. Hodges 8034:September 11 attacks 7870:Second-wave feminism 7791:Cuban Missile Crisis 7651:Bath School disaster 7569:Spanish–American War 7532:The Gospel of Wealth 7411:California Gold Rush 7371:Mexican–American War 7361:Nullification crisis 7329:Era of Good Feelings 7229:Confederation period 7137:Proclamation of 1763 7087:Atlantic slave trade 6921:Cuban Missile Crisis 6834:Bay of Pigs Invasion 6710:Spanish–American War 6704:Mexican–American War 6677:Good Neighbor policy 6079:AIDS crisis response 5853:Soviet Union summits 5513:27 July 2017 at the 5490:11 June 2007 at the 5454:) on History Commons 5325:(26 February 1987). 5178:World Policy Journal 5129:7 April 2011 at the 5109:19 July 2017 at the 4877:. 6 September 1987. 4773:. Brown University. 4477:910 F.2d 843 4268:"Iran-Contra Affair" 4242:"Alzheimer's Letter" 3917:"Tower of Judgement" 3422:(26 February 1987). 2074:(13 November 1986). 1855:. BBC. 6 June 2004. 1646:Congressional Record 1321:Secretary of Defense 1183:Manucher Ghorbanifar 1080:on 2 December 1986. 967:Arthur S. Moreau Jr. 796:Secretary of Defense 765:Manucher Ghorbanifar 758:First few arms sales 724:20 August 1985 – 96 621:Manucher Ghorbanifar 297:Secretary of Defense 255:Manucher Ghorbanifar 147:Manucher Ghorbanifar 10850:Gerald Gallinghouse 10783:Teapot Dome scandal 10701:Special prosecutors 10512:Copyright relations 9851:2016 Naval incident 9707:Iran hostage crisis 9558:Iran Air Flight 655 9470:Island of Stability 9402:Iranian Directorate 9164:U.S. Virgin Islands 8650:Lithuanian American 8606:Vietnamese American 7952:End of the Cold War 7942:Invasion of Grenada 7892:Iran hostage crisis 7641:Tulsa race massacre 7448:Election of Lincoln 7443:Dred Scott decision 7431:Kansas–Nebraska Act 7334:Missouri Compromise 7252:Northwest Ordinance 7242:Pennsylvania Mutiny 7237:and Perpetual Union 7197:American Revolution 7112:War of Jenkins' Ear 6787:Occupation of Haiti 6741:Paraguay expedition 6667:Roosevelt Corollary 6313:1982 VRA Amendments 5941:International trips 5913:Invasion of Grenada 5683:Impeachment efforts 5625:Second inauguration 5618:Release of hostages 5428:"The U.S. and Iran" 5062:. 27 October 2016. 4941:(25 January 1988). 4840:The Washington Post 4803:. 2 December 1988. 4372:The Washington Post 4274:. 17 January 2020. 4151:The Washington Post 3807:, pp. 623–624. 3728:The Washington Post 3697:The Washington Post 3542:, pp. 526–527. 3409:, pp. 520–521. 3369:. 28 January 1987. 3217:. U-S-History.com. 2974:, pp. 214–215. 2706:, pp. 213–214. 2440:My American Journey 2382:, pp. 966–967. 2202:on 23 December 2020 1743:Iran–Iraq relations 1590:post-truth politics 1575:Independent Counsel 1562:Bush also pardoned 1479:The Washington Post 1456:Independent Counsel 1339:Robert C. McFarlane 903:Subsequent dealings 477:My American Journey 475:In his 1995 memoir 410:militants based in 329:independent counsel 239:seven U.S. hostages 184:Iran–Contra scandal 71:, Attorney General 41: 11276:Iran–Contra affair 11176:Patrick Fitzgerald 10926:Iran–Contra affair 10738:Star Route scandal 10609:Iran Bethel School 10584:Alborz High School 10419:Abdolreza Shahlaei 10394:Sahar Nowrouzzadeh 10379:Mohammad Mosaddegh 10354:Amir Mirza Hekmati 10344:Mahmoud Reza Banki 10294:Erwin David Rabhan 10264:Howard Baskerville 10149:Oil Platforms case 10124:Public Law 113-100 9801:2008 Naval dispute 9702:Iranian Revolution 9568:Iran–Contra affair 9553:Bridgeton incident 8814:Historical regions 8770:Transgender people 8328:Capital punishment 8187:Support of Ukraine 8136:Black Lives Matter 8044:War in Afghanistan 7969:Invasion of Panama 7925:Iran–Contra affair 7786:Early–mid Cold War 7656:Harlem Renaissance 7515:Compromise of 1877 7490:Reconstruction era 7426:Fugitive Slave Act 7421:Compromise of 1850 7366:Westward expansion 7304:Louisiana Purchase 7147:Stamp Act Congress 7092:King William's War 6840:Operation Mongoose 6805:Invasion of Panama 6716:Mexican Border War 6671:Big Stick ideology 5920:Iran–Contra affair 5614:First inauguration 5426:Church, George J. 5294:The New York Times 5149:. 4 October 2012. 4984:The New York Times 4741:The New York Times 4695:The New York Times 4578:The New York Times 4547:The New York Times 4483:from the original. 4446:The New York Times 4415:The New York Times 4095:The New York Times 3754:The New York Times 3730:. 26 November 1986 3666:The New York Times 3637:The New York Times 3337:The New York Times 3288:The New York Times 3001:The New York Times 2679:The New York Times 2398:The New York Times 2310:The New York Times 2106:The New York Times 1887:The New York Times 1379:before sentencing. 1353:Secretary of State 1313: 1168: 1166:is at right, 1987. 1068:shipment to Iran. 1011:The New York Times 789:Secretary of State 715: 625:Ayatollah Khomeini 596:, a consultant of 573:Defense Secretary 546:The New York Times 540:The New York Times 523:Arms sales to Iran 390:Ayatollah Khomeini 353:Iranian Revolution 262:Lieutenant Colonel 172:ماجرای ایران-کنترا 164:Iran–Contra affair 40:Iran–Contra affair 39: 11341:Covert operations 11263: 11262: 11140:Carol Elder Bruce 11002:Nicholas John Bua 10913:Morrison v. Olson 10819:Watergate scandal 10810:Henry S. Ruth Jr. 10749:Charles Bonaparte 10717:John B. Henderson 10667: 10666: 10369:Mohammad Hosseini 10269:William J. Fallon 10192:Iran Action Group 10007:2024 Erbil attack 9813:Project Cassandra 9573:Operation Staunch 9460:Project Dark Gene 9300: 9299: 9258: 9257: 9254: 9253: 8819:American frontier 8780: 8779: 8710:Lebanese American 8695:Egyptian American 8630:Estonian American 8620:Albanian American 8614:European American 8591:Japanese American 8581:Filipino American 8542: 8541: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8153:COVID-19 pandemic 8056:Hurricane Katrina 7997:Los Angeles riots 7887:Watergate scandal 7732:Start of Cold War 7700:Manhattan Project 7287:Whiskey Rebellion 7117:King George's War 7082:Thirteen Colonies 7043:Pre-Columbian Era 6954: 6953: 6607: 6606: 5978:Montreal Protocol 5808: 5807: 5799:1988 SOTU Address 5792:1987 SOTU Address 5785:1986 SOTU Address 5778:1985 SOTU Address 5771:1984 SOTU Address 5764:1983 SOTU Address 5757:1982 SOTU Address 5697:Executive actions 5366:978-0-671-60117-1 5279:978-0-671-69198-1 5246:978-1-56584-024-9 4875:Los Angeles Times 4834:(6 August 1987). 4608:Bangor Daily News 4325:(Press release). 4244:(Press release). 3824:Canham-Clyne 1992 3805:Canham-Clyne 1992 3530:, pp. 98–99. 3367:Los Angeles Times 2542:978-1-78738-247-3 1684:National Archives 1667:by Bantam Books ( 1627:National Archives 1578:Lawrence E. Walsh 1564:Caspar Weinberger 1492:David Durenberger 1460:Lawrence E. Walsh 1436:Richard V. Secord 1430:George H. W. Bush 1377:George H. W. Bush 1367:George H. W. Bush 1357:George H. W. Bush 1343:George H. W. Bush 1333:George H. W. Bush 1327:and one count of 1317:Caspar Weinberger 915:, former head of 907:On 26 July 1986, 867:, with interest. 838:guerrilla warfare 799:Caspar Weinberger 728:antitank missiles 575:Caspar Weinberger 401:Operation Staunch 380:Iraq invaded Iran 370:, U.S. President 300:Caspar Weinberger 192:political scandal 160: 159: 131:Caspar Weinberger 65:Caspar Weinberger 11363: 10942:Lawrence Wallace 10762:Francis J. Heney 10694: 10687: 10680: 10671: 10670: 10659: 10658: 10614:Iranzamin School 10604:Damavand College 10577:Alavi Foundation 10572:650 Fifth Avenue 10522:Dual containment 10517:Death to America 10429:Masoud Soleimani 10349:Haleh Esfandiari 10314:Michael R. White 10067:Trump travel ban 9871:Operation Merlin 9610:Yemeni Civil War 9605:Syrian civil war 9455:Exercise Delawar 9423:Persian Corridor 9355:Diplomatic posts 9349: 9348: 9339: 9338: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9304: 9303: 9290: 9280: 9279: 9244: 9243: 9173:Outlying islands 9130:Washington, D.C. 9125:Federal District 8824:Manifest destiny 8797: 8796: 8786: 8785: 8728:Native Americans 8700:Iranian American 8674:Mexican American 8660:Serbian American 8645:Italian American 8635:Finnish American 8625:English American 8576:Chinese American 8563:African American 8548: 8547: 8353:Direct democracy 8343:The Constitution 8302:Higher education 8225:American Century 8210: 8209: 7663:Great Depression 7636:Women's suffrage 7626:Roaring Twenties 7552:Haymarket affair 7510:Enforcement Acts 7299:Jeffersonian era 7247:Shays' Rebellion 7167:Intolerable Acts 7162:Boston Tea Party 7097:Queen Anne's War 7025: 7024: 7014: 7013: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6958: 6957: 6851:Operation Condor 6683:Dollar diplomacy 6634: 6627: 6620: 6611: 6610: 6600: 6591: 6574: 6567: 6560: 6553: 6546: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6444: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6377: 6370: 6363: 6356: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6301: 6292: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6213:Grace Commission 6208: 6201: 6192: 6185: 6176: 6169: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6102: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6061: 6054: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6024: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5943: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5899: 5897:Governors Island 5892: 5883: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5855: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5801: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5752: 5744: 5736: 5720: 5719: 5713: 5706: 5704:Executive orders 5699: 5692: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5662: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5620: 5609: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5392:Brown University 5370: 5358: 5347: 5338: 5323:Scowcroft, Brent 5310: 5308: 5306: 5283: 5269:An American Life 5259: 5250: 5238: 5227: 5206: 5193: 5163: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5143: 5137: 5120: 5114: 5101: 5095: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5052: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4976: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4947:CBS Evening News 4935: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4904: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4867: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4832:Broder, David S. 4828: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4793: 4787: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4763: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4732: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4633: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4387:, p. xxiii. 4382: 4376: 4375: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4193: 4182: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4127: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4047: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4014: 4012: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3979: 3955: 3949: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3923:. Archived from 3912: 3901: 3900: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3857: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3786:on 21 April 2010 3776: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3765: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3504: 3498: 3469: 3463: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3395: 3394:, p. B-100. 3389: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3359: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3328: 3319: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3210: 3199: 3193: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3045:on 20 March 2014 3041:. Archived from 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2806: 2800: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2575: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2554: 2526: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2499:The Conversation 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2340: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2271: 2265: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2192: 2183: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2173:on 16 April 2008 2169:. Archived from 2158: 2152: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2134:(4 March 1987). 2128: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2068: 2059: 2058: 2056: 2054: 2048: 2037: 2029: 2016: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1983: 1977: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1944: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1878: 1869: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1849: 1836: 1821: 1778:William Northrop 1706: 1701: 1700: 1556:Robert McFarlane 1510: 1500:CBS Evening News 1448:Thomas G. Clines 1385:, member of the 1256: 1174:An American Life 1144:Tower Commission 1122:Tower Commission 1116:Tower Commission 1101:William J. Casey 1059: 951:After a leak by 921:William J. Casey 865:Sultan of Brunei 849:Boland Amendment 703:An American Life 587:William J. Casey 562:Robert McFarlane 447: 428:Boland Amendment 318:Tower Commission 312: 303:charge [ 220:Boland Amendment 180:Caso Irán-Contra 173: 127:Robert McFarlane 106: 104: 98: 96: 61: 42: 38: 36: 11371: 11370: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11266: 11265: 11264: 11259: 11152:Ralph Lancaster 11128:Curtis von Kann 11054:Robert B. Fiske 11038:Joseph diGenova 10955:Wedtech scandal 10890:Alexia Morrison 10879:Bechtel scandal 10721:James Broadhead 10708: 10698: 10668: 10663: 10649: 10470: 10329:Saeid Aboutaleb 10309:Craig Wadsworth 10289:Stephen D. Mull 10279:Joseph Macmanus 10180: 10021: 9876:Charming Kitten 9838:RQ-170 incident 9806:Filipino Monkey 9752:Algiers Accords 9683: 9620:Abraham Accords 9531: 9525:U.S. withdrawal 9411: 9350: 9343: 9333: 9331: 9301: 9296: 9250: 9224: 9168: 9132: 9120: 8859: 8833: 8791: 8776: 8682:Jewish American 8655:Polish American 8596:Korean American 8586:Indian American 8553: 8538: 8393:Merchant Marine 8363:Law enforcement 8215: 8196: 8070: 8066:Great Recession 7973: 7947:Reagan Doctrine 7901: 7880:Stonewall riots 7802: 7776:Project Mercury 7737:Truman Doctrine 7713: 7621:First Red Scare 7595: 7564:Progressive Era 7476: 7436:Bleeding Kansas 7392: 7339:Monroe Doctrine 7315: 7263: 7222:Treaty of Paris 7183: 7157:Boston Massacre 7152:Sons of Liberty 7048: 7019: 7008: 6990: 6985: 6955: 6950: 6932: 6898: 6810: 6734:and occupations 6733: 6727: 6692: 6661:Platt Amendment 6655:Monroe Doctrine 6643: 6638: 6608: 6603: 6594: 6585: 6577: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6542: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6512: 6505: 6498: 6493:Reagan tax cuts 6491: 6484: 6477: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6373: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345:Economic policy 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6188: 6181: 6172: 6165: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6116:Cannabis policy 6114: 6107: 6098: 6091: 6084: 6077: 6070:Domestic policy 6064: 6057: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6020: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5955: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5895: 5888: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5842: 5835: 5828: 5823:Reagan Doctrine 5821: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5739: 5731: 5718: 5709: 5702: 5695: 5690:Opinion polling 5688: 5681: 5676:Bush transition 5674: 5667: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5612: 5605: 5592: 5586: 5556: 5529:Wayback Machine 5515:Wayback Machine 5492:Wayback Machine 5465:Wayback Machine 5452:Wayback Machine 5388:Wayback Machine 5377: 5367: 5304: 5302: 5280: 5247: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5131:Wayback Machine 5121: 5117: 5111:Wayback Machine 5102: 5098: 5092:Wayback Machine 5083: 5079: 5069: 5067: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5039: 5037: 5026: 5022: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4960: 4958: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4894: 4884: 4882: 4869: 4868: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4829: 4820: 4810: 4808: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4778: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4750: 4748: 4733: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4687: 4683: 4673: 4671: 4668:The Modesto Bee 4660: 4656: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4587: 4585: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4455: 4453: 4438: 4434: 4424: 4422: 4407: 4403: 4395: 4391: 4383: 4379: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4238: 4234: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4180: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4153:. p. C01. 4143: 4139: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4114: 4104: 4102: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4070:on 2 March 2008 4062: 4061: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4025: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4008: 3997: 3993: 3956: 3952: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3927:on 8 March 2008 3913: 3904: 3873: 3869: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3661: 3660: 3656: 3646: 3644: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3522: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3472: 3464: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3329: 3322: 3314: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3254:10.2307/2203364 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3211: 3202: 3194: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3163:Washington Post 3160: 3156: 3148: 3141: 3133: 3129: 3121: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3074: 3070: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2946: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2919: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2881: 2877: 2854:10.2990/33_2_58 2838: 2831: 2820: 2809: 2801: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2671: 2667: 2657: 2655: 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2607: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2576: 2572: 2556: 2555: 2543: 2527: 2518: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2475: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2436: 2432: 2425:Oakland Tribune 2421: 2417: 2407: 2405: 2390: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2366: 2359: 2351: 2344: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2302: 2295: 2287: 2274: 2266: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2224: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2194: 2193: 2186: 2176: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2129: 2125: 2115: 2113: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2069: 2062: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2019: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1984: 1980: 1970: 1968: 1961: 1945: 1941: 1931: 1929: 1922: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1879: 1872: 1862: 1860: 1851: 1850: 1839: 1833:Wayback Machine 1822: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1702: 1695: 1692: 1598: 1586: 1568:William P. Barr 1538:Duane Clarridge 1521: 1508: 1488:Looking Forward 1468: 1426:Duane Clarridge 1408:John Poindexter 1392:Fifth Amendment 1302: 1282:Magnus Ranstorp 1254: 1215: 1201: 1195: 1187:Adnan Khashoggi 1162:is at left and 1136:Brent Scowcroft 1124: 1118: 1061: 1050: 1042: 978:Eugene Hasenfus 949: 905: 785:John Poindexter 781: 760: 537:As reported in 535: 525: 445: 349: 310: 214:rebel group in 188:Iran Initiative 151:John Poindexter 125:, particularly 102: 100: 94: 92: 83: 37: 21: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11369: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11261: 11260: 11258: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11248:David C. Weiss 11245: 11244: 11243: 11233: 11232: 11231: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11204:Mueller Report 11200: 11195: 11188:Robert Mueller 11185: 11184: 11183: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11161: 11160: 11159: 11149: 11148: 11147: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11116:Daniel Pearson 11113: 11112: 11111: 11108:Barrett Report 11104: 11094: 11093: 11092: 11082: 11081: 11080: 11073: 11051: 11050: 11049: 11042:Michael Zeldin 11035: 11034: 11033: 11023: 11022: 11021: 11011: 11010: 11009: 11007:Inslaw scandal 10999: 10998: 10997: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10978:Larry Thompson 10971: 10970: 10969: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10950:James C. McKay 10947: 10946: 10945: 10930: 10929: 10928: 10921:Lawrence Walsh 10918: 10917: 10916: 10909: 10907:Deaver perjury 10899: 10898: 10897: 10886:James C. McKay 10883: 10882: 10881: 10871: 10870: 10869: 10862:Leon Silverman 10859: 10858: 10857: 10847: 10846: 10845: 10838:Paul J. Curran 10835: 10834: 10833: 10826:Arthur Christy 10823: 10822: 10821: 10799: 10798: 10797: 10790:Newbold Morris 10787: 10786: 10785: 10774:Atlee Pomerene 10771: 10770: 10769: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10742: 10741: 10740: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10713: 10710: 10709: 10697: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10674: 10665: 10664: 10654: 10651: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10640: 10633: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10492:American Islam 10489: 10484: 10478: 10476: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10444:Karan Vafadari 10441: 10439:Kian Tajbakhsh 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10311: 10306: 10301: 10296: 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10259:Elliott Abrams 10256: 10255: 10254: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10188: 10186: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10178: 10173: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10031: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9951: 9950: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9920: 9915: 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9884: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9863: 9853: 9848: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9809: 9808: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9732:Canadian Caper 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9704: 9699: 9693: 9691: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9628: 9627: 9622: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9539: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9358: 9356: 9352: 9351: 9330: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9307: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9294: 9284: 9274: 9272:Historiography 9269: 9263: 9260: 9259: 9256: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9248: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9210:Navassa Island 9207: 9202: 9197: 9195:Johnston Atoll 9192: 9187: 9185:Howland Island 9182: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9144:American Samoa 9140: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9126: 9122: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9066:South Carolina 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9031:North Carolina 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8855:The West Coast 8852: 8847: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8834: 8832: 8831: 8829:Indian removal 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8793: 8792: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8750: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8736: 8724: 8723: 8722: 8720:Saudi American 8717: 8712: 8707: 8705:Iraqi American 8702: 8697: 8685: 8678: 8677: 8676: 8664: 8663: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8640:Irish American 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8610: 8609: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8570:Asian American 8566: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8498:Sexual slavery 8488: 8481: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8381: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8368:Postal service 8365: 8360: 8358:Foreign policy 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8313: 8306: 8305: 8304: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8278: 8277: 8276: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8247: 8235: 8228: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8206: 8205: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8194: 8189: 8184: 8177: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8161: 8160: 8150: 8145: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8069: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8046: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7983: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7934: 7932:Crack epidemic 7929: 7928: 7927: 7922: 7911: 7909: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7897:Moral Majority 7894: 7889: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7875:Gay liberation 7872: 7867: 7865:Counterculture 7862: 7857: 7856: 7855: 7853:Fall of Saigon 7850: 7845: 7835: 7834: 7833: 7831:Apollo program 7828: 7826:Project Gemini 7818: 7812: 7810: 7804: 7803: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7744:Early Cold War 7741: 7740: 7739: 7729: 7723: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7711: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7697: 7692: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7623: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7594: 7593: 7588: 7587: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7561: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7524: 7519: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7486: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7467: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7428: 7423: 7416:Prelude to War 7413: 7408: 7406:Antebellum Era 7402: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7351:Trail of Tears 7346:Jacksonian era 7343: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7325: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7306: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7282:Federalist Era 7279: 7277:Bill of Rights 7273: 7271: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7212:Lee Resolution 7209: 7204: 7193: 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7179: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7056: 7050: 7049: 7047: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7029: 7021: 7020: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6991: 6984: 6983: 6976: 6969: 6961: 6952: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6875: 6870: 6865: 6860: 6857:Project FUBELT 6854: 6848: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6816:Covert actions 6812: 6811: 6809: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6766: 6760: 6750: 6744: 6737: 6735: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6664: 6658: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6637: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6601: 6592: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6568: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6489: 6482: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6459: 6452: 6445: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6429: 6415: 6408: 6401: 6394: 6387: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6357: 6349: 6347: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6237: 6230: 6223: 6216: 6209: 6202: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6025: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5870: 5863: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5826: 5818: 5816: 5814:Foreign policy 5810: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5728: 5726: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5664: 5663: 5656: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5610: 5602: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5539: 5538: 5532: 5518: 5504: 5499: 5477: 5471: 5455: 5441: 5424: 5412: 5403: 5394: 5376: 5375:External links 5373: 5372: 5371: 5365: 5348: 5339: 5319:Muskie, Edmund 5311: 5284: 5278: 5264:Reagan, Ronald 5260: 5251: 5245: 5228: 5218:(4): 962–977. 5207: 5194: 5184:(4): 617–637. 5171: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5138: 5135:101st Congress 5115: 5096: 5077: 5047: 5020: 5001: 4968: 4930: 4892: 4857: 4818: 4788: 4758: 4724: 4712: 4681: 4654: 4625: 4595: 4564: 4533: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4463: 4432: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4362: 4340: 4329:. 16 June 1992 4314: 4289: 4259: 4232: 4217: 4215:, p. 203. 4205: 4168: 4137: 4122: 4112: 4081: 4048: 4018: 3991: 3977:10.2307/420797 3970:(4): 701–703. 3950: 3948:, p. 501. 3938: 3902: 3867: 3864:. Grove Press. 3852: 3840: 3838:, p. 580. 3828: 3826:, p. 623. 3809: 3797: 3771: 3741: 3715: 3683: 3654: 3625: 3590: 3571:Cave, George. 3563: 3561:, p. 251. 3544: 3532: 3520: 3518:, p. 523. 3505: 3503:, p. 250. 3470: 3468:, p. 249. 3451: 3411: 3396: 3384: 3354: 3320: 3318:, p. 516. 3305: 3275: 3248:(4): 758–766. 3232: 3200: 3179: 3177:, p. 217. 3167: 3154: 3152:, p. 216. 3139: 3137:, p. 512. 3127: 3125:, p. 510. 3110: 3080: 3078:, p. 509. 3068: 3056: 3030: 3018: 2988: 2986:, p. 215. 2976: 2964: 2962:, p. 506. 2952: 2937: 2925: 2923:, p. 505. 2906: 2875: 2829: 2807: 2805:, p. 504. 2788: 2762: 2733: 2731:, p. 214. 2708: 2696: 2665: 2634: 2601: 2570: 2541: 2516: 2485: 2455: 2448: 2430: 2415: 2384: 2372: 2370:, p. 964. 2357: 2355:, p. 966. 2342: 2327: 2293: 2291:, p. 965. 2272: 2270:, p. 213. 2245: 2233: 2213: 2184: 2161:Dwyer, Paula. 2153: 2132:Reagan, Ronald 2123: 2093: 2072:Reagan, Ronald 2060: 2017: 2015:, p. 542. 2005: 1978: 1959: 1939: 1920: 1900: 1870: 1837: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1691: 1688: 1597: 1594: 1585: 1582: 1560: 1559: 1553: 1547: 1541: 1535: 1532:Elliott Abrams 1520: 1517: 1467: 1464: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1433: 1423: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1380: 1370: 1360: 1349:Elliott Abrams 1346: 1336: 1301: 1298: 1270:New York Times 1214: 1211: 1197:Main article: 1194: 1191: 1120:Main article: 1117: 1114: 1109:Lawrence Walsh 1078:Frank Carlucci 1040: 1039: 1027:Public Citizen 948: 945: 936:Saddam Hussein 925:Richard Secord 913:Lawrence Jenco 904: 901: 885:Howard Teicher 881:George W. Cave 804: 780: 777: 759: 756: 755: 754: 751: 748: 745: 742: 739: 732: 729: 722: 673:Strom Thurmond 664:25th Amendment 594:Michael Ledeen 551:Alexander Haig 524: 521: 492:Manuel Noriega 469:Richard Secord 348: 345: 327:was appointed 325:Lawrence Walsh 260:In late 1985, 241:being held in 158: 157: 120: 116: 115: 112: 108: 107: 89: 85: 84: 62: 54: 53: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11368: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11306:1987 scandals 11304: 11302: 11301:1986 scandals 11299: 11297: 11296:1985 scandals 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11271: 11254: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11234: 11230: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11213: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11182: 11179: 11178: 11177: 11174: 11170: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11164:John Danforth 11162: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11143: 11142: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11126: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11109: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11099: 11098: 11097:David Barrett 11095: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11085:Donald Smaltz 11083: 11079: 11078: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11039: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11015: 11012: 11008: 11005: 11004: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10988: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10963: 10960: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10951: 10948: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10938: 10934: 10931: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10922: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10895:Olson perjury 10893: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10884: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10868: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10851: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10824: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10811: 10807: 10806:Leon Jaworski 10803: 10802:Archibald Cox 10800: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10746: 10745:Holmes Conrad 10743: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10731: 10727: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10718: 10715: 10714: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10695: 10690: 10688: 10683: 10681: 10676: 10675: 10672: 10662: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10641: 10639: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10414:Maryam Rajavi 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10389:Siamak Namazi 10387: 10385: 10384:Baquer Namazi 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10339:Sirous Asgari 10337: 10335: 10334:Shahram Amiri 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10324:Saeed Abedini 10322: 10320: 10319:Roxana Saberi 10317: 10315: 10312: 10310: 10307: 10305: 10302: 10300: 10299:Jason Rezaian 10297: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10284:Robert Malley 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10171: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10059: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9846: 9845:Maersk Tigris 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9686: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9654: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9543:Iran–Iraq War 9541: 9540: 9538: 9534: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9328: 9323: 9321: 9316: 9314: 9309: 9308: 9305: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9283: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9267:List of years 9265: 9264: 9261: 9247: 9239: 9237: 9236:Urban history 9234: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9215:Palmyra Atoll 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9190:Jarvis Island 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9171: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137:Insular areas 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9106:West Virginia 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9011:New Hampshire 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8971:Massachusetts 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8952: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8787: 8783: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8751: 8749: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8669: 8665: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8601:Thai American 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8571: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8559: 8556: 8549: 8545: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8439:Party Systems 8436: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8395: 8394: 8390: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8378:Voting rights 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8314: 8312: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8211: 8207: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8039:War on terror 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7939: 7938: 7937:Late Cold War 7935: 7933: 7930: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7816:Great Society 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7792: 7789: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7771:Post-war boom 7769: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7734: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7615: 7612: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7458: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7266: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7011: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6982: 6977: 6975: 6970: 6968: 6963: 6962: 6959: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6907: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6797: 6794: 6791: 6788: 6785: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6732:Overt actions 6730: 6723: 6720: 6717: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6705: 6702: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6635: 6630: 6628: 6623: 6621: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6562: 6559: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6406: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6090: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6073: 6071: 6067: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6037: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5965: 5961: 5958: 5954: 5950: 5945: 5942: 5938: 5935: 5931: 5928: 5927:Libya bombing 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5864: 5861: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5800: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5733:"Evil empire" 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5712: 5708: 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5065: 5061: 5060:Miller Center 5057: 5051: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4973: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4792: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4762: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4642: 4638: 4632: 4630: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4537: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4498: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4472:U.S. v. North 4467: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4393: 4386: 4381: 4373: 4366: 4350: 4344: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4213:Ranstorp 1997 4209: 4190: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4126: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4036: 4032: 4031:www.brown.edu 4028: 4022: 4006: 4002: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3942: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3863: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3836:Woodward 1987 3832: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3703: 3699: 3698: 3693: 3687: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3528:Ranstorp 1997 3524: 3517: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3393: 3388: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3176: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3151: 3146: 3144: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3098: 3094: 3093:www.brown.edu 3090: 3084: 3077: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3027: 3022: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2973: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2934: 2929: 2922: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2834: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2776: 2773:. State.gov. 2772: 2766: 2750: 2746: 2740: 2738: 2730: 2725: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2705: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2638: 2622: 2618: 2617: 2612: 2605: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2534: 2533: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2459: 2451: 2449:0-679-43296-5 2445: 2441: 2434: 2426: 2419: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2376: 2369: 2364: 2362: 2354: 2349: 2347: 2338: 2331: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2242: 2237: 2229: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2172: 2168: 2167:Business Week 2164: 2157: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2065: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2022: 2014: 2009: 1993: 1989: 1982: 1966: 1962: 1960:9780313352416 1956: 1952: 1951: 1943: 1927: 1923: 1921:9781603446204 1917: 1913: 1912: 1904: 1888: 1884: 1877: 1875: 1858: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1834: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1820: 1816: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1699: 1694: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1673:0-553-26968-2 1670: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1656:(June 1989). 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1603: 1593: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1526: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1420:Supreme Court 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1363:Alan D. Fiers 1361: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1290:Mehdi Hashemi 1286: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1263: 1258: 1251: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1210: 1207: 1200: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1175: 1165: 1164:Edmund Muskie 1161: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:Edmund Muskie 1129: 1123: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1095:, journalist 1094: 1089: 1087: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1047: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 993: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 963:Seymour Hersh 960: 959: 954: 953:Mehdi Hashemi 944: 940: 937: 932: 930: 929:Washington DC 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 900: 898: 897:Golan Heights 894: 889: 886: 882: 878: 874: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 822: 820: 819: 812: 807: 802: 800: 797: 793: 792:George Shultz 790: 786: 776: 774: 770: 769:Benjamin Weir 766: 752: 749: 746: 743: 740: 737: 733: 730: 727: 723: 720: 719: 718: 711: 707: 705: 704: 698: 693: 690: 684: 681: 676: 674: 670: 665: 660: 656: 651: 648: 644: 639: 634: 629: 626: 622: 618: 617:Iran–Iraq War 614: 610: 606: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 579:George Shultz 576: 570: 565: 563: 558: 556: 552: 547: 542: 541: 534: 530: 520: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 473: 470: 465: 462: 459:assigned the 458: 453: 449: 443: 436: 431: 429: 423: 421: 417: 413: 409: 404: 402: 397: 395: 391: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 362: 358: 354: 351:Prior to the 344: 342: 338: 333: 330: 326: 323: 319: 314: 308: 307: 301: 298: 294: 290: 289:Ronald Reagan 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 263: 258: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 169: 165: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 121: 117: 113: 111:Also known as 109: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 69:George Shultz 66: 60: 55: 52: 48: 47:Iran–Iraq War 43: 34: 30: 29: 28:Infobox event 25: 19: 11202: 11181:Plame affair 11106: 11077:Starr Report 11075: 11066:Julie Thomas 10994: 10989: 10966: 10961: 10937:James Harper 10925: 10911: 10902:Mike Seymour 10814:Charles Ruff 10778:Owen Roberts 10733:William Cook 10726:Whiskey Ring 10642: 10635: 10502:Axis of evil 10434:Morad Tahbaz 10404:Noor Pahlavi 10304:Scott Ritter 10168: 9995: 9991: 9844: 9756: 9747:Negotiations 9567: 9495:Negotiations 9205:Midway Atoll 9200:Kingman Reef 9180:Baker Island 9159:Puerto Rico 9071:South Dakota 9061:Rhode Island 9056:Pennsylvania 9036:North Dakota 8752: 8745: 8726: 8687: 8680: 8666: 8612: 8568: 8561: 8504: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8437: 8411:Marine Corps 8398: 8391: 8384: 8348:Debt ceiling 8333:Civil Rights 8315: 8308: 8294: 8280: 8266: 8237: 8232:Antisemitism 8230: 8223: 8179: 8140: 8076:2008–present 8028:Bush v. Gore 8026: 7964:War on drugs 7924: 7838:Mid Cold War 7690:Pearl Harbor 7685:World War II 7505:Ku Klux Klan 7102:Dummer's War 7041: 7034: 7028:Pre-Colonial 6595: 6586: 5919: 5546: 5435: 5419: 5354: 5303:. Retrieved 5292: 5267: 5255: 5234: 5215: 5211: 5181: 5177: 5155:. Retrieved 5141: 5118: 5099: 5080: 5068:. Retrieved 5059: 5050: 5038:. Retrieved 5023: 5014: 5010: 5004: 4992:. Retrieved 4983: 4959:. Retrieved 4946: 4939:Bush, George 4933: 4921:. Retrieved 4912: 4883:. Retrieved 4874: 4848:. Retrieved 4839: 4809:. Retrieved 4800: 4791: 4779:. Retrieved 4770: 4761: 4749:. Retrieved 4740: 4715: 4703:. Retrieved 4694: 4684: 4672:. Retrieved 4667: 4657: 4645:. Retrieved 4640: 4616:. Retrieved 4607: 4598: 4586:. Retrieved 4577: 4567: 4555:. Retrieved 4546: 4536: 4524:. Retrieved 4515: 4506: 4497: 4488: 4471: 4466: 4454:. Retrieved 4445: 4435: 4423:. Retrieved 4414: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4371: 4365: 4353:. Retrieved 4343: 4331:. Retrieved 4317: 4305:. Retrieved 4302:Levin Center 4301: 4292: 4280:. Retrieved 4271: 4262: 4250:. Retrieved 4235: 4226: 4220: 4208: 4196:. Retrieved 4184: 4171: 4159:. Retrieved 4150: 4140: 4131: 4125: 4115: 4103:. Retrieved 4094: 4084: 4072:. Retrieved 4068:the original 4039:. Retrieved 4030: 4021: 4009:. Retrieved 4005:The Guardian 4004: 3994: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3941: 3929:. Retrieved 3925:the original 3920: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3843: 3831: 3800: 3788:. Retrieved 3784:the original 3774: 3762:. Retrieved 3753: 3744: 3732:. Retrieved 3727: 3718: 3706:. Retrieved 3695: 3686: 3674:. Retrieved 3665: 3657: 3645:. Retrieved 3636: 3628: 3616:. Retrieved 3607: 3603: 3593: 3581:. Retrieved 3566: 3535: 3523: 3442:. Retrieved 3424: 3414: 3387: 3375:. Retrieved 3366: 3357: 3345:. Retrieved 3336: 3296:. Retrieved 3287: 3278: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3223:. Retrieved 3170: 3165:at the time. 3162: 3157: 3130: 3101:. Retrieved 3092: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3047:. Retrieved 3043:the original 3033: 3021: 3009:. 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Circuit 1383:Oliver North 1373:Clair George 1351:, Assistant 1294: 1287: 1279: 1268: 1265: 1260: 1250:Oliver North 1247: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1216: 1202: 1179: 1172: 1169: 1125: 1097:Bob Woodward 1092: 1090: 1082: 1066:Hawk missile 1062: 1049: 1044: 1010: 1003:Oliver North 1000: 995: 985: 971: 956: 950: 941: 933: 906: 890: 869: 846: 840:against the 826:Oliver North 823: 816: 814: 809: 782: 761: 716: 701: 694: 689:Soviet Union 685: 677: 659:colon cancer 652: 646: 640: 636: 631: 609:David Kimche 605:Shimon Peres 591: 572: 567: 559: 545: 538: 536: 516: 508: 501:East Germany 489: 481:Colin Powell 476: 474: 466: 457:constitution 454: 450: 438: 433: 424: 405: 398: 376:arms embargo 372:Jimmy Carter 365: 350: 340: 334: 315: 304: 291:was a vocal 265:Oliver North 259: 236: 218:. Under the 204:arms embargo 187: 183: 163: 161: 143:Oliver North 119:Participants 77:Donald Regan 45:Part of the 26: 18: 11212:John Durham 10974:Arlin Adams 10874:Jacob Stein 10754:Post Office 10707:of the U.S. 10527:Great Satan 10454:Nizar Zakka 10424:Ali Shakeri 10409:Trita Parsi 10374:Esha Momeni 10027:Legislation 9990:Seizure of 9465:Safari Club 9220:Wake Island 8986:Mississippi 8901:Connecticut 8845:New England 8512:Agriculture 8431:Coast Guard 8426:Space Force 8274:Immigration 8002:WTC bombing 7920:Reaganomics 7848:Vietnam War 7764:McCarthyism 7646:Second Klan 7631:Prohibition 7609:World War I 7584:Square Deal 7574:Imperialism 7309:War of 1812 7036:Prehistoric 6917:(1979–1990) 6853:(1968–1989) 6801:(1965–1966) 6795:(1916–1924) 6789:(1915–1934) 6777:(1912–1933) 6771:(1906–1909) 6765:(1903–1925) 6749:(1899–1902) 6724:(1916–1919) 6718:(1910–1919) 6706:(1846–1848) 6688:Banana Wars 6663:(1901–1904) 5591:(1981–1989) 5541:‹ The 5496:Bill Moyers 5315:Tower, John 5305:15 November 5157:1 September 5017:(1): 56–59. 5011:ABA Journal 4994:14 November 4961:14 November 4923:14 November 4751:29 December 4722:, chpt. 11. 4705:28 December 4588:29 December 4557:29 December 4456:29 December 4425:29 December 4399:, chpt. 17. 4198:30 December 4161:30 December 3946:Reagan 1990 3883:: 148–159. 3850:, chpt. 15. 3610:(2): 9–12. 3540:Reagan 1990 3516:Reagan 1990 3407:Reagan 1990 3316:Reagan 1990 3135:Reagan 1990 3123:Reagan 1990 3076:Reagan 1990 2960:Reagan 1990 2935:, chpt. 24. 2921:Reagan 1990 2803:Reagan 1990 2689:15 November 2408:15 November 2206:22 December 2013:Reagan 1990 1988:"The Front" 1893:29 December 1300:Indictments 1219:Oval Office 1073:Edwin Meese 1056:Edwin Meese 990:Oval Office 669:Tip O'Neill 483:, the U.S. 374:imposed an 285:MIM-23 Hawk 224:legislative 81:Oval Office 22:‹ The 11270:Categories 11236:Robert Hur 11224:Jack Smith 11169:Waco siege 11145:Wampumgate 11090:Espy trial 11062:Robert Ray 10449:Xiyue Wang 10274:Brian Hook 10222:Farashgard 9996:St Nikolas 9992:Suez Rajan 9101:Washington 9021:New Mexico 9016:New Jersey 8891:California 8386:Journalism 8338:Corruption 8317:Government 8268:Demography 8255:Newspapers 8104:Sandy Hook 8007:Waco siege 7915:Reagan era 7821:Space Race 7754:Korean War 7695:home front 7527:Gilded Age 7495:Amendments 5881:INF Treaty 5874:Washington 5607:Transition 5170:References 4951:Dan Rather 4885:5 November 4850:5 November 4811:5 November 4801:apnews.com 4781:18 January 4720:Walsh 1993 4674:14 January 4647:14 January 4618:14 January 4516:Justia Law 4397:Walsh 1993 4385:Walsh 1993 4105:9 February 3848:Walsh 1993 3764:20 January 3708:20 January 3676:20 January 3647:20 January 3618:18 January 3347:9 February 3196:Walsh 1993 3066:, chpt. 1. 3064:Walsh 1993 3049:4 December 2948:Walsh 1993 2933:Walsh 1993 2658:7 November 2627:7 November 2594:6 November 2551:1100767741 2509:7 November 2478:7 November 2380:Hicks 1996 2368:Hicks 1996 2353:Hicks 1996 2337:The Nation 2289:Hicks 1996 2241:Walsh 1993 1544:Alan Fiers 1525:reelection 1505:Dan Rather 1472:Amiram Nir 1160:John Tower 1128:John Tower 1033:under the 986:Ash-Shiraa 958:Ash-Shiraa 893:Amiram Nir 861:Swiss bank 697:BGM-71 TOW 527:See also: 479:, General 347:Background 281:BGM-71 TOW 212:Sandinista 210:, an anti- 103:1987-03-04 95:1985-08-20 11331:Cover-ups 11058:Ken Starr 10933:Carl Rauh 10637:Overthrow 10630:Bomb Iran 10232:Jundallah 10062:reactions 9657:reactions 9536:Conflicts 9520:Aftermath 9515:Criticism 9510:Reactions 9505:Framework 9416:Diplomacy 9111:Wisconsin 9076:Tennessee 8981:Minnesota 8956:Louisiana 8850:The South 8421:Air Force 8296:Education 8158:recession 8114:Las Vegas 8022:Columbine 7979:1991–2008 7907:1980–1991 7808:1964–1980 7719:1945–1964 7673:Dust Bowl 7601:1917–1945 7482:1865–1917 7460:Civil War 7453:Secession 7398:1849–1865 7321:1815–1849 7292:Quasi-War 7269:1789–1815 7189:1776–1789 7142:Sugar Act 6013:H-2B visa 6006:H-2A visa 5867:Reykjavík 5421:Salon.com 5408:from the 5399:from the 4355:20 August 4333:20 August 3897:153469115 3583:9 January 3270:147213452 3198:, vol. 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