Iran–Russia relations

646: 938: 807: 1437: 1452:, with a Russian delegation visiting Kashan Airfield south of Tehran during June and July of 2022 to observe drones manufactured by Iran. Iran criticized the assessment by the United States, saying that it would not supply Russia or Ukraine with military equipment during the war, instead demanding that both nations seek a peaceful resolution. In September 2022, the Ukrainian military claimed that it encountered an Iranian-supplied suicide drone used by Russia, publishing images of the wreckage of the drone. On October 6, 2022, Iran agreed to provide "additional" surface to air missiles and drones to Russia. On October 24, 2022, Iranian Foreign Minister 116: 1290:, who said that "the CSTO is an open organization. If Iran applies in accordance with our charter, we will consider the application." It was stated by a Western observer that the accession failed "basically due to the ayatollahs’ opposition to join a military bloc clearly dominated by a traditionally rival power of Iran such as Russia." Another Western observer points out that, like NATO, CSTO has a mutual defense treaty clause whereby attack against one is considered an attack against all and was concerned about the difficulty posed by a possible conflagration of the Iran-Israel variety. In November 2014 766: 1417: 465: 1306: 1223: 29: 4198: 1146: 5172: 307: 5303: 1030: 803:, they tried to overcompensate to Western European powers by overemphasizing their own Europeanness and Christian faith, and by expressing scornfully their low opinion of Iranians. The historian Elena Andreeva adds that this trend was not only very apparent in over 200 Russian travelogues written about Iran and published in the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, but also in diplomatic and other official documents. 5219: 4877: 1851: 5919: 4887: 1865: 48: 340: 59: 1489: 4785: 897: 784:, which and would prove to be crucial in the next few decades of Iranian history and Irano-Russian relations. The Persian Cossacks were organized along Russian lines and controlled by Russian officers. They dominated Tehran and most northern centers of living. The Russians also organized a banking institution in Iran, which they established in 1890. 1476:, aimed at de-escalating the nuclear crisis. This effort runs alongside negotiations for a prisoner exchange deal, which recently led to the transfer of Iranian-US citizens from prison to house arrest. The US seeks to prevent Iran from supplying drones, spare parts, and other wares to Russia, currently used in the 366:

have a long history, extending back more than a millennium. There were known commercial exchanges as early as the 8th century AD between Persia and Russia. They were interrupted by the Mongol invasions in the 13th and 14th centuries, but started up again in the 15th century with the rise of the state

1196:

After the war, in 1989, Iran made an arms deal with Soviet Union. With the fall of the USSR, Tehran–Moscow relations experienced a sudden increase in diplomatic and commercial relations, and Russia soon inherited the Soviet-Iranian arms deals. By the mid-1990s, Russia had already agreed to continue

861:

and Astarabad provinces. Then, in 1912, Russian foreign policy officially adopted the plan to colonize northern Iran. At the outbreak of World War I, there were most likely some 4,000 Russian settlers in Astarabad and Mazandaran, whereas in northeastern Iran the Russians had founded a minimum of 15

540:

common anti-Ottoman struggle served as the main common political interest for Iran and Russia throughout the period of Safavid rule, with several attempts to conclude an anti-Ottoman military treaty. Following Shah Husayn's fall, the relationship lost its symmetry, but it was largely restored under

1009:

In 1921, Britain and the new Bolshevik government entered into an agreement that reversed the division of Iran made in 1907. The Bolsheviks returned all the territory back to Iran, and Iran once more had secured navigation rights on the Caspian Sea. This agreement to evacuate from Iran was made in

539:

brought the Safavid dynasty to an end in 1722, the greatest threats facing Persia were Russian and Ottoman ambitions for territorial expansion in the Caspian region—north-western Persia specifically. During the Safavid period, Russian and Persian power was relatively evenly balanced. Overall, the

1555:

With the invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 by Russia, the U.S. and other nations have imposed sanctions on Russia. In the opinion of at least one Western writer, in order to evade sanctions, Iran and Russia could be working together to create a "clandestine banking and finance system to handle

1518:

In addition to their trade and cooperation in hydrocarbons, Iran and Russia have also expanded trade ties in many non-energy sectors of the economy, including a large agriculture agreement in January 2009 and a telecommunications contract in December 2008. In July 2010, Iran and Russia signed an

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from the end of 2013 showed Iran ranked as sixth greatest threat to peace in the world according to Russian view (3%), after United States (54%), China (6%), Iraq (5%), and Syria (5%). According to a December 2018 survey by IranPoll, 63.8% of Iranians have a favorable view of Russia, with 34.5%

715:

identity that, in contrast to the previous one, was founded on secular principles, particularly the shared language. As a result, many Iranian-speaking residents of the future Azerbaijan Republic at the time either started hiding their Iranian ancestry or underwent progressive assimilation. The

714:

Republic of Dagestan, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century. Russia more or less openly pursued a policy to free their newly conquered land from Iran's influence. By doing this, the Russian government helped to create and spread a new Turkic

509:

in 1586) for its support in its wars against their Ottoman archrivals. In 1552–53, Safavid Iran and the Muscovy state in Russia exchanged ambassadors for the first time, and, starting in 1586, they established a regular diplomatic relationship. In 1650, extensive contact between the two people,

1534:

In 2005, Russia was the seventh largest trading partner of Iran, with 5.33% of all exports to Iran originating from Russia. Trade relations between the two increased from US$ 1 billion in 2005 to $ 3.7 billion in 2008. Motor vehicles, fruits, vegetables, glass, textiles, plastics, chemicals,

856:

provinces, and its diplomatic offices (consulates) in these parts wieleded considerable power. These consulates dominated the local Iranian administration and in some circumstances even collected local taxes. Starting in the same year as the Anglo-Russian Convention, unpremeditated Russian

1519:

agreement to increase their cooperation in developing their energy sectors. Features of the agreement include the establishment of a joint oil exchange, which with a combined production of up to 15 million barrels of oil per day has the potential to become a leading market globally.

2999:

Decree of the CC CPSU Politburo to Mir Bagirov, CC Secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, on "measures to Organize a Separatist Movement in Southern Azerbaijan and Other Provinces of Northern Iran". Translation provided by The Cold War International History Project at The

1806:, the U.S., and a number of other Western nations have gradually adopted restrictive sanctions against Russia. In retaliation, Russia imposed its own restrictions on Western nations, prohibiting the import of some food items. In November 2018, sanctions against Iran lifted by the 1789:

are subject to international sanctions, and each extended period of sanctions seems to improve the relationship between them. This, however, has changed somewhat following the imposition of sanctions against both Russia and Iran. Improving the countries’ respective ties with the

1552:, who was elected in 2021, seemed to prioritize trade with Russia. In early 2022, Ebrahim Raisi traveled to Russia at the invitation of his Russian counterpart. He handed over Iran's proposed draft for a 20-year cooperation agreement between Iran and Russia during his trip. 641:

largely was left unchallenged in the north as it plunged southward to establish dominance in Persia's northern territories. Plagued with internal politics, the Qajarid government found itself incapable of rising to the challenge of facing its northern threat from Russia.

567:, capturing many of its territories in the Caucasus and northern mainland Iran for several years. After several years of political chaos in Persia following the fall of the Safavids, a new and powerful Persian empire was born under the highly successful military leader 159:

and Iran have long been complicatedly multi-faceted; often wavering between collaboration and rivalry. The two nations have a long history of geographic, economic, and socio-political interaction. Mutual relations have often been turbulent, and dormant at other times.

436:(also known as the Russian Company) was founded in 1553 to expand the trade routes across the Caspian sea. Moscow's role as an intermediary in exchanges between Britain and Persia led Russian traders to set up business in urban centres across Persia, as far south as 1653:

faded in late 2022. In 2022/23, Russia with US$ 2.7 billion is by far the largest investor in the sanctioned Iranian economy. As both countries face dramatically devalued currencies, Russia and Iran aim to link their payment system to larger economies such as

183:

period, the shadow of the "big northern neighbour" continued to impend. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the two nations have generally enjoyed very close cordial relations. Iran and Russia are strategic allies and form an axis in the Caucasus alongside

571:. Fearing a costly war which would most likely be lost against Nader and also being flanked by the Turks in the west, the Russians were forced to give back all territories and retreat from the entire Caucasus and northern mainland Iran as according to the 583:. The terms of the treaty also included the first instance of close Russo-Iranian collaboration against a common enemy, in this case the Ottoman Turks. Relations sooned soured, however, after Nader Shah accused the Russians of conspiring against him. The 456:

and the Caspian area. Though these commercial exchanges in the latter half of the 16th century were limited in scope, they nonetheless indicate that the fledgling entente between the two countries emerged as a result of opposition to the neighboring

976:. Many of these refugees settled in northern Persia creating their own communities of which many of their descendants still populate the country. Some notable descendants of these Russian refugees in Persia include the political activist and writer 534:

Peace reigned for many decades between the two peoples after these conflicts, in which trade and migration of peoples flourished. The decline of the Safavid and Ottoman state saw the rise of Imperial Russia on the other hand. After the fall of Shah

2131: 258:. While much of the Iranian military uses Iranian-manufactured weapons and domestic hardware, Iran still purchases some weapons systems from Russia. In turn, Iran assisted Russia with its drone technology and other military technology during its 621:, who stabilized the nation and re-established Iranian suzerainty in the Caucasus, the Qajarid government was quickly absorbed with managing domestic turmoil, while rival colonial powers rapidly sought a stable foothold in the region. While the 1366:

in Great Britain, and alleged Russian interference with Western politics, prompting the U.S and Europe to retaliate with sanctions against Russia. As a result, Russia has shown a degree willingness to ally with Iran militarily. Following the

1375:

lifted the S-300 ban in 2015 and the deal for the missile defense system to Iran was revived. The delivery was completed in November 2016 and was to be followed by a $ 10 billion deal that included helicopters, planes and artillery systems.

1504:(SCO) to extend to Iran as observer status in 2005, and offer full membership in 2006. The Iranians attained full membership status on 17 September 2021. Moscow and Beijing supported Tehran's successful bid for full membership in the SCO. 741:

by angry mobs in Tehran during these uprisings. With the Russian Empire still advancing south in the course of two wars against Persia, and the treaties of Turkmanchay and Golestan in the western frontiers, plus the unexpected death of

1738:, Iran is focusing on signing an agreement with the EEU in 2015 regarding mutual trade and reduction of import tariffs to central Asian countries and trading in national currencies as part of the agreement rather than in US dollars. 215:, Russia has become a key trading partner, especially in regard to the former's excess oil reserves. Currently Russia and Iran share a close economic and military alliance, and both countries are subject to heavy sanctions by most 1626:. The passage spans 3,000-kilometers and could be established beyond the reach of international sanctions. Russia and Iran share similar economic pressures amid sanctions – and both look east to integrate their growing economies. 1668:

In June 2023, Iran's Transport Minister, Mehrdad Bazrpash, announced plans to create a joint shipping company with the Russian Federation. Iran places great emphasis on the importance of the Volga and Caspian Seas for trade with

1574:, joint co-chairs of the Russian-Iranian Intergovernmental Commission had a meeting in Tehran at which they discussed such items as oil swaps, increasing joint investments, a possible free trade zone, adding to the Russian-built 403:

while selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century, and the Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged the

1753:

furthermore noted that Iran is an important partner for all the EEU member states. He stated that "Cooperation between the EEU and Iran is an important area of our work in strengthening the economic stability of the region".

1456:

said that Iran would "not remain indifferent" if it is "proven that Iranian drones are being used in the Ukraine war against people," but claimed defense cooperation between Iran and Russia would continue nonetheless.

884:

As a result of the major Anglo-Russian influence in Iran, at a high point, the central government in Tehran was left with no power to even select its own ministers without the approval of the Anglo-Russian consulates.

1350:

to the United States. As a result of the cancellation, Iran brought suit against Russia in Swiss court and in response to the lawsuit Russia threatened to withdraw diplomatic support for Iran in the nuclear dispute.

645: 2105: 705:

failed to ultimately secure Persia's northern front. By these two treaties, Iran lost swaths of its integral territories that had made part of the concept of Iran for centuries. The area to the north of the

4628:ولی زاده, اکبر; صالحی, محمد رضا (March 2020). "مؤلفه‌‌‌‌های تأثیرگذار بر همکاری امنیتی ایران و روسیه در آسیای مرکزی" [Effective Components within Iran-Russia Security Cooperation in Central Asia]. 1460:

According to various media outlets, as of 2023, American intelligence has claimed that Iran has been assisting Moscow in building a drone factory within its borders to maintain its war machine in Ukraine.

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in 2011, Iran and Russia have become the Syrian government's principal allies in the conflict, openly providing armed support. Meanwhile, Russia's own relations with the West plummeted due to the

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leaders. After the fall of this republic, in late 1921, political and economic relations were renewed. In the 1920s, trade between the Soviet Union and Persia reached again important levels.

497:. As the first diplomatic contacts between the two countries was being established, Shah Ismail was also working hard with the aim of joining forces against their mutual enemy, neighboring 6974: 4555:

Sefat Gol, Mansour, and Seyed Mehdi Hosseini Taghiabad. "From Attempts to Form a Coalition to Worsened Relations; Transformation in Iran and Russia Relations in the Seventeenth Century."

1815: 323: 1101:"Begin preparatory work to form a national autonomous Azerbaijan district with broad powers within the Iranian state and simultaneously develop separatist movements in the provinces of 1538:

In 2014, relations between Russia and Iran increased as both countries are under U.S. sanctions and were seeking new trade partners. The two countries signed a historic US$ 20 billion

6989: 4741: 1332:, implementing a new round of sanctions that would ban the sale of all types of heavy weaponry (including missiles) to Iran. This resulted in the cancellation of the sale of the 1616: 1299: 424:

It was not until the 16th century that formal diplomatic contacts were established between Persia and Russia, with the latter acting as an intermediary in the trade between

1089: 4873: 2460:

Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Gershevitch, Ilya; Yarshater, Ehsan; Hambly, G. R. G.; Melville, C.; Boyle, John Andrew; Frye, Richard Nelson; Jackson, Peter (1968).

1745:, the Russian representative on the Eurasian Economic Commission board, described Iran as the EEU's "key partner in the Middle East" in an expert-level EEU meeting in 2707: 2571: 2075: 3654:"Iran's attack drones have become a key weapon in Russia's war arsenal. Now Tehran is helping Putin to build his own factory to produce them, says the White House" 953:, which followed up the Iranian Constitutional Revolution. Many participants of the revolution were Iranians educated in the Caucasus, direct émigrés (also called 4685: 4038: 1249:'s regional ambitions and the possible spread of some form of pan-Turkic ideology with suspicion". Nevertheless, Russia has supported the Turkish and Azerbaijani 837:. The British were given the southeastern region and control of the Persian Gulf, and the territory between the two regions was classified as neutral territory. 791:. The Russian version of contemporaneous Western attitudes of superiority differed however. As Russian national identity was divided between East and West and 5992: 5907: 4657:

The Persian problem: an examination of the rival positions of Russia and Great Britain in Persia with some account of the Persian Gulf and the Bagdad Railway

243: 179:. The Russian Empire had an oppressive role in Iran during the 19th and early 20th centuries which harmed Iran's development, and during most of the ensuing 3337: 4288: 5207: 4865: 3083: 2639: 527:

raided, and occasionally wintered at, Persia's north coast, creating diplomatic problems for the Russian Czar in his dealings with the Persian Shah. The

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Russia and Iran also share a common interest in limiting the political influence of the United States in Central Asia. This common interest has led the

3598: 2540: 6795: 6790: 4565:

Shlapentokh, Dmitry. "Russian elite image of Iran: From the late Soviet era to the present" (Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2009)

2040:

Aras, Bulent; Ozbay, Fatih (March 2008). "The limits of the Russian–Iranian strategic alliance: its history and geopolitics, and the nuclear issue".

4765: 4753: 3951: 2896:

The Strangling of Persia: Story of the European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue That Resulted in the Denationalization of Twelve Million Mohammedans

891:

The Strangling of Persia: Story of the European Diplomacy and Oriental Intrigue That Resulted in the Denationalization of Twelve Million Mohammedans

877:'s Azerbaijan province as well as the entire north and north-east of the country, and amounted to circa twenty thousand. Following the start of the 4488:

Kazemzadeh, Firuz (1991). "Iranian relations with Russia and the Soviet Union, to 1921". In Peter, Avery; Hambly, Gavin; Melville, Charles (eds.).

3001: 2733: 2692: 2624: 1742: 1390:

In early 2024, amid concerns of vastly increased military engagement between the two partners, rumours abounded that Russia had sold to Iran their

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was so high in Persia during that time that uprisings in numerous cities were formed. The famous Russian intellectual, ambassador to Persia, and

5885: 4178: 3048:

Szalontai, Balázs; Jinil, Yoo (2023). "Maneuvering between Baghdad and Tehran: North Korea's Relations with Iraq and Iran during the Cold War".

163:

Until 1720, on the surface, relations between Iran and Russia were largely friendly and the two operated on a level of equity. After 1720, with

2370: 2106:"Russia and Iran: Strategic Partners or Competing Regional Hegemons? A Critical Analysis of Russian-Iranian Relations in the Post-Soviet Space" 1795: 1685:

in Moscow it was reported that Iran had warned Russia that a major "terrorist operation" was being planned, based on information gathered from

1379:

In January 2021 Iran, China and Russia held their third joint naval exercise, the third joint exercise of the three countries, in the northern

1241:

As tension between the United States and Iran escalates, the country is finding itself further pushed into an alliance with Russia, as well as

3448: 5987: 5131: 4789: 937: 4697: 4238: 3704: 3627: 3227: 2598: 1702: 787:

During the 19th century, Russians dealt with Iran as an inferior "Orient", and held its people in contempt whilst ridiculing all aspects of

5146: 5141: 3774: 1734:

was held in 2015 to discuss the prospect of cooperation between the customs union and Iran. According to the Iranian Ambassador to Russia,

1262: 5185: 4733: 3840: 1673:. Both countries have reached a quadrilateral agreement with Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan regarding the transit of oil products and grain. 6603: 5357: 3414: 4068: 3723: 1185:) of the Soviet Union, leaving the similarly secular Iraqi government as an ally of Moscow. However, during the war, the USA imposed an 6273: 5997: 4660: 3462: 5854: 6552: 5900: 5593: 3135: 1893: 1011: 1563:, had signed a deal in Moscow with Russia to import 20 million tons of basic goods including vegetable oil, wheat, barley and corn. 6278: 6263: 5153: 4312: 1411: 4834: 4709: 806: 5552: 5200: 4858: 2226: 1279: 840:

Russia's influence in northern Iran was paramount from the signing of the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 until the outbreak of

223: 4405:

Deutschmann, Moritz (2013). "'All Rulers are Brothers': Russian Relations with the Iranian Monarchy in the Nineteenth Century".

4051: 3653: 7024: 6012: 5807: 3491: 1607:. The three nations have been holding talks in recent years as part of the "Astana peace process" to end more than 11 years of 5064: 3363: 2666: 6954: 6950: 6393: 5874: 5420: 4912: 4618: 2717: 2676: 2649: 2608: 2581: 2554: 2471: 2421: 2261: 2167: 1903: 1686: 1363: 104: 7019: 6959: 6943: 6938: 6730: 5893: 5817: 5802: 5792: 4917: 3389: 1006:

played a particularly significant role as the venue for a trade fair between the USSR and the Middle East, notably Persia.

212: 3810: 3434: 3200: 1340:

subsequently signed a decree banning the further delivery of armored vehicles, warplanes, helicopters, and ships to Iran.

1271:

and civilian air fleet are increasingly becoming domestically and Russian-built as the US and Europe continue to maintain

28: 6885: 6802: 6623: 5849: 5845: 4457: 3257: 2083: 1093: 950: 597:

promised the Russians certain territories in the northern frontier if they helped him against enemies like the Ottomans.

7014: 6683: 6366: 6268: 6042: 5840: 5835: 5193: 5175: 4968: 4851: 4667: 4497: 4442: 4398: 3545: 2508: 2354: 1807: 1368: 1268: 428:

and Persia. Transporting goods across Russian territory meant that the English could avoid the zones under Ottoman and

392: 1622:

In December 2022, Russia and Iran announced a new transcontinental trade route from the eastern edge of Europe to the

6964: 6905: 6708: 6547: 6502: 6127: 5972: 5859: 5766: 5735: 5703: 5603: 5026: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4943: 3143: 3110:

Analyzing the (non) alignment with the UN, EU and US Sanctions against Iran in the foreign policies of the CIS states

2903: 2797: 2770: 1501: 1123: 995: 889:, for example, had to resign under British and Russian diplomatic pressure on the Persian government. Shuster's book 870: 690: 670: 654: 564: 531:

telling the tragic semi-legendary story of Razin's relationship with a Persian princess remains popular to this day.

168: 1794:

proved more difficult than forging closer ties between Moscow and Tehran. Since March 2014, In response to Russia's

1629:

In early February 2023, Tehran and Moscow announced they fully linked the Russian Financial Messaging System of the

6838: 6780: 6725: 6512: 6492: 6465: 6306: 6132: 6047: 5352: 5021: 2916: 1665:

In May 2023, the US said that Iran and Russia are working to build more drones which will be used against Ukraine.

1642: 1604: 822: 259: 4812: 4580:

Ter-Abrahamian, Hrant (2005). "On the Formation of the National Identity of the Talishis in Azerbaijan Republic".

3341: 3084:"Russian Arms and Technology Transfers to Iran:Policy Challenges for the United States | Arms Control Association" 605:

Irano-Russian relations particularly picked up again following the death of Nader Shah and the dissolution of his

6720: 6693: 6557: 6532: 6425: 6415: 6351: 6326: 6316: 6208: 6117: 6092: 6077: 6067: 5915: 5547: 5512: 5282: 5242: 5069: 5046: 3312: 1173:

with large amounts of conventional arms, ostensibly standing in opposition to the Iranian regime. Supreme Leader

954: 774: 701:

Republic, and granted Russia several highly beneficial capitulatory rights, after efforts and initial success by

511: 1830:, 54% of Russians have a negative opinion of Iran, with 34% expressing a positive opinion. According to a 2013 6823: 6688: 6517: 6507: 6480: 6378: 6290: 6243: 6223: 6178: 6082: 5797: 5761: 5693: 5653: 5517: 5502: 5482: 5385: 5074: 5031: 4471: 1898: 1579: 961:

party as well as operations directed against the neighboring Ottoman Empire. The rebellion in Gilan, headed by

878: 6895: 6807: 6765: 6760: 6745: 6608: 6537: 6475: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6361: 6341: 6253: 6233: 6203: 6162: 6142: 6027: 6022: 6002: 5982: 5967: 5745: 5557: 5532: 5467: 5457: 5405: 5395: 5041: 4520:

Nejad, Kayhan A. (2021). "To break the feudal bonds: the Soviets, Reza Khan, and the Iranian left, 1921-25".

2965:

Volkov, Denis V. (2022). "Bringing democracy into Iran: a Russian project for the separation of Azerbaijan".

2857:

Volkov, Denis V. (2022). "Bringing democracy into Iran: a Russian project for the separation of Azerbaijan".

2005:

Volkov, Denis V. (2022). "Bringing democracy into Iran: a Russian project for the separation of Azerbaijan".

1508: 1436: 1082: 965:

led to an eventual confrontation between the Iranian rebels and the Russian army, but was disrupted with the

551:

found himself in a strong enough position to increase Russian influence more southwards in the Caucasus, the

4130: 1535:

hand-woven carpet, stone and plaster products were among the main Iranian non-oil goods exported to Russia.

6848: 6785: 6750: 6703: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6648: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6613: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6562: 6455: 6435: 6356: 6321: 6311: 6285: 6218: 6183: 6147: 6122: 6112: 6102: 6097: 6087: 6057: 6017: 5977: 5952: 5719: 5522: 5497: 5432: 5369: 5317: 5215: 5079: 4721: 3923: 2277: 2183: 1967:

Matthee, Rudi (2013). "Rudeness and Revilement: Russian–Iranian Relations in the Mid-Seventeenth Century".

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his base for his hostilities against Persia, created a shipyard, and attacked the weakened Safavids in the

5771: 6984: 6979: 6775: 6755: 6740: 6735: 6715: 6678: 6653: 6643: 6618: 6542: 6527: 6420: 6410: 6400: 6336: 6331: 6248: 6238: 6228: 6193: 6188: 6157: 6152: 6107: 6032: 5957: 5923: 5740: 5663: 5633: 5537: 5492: 5477: 4710:"Iran has a direct route to send Russia weapons – and Western powers can do little to stop the shipments" 1575: 614: 3015: 881:

of World War I, the number of Russian troops in Iran moderately grew to some eighty or ninety thousand.

821:

In 1907, Russia and Britain divided Iran into three segments that served their mutual interests, in the

6843: 6833: 6770: 6698: 6673: 6567: 6522: 6497: 6485: 6460: 6405: 6373: 6346: 6198: 6137: 6062: 6052: 6037: 6007: 5962: 5698: 5668: 5638: 5623: 5613: 5608: 5598: 5588: 5583: 5562: 5472: 5415: 5400: 5390: 5364: 5342: 5322: 5292: 5277: 5272: 5237: 4463: 1528: 981: 351: 3492:"Exclusive: Russians have visited Iran at least twice in last month to examine weapons-capable drones" 6890: 6828: 6470: 6430: 6388: 6258: 6213: 6072: 5688: 5678: 5658: 5648: 5628: 5618: 5542: 5462: 5452: 5442: 5347: 5332: 5327: 5252: 5223: 4907: 2546: 1762:

On 14 July 2023, the Russian Minister of Foreign Relations supported the UAE claim on islands in the

1707:

As Iran and Russia economic and geo-political relations have improved over the years, Russia and the

1291: 949:

One result of the public outcry against the ubiquitous presence of Imperial Russia in Persia was the

780:

In the same period, by a proposal of the Shah with the backing of the Tsar, the Russians founded the

747: 710:, which included the territories of the contemporary nations of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and the 84: 2917:"Red Passage to Iran: The Baku Trade Fair and the Unmaking of the Azerbaijani Borderland, 1922–1930" 5683: 5643: 5567: 5527: 5507: 5447: 5427: 5410: 5287: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5247: 4953: 2461: 1453: 1267:

Prior to the Iranian revolution Iran's air fleet was entirely Western-made but in the 21st century

1162: 501:. On several occasions, Iran offered Russia a deal exchanging a part of its territory (for example 251: 3679: 957:) from the Caucasus, as well as Armenians that at the same period were busy with establishing the 115: 6969: 6900: 5787: 5487: 5437: 5337: 4902: 3231: 1708: 1682: 1198: 814: 781: 440:. The Russian victories over the Kazan Khanate in 1552 and the Astrakhan Khanate in 1556 by Tsar 222:

Militarily, Iran is the only country in Western Asia that has been invited (in 2007) to join the

79: 4821: 4686:"Ukraine war: what new missiles is Iran providing to Russia and what difference will they make?" 4084: 3785: 1637:) with Iran's SEPAM national financial messaging service; both countries had been excluded from 1468:

reportedly urged Iran to cease selling armed drones to Russia as part of broader discussions in

5812: 5115: 4742:"Iran Might Be Waiting Until October To Supply Russia Deadlier Drones And Missiles For Ukraine" 3844: 2758: 1834:

poll, 86% of Russians view Iran's influence positively, with 10% expressing a negative view. A

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of the Soviet Union, the local Soviet commander in northern Azerbaijan was instructed as such:

810: 726: 682: 650: 1741:

In May 2015, the Union gave the initial go-ahead to signing a free trade agreement with Iran.

869:, Russian occupational troops played a major role in the attempted Tsarist suppression of the 5100: 5036: 4948: 4548:

Raine, Fernande. "Stalin and the creation of the Azerbaijan democratic party in Iran, 1945."

4480:

Geranmayeh, Ellie. "The Newest Power Couple: Iran and Russia Band Together to Support Assad"

2536: 1034: 866: 765: 716: 686: 528: 368: 140: 4805: 4373: 2835: 2256:. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: I. B. Tauris. pp. 2, 53, 55, 132, 149, 156. 1122:

After the end of the war, the Soviets supported two newly formed puppet states in Iran, the

825:. The Russians gained control over the northern areas of Iran, which included the cities of 5110: 5014: 4973: 2296: 1878: 1811: 1773:

In December 2023, Iran condemned further Russian statements in support of the UAE's claim.

1727: 1690: 1596: 734: 311: 3599:"Iran will not remain indifferent if proven Russia using its drones in Ukraine - official" 2345:

Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). "Treaty of Ganja (1735)". In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.).

1641:. Bilateral economic ties had intensified since sanctions were placed on Russia after the 8: 4938: 3872: 1827: 1799: 1449: 1359: 1343: 1318: 1131: 1127: 1106: 858: 800: 413: 5302: 4323: 2206:"Iran UN Sanctions Relief – The Road Towards S-400 and Deterring US/Israeli Airstrikes?" 1416: 1394:

platform. This followed a 2023 report that the partners had finalized a deal for Su-35,

5864: 5136: 4989: 4933: 4831: 4537: 4514: 4422: 3522: 3316: 2982: 2939: 2874: 2727: 2686: 2618: 2364: 2271: 2177: 2136: 2022: 1984: 1883: 1612: 1608: 1042: 972:

As a result of the October Revolution, thousands of Russians fled the country, many to

966: 893:

is an account of this period, criticizing the policies of Russian and Britain in Iran.

666: 618: 425: 211:

is also the chief supplier of arms and weaponry to Iran. Due to international economic

208: 4384:

The U.S.-Soviet confrontation in Iran, 1945-1962: a case in the annals of the Cold War

3272:"Iran, other states might become observers at CSTO parliamentary assembly — Naryshkin" 464: 4958: 4641: 4614: 4541: 4493: 4467: 4438: 4426: 4394: 4000: 3868:"Vladimir Putin signs historic $ 20bn oil deal with Iran to bypass Western sanctions" 3705:"CSTO, SCO summits presage policy of wary tolerance of Taliban regime in Afghanistan" 3517: 3174: 3139: 2986: 2943: 2899: 2878: 2793: 2766: 2713: 2672: 2645: 2604: 2577: 2550: 2504: 2467: 2427: 2417: 2350: 2257: 2163: 2026: 1988: 1831: 1750: 1600: 1585: 1560: 1448:

According to the United States, Russia sought to acquire drones from Iran during the

1287: 1250: 1186: 1174: 1166: 1066: 1046: 988: 962: 853: 849: 796: 770: 758:, in which the Qajarid's were forced to drop all claims on Central Asia and parts of 730: 678: 622: 429: 400: 255: 4156: 3752: 1711:(EEU) have opted for Iran to join the EEU as well. Currently, only one EEU country, 795:

held many Asian elements, Russians consequently felt equivocal and even inferior to

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area. The joint exercise of the three countries began in 2019 in the Indian Ocean.

1355: 1295: 1114: 1070: 994:

Russian involvement however continued on with the establishment of the short-lived

973: 913: 873:. In the dawn of the outbreak of World War I, Russian occupational forces occupied 606: 372: 327: 319: 315: 4533: 4348: 2978: 2870: 2018: 1559:

On 20 March 2022 it was reported that Iran, in the person of Agriculture Minister

1305: 613:

dynasty in the mid-18th century. The first Qajar Persian Ambassador to Russia was

371:. In the 9th–11th century AD, there were repetitive raiding parties undertaken by 4838: 4566: 4418: 4295: 3965: 3285: 2839: 1980: 1567: 1337: 1333: 1222: 1202: 1145: 984: 912:

These, and a series of climaxing events such as the Russian shelling of Mashad's

792: 788: 755: 594: 576: 572: 548: 486: 433: 363: 164: 152: 4263: 3818: 3338:"Al-ManarTV:: Ahmadinejad Slams Russia for US "Sell out" over S-300 03/11/2010" 3204: 2891: 2413:

The sword of Persia : Nader Shah, from tribal warrior to conquering tyrant

1803: 1731: 1630: 1588: 1582:, a rail cargo route from all the way from Russia to India, among other items. 1421: 1372: 1347: 1314: 1230: 1226: 1170: 1149:

1935 USSR stamp marking the 3rd International Congress of Iranian Art, held in

1102: 1078: 958: 886: 845: 711: 638: 626: 580: 515: 498: 478: 458: 409: 231: 172: 120: 2431: 2053: 1556:

tens of billions of dollars in annual trade banned under U.S. led sanctions."

1065:) carried out clandestine operations on Iranian soil as it tried to eliminate 7008: 4826: 4593: 4004: 2709:

Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia

1870: 1791: 1592: 1549: 1539: 1441: 1429: 1135: 1038: 1015: 762:, topped off Persian losses to the global emerging power of Imperial Russia. 662: 610: 588: 536: 247: 216: 175:, the first of a long series of campaigns was initiated against Iran and the 4734:"Kyiv calls for 'liquidation' of Iranian plants building weapons for Russia" 4610: 3435:"Iran and Russia Enter a New Level of Military Cooperation • Stimson Center" 2573:

The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics

1142:

starting, the US quickly moved to convert Iran into an anti-communist ally.

4224: 4025: 3156: 3065: 2947: 1767: 1735: 1623: 1425: 1380: 1074: 977: 759: 751: 634: 630: 524: 469: 204: 201: 180: 144: 124: 107: 99: 4179:"Iran at odds with allied Russia after Moscow backs UAE in island dispute" 3463:"Iran once had air inferiority. After its attack on Israel, it flies high" 2935: 924:, led to a surge in widespread anti-Russian sentiments across the nation. 6910: 5095: 4813:

RUSSIA iii. Russo-Iranian Relations in the Post-Soviet Era (1991–present)

4698:"Iran may be preparing to arm Russia with short-range ballistic missiles" 3061: 3016:"Syria and Iran: Alliance Cooperation in a Changing Regional Environment" 2162:. 50 Bedford Square, London, WC1B 3DP, UK: I. B. Tauris. pp. 53–58. 1856: 1835: 1716: 1465: 1384: 1190: 841: 743: 702: 552: 485:

Diplomatic relations between Russia and Iran date back to 1521, when the

473: 449: 376: 197: 128: 4456:

Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G; Melville, C. (1991).

4111:"Exclusive: Iran alerted Russia to security threat before Moscow attack" 2517: 4199:"حرکت جنجالی اکانت وزارت خارجه روسیه به زبان عربی درباره خلیج فارس+عکس" 3924:"Iran, Russia working to seal $ 20 billion oil-for-goods deal: sources" 3518:"Iran tries to downplay potential drone transfers to Russia - analysis" 2501:

The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah, 1921–1941

1723: 1571: 1545:

In 2021, trade between the nations rose 81% to a record $ 3.3 billion.

1310: 921: 901: 874: 707: 698: 568: 541: 494: 384: 306: 270: 4026:"Iran Signs Deal With Russia To Import 20 Million Tons Of Basic Goods" 3894: 3415:"India Iran, China and Russia hold naval drills in north Indian Ocean" 3117: 3069: 2951: 2806: 2411: 559:, challenging both the Safavids and the Ottomans. He made the city of 4817: 4766:"Iranian Weapons Are Now Being Used on Both Sides of the Ukraine War" 4754:"Iranian Weapons Are Now Being Used on Both Sides of the Ukraine War" 4722:"US assesses Russia now in possession of Iranian drones, sources say" 2347:

Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia

2061: 1178: 1150: 1023: 999: 560: 556: 274: 3966:"What are the sanctions on Russia and are they hurting its economy?" 3390:"Russia Completes S-300 Delivery to Iran | Arms Control Association" 1591:

visited Tehran on 19 July 2022 to meet with his Iranian counterpart

1282:, the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels 1029: 226:, the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels 3899: 3628:"US says Iran is helping Russia build drone manufacturing facility" 3178: 1939: 1286:. The invitation came from the desk of then CSTO Secretary-General 1139: 738: 674: 490: 453: 396: 388: 359: 347: 176: 4650:

Russia’s Turn to Persia: Orientalism in Diplomacy and Intelligence

4069:"What’s behind Iran and Russia’s efforts to link banking systems?" 4052:"Russia and Iran Are Building a Trade Route That Defies Sanctions" 2836:"RUSSIA i. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution" 2297:"RUSSIA i. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution" 1722:

Iran has expressed interest in joining the EEU. A meeting between

6990:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

4807:

RUSSIA i. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution.

4115: 3550: 3477:"Signal: Iran finalises receipt of Sukhoi Su-35 jets from Russia" 3419: 1746: 1712: 1520: 1477: 1399: 1206: 1182: 942: 834: 694: 502: 441: 343: 339: 290: 185: 3449:"Iran Could Soon be Flying Russia's Su-35 Flanker-E Fighter Jet" 3271: 3157:"Iran rebukes Russia over its policy shift on Zangezur corridor" 844:

in 1914. During this time period, it stationed troops in Iran's

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Stalin, Soviet Intelligence, and the Struggle for Iran, 1945–53

3921: 3724:"What next for Iran and Russia ties after Raisi-Putin meeting?" 2459: 1782: 1670: 1524: 1488: 1246: 1234: 1110: 917: 905: 830: 826: 520: 437: 405: 282: 266: 188:. Iran and Russia are also military allies in the conflicts in 156: 132: 63: 4391:

Iranian-Russian Encounters: Empires and Revolutions Since 1800

4225:"Iran Irked by Russia Siding with UAE on Persian Gulf Islands" 2641:

Russia and Iran in the great game: travelogues and orientalism

6880: 4963: 4435:

Iran and Russian Imperialism: The Ideal Anarchists, 1800-1914

3546:"Ukraine's military claims downing Iran drone used by Russia" 2740: 2480: 1659: 1655: 1646: 1638: 1512: 1469: 1395: 1391: 1242: 1054: 1014:, but the regaining of Iranian territory did not protect the 720: 445: 286: 278: 239: 189: 1156: 723:

underwent these integration processes particularly quickly.

591:

was left on a high state of alert until Nader Shah's death.

5218: 4876: 4183: 3811:"The Cost of Economic Sanctions on Major Exporters to Iran" 3680:"FirstFT: US presses Iran to stop selling drones to Russia" 1786: 1650: 1634: 1493: 1473: 1444:

after a Russian attack with Iranian drones on 13 March 2024

1346:, the president of Iran at the time, criticised Russia for 1324:

In 2010, Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment led the

1283: 1062: 1058: 1003: 506: 444:(r. 1533–84) revived trade between Iran and Russia via the 380: 235: 227: 193: 148: 52: 4800: 2227:"White House: Iran preparing to supply Russia with drones" 896: 4455: 4299: 2523: 1309:

Russian delegation viewing Iranian drones, including the

1298:

floated the idea of admitting Iran as an observer to the

941:

Image from 1916 French magazine showing the "Russians at

518:

to the Safavids. In the 1660s the famous Russian Cossack

399:

during the 9th century, traveling as merchants along the

2529: 1527:

have become increasingly involved in the development of

1336:

system to Iran in September 2010, and Russian President

1189:, and the Soviet Union began to supply arms to Iran via 419: 238:

and deepened Russian military cooperation with Iran and

4372:

Basseer, P.; Clawson, P.; Floor, W. (1988). "Banking".

4039:"Putin and Erdogan will visit Iran for summit on Syria" 1325: 408:

region (within present day Iran), as well the areas of

1703:

Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union § Iran

1161:

The Soviet Union was the first state to recognize the

633:

competed for the south and southeast of Persia in the

514:, after which Russia had to cede its footholds in the 452:

route and marked the first Russian penetration of the

4827:

World Press Review: Bear Hugs, Iran-Russian relations

3573:"Iran agrees to ship missiles, more drones to Russia" 3175:"Middle East | Iran air safety hit by sanctions" 2790:

Iran, Turkey, and Afghanistan, A Political Chronology

2783: 2781: 2779: 2644:(reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 6. 1253:

plan, drawing a diplomatic rebuke from Iran in 2024.

4511:

Russia and Britain in Persia, A study in Imperialism

3993:"Opinion | Iran's Master Class in Evading Sanctions" 3286:"Kremlin Bans Sale of S-300 Missile Systems to Iran" 2600:

Energy and conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus

2291: 2289: 2287: 1846: 4678: 4450:

Triple Axis: Iran's Relations with Russia and China

4371: 3952:"Russia, Iran Tighten Trade Ties Amid US Sanctions" 3258:"Syria, Iran And The Future Of The CSTO – Analysis" 2812: 4574:The Bear and the Lion: Soviet Imperialism and Iran 2776: 2706:Ernest Meyer, Karl, Blair Brysac, Shareen (2006). 2705: 2132:"Putin Lifts Ban on Russian Missile Sales to Iran" 1757: 1615:attempt to boost economic ties after being hit by 1088:In a revealing cable sent on July 6, 1945, by the 746:in 1823, and the murder of Persia's Grand Vizier ( 665:, was forced to sign the notoriously unfavourable 4832:Russian-Iranian Relations: Functional Dysfunction 4822:Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives 4603:Les relations entre Téhéran et Moscou depuis 1979 4239:"The Russia-Iran Relationship in a Sanctions Era" 3991:Zweig, Mark Dubowitz and Matthew (5 April 2022). 2542:Russia and Azerbaijan: A Borderland in Transition 2284: 7006: 4131:"Iran Seeks Trade Agreement with Eurasian Union" 3922:Jonathan Saul and Parisa Hafezi (2 April 2014). 3201:"Iran to buy five TU 100-204 planes from Russia" 3002:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 2914: 1940:"Relations between Tehran and Moscow, 1979–2014" 1719:provides a direct link between Iran and Russia. 587:was partially directed against Russia; thus the 2596: 2000: 1998: 1330:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929 1177:deemed Islam principally incompatible with the 1053:In the 1920s-1930s, the Soviet secret service ( 980:and the former general and deputy chief of the 799:. In order to stem the tide of this particular 4579: 4358: 4268:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 3313:"Analysts Say Iran-Russia Relations Worsening" 3047: 2746: 2251: 2157: 2076:"The Strategic Partnership of Russia and Iran" 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1209:, which had been delayed for nearly 20 years. 600: 318:, Isfahan, 1670. The painting was acquired by 5901: 5201: 4859: 4627: 4448:Esfandiary, Dina, and Ariane Tabatabai, eds. 3230:. Aviation International News. Archived from 2535: 1317:, at Kashan Airfield in June 2022 during the 661:A weakened and bankrupted royal court, under 5142:Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war 2732:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2691:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2664: 2623:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2329: 1995: 1962: 1960: 1766:and used the term 'Arabian gulf' instead of 1424:(right) meeting with Iranian Supreme Leader 1138:fully into Iran's political arena and, with 4404: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2569: 2344: 2129: 1915: 750:), Persia lost its traditional foothold in 693:, which resulted in the loss of modern-day 155:in power. Past and present contact between 6870: 5908: 5894: 5208: 5194: 4866: 4852: 4801:Embassy of Russia in Iran Official website 4796:Embassy of Iran in Russia Official website 4487: 3251: 3249: 2576:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 98. 2486: 2369:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1715:, shares a land border with Iran, but the 1696: 1603:was previously involved to mediate in the 998:in 1920, supported by Azeri and Caucasian 5132:Russia and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict 4085:"Iran and Russia want to unite the fleet" 4028:. Volant Media UK Limited. 20 March 2022. 3515: 3136:Royal Institute for International Affairs 2603:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 181. 2039: 1957: 1278:In May 2007 Iran was invited to join the 1157:Soviet Union–Islamic Republic (post 1979) 1134:. This postwar confrontation brought the 1012:Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921) 151:) officially commenced in 1521, with the 5154:Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine 4375:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 7 3946: 3944: 3543: 3489: 3013: 2833: 2818: 2637: 2409: 2314: 1487: 1435: 1415: 1412:Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine 1304: 1221: 1201:, with plans to finish constructing the 1144: 1069:that had moved to Iran. In 1941, as the 1028: 936: 895: 805: 764: 673:, irrevocably ceding what is modern-day 644: 463: 338: 305: 114: 5935: 3958: 3865: 3622: 3620: 3246: 3225: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 1966: 1280:Collective Security Treaty Organization 1217: 932: 224:Collective Security Treaty Organization 7007: 4600: 4490:The Cambridge History of Iran (Vol. 7) 4018: 3895:"Russia and Iran strike oil agreement" 3775:"Iran Investment Monthly Aug 2010.pdf" 3264: 3107: 2964: 2856: 2787: 2668:The Great Ottoman-Turkish Civilisation 2665:Çiçek, Kemal, Kuran, Ercüment (2000). 2597:E. Ebel, Robert, Menon, Rajan (2000). 2498: 2383: 2004: 1894:Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev 250:regime and its Iranian allies with an 6927: 6869: 5934: 5889: 5189: 4847: 4519: 3990: 3941: 3887: 3747: 3745: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3697: 3677: 3427: 3364:"Russia Ban On S-300s To Iran Lifted" 3310: 3255: 3219: 3007: 2792:. United States: Praeger Publishers. 1904:List of ambassadors of Russia to Iran 1645:, and chances for the revival of the 1212: 420:Safavid Empire–Russian Tsardom/Empire 5855:Trade Promotion Organization of Iran 5793:Views on the nuclear program of Iran 4918:Consulate General of Russia, Isfahan 4692:. The Conversation. 3 November 2022. 4386:(University Press of America, 2009). 3915: 3859: 3617: 3469: 3256:Valvo, Giovanni (14 December 2012). 2844:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition 2190: 1507:Iran and Russia have co-founded the 1428:(left) and former Iranian President 1169:, however, it supplied Iraqi leader 1083:an undeclared joint invasion of Iran 737:, was killed along with hundreds of 669:(1813) following the outcome of the 3544:Gambrell, Jon (14 September 2022). 3516:Frantzman, Seth J. (16 July 2022). 3455: 3441: 3228:"Iran is captive market for Tu-204" 3014:Goodarzi, Jubin M. (January 2013). 2763:Kharazm: What do I know about Iran? 2410:Axworthy, Michael (24 March 2010). 2203: 2130:MacFarquhar, Neil (13 April 2015). 1432:(far right) in Tehran, 19 July 2022 1085:, ignoring its plea of neutrality. 951:Constitutionalist movement of Gilan 493:sent an emissary to visit the Czar 13: 4969:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 4041:. lemonde. Retrieved 14 July 2022. 3742: 3711: 3651: 3490:Bertrand, Natasha (15 July 2022). 2915:Forestier-Peyrat, Etienne (2013). 2846:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation. 2447:Concise History of Imperial Russia 2444: 2080:Strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil 2042:Korean Journal of Defense Analysis 1578:, and developing the long-delayed 1566:In May 2022 Deputy Prime Minister 395:. Initially, the Rus' appeared in 334: 230:. As soon as he became president, 14: 7036: 6965:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 5860:Foreign direct investment in Iran 5027:Persian Constitutional Revolution 4944:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723) 4777: 3866:Trotman, Andrew (6 August 2014). 3226:Johnson, Reuben (November 2005). 3108:Nikdel, Mohammad Ranjbar (2013). 2813:Basseer, Clawson & Floor 1988 1502:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation 996:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic 916:in 1911, and the shelling of the 871:Iranian Constitutional Revolution 609:which gave eventually way to the 324:Institute of Oriental Manuscripts 301: 5993:Democratic Republic of the Congo 5917: 5803:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict 5301: 5217: 5171: 5170: 5147:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 5022:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 4885: 4875: 4783: 4679:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4642:10.22059/JCEP.2020.295455.449889 4452:(I. B. Tauris, 2018). 256 pages. 4313:"End of year 2013 : Russia" 3707:. Eurasianet. 17 September 2021. 3678:Smith, Gordon (16 August 2023). 3132:Iran and the former Soviet South 2204:Lin, Christina (February 2015). 1863: 1849: 1839:expressing an unfavorable view. 1810:were entirely reinstated by the 1643:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1263:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 823:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 123:(L) with Iranian Supreme Leader 57: 46: 27: 4772:. Rolling Stone. 17 March 2023. 4770:Adam Rawnsley, Asawin Suebsaeng 4760:. Rolling Stone. 17 March 2023. 4758:Adam Rawnsley, Asawin Suebsaeng 4714:Lauren Kent and Salma Abdelaziz 4702:Josh Lederman and Courtney Kube 4341: 4305: 4282: 4256: 4231: 4217: 4191: 4171: 4149: 4123: 4103: 4077: 4062: 4044: 4032: 3984: 3833: 3803: 3767: 3671: 3645: 3591: 3565: 3537: 3509: 3483: 3407: 3382: 3368:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3356: 3330: 3304: 3278: 3193: 3167: 3149: 3124: 3101: 3076: 3041: 2993: 2958: 2908: 2885: 2850: 2752: 2699: 2658: 2631: 2590: 2563: 2492: 2453: 2438: 2403: 2377: 2338: 2323: 2245: 2219: 1818:of the deal earlier that year. 1758:Islands in the Strait of Hormuz 1364:2018 Skripal poisoning incident 1165:, in February 1979. During the 927: 904:was notorious for shelling the 393:Caspian expeditions of the Rus' 5176:Category:Iran–Russia relations 5075:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 5065:1903 Isfahan anti-Baháʼí riots 4492:. Cambridge University Press. 3954:. Bloomberg News. 25 May 2022. 2466:. Cambridge University Press. 2151: 2123: 2098: 2068: 2033: 1580:North-South Transport Corridor 1405: 1124:Azerbaijan People's Government 689:(1828) was the outcome of the 234:pursued close friendship with 1: 7025:Bilateral relations of Russia 6951:Diplomatic missions of Russia 6928: 5042:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 4913:Ambassadors of Russia to Iran 4534:10.1080/00263206.2021.1897578 4459:The Cambridge History of Iran 4349:"State of Iran Survey Series" 3203:. Payvand.com. Archived from 2979:10.1080/00263206.2022.2029423 2871:10.1080/00263206.2022.2029423 2463:The Cambridge History of Iran 2252:Borshchevskaya, Anna (2022). 2158:Borshchevskaya, Anna (2022). 2019:10.1080/00263206.2022.2029423 1909: 1689:militants arrested after the 1509:Gas Exporting Countries Forum 691:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 671:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 655:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 565:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 171:and the establishment of the 5080:Russian occupation of Tabriz 4790:Relations of Iran and Russia 4419:10.1080/00210862.2012.759334 4368:(U of Minnesota Press, 1980) 4351:. IranPoll. 8 February 2019. 4264:"Global Indicators Database" 2570:L. Batalden, Sandra (1997). 1981:10.1080/00210862.2012.758500 1826:According to 2015 data from 1776: 1529:Iranian oil and gas projects 1245:. Iran, like Russia, "views 1130:, but both collapsed in the 775:Russo-Persian War of 1826–28 585:invasion of Dagestan in 1741 547:In his later years of rule, 375:between 864 and 1041 on the 281:. Russia has its embassy in 97:Iranian Ambassador to Russia 7: 7020:Bilateral relations of Iran 6939:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5924:Foreign relations of Russia 5841:Minister of Foreign Affairs 5836:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5070:Siege of Tabriz (1908–1909) 5047:Iranian famine of 1942–1943 4366:Russia and Iran 1780 - 1828 4359:Sources and further reading 4089:UKRAINIAN SHIPPING MAGAZINE 4074:. Accessed 9 February 2023. 3050:Journal of Cold War Studies 2712:. Basic Books. p. 66. 2390:Encyclopædia Iranica Online 1842: 1676: 1576:Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant 1300:CSTO Parliamentary Assembly 1256: 1037:(centre), pictured between 615:Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchi 601:Qajar Persia–Russian Empire 579:(1735) during the reign of 512:Russo-Persian War (1651–53) 416:, taking slaves and goods. 242:. In 2015, Putin ordered a 10: 7041: 5798:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 4704:. NBC News. November 2022. 4674:44#1 (2020) pp. 22–46 4464:Cambridge University Press 4462:. Vol. 7. Cambridge: 2671:. University of Michigan. 2499:Cronin, Stephanie (2012). 1800:destabilization of Ukraine 1700: 1409: 1354:Since the outbreak of the 1260: 982:Imperial Iranian Air Force 857:colonization commenced in 352:UNESCO World Heritage Site 296: 105:Russian Ambassador to Iran 6934: 6923: 6876: 6865: 6816: 6576: 6299: 6171: 5945: 5941: 5930: 5828: 5780: 5754: 5728: 5712: 5576: 5378: 5310: 5299: 5230: 5224:Foreign relations of Iran 5167: 5124: 5088: 5057: 4982: 4926: 4908:Embassy of Russia, Tehran 4895: 2788:Ziring, Lawrence (1981). 2547:Columbia University Press 2503:. Routledge. p. 90. 2349:. ABC-CLIO. p. 329. 2054:10.1080/10163270802006321 1570:and Iranian Oil Minister 1548:Former Iranian president 1292:Sluzhba Vneshney Razvedki 918:Persian National Assembly 906:National Iranian Assembly 817:in Saint Petersburg, 1873 697:and the remainder of the 681:, and large parts of the 322:, and is now kept at the 246:in Syria, supporting the 95: 90: 85:Embassy of Russia, Tehran 78: 73: 69: 56: 45: 35: 26: 6906:Russia and the Antarctic 5988:Central African Republic 4954:Anglo-Russian Convention 4601:Therme, Clément (2012). 4594:10.1163/1573384054068132 3274:. TASS. 6 November 2014. 2834:Andreeva, Elena (2014). 2638:Andreeva, Elena (2010). 2330:O'Rourke, Shane (2000). 2276:: CS1 maint: location ( 2215:. ISPSW Strategy Series. 2182:: CS1 maint: location ( 1821: 1483: 1440:Residential building in 1163:Islamic Republic of Iran 379:shores of what is today 265:Iran has its embassy in 6970:Eurasian Economic Union 6901:Arctic policy of Russia 5808:Israeli–Sunni Coalition 5788:Nuclear program of Iran 4903:Embassy of Iran, Moscow 4611:10.4000/books.iheid.902 4557:Central Eurasia Studies 4289:2013 World Service Poll 3997:The Wall Street Journal 2384:Tucker, Ernest (2006). 2233:. Reuters. 11 July 2022 1709:Eurasian Economic Union 1697:Eurasian Economic Union 1683:Crocus City Hall attack 1617:international sanctions 1454:Hossein Amirabdollahian 920:by the Russian Colonel 815:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar 782:Persian Cossack Brigade 252:aerial bombing campaign 80:Embassy of Iran, Moscow 22:Russo-Iranian relations 6960:European energy sector 6871:Multilateral relations 6604:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5846:Diplomatic missions of 5755:Multilateral relations 5594:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5116:Amir Kazim Mirza Qajar 4728:. CNN. 30 August 2022. 4666:Zubok, Vladislav M. " 4655:Whigham, Henry James. 4630:مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی 4522:Middle Eastern Studies 3112:(Thesis). p. 41. 2967:Middle Eastern Studies 2859:Middle Eastern Studies 2759:Nasser Takmil Homayoun 2537:Swietochowski, Tadeusz 2007:Middle Eastern Studies 1730:and Iranian President 1497: 1445: 1433: 1321: 1238: 1199:Iran's nuclear program 1153: 1050: 946: 909: 818: 811:Alexander II of Russia 777: 748:Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam 727:Anti-Russian sentiment 683:Republic of Azerbaijan 658: 651:Battle of Ganja (1804) 482: 355: 331: 139:Relations between the 136: 7015:Iran–Russia relations 5998:Republic of the Congo 5875:Ambassadors from Iran 5101:Mohammad Taqi Pessian 5037:Battle of Robat Karim 4949:Treaty of Turkmenchay 4882:Iran–Russia relations 4588:(1). Brill: 121–144. 4582:Iran and the Caucasus 4559:13.1 (2020): 91–116. 4484:(2016) 33#4 pp 84–88. 4433:Deutschmann, Moritz. 3782:Turquoisepartners.com 2936:10.1353/imp.2013.0094 2334:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2332:Warriors and Peasants 1605:2022 Ukraine conflict 1542:deal in August 2014. 1491: 1439: 1419: 1371:agreement, President 1308: 1225: 1148: 1032: 987:, whose mother was a 940: 899: 867:Nicholas II of Russia 809: 768: 687:Treaty of Turkmenchay 648: 467: 342: 314:and his courtiers by 309: 244:military intervention 141:Grand Duchy of Moscow 118: 6975:Military Cooperation 6553:United Arab Emirates 5553:United Arab Emirates 5111:Ali Qulu Mirza Qajar 4974:Marine Security Belt 4792:at Wikimedia Commons 4652:(Cambridge UP, 2018) 4482:World Policy Journal 4203:روزنامه دنیای اقتصاد 3062:10.1162/jcws_a_01119 2549:. pp. 69, 133. 2320:Logan (1992), p. 201 2254:Putin's War in Syria 2160:Putin's War in Syria 1879:Non-Aligned Movement 1812:Trump administration 1796:annexation of Crimea 1728:Nursultan Nazarbayev 1691:2024 Kerman bombings 1597:Recep Tayyip Erdogan 1464:In August 2023, The 1218:Putin–Khamenei years 1187:arms embargo on Iran 933:Pahlavi–Soviet Union 865:During the reign of 735:Alexander Griboyedov 617:. After the rule of 346:is renowned for the 285:, and consulates in 6264:Trinidad and Tobago 5936:Bilateral relations 4939:Treaty of Kurakchay 4716:. CNN. 26 May 2023. 4437:. Routledge, 2015. 4393:. Routledge, 2013. 4389:Cronin, Stephanie. 4378:. pp. 698–709. 3972:. 30 September 2022 3873:The Daily Telegraph 3451:. 13 February 2024. 3394:www.armscontrol.org 3344:on 13 November 2010 3292:. 22 September 2010 3163:. 2 September 2024. 3023:Middle East Studies 2815:, pp. 698–709. 2747:Ter-Abrahamian 2005 2489:, pp. 328–330. 1828:Pew Research Center 1798:and the purposeful 1681:Ten days after the 1450:Russo-Ukrainian War 1360:Russo-Ukrainian War 1344:Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 1319:Russo-Ukrainian War 1197:work on developing 1132:Iran crisis of 1946 1128:Republic of Mahabad 801:inferiority complex 260:invasion of Ukraine 135:, 7 September 2018. 23: 18:Bilateral relations 5865:Propaganda in Iran 5137:Axis of Resistance 4990:Russo-Persian Wars 4934:Treaty of Gulistan 4837:2010-02-01 at the 4818:Gorbachev and Iran 4736:. Times of Israel. 4672:Diplomatic History 4294:2015-10-10 at the 4270:. 21 November 2011 3847:on 15 January 2021 3791:on 23 January 2012 3523:The Jerusalem Post 3423:. 21 January 2022. 3317:Globalsecurity.org 3207:on 23 October 2006 3161:Iran International 2524:Fisher et al. 1991 2137:The New York Times 1884:Russo-Persian Wars 1613:Russian Federation 1609:civil war in Syria 1498: 1446: 1434: 1420:Russian President 1322: 1239: 1237:, 20 November 2015 1213:Russian Federation 1175:Ayatollah Khomeini 1154: 1051: 1043:Vyacheslav Molotov 1035:Mohammad Reza Shah 967:October Revolution 955:Caucasian muhajirs 947: 910: 862:Russian villages. 819: 778: 667:Treaty of Gulistan 659: 619:Agha Mohammad Khan 510:culminated in the 483: 356: 332: 209:Russian Federation 137: 119:Russian President 74:Diplomatic mission 21: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6997: 6985:Military doctrine 6947: 6919: 6918: 6861: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6013:Equatorial Guinea 5883: 5882: 5183: 5182: 4959:Tehran Conference 4788:Media related to 4648:Volkov, Denis V. 4620:978-2-940415-94-6 4552:2.1 (2001): 1-38. 4507:Kazemzadeh, Firuz 4137:. 6 February 2015 3755:. 3 February 2010 3730:. 21 January 2022 3632:www.aljazeera.com 3605:. 24 October 2022 3579:. 18 October 2022 3260:. Eurasia Review. 3181:. 6 December 2005 3066:Project MUSE 2948:Project MUSE 2719:978-0-465-04576-1 2678:978-975-6782-18-7 2651:978-0-415-78153-4 2610:978-0-7425-0063-1 2583:978-0-89774-940-4 2556:978-0-231-07068-3 2473:978-0-521-20095-0 2423:978-0-85773-347-4 2301:Iranicaonline.org 2263:978-0-7556-3463-7 2169:978-0-7556-3463-7 1832:BBC World Service 1751:Viktor Khristenko 1601:Turkish president 1586:Russian President 1561:Javad Sadatinejad 1288:Nikolai Bordyuzha 1273:sanctions on Iran 1251:Zangezur corridor 1090:Central Committee 1047:Tehran Conference 963:Mirza Kuchak Khan 797:Western Europeans 771:Capture of Erivan 731:Alexander Pushkin 401:Volga trade route 358:Contacts between 273:in the cities of 256:Syrian opposition 213:sanctions on Iran 113: 112: 7032: 6944:Foreign Minister 6941: 6925: 6924: 6867: 6866: 6394:Kurdistan Region 5943: 5942: 5932: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5887: 5886: 5870:Iranian diaspora 5305: 5222: 5221: 5210: 5203: 5196: 5187: 5186: 5174: 5173: 5159:Axis of Upheaval 5106:Shafi Khan Qajar 5032:Persian Campaign 4896:Diplomatic posts 4890: 4889: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4861: 4854: 4845: 4844: 4787: 4773: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4729: 4726:Natasha Bertrand 4717: 4705: 4693: 4690:Daniel Salisbury 4645: 4624: 4597: 4576:(Praeger, 1988). 4572:Sicker, Martin. 4550:Cold war history 4545: 4503: 4477: 4430: 4382:Blake, Kristen. 4379: 4353: 4352: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4322:. 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Iran and the 1568:Alexander Novak 1486: 1414: 1408: 1338:Dmitry Medvedev 1265: 1259: 1220: 1215: 1203:nuclear reactor 1159: 1094:Communist Party 1022:led by Colonel 985:Nader Jahanbani 935: 930: 793:Russian culture 789:Iranian culture 756:Treaty of Akhal 712:North Caucasian 603: 595:Karim Khan Zand 577:Treaty of Ganja 573:Treaty of Resht 549:Peter the Great 472:Sailing in the 434:Muscovy Company 422: 391:as part of the 337: 335:Pre-Safavid era 312:Shah Suleiman I 304: 299: 217:Western nations 165:Peter the Great 62: 58: 51: 47: 19: 12: 11: 5: 7038: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6948: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6916: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6896:United Nations 6893: 6888: 6886:European Union 6883: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6803:United Kingdom 6800: 6799: 6798: 6793: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6646: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624:Czech Republic 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6580: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6274:Russian Empire 6266: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6175: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5939: 5938: 5928: 5927: 5913: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5890: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5818:U.S. sanctions 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5767:European Union 5764: 5758: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5736:Czechoslovakia 5732: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5704:United Kingdom 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5604:Czech Republic 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5382: 5380: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5307: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5213: 5212: 5205: 5198: 5190: 5181: 5180: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5139: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4871: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4829: 4824: 4815: 4810: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4779: 4778:External links 4776: 4775: 4774: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4680: 4677: 4676: 4675: 4664: 4653: 4646: 4625: 4619: 4598: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4553: 4546: 4528:(5): 758–776. 4517: 4504: 4499:978-0521200950 4498: 4485: 4478: 4472: 4453: 4446: 4443:978-1138937017 4431: 4413:(3): 383–413. 4402: 4399:978-0415624336 4387: 4380: 4369: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4354: 4340: 4304: 4281: 4255: 4230: 4216: 4190: 4170: 4157:"Tehran Times" 4148: 4122: 4102: 4091:. 19 June 2023 4076: 4061: 4043: 4031: 4017: 3983: 3957: 3940: 3914: 3886: 3858: 3832: 3821:on 9 July 2011 3802: 3766: 3753:"Tehran Times" 3741: 3710: 3696: 3670: 3652:Shoaib, Alia. 3644: 3616: 3590: 3564: 3536: 3508: 3482: 3468: 3454: 3440: 3426: 3406: 3381: 3355: 3329: 3303: 3277: 3263: 3245: 3218: 3192: 3166: 3148: 3123: 3100: 3075: 3056:(2): 179–247. 3040: 3006: 2992: 2957: 2907: 2892:Morgan Shuster 2884: 2849: 2817: 2805: 2798: 2775: 2751: 2749:, p. 121. 2739: 2718: 2698: 2677: 2657: 2650: 2630: 2609: 2589: 2582: 2562: 2555: 2528: 2526:, p. 329. 2516: 2510:978-1136026942 2509: 2491: 2479: 2472: 2452: 2437: 2422: 2416:. 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2937: 2933: 2930:(4): 79–112. 2929: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2905: 2904:0-934211-06-X 2901: 2897: 2893: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2853: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2814: 2809: 2801: 2799:0-03-058651-8 2795: 2791: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2771:964-379-023-1 2768: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2735: 2729: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2702: 2694: 2688: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2634: 2626: 2620: 2612: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2593: 2585: 2579: 2575: 2574: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2532: 2525: 2520: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2475: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2448: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2406: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2366: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2326: 2317: 2302: 2298: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2273: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2248: 2232: 2228: 2222: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2185: 2179: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2154: 2139: 2138: 2133: 2126: 2111: 2107: 2101: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2071: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 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