2157:
2283:. It began on 26 August 2023, after a building that used to be the headquarters of the Kurdistan Democratic Party (which was used at the time by the Iraqi Armed Forces as a Joint Operations Command) was about to be transferred back to the former following an order by the Prime Minister of Iraq. Two days later, on 28 August, Arab and Turkmen anti-KDP residents of Kirkuk staged a sit-in in front of the building to prevent its transfer as well as blocked the main road between Erbil and Kirkuk. In response, pro-KDP Kurds iniated counter-protests as well as demanded the opening of the blocked road. Iraqi security forces responded by opening fire on the Kurdish protesters. Following this, the government imposed a curfew in Kirkuk. The Supreme Court of Iraq subsequently issued a verdict halting the transfer of the building back to KDP, which was criticized by the latter.
35:
99:
431:
935:
870:
850:
839:
828:
817:
800:
783:
766:
747:
730:
719:
702:
672:
659:
367:
341:
309:
685:
354:
187:
146:
646:
324:
264:
251:
810:
793:
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4102:
291:
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482:
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113:
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227:
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635:
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157:
135:
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1850:. Saddam retaliated swiftly, battering Kirkuk with artillery and targeting hospitals in particular. Geographically the towns captured by the Kurdish rebels were difficult to defend as they sat on plains below mountains. The rebels were forced to retreat in the mountains, where reportedly the Iraqi helicopters threw flour on them (which was believed to be a grim legacy of the reputed powdery
2068:
stationed in the disputed area near Kirkuk, Iraqi Prime
Minister Maliki's party – The State of Law – issued a statement that "the visit of the President of Kurdistan Region Massoud Barzani and his son wearing a military helmet to inspect the battlefronts in Kirkuk province is a 'declaration of war' on all Iraqis not only Maliki, and even on President Jalal Talabani".
1972:, American Lt. Col. Tovo divided his forces into six mixed peshmerga-Special Forces units. The peshmerga in two of these teams refused to contribute to the assault for various reasons including having lost too many personnel in previous fighting. The Peshmerga who did fight were once again armed with AK-47s, rocket-propelled grenades, and other assorted weapons.
1701:, the leader of the clan and the KDP, himself lost 37 members of his family to the Iraqi troops. They were reported to having been sent to Nugra Salman prison in the southern deserts of Iraq, where they were tortured. Subsequently, the remains of 512 Barzani men were discovered in a mass grave. On March 16, 1988, Iraqi troops began shelling the Kurdish town of
1376:. The Kingdom of Kurdistan lasted from September 1922 – 1924. With British forces greatly exceeding his in ammunition and training, Barzanji was finally subdued and the region reverted to central British Iraqi rule in 1924. Sheykh Mahmud retreated into the mountains, and eventually reached terms with the independent
2326:. At around noon, both sides exchanged mortar fire for two hours until a ceasefire was announced. The clashes resulted in six deaths in total, including the 18th Peshmerga Infantry Brigade commander and his deputy. Both sides denied being the aggressor. The town of Makhmour is situated strategically between
2088:
enacted its own hydrocarbon law in 2007. The Iraqi central government voiced its disapproval at both actions, and vowed to take legal action after the KRG started exporting oil to Turkey without its consent. Iraq subsequently issued an international arbitration case against Turkey in May 2014, at the
1952:
Arriving in July 2002 to Iraqi
Kurdistan, the CIA seldom worked with the Peshmerga, despite their claim to be on a counterterrorism mission against Ansar al-Islam. To the disappointment of PUK Peshmerga intent on destroying Ansar al-Islam, the true mission of the CIA was to acquire intelligence about
1499:
in an attempt to establish an independent
Kurdish state in northern Iraq. Throughout the 1960s the uprising escalated into a long war, which failed to resolve despite internal power changes in Iraq. The war ended with a stalemate by 1970, resulting in between 75,000 to 105,000 casualties. A series of
1476:
was invited by new Iraqi
President Qasim to return from exile, and was greeted with a "hero's welcome", as a former dissident to the now abolished Iraqi monarchy. As part of the deal arranged between Qasim and Barzani, Qasim promised to give the Kurds regional autonomy in return for Barzani's support
2299:
urging him to mediate between Erbil and
Baghdad on issues threatening the Kurdistan Region, stating: "I write to you now at another critical juncture in our history, one that I fear we may have difficulty overcoming. …e are bleeding economically and hemorrhaging politically. For the first time in my
1895:
from Iraq, as opposed to retaining Iraqi unity with Iraqi
Kurdistan as an autonomous region. It would change the long-term status which has existed in the country following the formation of the Kurdish autonomy in Northern Iraq in 1991 facilitated by the enforcement of the no-fly zones. Another term
1538:
Region, consisting of the three
Kurdish governorates and other adjacent districts that have been determined by census to have a Kurdish majority. The plan also gave Kurds representation in government bodies, to be implemented in four years. For its time it was the most serious attempt to resolve the
2040:
Following the withdrawal of occupational forces from Iraq, tensions between Iraqi
Kurdistan and the central Iraqi government mounted through 2011–2012 on the issues of power sharing, oil and gas, and territorial control. In April 2012, the president of Iraq's semi-autonomous northern Kurdish region
2227:
Since
October 2017, Kurdish news reports have made claims of Arabisation and forced demographic displacement of Kurds, most notably in Kirkuk, Tuz Khurmatu and Khanaqin. In June 2024, an Iraqi Kurdish source claimed that the Arabisation campaign of Kirkuk, under the administration of Arab governor
2350:
targeting the
Kurdistan Region, Abdul Rahman Zibari a Kurdish judge resigned in protest, describing the Court's actions as "a move towards centralization and a blatant violation of the constitutional rights of the Kurdistan Region". In his resignation statement, the judge hinted at concerns about
1569:
for Kurdish autonomy had failed to be implemented by 1974. Unlike the previous guerilla campaign, waged by Barzani, the 1974 war was an attempt for symmetric warfare against the Iraqi Army, which eventually led to the quick collapse of the Kurds, lacking advanced and heavy weaponry. The war ended
2303:
Yerevan Saeed, director of the 'Global Kurdish Initiative for Peace' at American University in Washington, expressed concerns in February 2024 about the future of the Kurdistan Region if problems persist. He stated that the combined effect of Baghdad's obstructive attitude towards the Kurdistan
2067:
On December 11, Iraqi Kurdistan President Massoud Barzani, dressed in a military uniform, visited Kurdish-controlled areas of Kirkuk, a city long seen as a flashpoint for Arab-Kurdish tensions after the US military withdrawal in December 2011. Following Massoud Barzani's visit of Kurdish troops
1642:
policies, led by the Ba'athist government of Iraq from 1960s to early 2000s, in order to shift the demographics of North Iraq towards Arab domination. The Baath party under Saddam Hussein engaged into active expulsion of minorities from the mid-1970s onwards. The campaigns took place during the
1957:'s decision to deny any official use of its territory, the Coalition was forced to modify the planned simultaneous attack from north and south. Special Operations forces from the CIA and US Army managed to build and lead the Kurdish Peshmerga into an effective force and assault for the North.
2264:
issued a verdict in favour of Iraq and on 25 March 2023, all oil exports from the Kurdistan Region were halted. Since then, the KRG has been officially rendered unable to resume the export of oil to Turkey without the permission of the Iraqi Ministry of Oil, as outlined in the ITP Agreement.
2059:
On the night of November 19, it was reported that clashes between security forces of the central Iraqi government and the KRG forces in Tigrit left 12 Iraqi soldiers and one civilian dead, according to Doğan news agency. The clash erupted when Iraqi soldiers attempted to enter northern Iraq;
2009:
which succeeded the CPA. In 2005 following months of deliberation and discussions represented by different components of the Iraqi population, the new constitution was issued and voted into effect. The new Iraqi constitution recognized the Kurdistan Region as a “federal region” with its own
2366:
parliamentary elections dated June 10, 2024, citing "unconstitutional rulings against the Kurdistan Region in the past four years" and labeling the actions of the Supreme Court as "a clear and dangerous violation of the constitution” and an attempt to “return Iraq to a
1372:. Following his first insurrection in May 1919, Sheykh Mahmud was imprisoned and eventually exiled to India for a one-year period. When he returned he was once again appointed a governor, but shortly afterwards revolted again and declared himself the ruler of the
1275:
against the central Iraqi government. Since 1976 PUK and KDP relations quickly deteriorated, reaching the climax in April 1978, when PUK troops suffered a major defeat by KDP, which had the support of Iranian and Iraqi air forces. During this period, the
2048:(KRG) to transfer its powers over Peshmerga to the central government and the relations strained further by the formation of a new command center (Tigris Operation Command) for Iraqi forces to operate in a disputed area over which both Baghdad and the
1953:
the Iraqi government and military. CIA-Peshmerga operations eventually went beyond the scope of intelligence gathering however, as PUK Peshmerga were used to destroy key rail lines and buildings prior to the U.S. attack in March 2003. Following
2055:
On 16 November 2012, a military clash between the Iraqi forces and the Peshmerga resulted in one person killed. CNN reported that 2 people were killed (one of them an Iraqi soldier) and 10 wounded in clashes at the Tuz Khurmato town.
2206:
Following the reluctance of the KRG to heed the warnings, in October 2017, Iraq began to move its forces into areas seized by the KRG in 2014, and all the disputed areas outside the Kurdish Region, including Kirkuk. In a successful
3765:
2300:
tenure as prime minister, I hold grave concerns that this dishonorable campaign against us may cause the collapse of … the very model of a Federal Iraq that the United States sponsored in 2003 and purported to stand by since."
2063:
On November 25, it was reported that Iraqi Kurdistan sent reinforcements to a disputed area, where its troops are "involved in a standoff with the Iraqi army", despite calls on both sides for dialogue to calm the situation.
1448:. The revolt, initiating in 1943, was eventually put down by Iraqi military assault in late 1945, combined with the defection of a number of Kurdish tribes. As a result, the Barzanis retreated with much of their forces into
1646:
The policies are sometimes referred as "internal colonialism", described by Francis Kofi Abiew as a "Colonial 'Arabization'" program, including large-scale Kurdish deportations and forced Arab settlement in the region.
1175:, the number and scope of armed clashes between the central government of Iraq and the Kurds have decreased. In spite of that, however, there are still outstanding issues that continue to cause strife such as the
2115:. Peshmerga forces took control of Kirkuk and other Kurdish-populated areas outside the official territory of the KRG. Officials in Baghdad were angered by the sale of tankers worth of oil transported through the
1299:
and KDP also gaining military support by the Islamic Republic of Iran. By 1986 Iraqi leadership grew tired of the strengthening and non-loyal Kurdish entity in north Iraq and began a genocidal campaign, known as
1254:
and his fighters returned to Iraq from exile, and an attempt was made to negotiate Kurdish autonomy in the north with the new Iraqi administration of Gen. Qasim. The negotiations ultimately failed and the
1934:
and Turkish forces were drawn into the fighting, with additional involvement from the American forces. Between 3,000 and 5,000 fighters and civilians were killed throughout more than 3 years of warfare.
2304:
Region as well as intra-Kurdish problems will “inevitably result in the diminishment of the Kurdistan Region’s political, legal, and economic influence, and could potentially lead to its dissolution."
3673:
2466:
per Kirkuk hospital), 105 Peshmerga killed, 200 wounded, 45 detained as well as 400 Kurdish civilians killed, 200 missing in Kirkuk (per Kurdish sources) and 183,000 displaced (per United Nations)
1440:
was a Kurdish nationalistic insurrection in the Kingdom of Iraq, during World War II. The revolt was led by Mustafa Barzani and later joined by his older brother Ahmed Barzani, the leader of the
2156:
3575:
1179:
and rights to export oil and gas, leading to occasional disputes and armed clashes. In September 2023, following a series of punitive measures by the central government in Iraq against KRI,
2203:
to initiate dialogue "in the framework of the constitution", ordered it to withdraw its forces from the disputed territories seized in 2014, and warned of a possible military retaliation.
1608:, which forced the KDP organization to declare a ceasefire and move into exile. Due to lack of foreign support, however, the guerrillas were only able to operate in the highest regions of
2947:
3626:
1968:. Beginning on 21 March 2003, U.S. forces launched Tomahawk missiles at selected Ansar al-Islam positions throughout the Sargat Valley. In preparation for the ground assault, nicknamed
1320:
by the United States, United Kingdom and France allowed the Kurds to attain de-facto autonomy. In the mid-1990s the conflict between the KDP and PUK erupted once again, resulting in a
3863:
2211:
that lasted less than two weeks, the Iraqi Armed Forces defeated the Peshmerga and successfully reclaimed the area seized by the KRG, as well as later took control of the airports in
1422:. Although initially a tribal dispute, the involvement of the Iraqi government inadvertently led to the growth of Shaykh Ahmad and Mulla Mustafa Barzani as prominent Kurdish leaders.
998:
3545:
1896:
that exists is the "three-state solution", the name for a proposal to divide into three states for its three minorities: the Kurds, the Sunni Arabs and the Shias in the south.
2279:
The 2023 unrest in Kirkuk was an incident which resulted in four Kurdish protesters being killed. The incident involved Arab, Kurdish and Turkmen residents of the city of
1263:
the conflict by providing Kurds with a recognized autonomy in north Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), the negotiations failed in 1974, resulting in resumed hostilities known as the
2789:
3381:
2915:
2888:
2618:
2600:
2582:
2564:
2546:
1794:
called on the Iraqi people to stage an uprising against Saddam Hussein. This was followed by a series of rebellions in many parts of the country, such as the south by
3779:
2355:, the political system adopted after the US-led invasion of Iraq. The Supreme Court subsequently announced that the resignation of Zibari will not hinder its work.
5627:
3656:
591:
3177:
1235:, succeeded in defeating a number of other Kurdish tribes. He ultimately failed and took refuge in Turkey. The next serious Kurdish secession attempt was made by
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4675:
2503:
4511:
3507:
6496:
6218:
6118:
4543:
3681:
1922:
in the mid-1990s, most notably the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan vs. the Kurdistan Democratic Party. Over the course of the conflict, Kurdish factions from
991:
1689:(KDP) as they aligned forces with Iran in the conflict. In 1983, to avenge this liaison, he ordered the Army to abduct as many as 8,000 men and boys from
6178:
5266:
4516:
4253:
1281:
1065:
1975:
Despite their well-armed adversaries, during the operation only 24 Peshmerga were killed in the fighting, compared the opposite body count of over 300.
1964:
or about 90 minutes after the lapse of the 48-hour deadline, at 05:33 local time, explosions were heard in Baghdad, signaling the beginning of the
5485:
5480:
5417:
5412:
1348:, Iraq has taken steps to weaken the Kurdistan Region and expand its own authorities in order to shift the political dynamics of the country towards a
5222:
3634:
3123:
3821:
3215:
2765:
2005:
as well as the establishment of the new Iraqi government following general elections. In 2004, UN Resolution 1546 stipulated the installation of an
5312:
4059:
3583:
3155:
1623:
1583:
1277:
3751:
3196:
3091:
2951:
1195:, Kurdish authorities in Iraq expressed dissatisfaction at what can be perceived as an evident shift of the political system in Iraq back towards
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6359:
5036:
4420:
4246:
4241:
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First Iraqi–Kurdish War or Barzani Rebellion was a major event of the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, lasting from 1961 to 1970. The struggle was led by
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606:
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5339:
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
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1243:
in 1943, but that revolt failed as well, resulting in the exiling of Mustafa to Iran, where he participated in an attempt to form the Kurdish
4576:
4258:
2842:
2716:
2256:. Iraq claimed Turkey had breached provisions of the Iraq-Turkey Pipeline Agreement (ITPA 1973) by not heeding the instructions of the Iraqi
1341:
1380:
in 1932, over his return from the underground. Shaykh Mahmud revolts are considered the first chapter of the modern Iraqi–Kurdish conflict.
4955:
2185:
2147:
2060:
Peshmergas tried to prevent the Iraqi soldiers from entering the area upon Barzani's instructions. There was no confirmation of the event.
1566:
1519:
1513:
1501:
1260:
5361:
5240:
4429:
3553:
3532:
3835:
5867:
5465:
5069:
3766:"ICC Arbitration Tribunal Finally Issues Ruling In The Iraq-Turkey Pipeline Dispute – What It Means For Iraq And The Kurdistan Region"
3442:
3424:
1267:, which resulted in the collapse of the Kurdish militias and the reconquest of northern Iraq by Iraqi government troops. As a result,
5475:
5407:
1336:
as a federal entity within the Republic of Iraq in the new constitution adopted in 2005, relations between Kurdistan Region and the
6511:
6158:
4827:
3379:
Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq (page 67)
1369:
1288:
1070:
3793:
6079:
5554:
4985:
4364:
2527:
Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, p.157,
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6536:
6236:
6108:
5354:
4647:
1759:, reportedly due to its vast oil reserves, which would have helped him pay off the debts he owed to other countries during the
2785:
1872:
In August 1991, the United States, United Kingdom and France enforced two no-fly zones in Iraq after the latter’s loss in the
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4455:
4160:
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2922:
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2543:
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2027:
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in the south a sense of security after they had taken part in their own uprising against Saddam, which is referred to as the
1176:
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2734:
1411:
forces were eventually overpowered by the Iraqi Army with British support, forcing the leaders of Barzan to go underground.
6300:
6091:
5946:
5902:
5744:
4236:
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3298:
2806:
2112:
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3941:
3919:
6506:
6491:
6410:
5783:
5279:
5002:
4494:
4413:
2897:
Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq
2102:
1876:, one in the north and one in the south. This gave the Kurds de-facto autonomy in the north for the first time, and the
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4229:
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3181:
2261:
2216:
1988:
1835:
397:
6501:
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6125:
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5153:
4523:
3356:
3253:
3053:
3029:
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2532:
2245:
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2090:
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were trained into hardened guerrillas, who managed to infiltrate the Jash, a Saddam-orientated Kurdish militia (see
34:
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6196:
6168:
5890:
5885:
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5637:
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5253:
4889:
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2437:
2041:
demanded that officials agree to their demands or face consequences of a secession from Baghdad by September 2012.
1259:
erupted on 11 September 1961, lasting until 1970 and inflicting 75,000–105,000 casualties. Despite the attempts to
3515:
1207:
The first chapter of the Iraqi–Kurdish dispute followed the end of World War I and the arrival of British forces.
6069:
5495:
5427:
5209:
4298:
4286:
4192:
4045:
2208:
2151:
1998:
1345:
1104:
161:
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considered the group as 'Iranians' and began a campaign to drive the settlers out of the area as a part of his '
6213:
6103:
6025:
5920:
5825:
5538:
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4406:
4291:
2116:
1617:
358:
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4776:
1729:). Over 5,000 people are believed to have been killed in the attack, which was considered to be a part of the
6526:
6516:
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4690:
4482:
4219:
2508:
2347:
2249:
2200:
2077:
2049:
2045:
2011:
1368:
were a series of armed uprisings against the British forces in the newly conquered Mesopotamia and later the
1192:
295:
4912:
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1340:
grew strained between 2011 and 2012 due to power-sharing issues and the export of oil. Following the failed
6531:
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4209:
4174:
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2412:
1823:
1706:
1605:
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1223:, began to actively oppose the central rule of the Mandatory Iraq during the 1920s. The first of the major
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128:
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3864:"Kurdish judge resigns from Iraq's supreme federal court in protest of recent ruling on Kurdistan Region"
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2212:
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2015:
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in 2017, as well as the subsequent defeat of the Peshmerga at the hands of the Iraqi armed forces in the
1317:
1256:
1050:
237:
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3101:
1304:, to oust the Kurdish fighters and take revenge on the Kurdish population—an act often described as the
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2219:. Masoud Barzani subsequently announced his resignation and the referendum was effectively abandoned.
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1815:
1686:
1601:
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392:
117:
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in late 2013, on 23 May 2014, Iraq issued an international arbitration case against the latter at the
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4004:
Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves
2456:) – 300 Islamists killed, at least 24 Peshmerga killed; unknown number of Iraqi agents "eliminated".
1810:. Meanwhile, the Kurds in the north staged their own uprising for autonomy, under the leadership of
1191:
to intervene. In March 2024, after several court rulings issued against the Kurdistan Region by the
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6282:
6277:
6206:
5183:
4771:
4528:
4499:
4382:
4152:
2846:
2111:
In 2014, Iraqi army units withdrew from large parts of northern Iraq in the face of attacks by the
2006:
1993:
The invasion of Iraq in 2003 saw a full military occupation of the country and the toppling of the
1643:
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, being largely motivated by the Kurdish-Arab ethnic and political conflict.
1554:
3807:
2138:(forced displacement of Arabs) in Kirkuk, namely by bulldozing homes and banishing the residents.
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6146:
5107:
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4550:
3348:
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2453:
2443:
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1969:
1947:
1911:
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1726:
1613:
1365:
1321:
1212:
1160:
1109:
1094:
1026:
377:
150:
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2318:
On 22 October 2023, clashes between Iraqi security forces and Peshmerga occurred in the town of
2291:
In September 2023, Al-Monitor published an article claiming that the Prime Minister of the KRG,
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6048:
5941:
5204:
5188:
5054:
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2368:
2257:
2192:
2141:
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and other troops liberated the country in 1991 and Iraqi troops were forced out of Kuwait (see
1750:
1284:
projects in North Iraq, aiming to shift demographics and thus destabilize Kurdish power bases.
821:
527:
4398:
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and most of the KDP leadership fled to Iran, while PUK gained power in the vacuum, leading an
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2449:
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2274:
2123:
1965:
1116:
1099:
139:
2916:"Chapter 1: Introduction: The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga"
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2002:
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expressing concerns about a possible collapse of the Kurdistan Region, and calling for the
1172:
1156:, while others relate to the conflict as only the post-1961 insurrection by the Barzanis.
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103:
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8:
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3156:"FRONTLINE/WORLD . Iraq - Saddam's Road to Hell - A journey into the killing fields. PBS"
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1639:
1453:
1437:
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1316:
happened in the north and south of the country. This, combined with the enforcing of the
1244:
1036:
804:
787:
639:
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382:
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3197:"FRONTLINE/WORLD. Iraq - Saddam's Road to Hell - A journey into the killing fields. PBS"
1713:
fighters. Subsequently, the town was attacked with a mix of chemical substances such as
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1465:
1404:
939:
689:
650:
557:
1616:, and Iran supporting the Iraqis at various occasions. The insurgency dimmed with the
18:
Series of wars and rebellions by ethnic Kurds against successive Iraqi administrations
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5019:
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4144:
4128:
3352:
3324:
3249:
3049:
3025:
2982:
2812:
2667:
2528:
2229:
1994:
1855:
1791:
1760:
1730:
1662:
1535:
1469:
1449:
1415:
1329:
1292:
723:
676:
628:
371:
79:
4032:
3723:
2018:
within the Federal Republic of Iraq. The military occupation of Iraq ended in 2011.
6434:
6326:
6241:
6113:
5988:
5983:
5936:
5840:
5724:
5470:
5402:
5232:
5215:
5176:
4851:
4786:
4781:
4753:
4652:
4612:
4387:
4186:
4101:
3905:
3657:"Iraq: Kurdish authorities bulldoze homes and banish hundreds of Arabs from Kirkuk"
3310:
3005:, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, pp.118–120, 1977
1984:
1851:
1714:
1674:
1570:
with the exile of the Iraqi KDP and between 7,000 and 20,000 deaths on both sides.
1337:
1333:
1325:
1168:
969:
925:
878:
858:
755:
706:
663:
583:
568:
542:
501:
411:
290:
232:
5346:
3822:"In letter to Biden, Barzani warns of Iraqi Kurdistan's collapse, urges mediation"
3709:
2698:
1665:
commenced. One of the groups targeted in particular by Iraqi authorities were the
6272:
6201:
5872:
5734:
5622:
4928:
4905:
4622:
4581:
4068:
3780:"Iraq halts northern crude exports after winning arbitration case against Turkey"
3385:
3233:
3019:
2892:
2741:
2622:
2604:
2586:
2568:
2550:
2498:
2292:
2196:
1919:
1892:
1811:
1738:
1698:
1631:
1609:
1558:
1496:
1473:
1445:
1392:
1377:
1268:
1251:
1240:
1232:
1208:
1180:
1149:
453:
434:
345:
3850:"Qarachugh clashes: struggle to control strategic, military and economic region"
2248:
based in Paris, regarding Turkey’s role in the illegal sale of crude oil by the
1891:
The "two-state solution" for the conflict refers to the permanent separation of
1771:
had fled. However, subsequently, an international coalition force consisting of
1573:
6305:
6153:
6096:
5729:
5698:
5319:
4900:
4883:
4878:
4748:
4702:
4334:
3949:
3927:
3724:"UN probe confirms 100s of houses, businesses burned or bombed in Tuz Khurmatu"
3338:
3275:
2418:
2384:
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (combined casualty figure until 2003; 163,800–345,100):
2181:
1915:
1819:
1776:
1768:
1678:
1589:
1579:
1527:
1400:
1308:, with an estimated 50,000–200,000 casualties. In the aftermath of the Persian
1296:
1272:
1141:
1075:
1060:
770:
516:
486:
475:
329:
313:
269:
3046:
Effectively Urbanized - Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar
6485:
6450:
6400:
5832:
5272:
4970:
2322:
after it was handed over to the Iraqi forces following the withdrawal of the
2169:
2135:
1772:
1694:
1553:
Second Iraqi–Kurdish War was an offensive, led by Iraqi forces against rebel
1396:
1349:
1236:
1224:
1220:
1196:
1188:
1164:
854:
809:
792:
775:
739:
711:
694:
645:
617:
595:
497:
464:
440:
256:
3315:
2142:
Failed Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, Peshmerga defeated in Kirkuk
1477:
for his policies. Meanwhile, during 1959–60, Barzani became the head of the
4669:
4571:
4037:
2974:
2296:
1780:
1408:
1184:
874:
843:
387:
186:
2967:"All wars in the 20th century, since 1900 | the Polynational War Memorial"
2235:
2001:(CPA) tasked with administering the country until the issuance of the new
6465:
6460:
5333:
4791:
4743:
4738:
4467:
4449:
3483:"Two dead, 10 wounded after Iraqi, Kurdish forces clash in northern Iraq"
3245:
1877:
1843:
1831:
1722:
1682:
1666:
1650:
1627:
1148:. Some put the marking point of the conflict beginning to the attempt by
1145:
976:
734:
4324:
3962:– via Political Asylum Research and Documentation Service (PARDS).
1418:, where he was held in detention and then sent to exile in the south of
5490:
5422:
3079:
The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention
3006:
2478:– 2 Iraqi soldiers killed, 6 injured and 4 Peshmerga killed, 5 injured
2352:
2240:
In light of the Kurdistan Region initiating independent oil exports to
1795:
1755:
On 2 August 1990, Saddam launched a military invasion onto neighboring
1670:
1219:. Though Mahmud's insurrections were defeated, another Kurdish sheikh,
832:
538:
3849:
3752:"Arabization in Kirkuk reaches critical level amid demographic shifts"
3627:"Iraqi Kurdistan Gets Around $ 100 Million for First Major Oil Export"
3529:
Iraqi Kurdistan send more troops into standoff with Iraq Arab-led army
3443:"Iraqi Kurd leader threatens secession unless power share demands met"
4354:
4197:
4123:
3576:"Maliki's Party Says Troop Review Was Barzani's 'Declaration of War'"
2228:
Rakan Al-Jubouri, surpasses even the level committed by the previous
2127:
2032:
1827:
1710:
1635:
1227:
revolts took place in 1931, after Barzani, one of the most prominent
3021:
The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War without End
2286:
6163:
5378:
5146:
5086:
4369:
4359:
2319:
2071:
1885:
1873:
1764:
1309:
3878:"Kurdish Judge withdraws in protest against Federal Supreme Court"
3674:"Iraqi PM calls on Kurdistan to cancel referendum, start dialogue"
1132:
consists of a series of wars, rebellions and disputes between the
3808:"Iraq wins landmark case against Turkey over Kurdish oil exports"
2910:
The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the Peshmerga
1705:, in retaliation for an attack on Iraqi positions carried out by
1702:
1459:
5336:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
3836:"Iraqi Court's Decision Threatens to Undermine Kurdish Autonomy"
2199:, demanded the cancellation of the referendum and called on the
1787:). Subsequently, one month after the Gulf War in February 1991,
1733:, directed against Kurds by the government under the command of
4428:
3906:"KDP says will not participate in upcoming Kurdistan elections"
2335:
2280:
2241:
2081:
1954:
1927:
1847:
1756:
1685:' policy in 1980., Saddam Hussein was severely critical of the
1332:
and the adoption of federalism. Despite the recognition of the
282:
177:
1407:, succeeded in unifying a number of other Kurdish tribes. The
4477:
3546:"Iraq's Barzani says Kurds ready to fight over disputed city"
2331:
2327:
2161:
1839:
1799:
1718:
1690:
1574:
Arabization of Iraqi Kurdistan and PUK insurgency (1976–1979)
1228:
1140:
starting in the 20th century shortly after the defeat of the
1133:
214:
2362:
also announced that it will not participate in the upcoming
39:
Kurdish refugees in camps along the Turkey-Iraq border, 1991
3398:
Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq
3271:"Netanyahu Finally Supports a Two-State Solution — In Iraq"
2808:
Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II
1931:
1923:
1884:. The no-fly zones effectively ended with the start of the
1612:'s mountains. The PUK also faced the KDP, the KDPI, led by
1597:
1523:
1419:
1137:
934:
869:
849:
838:
827:
816:
799:
782:
765:
746:
729:
718:
701:
671:
658:
623:
612:
406:
366:
340:
308:
199:
68:
3892:"Federal Supreme Court's role in Baghdad-Erbil relations"
3128:
3096:
2882:"The Kurdish Warrior Tradition and the Importance of the
2838:
2323:
2080:
announced that it had started independent oil exports to
1961:
1452:, joining the local Kurdish elements in establishing the
3696:"'We don't want armed confrontation': Iraqi PM on Kurds"
1914:
was a military conflict, which took place between rival
1504:
followed the war in an attempt to resolve the conflict.
3794:"Iraq wins arbitration over KRG's Turkey crude exports"
3738:"Demographic change threatens Khanaqin, officials warn"
2236:
2023 ICC ruling on illegal Kurdistan Region oil exports
1854:
which were used by the Iraqi administration during the
1661:
Between 1980 and 1988, the conflict intensified as the
1542:
3508:"Iraq tensions added to regional turmoil - World News"
2504:
Legislative Council of the Autonomous Kurdistan Region
2472:– 4 Kurdish protesters killed, 16 injured, 40 detained
2346:
In March 2024, after a series of court rulings by the
2222:
1651:
Kurdish rebellion during the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
1484:
1324:, which ended in 1997. Another critical event was the
3464:"Iraqi Kurdish leader says region will defend itself"
3400:, Mike Tucker, Charles Faddis, 2008, The Lyons Press.
3242:
History of the Present: Kurdistan in the 21st Century
3066:
International Politics: Concepts, Theories and Issues
1561:
during 1974–75. The war came in the aftermath of the
2044:
In September 2012, the Iraqi government ordered the
5376:
3425:"Iraqi Kurdistan president visits forces in Kirkuk"
3299:"Iraq's Kurds and Turkey: Challenges for US Policy"
2786:"The Iraqi State and Kurdish Resistance, 1918–2003"
2655:
1978:
1838:). The rebels soon managed to capture the town of
5114:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
3710:"Arabization helps no one, but hurts Kirkuk most"
3238:"The two-state solution: Divide and Democratise!"
2710:
2708:
2287:Concerns about possible Kurdistan Region collapse
1295:, with the Kurdish parties collaborating against
6483:
6126:Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)
5709:East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)
3972:
3480:
2950:. University of Central Arkansas. Archived from
2867:Prince, J. (1993), "A Kurdish State in Iraq" in
2845:. CIA. December 1948. p. 11. Archived from
2653:
2072:Kurdistan Region initiates oil exports to Turkey
1899:
6301:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
6092:Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)
5508:Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)
5267:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
4254:Two-state solution (Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations)
2426:Persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein
2096:
1481:(KDP), which was granted legal status in 1960.
1215:in 1919 and in 1922 proclaimed the short-lived
57:(105 years, 4 months and 4 days)
3598:"Kurdistan Region Begins Oil Export to Turkey"
3470:on August 9, 2022 – via www.reuters.com.
3458:
3456:
2902:
2779:
2705:
1460:Negotiations over Kurdish autonomy (1958–1960)
1360:
5362:
4577:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
4414:
4053:
3337:
3303:The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters
2908:Michael G. Lortz. (Chapter 1, Introduction).
2462:– 150 Iraqi forces (Army + PMU) killed (7 in
1624:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq
1584:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq
992:
5486:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)
5481:India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)
5435:Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)
4067:
4018:Syria's Kurds: history, politics and society
2913:
2186:2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum
2148:2017 Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum
1280:took the opportunity to perform large-scale
6497:Military history of Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
5496:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
5428:Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)
4430:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
3502:
3500:
3453:
3178:"1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack"
3011:
2987:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2964:
2351:Baghdad's departure from the principles of
2341:
5968:Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)
5418:2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
5413:2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
5369:
5355:
4421:
4407:
4060:
4046:
3987:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3934:
3184:on May 5, 2023 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
3044:Eva Savelsberg, Siamend Hajo, Irene Dulz.
2830:
2828:
2649:
2647:
2126:reported that Kurdish authorities (namely
1960:On March 20, 2003, at approximately 02:30
1941:
1673:Kurds settled in the southern area of the
1414:Ahmed Barzani was later forced to flee to
1006:
999:
985:
5768:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
5683:Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)
5440:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)
4001:
3573:
3314:
3232:
3038:
3017:
1592:was a low-level militant campaign by the
1507:
6087:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)
5820:Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)
5763:South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)
5503:Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)
5313:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
3948:. University of Maryland. Archived from
3912:
3497:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
2654:Al-Marashi, Ibra; Salama, Sammy (2008).
2307:
2268:
2155:
2031:
1744:
1514:Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970
4986:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
3920:"Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls"
3574:al-Rubayi, Zaidan (December 12, 2012).
2874:
2825:
2644:
2178:President of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region
6547:Wars involving Kurdistan Region (Iraq)
6484:
5868:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
5466:Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes
3668:
3666:
3213:
3194:
3018:Galbraith, Peter (September 4, 2008).
2800:
2798:
1626:were forced displacement and cultural
1425:
1383:
1328:which resulted in the toppling of the
6016:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)
5555:Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)
5476:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
5408:2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes
5350:
4402:
4041:
3481:Mohammed Tawfeeq (16 November 2012).
3365:
3268:
2714:
2107:Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)
2028:Disputed territories of Northern Iraq
2021:
1861:
1737:, head of the Northern Bureau of the
1177:disputed territories of northern Iraq
1171:(KRI) as a federal entity in the new
980:
6159:Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)
5947:2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes
3624:
3296:
2719:. GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from
2409:(1961–1970) – 12,000–105,000 killed.
2113:Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant
2036:Kurdish flag in the Kurdistan Region
1997:and the installation of a temporary
1657:1983-1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq
1543:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975)
1395:revolts, taking place in 1931 after
6247:Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)
6080:Western Iran clashes (2016–present)
4242:Foreign missions in Iraqi Kurdistan
3663:
3552:. December 11, 2012. Archived from
3466:. November 18, 2012. Archived from
2837:, p. 11, December 1948, ORE 71-48,
2804:
2795:
2223:Arabisation of disputed territories
2103:Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)
1638:, Turkmen, Mandeans), in line with
1485:First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970)
1167:in 2005 and the recognition of the
13:
6268:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
6237:South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)
6197:Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)
6147:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997
6142:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)
5513:Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)
5223:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
4648:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
4026:
3427:. 10 December 2012. Archived from
3269:Dubin, Rhys (September 13, 2017).
2945:
2432:Iraqi Kurdish uprising (1982–1988)
2262:International Court of Arbitration
1836:National Defense Battalions (Iraq)
14:
6568:
5963:Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)
5784:Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)
5597:Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)
5060:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt
3531:EKurd Daily. November 25, 2012. (
3048:. Etudes rurales 2010/2 (n°186).
2246:International Chamber of Commerce
2091:International Chamber of Commerce
1846:and ultimately the oil center of
1522:was reached in March 1970 by the
1391:refers to the first of the major
6283:Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)
5633:1994 North Korean nuclear crisis
5534:Sri Lankan Civil War (1983–2009)
5450:Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)
5098:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
4100:
3977:. Beirut. pp. 485, 499–501.
3614:. Kurdistan Regional Parliament.
3411:"Iraqi Constitution article 117"
3180:. March 16, 1988. Archived from
2446:(1994–1997) – 3,000–5,000 killed
2438:1991 Uprising in As Sulaymaniyah
1438:1943–1945 Kurdish revolt in Iraq
933:
918:
868:
848:
837:
826:
815:
808:
798:
791:
781:
774:
764:
745:
738:
728:
717:
710:
700:
693:
683:
670:
657:
644:
633:
622:
611:
600:
573:
562:
551:
532:
521:
510:
491:
480:
469:
458:
447:
429:
405:
365:
352:
339:
322:
307:
289:
275:
262:
249:
225:
207:
192:
185:
170:
155:
144:
133:
122:
111:
97:
33:
6512:Kurdistan independence movement
6435:Sinai insurgency (2011–present)
6327:Syrian Civil War (2011–present)
6310:Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)
5725:Myanmar conflict (1948–present)
5471:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
5403:Kashmir conflict (1947–present)
5280:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
5249:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
5003:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
4010:
3995:
3973:Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010).
3966:
3898:
3884:
3870:
3856:
3842:
3828:
3814:
3800:
3786:
3772:
3758:
3744:
3730:
3716:
3702:
3688:
3649:
3618:
3604:
3590:
3567:
3538:
3522:
3474:
3445:. 26 April 2012. Archived from
3435:
3417:
3403:
3391:
3344:The End of the American Century
3331:
3290:
3262:
3226:
3207:
3188:
3170:
3148:
3116:
3084:
3071:
3058:
2995:
2958:
2948:"18. Iraq/Kurds (1932-present)"
2939:
2861:
2758:
2727:
1999:Coalition Provisional Authority
1979:Invasion and occupation of Iraq
1630:of minorities (Kurds, Yezidis,
1342:Kurdish independence referendum
1163:and the subsequent adoption of
162:Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq
6179:ISIL insurgency (2017–present)
6075:Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)
5815:Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)
5810:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)
5704:Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)
5560:Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)
3216:"The Crimes of Saddam Hussein"
2843:"The Kurdish Minority Problem"
2805:Heo, Uk (September 15, 2007).
2683:
2627:
2609:
2591:
2573:
2555:
2537:
2521:
2380:
2297:President of the United States
1989:Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)
1677:near Iraq's border with Iran.
1618:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
1185:President of the United States
1:
6537:History of the Kurdish people
5699:Papua conflict (1969–present)
5050:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
4691:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3003:Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds
2691:"Army - Iraq Special Weapons"
2515:
2509:A Modern History of the Kurds
2403:(1943–1945) – hundreds killed
2397:(1931–1932) – hundreds killed
2374:
2250:Kurdistan Regional Government
2191:Angered by the decision, the
2078:Kurdistan Regional Government
2050:Kurdistan Regional Government
2046:Kurdistan Regional Government
1900:Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997)
1282:displacement and colonization
1202:
1136:and the central authority of
970:displaced and turned refugees
296:Kurdistan Regional Government
24:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1919-
6401:Yemeni crisis (2011–present)
6169:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
5841:FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)
5539:JVP insurrection (1987–1989)
5254:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
5241:Turkish involvement in Syria
5125:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
4956:Political violence in Turkey
4890:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
4797:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
4676:Italian bombing of Palestine
4638:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
4587:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
4091:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
3625:Emre, Peker (23 June 2014).
2835:The Kurdish Minority Problem
2097:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
1824:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1707:Iranian Revolutionary Guards
1693:province, where the clan of
1594:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
1399:, one of the most prominent
1350:centralised political system
1152:to establish an independent
1071:1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions
7:
6406:Houthi takeover (2014–2015)
6273:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
6219:Syrian arena (2012–present)
6202:Second Intifada (2000–2005)
6119:Syrian arena (2012–present)
6070:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)
5656:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
5592:Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)
5445:Religious violence in India
4506:Turkish War of Independence
4490:Unification of Saudi Arabia
4247:Missions of Iraqi Kurdistan
3975:Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon
3612:"Kurdistan Oil and Gas law"
3124:"PBS: The Missing Barzanis"
2717:"Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)"
2482:
2460:2017 Iraqi-Kurdish conflict
2415:(1974–1975) – 9,000 killed.
2295:, had sent a letter to the
2152:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2086:Kurdistan Region Parliament
1868:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
1596:(PUK) against the state of
1361:Mahmud Barzanji (1919–1924)
1352:, the one it had pre-2005.
1346:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1105:2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
398:National Defense Battalions
10:
6573:
6507:Kurdish separatism in Iraq
6456:Operation Inherent Resolve
6278:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
6214:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
6207:Gaza–Israel (2006–present)
6104:Iran–Israel (1985–present)
6065:Kurdish separatism in Iran
5171:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
5165:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
5154:Balochi insurgency in Iran
5130:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
4966:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
4961:Islamist uprising in Syria
4939:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
4828:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
4714:Kurdish separatism in Iran
4633:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
4292:Taqtaq-Feshkhabur pipeline
2494:Kurdish separatism in Iran
2311:
2272:
2254:Kirkuk-Ceyhan Oil Pipeline
2160:Pro-independence rally in
2145:
2117:Kirkuk–Ceyhan Oil Pipeline
2100:
2052:(KRG) claim jurisdiction.
2025:
1982:
1945:
1903:
1865:
1816:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1748:
1687:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1654:
1602:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1600:, after the defeat of the
1577:
1546:
1530:, in the aftermath of the
1520:Kurdish Autonomy agreement
1511:
1502:Iraqi–Kurdish negotiations
1488:
1479:Kurdistan Democratic Party
1429:
1355:
1291:re-emerged as part of the
412:Central Government of Iraq
6443:
6425:
6373:
6342:
6319:
6293:
6260:
6229:
6189:
6134:
6109:South Lebanon (1985–2000)
6057:
6041:
6008:
6001:
5976:
5955:
5929:
5913:
5860:
5853:
5802:
5776:
5755:
5717:
5691:
5675:
5668:
5648:
5628:Maritime border incidents
5610:
5584:
5577:
5547:
5521:
5458:
5395:
5388:
5329:
5292:
5197:
5138:
5078:
5011:
4929:Black September in Jordan
4921:
4820:
4764:
4661:
4605:
4559:
4436:
4378:
4347:
4320:
4311:
4282:
4273:
4182:
4173:
4119:
4110:
4097:
4076:
4002:Al-Hakeem, Sahib (2003).
2821:– via Google Books.
2735:"Iraq Overview (page 17)"
2421:(1976–1978) – 800 killed.
1534:, for the creation of an
1018:
965:
960:
889:
422:
89:
43:
32:
23:
6502:Military history of Iraq
6411:Civil War (2014–present)
6360:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
6049:Bahraini uprising (2011)
5745:Civil war (2021–present)
5031:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
5026:1980 Turkish coup d'état
4845:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
4777:1953 Iranian coup d'état
4772:1952 Egyptian revolution
4500:1919 Egyptian revolution
4483:Mount Lebanon starvation
3659:. Amnesty International.
3349:Rowman & Littlefield
2489:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
2434:– 50,000–198,000 killed.
2413:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
2342:Growing state centralism
2260:. In February 2023, the
2168:Following the defeat of
2007:interim Iraqi government
1806:in what is known as the
1767:). Within 24 hours, the
1606:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
1549:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
1338:Iraqi central government
1265:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
1056:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
6396:South Yemen (2009–2015)
6252:Lebanon conflict (2008)
6174:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
5989:Andijan massacre (2005)
5984:Fergana massacre (1989)
5529:JVP insurrection (1971)
5260:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
5108:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
5103:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
4913:1966 Syrian coup d'état
4840:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
4681:Allied invasion of Iraq
4628:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
4551:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
4259:Independence referendum
3631:The Wall Street Journal
3316:10.55540/0031-1723.2219
2899:, 2005-10-28. Chapter 1
2454:Operation Viking Hammer
2444:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
2407:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
2389:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1970:Operation Viking Hammer
1948:Operation Viking Hammer
1942:Operation Viking Hammer
1912:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
1906:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
1789:United States President
1727:Halabja chemical attack
1614:Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou
1565:(1961–70), as the 1970
1563:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
1539:long-running conflict.
1532:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
1491:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
1442:previous Kurdish revolt
1370:British Mandate in Iraq
1366:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
1257:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
1161:US-led invasion of Iraq
1051:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
1027:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
6492:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
5942:2010 Kyrgyz Revolution
5205:2011 Bahraini uprising
5189:South Yemen insurgency
5070:Abu Nidal's executions
5055:1986 Damascus bombings
4834:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
4686:Syria–Lebanon campaign
4456:Middle Eastern theatre
4086:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
4033:Iraqi Insurgent Groups
3092:"PBS: The Fayli Kurds"
3024:. Simon and Schuster.
2193:Prime Minister of Iraq
2165:
2084:. This came after the
2037:
1930:, as well as Iranian,
1785:Operation Desert Storm
1751:1991 uprisings in Iraq
1508:Cease-fire (1970–1974)
1130:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1010:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
966:163,800–345,100 killed
822:Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri
423:Commanders and leaders
5903:Republican insurgency
5602:Tibetan unrest (2008)
5045:South Yemen civil war
4944:Shatt al-Arab clashes
4869:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
4858:North Yemen civil war
4807:1958 Iraqi revolution
4734:1948 Arab–Israeli War
4728:Arab–Israeli conflict
4597:Sheikh Said rebellion
4461:Battle of Robat Karim
3684:on December 15, 2018.
3586:on December 18, 2012.
3518:on December 25, 2022.
3413:. Constitute Project.
3218:. PBS. Archived from
3199:. PBS. Archived from
2701:on November 22, 2022.
2662:. Routledge. p.
2476:2023 Makhmour clashes
2470:2023 unrest in Kirkuk
2450:2003 invasion of Iraq
2391:(1919–1924) – unknown
2348:Supreme Court of Iraq
2314:2023 Makhmour clashes
2308:2023 Makhmour clashes
2275:2023 unrest in Kirkuk
2269:2023 Unrest in Kirkuk
2159:
2124:Amnesty International
2035:
2026:Further information:
1745:1991 Kurdish uprising
1314:a series of uprisings
1278:Ba'athist authorities
1193:Supreme Court of Iraq
1183:sent a letter to the
1117:2023 Makhmour clashes
1100:2003 invasion of Iraq
1066:Arabization campaigns
961:Casualties and losses
6527:History of Kurdistan
6517:20th century in Iraq
6386:al-Qaeda (1998–2015)
6365:Turkey–ISIL conflict
6164:Iraq War (2003–2011)
5184:Fatah–Hamas conflict
5120:Operation Desert Fox
5093:1991 Iraqi uprisings
5087:Gulf War (1990–1991)
4998:Grand Mosque seizure
4976:Yemenite War of 1979
4934:Yemenite War of 1972
4874:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
4864:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
4618:Ahmed Barzani revolt
4529:Turkish–Armenian War
4161:Disputed territories
3339:Stewart Mason, David
3077:Francis Kofi Abiew.
2971:www.war-memorial.net
2954:on October 23, 2021.
2946:Arnold; et al.
2395:Ahmed Barzani revolt
2134:) had taken part in
1804:Islamic Da'awa Party
1389:Ahmed Barzani revolt
1374:Kingdom of Kurdistan
1217:Kingdom of Kurdistan
1154:Kingdom of Kurdistan
1032:Ahmed Barzani revolt
905:50,000-60,000 (1974)
901:15,000–20,000 (1962)
752:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
104:Kingdom of Kurdistan
6532:Wars involving Iraq
5565:Operation All Clear
5332:This list includes
5300:2021 Beirut clashes
5160:2004 Qamishli riots
5037:Turkey–PKK conflict
4993:1979 Qatif Uprising
4812:1959 Mosul uprising
4802:1958 Lebanon crisis
4749:1973 Yom Kippur War
4720:Iran crisis of 1946
4708:Al-Wathbah uprising
4698:1943 Barzani revolt
4592:Great Syrian Revolt
4572:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
4495:Simko Shikak revolt
4189:(autonomous region)
4006:. pp. 489–492.
3512:Hürriyet Daily News
3297:Park, Bill (2004).
2658:Iraq's armed forces
2440:– 700–2,000 killed.
2401:1943 Barzani revolt
2369:centralized system.
1735:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1640:settler colonialist
1526:government and the
1454:Republic of Mahabad
1432:1943 Barzani revolt
1426:1943 Kurdish revolt
1384:1931 Kurdish revolt
1273:insurgency campaign
1245:Republic of Mahabad
1239:'s younger brother
1037:1943 Barzani revolt
805:Taha Yassin Ramadan
788:Ali Hassan al-Majid
640:Abdul Aziz al-Hakim
383:Iraqi Ground Forces
242:UNSC Resolution 688
6557:Civil wars in Iraq
6552:Kurdish rebellions
6542:Separatism in Iraq
6522:Rebellions in Iraq
6471:Colour revolutions
6391:Houthi (2004–2015)
6332:Regional spillover
6242:Lebanon War (2006)
6114:Lebanon War (2006)
4981:Iranian Revolution
4950:Lebanese Civil War
4896:1948 Palestine war
4643:1935 Yazidi revolt
4534:Franco-Turkish War
4210:Presidency Council
3946:Minorities at Risk
3930:on April 17, 2023.
3810:. Financial Times.
3493:on March 26, 2023.
3388:, Michael G. Lortz
3384:2013-10-29 at the
3236:(9 January 2019).
3064:Prof. Rimki Basu.
2914:Michael G. Lortz.
2891:2013-10-29 at the
2880:Lortz, Michael G.
2775:on August 7, 2011.
2723:on April 17, 2023.
2621:2013-10-29 at the
2603:2013-10-29 at the
2585:2013-10-29 at the
2567:2013-10-29 at the
2549:2013-10-29 at the
2209:military operation
2184:, facilitated the
2166:
2122:In November 2016,
2076:In late 2013, the
2038:
2022:2011–2012 tensions
1882:Sha'ban revolution
1862:Iraqi no-fly zones
1808:Sha’ban revolution
1405:Southern Kurdistan
1213:secession attempts
1173:Iraqi constitution
968:Millions of Kurds
940:Iraqi Armed Forces
690:Abd al-Karim Qasim
651:John Shalikashvili
558:Nawshirwan Mustafa
6479:
6478:
6426:Inter-continental
6421:
6420:
6355:DHKP/C insurgency
6350:Maoist insurgency
5997:
5996:
5849:
5848:
5740:Rohingya conflict
5664:
5663:
5573:
5572:
5491:Kargil War (1999)
5423:Kargil War (1999)
5382:conflicts in Asia
5344:
5343:
4567:Franco-Syrian War
4524:Greco-Turkish War
4512:Anglo-Turkish War
4478:Assyrian genocide
4473:Armenian genocide
4444:Italo-Turkish War
4396:
4395:
4343:
4342:
4307:
4306:
4269:
4268:
4237:Foreign relations
4169:
4168:
3894:. The New Region.
3431:on March 6, 2022.
2977:on July 27, 2018.
2965:Wars since 1900.
2678:Iraq 60,000 1969.
2673:978-0-415-40078-7
2511:by David McDowall
2164:in September 2017
1966:U.S.-led invasion
1856:Al-Anfal Campaign
1792:George H. W. Bush
1731:Al-Anfal Campaign
1669:, a community of
1470:Abdul Karim Qasim
1450:Iranian Kurdistan
1125:
1124:
1095:1994–97 Civil War
975:
974:
724:Abdul Rahman Arif
677:Faisal II of Iraq
629:Ali Sayad Shirazi
334:
219:
204:
182:
85:
84:
58:
6564:
6381:Civil war (1994)
6006:
6005:
5937:1990 Osh clashes
5921:Ethnic conflicts
5858:
5857:
5835:
5828:
5673:
5672:
5638:2017–2018 crisis
5616:
5582:
5581:
5393:
5392:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5306:Israel–Hamas war
5233:Syrian civil war
5216:Sinai insurgency
5177:2006 Lebanon War
4852:Dhofar Rebellion
4787:Cyprus Emergency
4782:Jebel Akhdar War
4754:1982 Lebanon War
4744:1967 Six-Day War
4653:Dersim rebellion
4613:Ararat rebellion
4517:Al-Jazeera Front
4423:
4416:
4409:
4400:
4399:
4318:
4317:
4280:
4279:
4205:
4187:Kurdistan Region
4180:
4179:
4156:
4148:
4140:
4132:
4117:
4116:
4105:
4104:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4021:
4014:
4008:
4007:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3986:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3926:. Archived from
3916:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3680:. Archived from
3670:
3661:
3660:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3637:on June 24, 2014
3633:. Archived from
3622:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3582:. Archived from
3571:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3542:
3536:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3514:. Archived from
3504:
3495:
3494:
3489:. Archived from
3478:
3472:
3471:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3449:on May 28, 2023.
3439:
3433:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3407:
3401:
3395:
3389:
3376:
3363:
3362:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3234:Mirawdeli, Kamal
3230:
3224:
3223:
3222:on May 22, 2023.
3211:
3205:
3204:
3203:on May 10, 2023.
3192:
3186:
3185:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3166:on May 10, 2023.
3162:. Archived from
3152:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3132:. Archived from
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3100:. Archived from
3088:
3082:
3075:
3069:
3062:
3056:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3015:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2973:. Archived from
2962:
2956:
2955:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2921:. Archived from
2920:
2906:
2900:
2878:
2872:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2802:
2793:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2771:. Archived from
2770:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2740:. Archived from
2739:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2697:. Archived from
2687:
2681:
2680:
2661:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2631:
2625:
2613:
2607:
2595:
2589:
2577:
2571:
2559:
2553:
2541:
2535:
2525:
2464:Battle of Kirkuk
2383:
2093:based in Paris.
1995:Ba'athist regime
1985:Invasion of Iraq
1852:chemical weapons
1822:, leader of the
1814:, leader of the
1715:VX (nerve agent)
1709:and the aligned
1675:Zagros Mountains
1334:Kurdistan Region
1330:Ba'athist regime
1326:invasion of Iraq
1322:bloody civil war
1306:Kurdish genocide
1169:Kurdistan Region
1013:
1011:
1001:
994:
987:
978:
977:
951:1,000,000 (1988)
938:
937:
924:
922:
921:
883:
873:
872:
863:
853:
852:
842:
841:
831:
830:
820:
819:
812:
803:
802:
795:
786:
785:
778:
769:
768:
760:
750:
749:
742:
733:
732:
722:
721:
714:
707:Abdul Salam Arif
705:
704:
697:
688:
687:
686:
675:
674:
664:Faisal I of Iraq
662:
661:
649:
648:
638:
637:
636:
627:
626:
616:
615:
605:
604:
603:
588:
578:
577:
576:
569:Kosrat Rasul Ali
567:
566:
565:
556:
555:
554:
547:
537:
536:
535:
526:
525:
524:
515:
514:
513:
506:
496:
495:
494:
485:
484:
483:
474:
473:
472:
463:
462:
461:
452:
451:
450:
433:
410:
409:
378:Republican Guard
370:
369:
357:
356:
355:
344:
343:
332:
328:
326:
325:
312:
311:
294:
293:
281:
279:
278:
268:
266:
265:
255:
253:
252:
231:
229:
228:
217:
213:
211:
210:
202:
198:
196:
195:
190:
189:
180:
176:
174:
173:
160:
159:
158:
149:
148:
147:
138:
137:
136:
127:
126:
125:
116:
115:
114:
102:
101:
100:
56:
45:
44:
37:
21:
20:
6572:
6571:
6567:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6439:
6427:
6417:
6369:
6338:
6315:
6289:
6256:
6225:
6185:
6130:
6053:
6037:
5993:
5972:
5951:
5925:
5909:
5873:Afghan conflict
5845:
5831:
5824:
5798:
5772:
5751:
5735:Kachin conflict
5713:
5687:
5660:
5644:
5623:Korean conflict
5614:
5612:
5606:
5569:
5543:
5517:
5454:
5384:
5375:
5345:
5340:
5338:
5325:
5288:
5210:Egyptian Crisis
5193:
5134:
5074:
5007:
4917:
4906:Second Intifada
4816:
4760:
4657:
4623:Simele massacre
4601:
4582:Adwan Rebellion
4555:
4432:
4427:
4397:
4392:
4374:
4348:Security forces
4339:
4303:
4265:
4199:
4165:
4154:
4146:
4138:
4130:
4106:
4099:
4095:
4072:
4069:Iraqi Kurdistan
4066:
4029:
4027:Further reading
4024:
4015:
4011:
4000:
3996:
3980:
3979:
3971:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3953:(Word document)
3952:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3924:users.erols.com
3918:
3917:
3913:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3848:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3640:
3638:
3623:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3572:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3527:
3523:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3479:
3475:
3462:
3461:
3454:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3396:
3392:
3386:Wayback Machine
3377:
3366:
3359:
3351:. p. 150.
3336:
3332:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3231:
3227:
3212:
3208:
3193:
3189:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3137:
3136:on May 22, 2023
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3104:on May 10, 2023
3090:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3063:
3059:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3016:
3012:
3000:
2996:
2980:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2918:
2907:
2903:
2893:Wayback Machine
2879:
2875:
2869:Current History
2866:
2862:
2852:
2850:
2841:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2803:
2796:
2784:
2780:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2713:
2706:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2652:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:Wayback Machine
2614:
2610:
2605:Wayback Machine
2596:
2592:
2587:Wayback Machine
2578:
2574:
2569:Wayback Machine
2560:
2556:
2551:Wayback Machine
2542:
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4020:. 2009. p.156.
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3880:. Kurdistan24.
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3866:. Gulan Media.
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2182:Masoud Barzani
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1946:Main article:
1943:
1940:
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1820:Jalal Talabani
1769:Emir of Kuwait
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1679:Saddam Hussein
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1590:PUK insurgency
1580:PUK insurgency
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956:424,000 (2002)
953:382,500 (1992)
949:300,000 (1980)
947:180,000 (1978)
929:
914:100,000 (1991)
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771:Saddam Hussein
653:
517:Jalal Talabani
487:Babakir Zebari
476:Masoud Barzani
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359:Iraqi Republic
330:United Kingdom
314:Mandatory Iraq
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6451:War on terror
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6026:2016 conflict
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5898:2001–2021 War
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5020:Iran–Iraq War
5017:
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4996:
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4971:NDF Rebellion
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4153:Sulaymaniyah
4151:
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4019:
4016:Jordi Tejel.
4013:
4005:
3998:
3990:
3984:
3976:
3969:
3955:on 2017-10-11
3951:
3947:
3943:
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3865:
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3851:
3845:
3837:
3831:
3824:. Al-monitor.
3823:
3817:
3809:
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3796:. Argusmedia.
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3607:
3599:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3556:on 2012-12-14
3555:
3551:
3550:Today's Zaman
3547:
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3358:9780742557024
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3255:9781728383088
3251:
3247:
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3055:
3054:9782713222955
3051:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3031:9781847396129
3027:
3023:
3022:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3001:G.S. Harris,
2998:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2928:on 2013-10-29
2924:
2917:
2912:. pp. 39–42.
2911:
2905:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2877:
2870:
2864:
2849:on 2012-03-08
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2820:
2818:9781851099191
2814:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2774:
2767:
2761:
2747:on 2011-07-23
2743:
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2533:0-8032-3733-2
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2210:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2176:, the former
2175:
2171:
2170:Islamic State
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2136:Kurdification
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
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2069:
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2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1949:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
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1761:Iran–Iraq War
1758:
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1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
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1696:
1695:Barzani Kurds
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
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1668:
1664:
1663:Iran–Iraq War
1658:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:(KDP) in the
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1540:
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1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1505:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1466:military coup
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:Ahmed Barzani
1394:
1390:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1293:Iran–Iraq War
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1237:Ahmed Barzani
1234:
1233:Northern Iraq
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:Ahmed Barzani
1218:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:United States
1186:
1182:
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1174:
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1162:
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1155:
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1111:
1108:
1107:
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1052:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1038:
1035:
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1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
988:
983:
982:
979:
971:
964:
959:
955:
945:90,000 (1974)
943:48,000 (1969)
941:
936:
930:
928:70,000 (2003)
927:
916:
909:
908:KDP & PUK
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
882:
876:
871:
866:
864:
862:
856:
855:Qusay Hussein
851:
845:
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811:
806:
801:
794:
789:
784:
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703:
696:
691:
679:
678:
673:
666:
665:
660:
654:
652:
647:
642:
641:
630:
625:
619:
618:Mohsen Rezaee
614:
608:
607:Aziz Muhammad
597:
596:Ahmed Chalabi
593:
589:
587:
581:
570:
559:
548:
546:
540:
529:
528:Ibrahim Ahmad
518:
507:
505:
499:
498:Mahmoud Ezidi
488:
477:
466:
465:Idris Barzani
455:
443:
442:
441:Ahmed Barzani
437:
436:
432:
427:
426:
421:
417:
413:
408:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
374:
373:
368:
361:
360:
348:
347:
342:
335:
331:
319:
318:Supported by:
315:
310:
304:
301:
297:
292:
284:
273:
271:
260:
258:
257:United States
247:
246:
245:
243:
239:
234:
221:
216:
203:(before 1988)
201:
188:
179:
167:
166:Supported by:
163:
152:
141:
130:
119:
107:
105:
94:
93:
88:
81:
78:
75:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:
54:
50:
47:
46:
42:
36:
31:
27:
22:
16:
6294:Saudi Arabia
6141:
6002:Western Asia
5854:Central Asia
5331:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5278:
5277:
5265:
5258:
5239:
5231:
5230:
5221:
5214:
5169:
5152:
5145:
5113:
5085:
5035:
5018:
4948:
4888:
4856:
4833:
4832:
4726:
4712:
4670:World War II
4668:
4504:
4448:
4299:Demographics
4287:Oil reserves
4201:
4193:Human rights
4085:
4017:
4012:
4003:
3997:
3974:
3968:
3957:. Retrieved
3950:the original
3945:
3936:
3928:the original
3923:
3914:
3900:
3886:
3872:
3858:
3852:. KirkukNow.
3844:
3830:
3816:
3802:
3788:
3774:
3760:
3746:
3732:
3718:
3704:
3690:
3682:the original
3677:
3651:
3639:. Retrieved
3635:the original
3630:
3620:
3606:
3592:
3584:the original
3579:
3569:
3558:. Retrieved
3554:the original
3549:
3540:
3524:
3516:the original
3511:
3491:the original
3486:
3476:
3468:the original
3447:the original
3437:
3429:the original
3419:
3405:
3397:
3393:
3343:
3333:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3274:
3264:
3241:
3228:
3220:the original
3214:Dave Johns.
3209:
3201:the original
3195:Dave Johns.
3190:
3182:the original
3172:
3164:the original
3159:
3150:
3138:. Retrieved
3134:the original
3127:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:the original
3095:
3086:
3081::p146. 1991.
3078:
3073:
3068::p103. 2012.
3065:
3060:
3045:
3040:
3020:
3013:
3002:
2997:
2975:the original
2970:
2960:
2952:the original
2941:
2930:. Retrieved
2923:the original
2909:
2904:
2896:
2883:
2876:
2868:
2863:
2851:. Retrieved
2847:the original
2834:
2811:. ABC-CLIO.
2807:
2781:
2773:the original
2760:
2749:. Retrieved
2742:the original
2729:
2721:the original
2699:the original
2694:
2685:
2677:
2657:
2629:
2611:
2593:
2575:
2557:
2539:
2523:
2381:
2378:
2357:
2345:
2317:
2302:
2290:
2278:
2252:through the
2239:
2226:
2217:Sulaymaniyah
2205:
2190:
2167:
2121:
2110:
2075:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2043:
2039:
2003:constitution
1992:
1974:
1959:
1951:
1937:
1918:factions in
1909:
1890:
1871:
1754:
1739:Ba'ath Party
1660:
1645:
1622:
1587:
1552:
1517:
1494:
1463:
1435:
1413:
1387:
1364:
1318:no-fly zones
1305:
1286:
1249:
1206:
1158:
1129:
1127:
1087:
1086:
1043:
1042:
1020:
1008:
931:
912:5,000 (1980)
907:
903:6,000 (1970)
896:
895:
880:
875:Uday Hussein
860:
844:Saddam Kamel
757:
681:
668:
655:
585:
544:
503:
445:
439:
428:
415:
400:(until 1991)
388:Iraqi Police
363:
350:
337:
317:
305:
299:
223:
165:
109:
106:(1922–1924)
95:
90:Belligerents
52:
25:
15:
6466:Arab Winter
6461:Arab Spring
5861:Afghanistan
5794:2006 crisis
5789:1999 crisis
5334:World War I
4792:Suez Crisis
4739:Suez Crisis
4468:Arab Revolt
4450:World War I
3698:. France24.
3678:www.efe.com
3246:AuthorHouse
3160:www.pbs.org
3140:22 November
3108:22 November
2715:John Pike.
1844:Sulaimaniya
1832:Jash (term)
1723:mustard gas
1697:was based.
1683:Arabization
1667:Feyli Kurds
1634:, Shabaks,
1628:Arabization
1403:leaders in
1231:leaders in
1146:World War I
1088:Later phase
735:Tahir Yahya
333:(1922–1924)
238:No-Fly Zone
218:(1980–1988)
181:(1961–1970)
6486:Categories
6031:Second War
6009:Azerbaijan
5977:Uzbekistan
5956:Tajikistan
5930:Kyrgyzstan
5914:Kazakhstan
5877:Civil War
5777:East Timor
5615:and South)
5389:South Asia
4215:Parliament
3959:2012-05-06
3782:. Reuters.
3580:Al-Monitor
3560:2012-12-13
2932:2014-10-16
2871:, January.
2853:2012-03-15
2751:2011-04-06
2516:References
2375:Casualties
2353:federalism
2016:parliament
2012:government
1567:peace plan
1555:KDP troops
1536:Autonomous
1464:After the
1203:Background
1197:centralism
1165:federalism
1159:Since the
1044:Main phase
833:Tariq Aziz
580:Mama Risha
539:Ali Askari
393:Mukhabarat
236:Enforcing
6261:Palestine
6021:First War
5891:1996–2001
5886:1992–1996
5881:1989–1992
5692:Indonesia
5578:East Asia
5522:Sri Lanka
4355:Peshmerga
4220:President
4202:Peshmerga
4198:Military
4155:(Slêmanî)
4139:(Helebce)
4124:Kurdistan
4112:Geography
3983:cite book
3768:. Mondaq.
3325:151138570
3309:(3): 25.
3282:10 August
2884:Peshmerga
2635:"Page 24"
2230:Ba'athist
2128:Peshmerga
1828:Peshmerga
1711:Peshmerga
1636:Armenians
1632:Assyrians
1472:in 1958,
1250:In 1958,
6428:conflict
5756:Thailand
5676:Cambodia
5459:Pakistan
5379:Cold War
5147:Iraq War
4383:Category
4370:Zeravani
4360:Parastin
4175:Politics
4137:Halabja
4131:(Hewlêr)
3908:. Rudaw.
3740:. Rudaw.
3726:. Rudaw.
3712:. Rudaw.
3600:. Rudaw.
3382:Archived
3341:(2009).
2983:cite web
2889:Archived
2619:Archived
2601:Archived
2583:Archived
2565:Archived
2547:Archived
2483:See also
2428:- 25,000
2364:regional
2320:Makhmour
2232:regime.
1886:Iraq war
1874:Gulf War
1802:and the
1773:American
1765:Gulf War
1310:Gulf War
1302:Al-Anfal
1289:conflict
890:Strength
64:Location
6230:Lebanon
6042:Bahrain
5718:Myanmar
4539:Revolts
4313:Culture
4275:Economy
4147:(Dihok)
4078:History
3641:24 June
3533:Archive
2790:Archive
2695:fas.org
2616:Page 59
2598:Page 54
2580:Page 48
2562:Page 47
2544:Page 39
2172:in the
2132:Asayish
1916:Kurdish
1796:Shi'ite
1777:British
1703:Halabja
1671:Shi'ite
1444:in the
1401:Kurdish
1393:Barzani
1356:History
1261:resolve
1229:Kurdish
1225:Barzani
881:†
861:†
758:†
586:†
545:†
504:†
416:present
300:present
80:Ongoing
53:present
26:present
6343:Turkey
6190:Israel
5803:Others
5649:Taiwan
5613:(North
5611:Korea
5548:Others
4388:Portal
4365:Asaish
4335:People
4325:Anthem
4145:Dohuk
4129:Erbil
3838:. VOA.
3355:
3323:
3252:
3052:
3028:
2815:
2766:"Iraq"
2670:
2531:
2336:Kirkuk
2281:Kirkuk
2242:Turkey
2082:Turkey
1955:Turkey
1928:Turkey
1848:Kirkuk
1826:. The
1818:, and
1757:Kuwait
1416:Turkey
1409:Barzan
1211:began
1110:Kirkuk
923:
877:
857:
807:
790:
773:
754:
737:
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692:
582:
541:
500:
414:(2005-
327:
298:(2005-
283:France
280:
267:
254:
230:
212:
197:
178:Israel
175:
76:Status
6374:Yemen
6320:Syria
5585:China
5396:India
5377:Post–
5293:2020s
5198:2010s
5139:2000s
5079:1990s
5012:1980s
4922:1970s
4821:1960s
4765:1950s
4662:1940s
4606:1930s
4560:1920s
4437:1910s
3321:S2CID
3007:JSTOR
2926:(PDF)
2919:(PDF)
2769:(PDF)
2745:(PDF)
2738:(PDF)
2638:(PDF)
2424:1980
2332:Erbil
2328:Mosul
2213:Erbil
2162:Erbil
1932:Iraqi
1878:Shias
1840:Ranya
1800:SCIRI
1781:Saudi
1763:(see
1725:(see
1719:sarin
1691:Erbil
1528:Kurds
1524:Iraqi
1134:Kurds
215:Syria
51:1919–
6135:Iraq
6058:Iran
5833:Moro
4330:Flag
3989:link
3643:2014
3353:ISBN
3284:2021
3250:ISBN
3142:2014
3110:2014
3050:ISBN
3026:ISBN
2989:link
2813:ISBN
2668:ISBN
2529:ISBN
2358:The
2334:and
2215:and
2150:and
2130:and
2105:and
2014:and
1987:and
1926:and
1924:Iran
1910:The
1834:and
1721:and
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1588:The
1582:and
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1420:Iraq
1287:The
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1128:The
240:per
200:Iran
69:Iraq
48:Date
5826:NPA
3487:CNN
3311:doi
3129:PBS
3097:PBS
2839:CIA
2664:121
2360:KDP
2324:PKK
2201:KRG
1962:UTC
1858:).
1557:of
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