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2325:
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40:
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2959:), however, it left out Sulaymaniyah, Kirkuk and other important Kurdish populated regions. Bloody clashes between Iraqi forces and Kurdish troops continued and, after an uneasy and shaky balance of power was reached, the Iraqi government fully withdrew its military and other personnel from the region in October 1991 allowing Iraqi Kurdistan to function de facto independently. The region was to be ruled by the two principal Kurdish parties; the Kurdish Democratic Party (KDP) and the
3072:
2643:
Kurdish
Teachers Congress was cancelled and Qasim even denied that "Kurds" constituted an own nation. Qasim began to prepare for a military offensive against the north to return government control of the region. Meanwhile, in June 1961, the KDP issued a detailed ultimatum to Qasim outlining Kurdish grievances, demanding that the Kurdish language would become an official language in Kurdish majority regions. Qasim ignored the Kurdish demands and continued his planning for war.
6904:
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902:
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79:
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2617:(KDP), which was granted legal status in 1960. By early 1960, it became apparent that Qasim would not follow through with his promise of regional autonomy. As a result, the KDP began to agitate for regional autonomy. In the face of growing Kurdish dissent, as well as Barzani's personal power, Qasim began to incite the Barzanis historical enemies, the
2764:, Kurds and Christians. The repressive measures carried out by the government against the Kurds after the Algiers agreement led to renewed clashes between the Iraqi Army and Kurdish guerrillas in 1977. In 1978 and 1979, 600 Kurdish villages were burned down and around 200,000 Kurds were deported to the other parts of the country.
4135:
3181:
in which the Iraqi government retook control of Kirkuk and surrounding areas, and forced the KRG to annul the referendum. Scholars have argued that the retaking of Kirkuk, a PUK stronghold, and the loss of other territory to Iraq, has actually consolidated the power of the
Barzani family and the KDP,
3170:. On March 23, Barzani officially declared that Iraqi Kurdistan will hold the referendum some time "before October" of that year. On April 2, 2017, the two governing parties released a joint statement announcing they would form a joint committee to prepare for a referendum to be held on 25 September.
3097:
In
September 2012, the Iraqi government ordered the KRG to transfer its powers over the Peshmerga to the central government. Relations became further strained by the formation of a new command center (Tigris Operation Command) for Iraqi forces to operate in a disputed area over which both Baghdad and
3093:
Tensions between Iraqi
Kurdistan and the central Iraqi government mounted through 2011â2012 on the issues of power sharing, oil production and territorial control. In April 2012, the president of Iraq's semi-autonomous northern Kurdish region demanded that officials agree to their demands or face the
2562:
During World War II, the power vacuum in Iraq was exploited by the
Kurdish tribes and under the leadership of Mustafa Barzani a rebellion broke out in the north, effectively gaining control of Kurdish areas until 1945, when Iraqis could once again subdue the Kurds with British support. Under pressure
2233:
incorporated the region into their
Hurrian empire. Following the destruction of the Mitannian Empire by the Hittites, between 14th-13th century BCE the region gradually came under the rule of the Assyrians. Tukulti-Ninurta I in the 13th century BCE finally conquered the whole region and appointed one
2986:
After 1996, 13% of the Iraqi oil sales were allocated for Iraqi
Kurdistan and this led to relative prosperity in the region. In return, the Kurds under KDP enabled Saddam to establish an oil smuggling route through territory controlled by the KDP, with the active involvement of senior Barzani family
1114:
has the hottest summers in the region, with highs averaging around 42 °C (108 °F). Annual rainfall differs across Iraqi
Kurdistan, with some places seeing rainfall as low as 500 millimetres (20 in) in Erbil to as high as 900 millimetres (35 in) in places like Amadiya. Most of the
2612:
to return from exile, where he was greeted with a hero's welcome. As part of the deal arranged between Qasim and
Barzani, Qasim had promised to give the Kurds regional autonomy in return for Barzani's support for his policies. The Provisional Constitution described Iraq being included in the Arab
1090:
Average summer temperatures range from 35 °C (95 °F) in the cooler northernmost areas to blistering 40 °C (104 °F) in the southwest, with lows around 21 °C (70 °F) to 24 °C (75 °F). Winters, however, are dramatically cooler than the rest of Iraq, with highs
3200:
Kurdish culture is a group of distinctive cultural traits practiced by
Kurdish people. The Kurdish culture is a legacy from the various ancient peoples who shaped modern Kurds and their society, but primarily Iranian. Among their neighbours, the Kurdish culture is closest to Persian culture. For
2642:
By February 1961, Barzani had successfully defeated the pro-government forces and consolidated his position as leader of the Kurds. At this point, Barzani ordered his forces to occupy and expel government officials from all Kurdish territory. This was not received well in Baghdad, and the Third
2982:
on Iraq and one imposed by Saddam Hussein on their region. The severe economic hardships caused by the embargoes fueled tensions between the two dominant political parties, the KDP and the PUK, over control of trade routes and resources. Relations between the PUK and the KDP started to become
2692:
In the following years, Baghdad government overcame its internal divisions and concluded a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union in April 1972 and ended its isolation within the Arab world. On the other hand, Kurds remained dependent on the Iranian military support and could do little to
2684:
The Ba'ath government started a campaign to end the Kurdish insurrection, which stalled in 1969. This can be partly attributed to the internal power struggle in Baghdad and also tensions with Iran. Moreover, the Soviet Union pressured the Iraqis to come to terms with Barzani. A peace plan was
2439:
3123:
announced that "Iraq's Kurds will hold an independence referendum within months." After previously opposing the independence for Iraqi Kurdistan, Turkey later gave signs that it could recognize an independent Kurdish state. On 11 July 2014, KRG forces seized control of the Bai Hassan and
4129:
2654:, which he purposely failed to adequately arm (in fact, Qasim implemented a policy of ammunition rationing), Qasim's government was not able to subdue the insurrection. This stalemate irritated powerful factions within the military and is said to be one of the main reasons behind the
2546:
had become vocal supporters of Kurdish rights in Iraq. In 1929, the Barzani demanded the formation of a Kurdish province in northern Iraq. Emboldened by these demands, in 1931 Kurdish notables petitioned the League of Nations to set up an independent Kurdish government. In late 1931,
3042:. It recognized both the Kurdistan Region and all laws passed by the KRG since 1992. There is provision for Governorates to create, join or leave Regions. However, as of late 2015, no new Regions have been formed, and the KRG remains the only regional government within Iraq.
2677:. At this battle, it was said that the Kurds slaughtered an entire brigade. Recognizing the futility of continuing this campaign, Rahamn Arif announced a 12-point peace program in June 1966, which was not implemented due to the overthrow of Rahman Arif in a 1968 coup by the
2328:
Ethnographical Map of the contested territory, compiled by the Commission according to the latest statistics drawn up by the Government of Iraq (1922â1924), League of Nations. Green shows the Kurdish population in the region, while yellow is used for Arabs and purple for
2685:
announced in March 1970 and provided for broader Kurdish autonomy. The plan also gave Kurds representation in government bodies, to be implemented in four years. Despite this, the Iraqi government embarked on an Arabization program in the oil rich regions of Kirkuk and
3300:
2249:
The Medes conquered the region in 7th century BCE. Later it came under the rule of the Achaemenids and remained as part of the satrapy of Media. When Xenophon passed through the region in 4th century BCE, it was inhabited by the Medes. In 332 BC the region fell to
2234:
of his commanders as the governor of the villages and towns of Kurda. Kurda was reduced to a province centering around modern Sinjar. Erbil's name was Akkadianized to Arba-ilu and during the Neo-Assyrian Empire the city was noted for its distinctive cult of
3102:
claim jurisdiction. On 16 November 2012 a military clash between the Iraqi forces and the Peshmerga resulted in one person killed. CNN reported that two people were killed (one of them an Iraqi soldier) and ten wounded in clashes at the Tuz Khurmato town.
2929:(population 70,000) was completely destroyed by the Iraqi army. The campaign also included Arabization of Kirkuk, a program to drive Kurds and other ethnic groups out of the oil-rich city and replace them with Arab settlers from central and southern Iraq.
3157:
In February 2016, Kurdish president Barzani stated once again that "Now the time is ripe for the people of Kurdistan to decide their future through a referendum", supporting an independence referendum and citing similar referendums in
3106:
As of 2014, Iraqi Kurdistan is in dispute with the Federal Iraqi government on the issues of territorial control, export of oil and budget distribution and is functioning largely outside Baghdad's control. With the escalation of the
6435:
3027:, played an important role in the overthrow of the Iraqi government; however, Kurds have been reluctant to send troops into Baghdad since then, preferring not to be dragged into the sectarian struggle that dominates much of Iraq.
4351:
3296:
2262:. During the four centuries of the Parthian era (247 BCE to 226 AD) the region was ruled by semi-independent principalities of Barzan and Sharazur, and in 1st century it was partially under the rule of the Jewish kingdom of
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6682:
2987:
members. The taxation of this trade at the crossing point between Saddam's territory and Kurdish controlled territory and then into Turkey, along with associated service revenue, meant that whoever controlled Dohuk and
6713:
2924:
violations: The widespread use of chemical weapons, the wholesale destruction of some 2,000 villages, and slaughter of around 50,000 rural Kurds, by the most conservative estimates. The large Kurdish town of
2942:
Even though autonomy had been agreed in 1970, the local population did not enjoy any democratic freedom, facing similar conditions to the rest of Iraq. Things began to change after the 1991 uprising against
5323:
1035:
The mountainous nature of Iraqi Kurdistan, the difference of temperatures in its various parts, and its numerous bodies of water make it a land of agriculture and tourism. The largest lake in the region is
6594:
2344:, the region fell to Muslims after they fought the Kurds in Mosul and Tikrit 'Utba ibn Farqad captured all the forts of the Kurds when he conquered Erbil in 641. The area became part of the Muslim Arab
4302:
King of Elam to King of Kurda: Keep Subartu under your control and don't give troops to the prince of Babylon. Send a message to Zimri-Lim of Mari that also he should give none to the prince of Babylon
3147:, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the United States House of Representatives, introduced legislation to arm the Kurds directly, rather than continue working through the local governments.
1040:. There are also several smaller lakes, such as Darbandikhan Lake and Duhok Lake. The western and southern parts of Iraqi Kurdistan are not as mountainous as the east. Instead, it is rolling hills and
4616:
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Bayly, Vere Harmsworth Professor of Imperial and Naval History C. A.; Scheidel, Professor of Classics and by Courtesy History Walter; Scheidel, Walter (2020-12-16).
2826:
engaged in active expulsion of minorities from the mid-1970s onwards. In 1978 and 1979, 600 Kurdish villages were burned down and around 200,000 Kurds were deported to the other parts of the country.
2673:, the Iraqi government launched a last-ditch effort to defeat the Kurds. This campaign failed in May 1966, when Barzani forces thoroughly defeated the Iraqi Army at the Battle of Mount Handrin, near
4525:
Early in 1st millennium ,the city, now called Arbela (Assyrian Arbail) became part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. p.60. and "Arrapha was incorporated into Assyria after the destruction of Mitanni. p.67
4252:
2278:
and it was divided into several bishoprics namely Marga, Beth Garmai, Beth Qardu, Beth MahQard, Beth BihQard, Beth Nuhadra and Shahr-Qard. In Syriac the region was commonly called Beth Qardwaye.
4290:
2613:
world but saw the Kurds as partners within an Iraqi statehood and the coat of arms included a Kurdish dagger besides the Arab sword. Meanwhile, during 1959â1960, Barzani became the head of the
2274:
in 380 AD and it was renamed to NodshÄragÄn. The region was gradually converted to Christianity between 1st and 5th centuries and Erbil became the seat of the metropolitan of Hadhyab of the
6425:
2646:
It was not until September 10, when an Iraqi army column was ambushed by a group of Kurds, that the Kurdish revolt truly began. In response to the attack, Qasim lashed out and ordered the
5252:
2555:
against Iraq, and though defeated within several months, the movement gained a major importance in the Kurdish struggle later on, creating the ground for such a notable Kurdish rebel as
4147:
Kurda must have fallen into the hands of Ć amĆĄi - Adad around the time that he took Ć ubat - Enlil , hence around 20 - 25 years before the end of his reign and the advent of Zimri - Lim .
2539:
In 1930, following the announcement of the admission of Iraq to the League of Nations, Shaikh Mahmud started a third uprising which was suppressed with British air and ground forces.
5052:
4315:
2974:
produced an inconclusive outcome, with the assembly divided almost equally between the two main parties and their allies. During this period, the Kurds were subjected to a double
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in place. Tourism is another branch which draws the attention of the KRI, which achieved the declaration of Erbil as the Tourism Capital by the Arab Council of Tourism in 2014.
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A new constitution of Iraq was established in 2005, defining Iraq as a federalist state consisting of Regions and Governorate's. The Kurdistan region includes the Governorate
6703:
4554:
4633:
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to indiscriminately bomb Kurdish villages, which ultimately served to rally the entire Kurdish population to Barzani's standard. Due to Qasim's profound distrust of the
5014:
3869:
4821:
2841:. The Baathist policies motivating those events are sometimes referred to as "internal colonialism", described by Dr. Francis Kofi Abiew as a "Colonial 'Arabization
2658:
coup against Qasim in February 1963. In November 1963, after considerable infighting amongst the civilian and military wings of the Ba'athists, they were ousted by
5307:
3723:
6586:
4431:
4105:
2955:
following international concern for the safety of Kurdish refugees. The U.S. and the Coalition established a No Fly Zone over a large part of northern Iraq (see
6733:
Nicola Degli Esposti (2021) The 2017 independence referendum and the political economy of Kurdish nationalism in Iraq, Third World Quarterly, 42:10, 2317-2333,
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2662:
in a coup. Then, after another failed offensive, Arif declared a ceasefire in February 1964 which provoked a split among Kurdish urban radicals on one hand and
3991:
4886:
4513:
2889:
civil war broke out. Iraq was widely condemned by the international community, but was never seriously punished for oppressive measures, including the use of
2749:. The agreement left the Kurds helpless and Tehran cut supplies to the Kurdish movement. Barzani went to Iran with many of his supporters. Others surrendered
8507:
2833:, being largely motivated by the KurdishâArab ethnic and political conflict. Arab settlement programs reached their peak during the late 1970s, in line with
6403:
5214:
4783:
4699:
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6767:
6315:
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3151:
2192:
conquered the region and it came under the rule of the Gutians in 2150 BCE. The main cities of the region attested in the inscriptions in this period are
4484:
Between 1500 and 1200 BCE Assyria successfully transformed from a relatively insignificant small city state into one of the great powers of the Amarna Age
4236:
7646:
7055:
4176:
3910:
2777:
2669:
Barzani agreed to the ceasefire and fired the radicals from the party. Following the unexpected death of Arif, whereupon he was replaced by his brother,
2536:
with himself as king. It took two years for the British to bring Kurdish areas into submission, while Shaikh Mahmud found refuge in an unknown location.
6459:"Kurdish leaders are postponing plans for a referendum on independence and say they instead will devote their efforts to forging a new Iraqi government"
3664:
3358:
7916:
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4726:
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program by moving Arabs to the vicinity of oil fields in northern Iraq, particularly those around Kirkuk, and other regions, which were populated by
9156:
6348:
5361:
3828:
7530:
6861:
5691:
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1115:
rain falls in winter and spring, and is usually heavy. Summer and early autumn are virtually dry, and spring is fairly tepid. Iraqi Kurdistan sees
6831:
4274:
7048:
7043:
5146:
4067:
5236:
4443:
for the Old Babylonian kings, Subartu is neither Assyria nor Ekallatum but the agglomeration of the little city-kingdoms in northern Mesopotamia
3582:
2756:
As a result, the Iraqi government extended its control over the northern region after 15 years and in order to secure its influence, started an
4214:
2948:
5708:
3452:
3131:
1016:. There are many rivers running through the region, which is distinguished by its fertile lands, plentiful water, and picturesque nature. The
8480:
7060:
6179:
3174:
3066:
2822:
policies, from the 1960s to the early 2000s, in order to shift the demographics of North Iraq towards Arab domination. The Baath party under
2211:
In early 2nd millennium the region was ruled by the kingdom of Kurda except for two decades in 18th century BCE when it was conquered by the
2108:
The provinces of Duhok, Erbil and Sulaymanyah are rich in agricultural lands. Wheat and other cereals are grown there. Most of the areas are
2912:
The second and more extensive and widespread wave began from March 29, 1987, until April 23, 1989, when the Iraqi army under the command of
1091:
averaging between 9 °C (48 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F) and with lows hovering around 3 °C (37 °F) in some areas and
1071:
Due to its latitude and altitude, Iraqi Kurdistan is cooler and much wetter than the rest of Iraq. Most areas in the region fall within the
5426:
Eskander, Saad (2000). "Britain's Policy in Southern Kurdistan: The Formation and Termination of the First Kurdish Government, 1918-1919".
5036:
4029:
3128:, prompting a condemnation from Baghdad and a threat of "dire consequences" if the oilfields were not relinquished back to Iraq's control.
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4948:
The Modern Assyrians of the Middle East: A History of Their Encounter with Western Christian Missions, Archaeologists, and Colonial Powers
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2971:
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Zadeh, Yoosef Abbas; Kirmanj, Sherko (2017). "The Para-Diplomacy of the Kurdistan Region in Iraq and the Kurdish Statehood Enterprise".
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4499:
The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire
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5281:. in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE, Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun KrÀmer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. p. 82.
2715:
In 1973, the US made a secret agreement with the Shah of Iran to begin covertly funding Kurdish rebels against Baghdad through the
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3023:. Kurdish parties joined forces against the Iraqi government during the war in Spring 2003. Kurdish military forces, known as
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992:
Iraqi Kurdistan is largely mountainous, with the highest point being a 3,611 m (11,847 ft) point known locally as
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Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces â the Peshmerga â from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq
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Between the 16th and 17th century the area nowadays known as Iraqi Kurdistan, (formerly ruled by three principalities of
5872:
3977:
The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume I: from the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad
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3634:
3143:
In September, Kurdish leaders decided to postpone the referendum so as to focus on the fight against ISIL. In November,
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7911:
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7550:
7515:
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Farouk-Sluglett, M.; Sluglett, P.; Stork, J. (JulyâSeptember 1984). "Not Quite Armageddon: Impact of the War on Iraq".
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that it was willing to satisfy other Iranian demands in return for an end to its aid to the Kurds. With mediation by
3975:
2402:, until the Ottomans managed to decisively seize power in the region starting from the mid 17th century through the
2300:
of Van and Mossoul, 1899. Modern Iraqi Kurdistan is covered by the Mosul vilayet (green), which is divided into the
8043:
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and was incorporated into the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia. In 1760s BCE the kingdom of Kurda faced an invasion by
632:
3851:"Ancient Cities and Landscapes in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: The Erbil Plain Archaeological Survey 2012 Season"
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The Edinburgh encyclopaedia, conducted by D. BrewsterâPage 511, Original from Oxford Universityâpublished 1830
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617:
350:
17:
3790:
893:. As with the rest of Kurdistan, and unlike most of the rest of Iraq, the region is inland and mountainous.
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8956:
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7011:
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5160:
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39:
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At the same time, Iraq imposed an economic blockade over the region, reducing its oil and food supplies.
2716:
2593:
2584:
2287:
739:
325:
5688:
5665:"Introduction: GENOCIDE IN IRAQ: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds (Human Rights Watch Report, 1993)"
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and the surrounding area, as well as most of the disputed territories in Northern Iraq. On 1 July 2014,
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4843:
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2614:
557:
542:
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4051:
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Ali, Othman (October 1997). "Southern Kurdistan during the last phase of Ottoman control: 1839â1914".
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2474:
6786:â Provides news, bulletins, articles and conference information on the situation in Iraqi Kurdistan.
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and fears of Iraq's collapse, Kurds have increasingly debated the issue of independence. During the
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Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary
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which superseded it, led to the advent of modern West Asia and the modern Republic of Turkey. The
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Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene: Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West
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The Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE
2983:
dangerously strained from September 1993 after rounds of amalgamations occurred between parties.
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2341:
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Ur, Jason Alik; De Jong, Lidewijde; Giraud, Jessica; Osborne, James F.; MacGinnis, John (2013).
2845:" program, including large-scale Kurdish deportations and forced Arab settlement in the region.
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2375:, all of its territories including what is modern-day Iraqi Kurdistan passed to the Iranian
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Westenholz, Joan Goodnick (2004). "The Old Akkadian Presence in Nineveh: Fact or Fiction".
3546:, Historia: Zeitschrift fĂŒr Alte Geschichte, Vol. 40, No. 3 (1991), pp. 366â374 (see p.371)
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as the new year day, which is celebrated on March 21. It is the first day of the month of
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took place on September 25, with 92.73% voting in favor of independence. This triggered a
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Tameanko, M. 2005: 'Adiabene, the Ancient Jewish Kingdom, and its Coins' Shekel 38, 16â25
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2418:. Following Nader's death in 1747, Ottoman suzerainty was reimposed, and in 1831, direct
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8444:
8295:
8290:
8275:
8237:
8212:
8149:
8010:
7945:
7580:
7389:
7304:
6217:
6118:
5956:
5912:
5761:
5646:
5478:
5443:
5408:
5140:
5120:
4657:
Assyrian Collective Identity in the Second Millennium BCE: A Social Categories Approach
4566:
during 1360-1100 BCE Assyria rose to power and transitioned from a city state to empire
4343:
3956:
3520:
An Account of the State of Roman-Catholick Religion, Sir Richard Steele, Published 1715
2636:
2601:
2462:
2345:
2309:
2275:
2226:
during the Babylonian-Elam war and the kingdom eventually sided with Mari and Babylon.
2189:
2113:
862:
647:
507:
280:
108:
8137:
6789:
2589:
8994:
8903:
8711:
8578:
8571:
8364:
8315:
8280:
8117:
8058:
7960:
7870:
7840:
7835:
7702:
7697:
7681:
7570:
7510:
7430:
7425:
7334:
7131:
6946:
6930:
6761:
6466:
6367:
6365:
6284:
6209:
6122:
6072:
6053:
6020:
6001:
5960:
5916:
5801:
5765:
5664:
5650:
5609:
5584:
5548:
5503:
5482:
5447:
5412:
5351:
5313:
5242:
5204:
5166:
5126:
5086:
5042:
5004:
4952:
4914:
4876:
4811:
4773:
4748:
4689:
4623:
4585:
4544:
4503:
4462:
4421:
4347:
4335:
4280:
4242:
4204:
4166:
4095:
4057:
4019:
3981:
3948:
3900:
3861:
3818:
3477:
3421:
3039:
3031:
2882:
2807:
2740:
2670:
2609:
2494:
2466:
2353:
2349:
2313:
1695:
1095:
in others, dipping to â2 °C (28 °F) and 0 °C (32 °F) on average.
1029:
974:
924:
878:
870:
850:
678:
670:
642:
637:
627:
577:
572:
552:
330:
285:
187:
143:
133:
6558:"Barzani: Time is ripe for referendum; Kurdish independence brings the region peace"
3753:
3612:
2563:
from the Iraqi government and the British, the most influential leader of the clan,
2445:
was the leader of a series of Kurdish uprisings against the British Mandate of Iraq.
8881:
8583:
8517:
8207:
8142:
8132:
7806:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7717:
7692:
7189:
6988:
6903:
6616:
6110:
6049:
5997:
5948:
5904:
5753:
5638:
5470:
5435:
5400:
5078:
4327:
3940:
3278:
3235:
3221:
2920:
carried out a genocidal campaign against the Kurds, characterized by the following
2890:
2724:
2659:
2271:
1013:
1005:
1001:
882:
825:
699:
607:
582:
566:
532:
527:
320:
265:
225:
215:
210:
204:
196:
182:
173:
163:
31:
6557:
6362:
5200:
The Nativist Prophets of Early Islamic Iran: Rural Revolt and Local Zoroastrianism
4091:
History of Ebla, in " Eblaitica: Essays on the Ebla Archives and Eblaite Language"
3529:
N. Maxoudian, "Early Armenia as an Empire: The Career of Tigranes III, 95â55 BC",
1056:
981:
881:). Much of the geographical and cultural region of Iraqi Kurdistan is part of the
9245:
9130:
9034:
9012:
8989:
8864:
8842:
8821:
8792:
8782:
8772:
8454:
8449:
8305:
8270:
8159:
8154:
8073:
7984:
7575:
7487:
7475:
7399:
7394:
7384:
7319:
7294:
7279:
7266:
7254:
6815:
6801:
6430:
5695:
5542:
5497:
3415:
3243:
3195:
2964:
2799:
2678:
2647:
2632:
2605:
2564:
2556:
2520:
to power, hoping that he would organize the Kurds to act as a buffer against the
2517:
2442:
2407:
2395:
2387:
2357:
1127:
in some places in summer, with temperatures peaking around August and September.
612:
602:
595:
459:
429:
409:
315:
305:
290:
275:
255:
230:
220:
192:
68:
30:
This article is about the Kurdish region of Iraq. For the autonomous entity, see
6151:
6040:
Gunter, M. M.; Yavuz, M. H. (2005). "The continuing Crisis In Iraqi Kurdistan".
5082:
4581:
Journey to the City: A Companion to the Middle East Galleries at the Penn Museum
9070:
8886:
8854:
8625:
8615:
8595:
8566:
8285:
8260:
7540:
7470:
7136:
6795:
Kurdistan's Politicized Society Confronts a Sultanistic System (Carnegie Paper)
5757:
5642:
5474:
5404:
3686:
3120:
3050:
3046:
2979:
2944:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2823:
2773:
2731:
against the Kurds and pushed them close to the border with Iran. Iraq informed
2427:
2419:
2399:
2361:
2267:
2215:
790:
776:
391:
300:
250:
56:
6114:
5952:
5908:
5868:
5843:
5798:
Effectively Urbanized â Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar
5439:
5273:
4331:
3282:
2743:, Iran and Iraq reached a comprehensive settlement in March 1975 known as the
2508:
9189:
9171:
9158:
9051:
8731:
8668:
8663:
8642:
8358:
8310:
8300:
8265:
8217:
8194:
8169:
7933:
7762:
7757:
7634:
7435:
7284:
6470:
6426:"Tensions mount between Baghdad and Kurdish region as Kurds seize oil fields"
6213:
5893:
Fawcett, L. (2001). "Down but not out? The Kurds in International Politics".
4402:
Kurda resisted the Elamite attempt of controlling the area of the upper land.
4339:
3952:
3865:
3715:
3638:
3191:
2992:
2838:
2811:
2803:
2791:
2761:
2548:
2543:
2391:
2181:
2140:
1966:
1060:
709:
704:
652:
622:
484:
294:
240:
235:
95:
4807:
In Honor of Ernest R. Lacheman on His Seventy-fifth Birthday, April 29, 1981
4655:
3556:
3154:
in Iraq, in part to protect Kurdish areas such as Erbil from the militants.
9017:
8673:
8184:
7950:
7747:
7455:
7450:
7440:
7274:
6839:
6337:"Two dead, 10 wounded after Iraqi, Kurdish forces clash in northern Iraq â
5238:
The World of the Aramaeans: Studies in Honour of Paul-EugĂšne Dion, Volume 3
4540:
The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean
3125:
2995:
mediation led the two parties to a formal ceasefire in what was termed the
2921:
2834:
2655:
2568:
2498:
1124:
1110:
also experience lows which average below 0 °C (32 °F) in winter.
751:
746:
464:
434:
766:
8869:
8746:
8741:
8726:
8635:
8605:
8430:
8368:
8330:
8179:
8015:
7940:
7737:
7299:
4769:
Bronze Age Bureaucracy: Writing and the Practice of Government in Assyria
3249:
3071:
2757:
2723:, both of which would be active in the country through the launch of the
2625:
tribes, which led to intertribal warfare throughout 1960 and early 1961.
2423:
2136:
1099:
1045:
1009:
993:
960:
454:
7126:
6221:
4363:
Eshnunna also demanded that Kurda remain neutral and hold on to Subartu.
3049:
was elected President of the new Iraqi administration, while KDP leader
3006:
9142:
9138:
9134:
9061:
9027:
8497:
7445:
5831:
The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention
4117:
Kurda was one of the five most influential states in Upper Mesopotamia.
3960:
2926:
2651:
2415:
2372:
2230:
1037:
1021:
964:
424:
6828:
Web Archives (archived 2015-11-15) â Kurdistan Investment Research
6617:"Kurdistan will hold independence referendum in 2017, senior official"
5073:
Wills, Lawrence M., ed. (2002-11-14), "The Royal Family of Adiabene",
4619:
The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: the History of Empires
4414:
Gordon, Cyrus Herzl; Rendsburg, Gary; Winter, Nathan H. (1987-01-01).
3081: Disputed and part of the Kurdish Regional Government since 1991.
3003:
from 1997 onward had an important effect on cessation of hostilities.
2727:
and into the present. By 1974, the Iraqi government retaliated with a
2176:
In Early and Middle Bronze Age the region was geographically known as
9044:
8600:
8255:
8227:
8174:
7712:
7404:
7364:
7156:
6999:
6925:
5235:
Daviau, P. M. MichĂšle; Weigl, Michael; Wevers, John W. (2001-06-01).
3163:
3024:
2885:, the Iraqi government again implemented anti-Kurdish policies and a
2663:
2450:
2411:
2155:
1080:
1017:
854:
761:
756:
449:
414:
404:
374:
124:
5988:
Barkey, H. J.; Laipson, E. (2005). "Iraqi Kurds And Iraq's Future".
3944:
2628:
2532:. However, defiant to the British, in 1922 Shaikh Mahmud declared a
7772:
7602:
7585:
7359:
7354:
7171:
7161:
6783:
6704:"Iraq's Kurdistan says to respect court decision banning secession"
3159:
3020:
2902:
2875:
2815:
2686:
2674:
2376:
2297:
2263:
2255:
2243:
2223:
2212:
2193:
1116:
1103:
1092:
986:
940:
901:
771:
689:
479:
439:
379:
369:
6400:"The tide is finally turning for the Kurds â Especially in Turkey"
3557:"Climate: Arbil â Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table"
2438:
2258:
Empire until the middle of the second century BCE when it fell to
8232:
8189:
7369:
7314:
6806:
6708:
6677:
6646:
6504:
3782:
3075:
Disputed areas in Iraq prior to the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive
2991:
had the potential to earn several million dollars a week. Direct
2975:
2795:
2736:
2707:
2368:
2337:
2201:
2197:
2185:
2177:
2159:
1774:
1107:
489:
474:
384:
3716:"The Republic of Iraq, Drought in northern parts of the country"
2394:) was continuously passed back and forth between archrivals the
2242:
and the kingdom of Musasir in early 1st millennium BCE. Modern
8874:
8112:
7767:
6673:"Iraqi forces seize oil city Kirkuk from Kurds in bold advance"
5844:"Death Clouds: Saddam Hussein's Chemical War Against the Kurds"
5502:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. p. 18.
3202:
3167:
3116:
2732:
2720:
2529:
2521:
2365:
2301:
2239:
2235:
2180:
and was inhabited by the Hurrian speaking Subarians along with
1041:
1025:
997:
917:
858:
694:
419:
129:
8399:
6497:"House Republican Wants To Work Around Baghdad, Arm the Kurds"
5746:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
5631:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
5463:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
3896:
Akkad: The First World Empire: Structure, Ideology, Traditions
3814:
Akkad: The First World Empire: Structure, Ideology, Traditions
2410:. In the early 18th century, it briefly passed to the Iranian
8325:
7309:
6017:
Iraqi Kurdistan: Political Development and Emergent Democracy
3136:
2988:
2696:
2567:
was forced into exile in Iran in 1945. Later he moved to the
2525:
2502:
2383:
2205:
2144:
1135:
1120:
1111:
905:
866:
842:
734:
494:
159:
88:
78:
5781:
5391:
Dahlman, C. (2002). "The Political Geography of Kurdistan".
5118:
3544:
The Role of Hostages in Roman Diplomacy with Sasanian Persia
2320:). To the east is Persia and south is the vilayet of Bagdad.
2266:. Between 3rd and 4th centuries the region was ruled by the
7520:
7497:
7240:
7234:
3382:
Kurdish Awakening: Nation Building in a Fragmented Homeland
3087: Disputed and under the control of central government.
2334:
2219:
874:
846:
149:
139:
6642:"Massive 'yes' vote in Iraqi Kurd independence referendum"
5499:
Ghosts of Halabja: Saddam Hussein and the Kurdish genocide
4458:
The Imperialisation of Assyria: An Archaeological Approach
3536:
2767:
6069:
The Future of Iraq: Dictatorship, Democracy, or Division?
4015:
Urkesh and the Hurrians: Studies in Honor of Lloyd Cotsen
996:("black tent"). Mountains in Iraqi Kurdistan include the
6587:"Barzani: Kurdistan will hold referendum before October"
4725:(in Italian). Edizioni dell'Ateneo & Bizzari. 1984.
3783:"UNPO: Iraqi Kurdistan: Erbil Best Arab Tourism Capital"
3724:
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
2433:
6094:"Iraqi Kurdistan: contours of a post-civil war society"
5932:"Iraqi Kurdistan: contours of a post-civil war society"
5744:
Harris, G. S. (1977). "Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds".
5629:
Harris, G. S. (1977). "Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds".
5461:
Harris, G. S. (1977). "Ethnic Conflict and the Kurds".
3053:
became President of the Kurdistan Regional Government.
2666:(Freedom fighters) forces led by Barzani on the other.
43:
Approximate map of the Kurdish-populated region of Iraq
5869:"Human Rights Watch Report About Anfal Campaign, 1993"
4615:
3848:
3094:
prospect of secession from Baghdad by September 2012.
6308:"Iraqi Kurdish leader says region will defend itself"
5818:
International Politics: Concepts, Theories and Issues
5777:
5775:
5309:
E. J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936
4413:
836:
6374:"Kurdish Leader: We Will Vote For Independence Soon"
6371:
4537:
Bang, Peter Fibiger; Scheidel, Walter (2013-01-31).
3211:
4238:
A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC
4200:
The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy
3496:
3014:
2848:
2449:During World War I, the British and French divided
1750:for records, humidity, snow and precipitation days
27:
Kurdish-inhabited and self-governing region in Iraq
6237:"The Quiet Kurdish Rivalry over Iraq's Presidency"
6066:
5772:
5709:"Page 9 â The Internally Displaced People of Iraq"
4749:"The Development of the Middle Assyrian Provinces"
4162:The Ancient Near East: The Origins of Civilization
2246:district was a religious center of the Urartians.
5547:. Mellen Research University Press. p. 119.
5234:
5165:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1985. p. 459.
4845:A sketch of Semitic origins: social and religious
4584:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 251.
4087:
3209:in Kurdish calendar and the first day of spring.
2481:(which then consisted of two autonomous regions:
2340:in the mid 7th century AD as the invading forces
9187:
6766:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6178:. IWPR Institute for War & Peace Reporting.
5544:Nationalism and Language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985
4753:Altorientalische Forschungen, 2012, 39(1):87-111
4158:
4134:(in German). Akademie-Verlag. 2001. p. 94.
3635:"Erbil Weather Forecast and Climate Information"
3549:
2778:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in northern Iraq
7056:Two-state solution (IraqiâKurdish negotiations)
6418:
4384:Nouvelles Assyriologiques BrĂšves et Utilitaires
3325:ŰčÛ۱ۧÙÛ ŰŻÙŰ§Û ŰłÛۯۯۧÙ
Ù Úۧ۱ÛÙÙÙŰłÛ ŰšŰ§ŰŽÙÙŰ±Û Ú©Ù۱ۯ۳ŰȘۧÙ
2135:In prehistoric times, the region was home to a
1098:Among other cities in the climate table below,
6302:
6300:
5578:
3420:(in German). Europaverlag. pp. 5, 18â19.
2999:in September 1998. It is also argued that the
2949:United Nations Security Council Resolution 688
8415:
7216:
6855:
6532:"BBC News â Iraq conflict: Why Irbil matters"
6071:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 174.
5987:
5077:, Oxford University Press, pp. 213â226,
3611:. What's the Weather Like.org. Archived from
3175:2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
3067:2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
2937:
2863:Graves of the Halabja chemical attack victims
2578:
2477:and granted the United Kingdom mandates over
2238:. The region was partially under the rule of
798:
6869:
6199:
4910:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
4536:
3533:, Vol. 39, Issue 2, April 1952, pp. 156â163.
3019:Iraqi Kurds played an important role in the
2963:(PUK). The region also has its own flag and
2874:fleeing to Turkey in April 1991, during the
2356:Caliphates, before becoming part of various
857:, which also includes parts of southeastern
849:. It is considered one of the four parts of
6297:
6176:"Kurds Reluctant to Send Troops to Baghdad"
6039:
5145:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
4577:
4159:Caubet, Annie; Pouyssegur, Patrick (1998).
938:. One of the ancient names of Kurdistan is
8422:
8408:
7223:
7209:
6862:
6848:
6749:. Archived from the original on 2001-04-19
6091:
6014:
5929:
5796:Eva Savelsberg, Siamend Hajo, Irene Dulz.
5540:
5203:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
4772:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98.
4622:. Oxford University Press. pp. 82â3.
4578:Tinney, Steve; Sonik, Karen (2019-05-17).
4461:. Cambridge University Press. p. 41.
3930:
3531:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
3056:
2788:forcibly displaced and culturally Arabized
2753:and the rebellion ended after a few days.
2697:Second Kurdish Iraqi War Algiers Agreement
2604:by Arab nationalists on the 14 July 1958,
2461:(which did not enter into force), and the
805:
791:
7531:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party â Iraq Region
5790:
5608:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
5428:British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies
5375:
4996:
4906:
4502:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 60, 67.
2426:, when the Ottomans were defeated by the
7355:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
5425:
4803:
4765:
4196:
3980:. Oxford University Press. p. 731.
3892:
3810:
3384:. University of Texas Press. p. 2.
3130:
3070:
3005:
2947:at the end of the Persian Gulf War. The
2866:
2858:
2706:
2627:
2588:
2507:
2437:
2422:rule was established which lasted until
2323:
2291:
1055:
980:
969:
959:
900:
38:
6494:
6173:
5892:
5603:
5390:
5305:
5034:
4835:
4374:
4272:
4234:
4049:
2768:Arabization campaign and PUK insurgency
14:
9188:
6747:"Cultural Orientation Resource Center"
6456:
6289:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
5743:
5716:The Brookings InstitutionâSAIS Project
5689:"A Chronology of U.S.-Kurdish History"
5628:
5460:
5343:
4944:
4868:
4841:
4681:
4454:
4316:"Prophecy in Hamath, Israel, and Mari"
4276:King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography
4018:. Undena Publications. pp. 91â2.
4011:
3734:from the original on 26 September 2021
3667:from the original on September 6, 2014
3482:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3413:
3379:
3321:
2371:. Following the disintegration of the
2254:and was thereafter ruled by the Greek
2139:culture such as has been found at the
8403:
8090:
7982:
7804:
7679:
7252:
7204:
6843:
6832:Kurds in the Contemporary Middle East
6156:(MA thesis). Florida State University
6149:
6067:Stansfield, G.; Anderson, L. (2004).
5536:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5495:
5196:
5119:Frye, Richard Nelson (1984). (1984).
5072:
4864:
4862:
4495:
4279:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 51.
3973:
3710:
3708:
3563:from the original on 10 November 2013
3115:, Iraqi Kurdistan seized the city of
3063:Disputed territories of Northern Iraq
2895:which resulted in thousands of deaths
2493:. Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the
2434:Kurdish revolts under British control
2130:
1079:), with areas to the southwest being
513:Kurdish rebellions during World War I
8384:
8326:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
6555:
6529:
6372:Agence France Presse (1 July 2014).
6234:
4688:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 73â4.
4653:
4313:
4241:. John Wiley & Sons. p. x.
3693:from the original on 2 February 2017
2932:
2829:The campaigns took place during the
8374:
7044:Foreign missions in Iraqi Kurdistan
6380:from the original on 30 August 2017
6019:. New York: Routledge. p. 96.
5075:Ancient Jewish Novels: An Anthology
4273:Mieroop, Marc Van De (2008-04-30).
4235:Mieroop, Marc Van De (2015-08-03).
3499:Geopolitics: An Introductory Reader
3268:
2711:Kurdistan Autonomous Region in 1975
2270:until it was incorporated into the
2096:(temperatures and rainfall amount)
985:A canyon near the northern city of
934:The name was also formerly spelled
829:
24:
6597:from the original on June 17, 2016
6495:McLEARY, PAUL (20 November 2014).
5527:
4859:
3705:
3355:"Ala Ă» sirĂ»da netewiya KurdistanĂȘ"
3303:from the original on 9 August 2022
3271:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs
2524:, who had territorial claims over
2112:, but there are also some smaller
1028:river enters Iraqi Kurdistan from
1024:flow eastâwest in the region. The
931:for Kurdistan is "Land of Kurds".
25:
9262:
6777:
6735:doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1949978
6438:from the original on 12 July 2014
6402:. Business Insider. 3 July 2014.
5800:. Etudes rurales 2010/2 (n°186).
4872:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
4848:. The Macmillan Company. p.
4766:Postgate, Nicholas (2014-01-13).
3361:from the original on 28 July 2022
2281:
8383:
8373:
8363:
8354:
8353:
7659:2021â2022 Iraqi political crisis
7233:
6902:
6739:
6727:
6696:
6665:
6634:
6609:
6579:
6549:
6523:
6488:
6450:
6406:from the original on 4 July 2014
6150:Lortz, Michael G. (2005-10-28).
6054:10.1111/j.1061-1924.2005.00190.x
6002:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2005.00225.x
5496:Saedi, Michael J. Kelly (2008).
5393:Eurasian Geography and Economics
4875:. Psychology Press. p. 90.
4746:
4056:. Eisenbrauns. pp. xx, 48.
3242:
3228:
3214:
3015:During and after US-led invasion
2849:IranâIraq War and Anfal Campaign
1119:occasionally in the winter, and
77:
9231:Kurdistan independence movement
8429:
8138:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
7561:1979â1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
7551:1974â1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
7290:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
6716:from the original on 2020-08-02
6685:from the original on 2018-07-04
6654:from the original on 2021-10-27
6623:from the original on 2017-04-02
6568:from the original on 2018-10-29
6538:from the original on 2014-08-09
6477:from the original on 2016-03-17
6351:from the original on 2012-11-22
6329:
6318:from the original on 2015-09-24
6258:
6247:from the original on 2022-07-05
6228:
6193:
6182:from the original on 2010-08-20
6167:
6143:
6132:from the original on 2020-03-07
6085:
6060:
6033:
6008:
5981:
5970:from the original on 2020-03-07
5923:
5896:Review of International Studies
5886:
5875:from the original on 2010-10-19
5861:
5850:from the original on 2011-07-23
5836:
5823:
5810:
5737:
5701:
5682:
5671:from the original on 2010-06-15
5657:
5622:
5597:
5572:
5561:from the original on 2023-07-03
5516:from the original on 2016-01-07
5489:
5454:
5419:
5384:
5364:from the original on 2023-07-03
5337:
5326:from the original on 2023-07-03
5299:
5288:from the original on 2021-04-21
5266:
5255:from the original on 2023-07-03
5228:
5217:from the original on 2023-07-03
5190:
5179:from the original on 2023-07-03
5153:
5112:
5098:
5066:
5055:from the original on 2023-07-03
5028:
5017:from the original on 2023-07-03
4997:Mclachlan, Keith (2016-11-10).
4990:
4976:
4965:from the original on 2023-07-03
4938:
4927:from the original on 2023-07-03
4900:
4889:from the original on 2023-07-03
4824:from the original on 2023-07-03
4797:
4786:from the original on 2023-07-03
4759:
4740:
4729:from the original on 2023-07-03
4713:
4702:from the original on 2023-07-03
4675:
4664:from the original on 2021-04-21
4647:
4636:from the original on 2023-07-03
4609:
4598:from the original on 2023-07-03
4571:
4557:from the original on 2023-07-03
4530:
4516:from the original on 2023-07-03
4489:
4475:from the original on 2023-07-03
4455:DĂŒring, Bleda S. (2020-01-30).
4448:
4434:from the original on 2023-07-03
4407:
4393:from the original on 2023-07-03
4377:"Mari Archive Letters ARM 2 23"
4375:Heimpel, Wolfgang (June 2000).
4368:
4354:from the original on 2021-04-21
4307:
4293:from the original on 2023-07-03
4266:
4255:from the original on 2023-07-03
4228:
4217:from the original on 2023-07-03
4190:
4179:from the original on 2023-07-03
4152:
4138:from the original on 2023-07-03
4122:
4108:from the original on 2023-07-03
4081:
4070:from the original on 2023-07-03
4043:
4032:from the original on 2023-07-03
4005:
3994:from the original on 2023-07-03
3967:
3924:
3913:from the original on 2023-07-03
3886:
3875:from the original on 2021-04-21
3842:
3831:from the original on 2023-07-03
3804:
3793:from the original on 2021-08-08
3775:
3764:from the original on 2016-08-27
3758:Ishtar Broadcasting Corporation
3746:
3679:
3653:
3627:
3601:
3575:
3523:
3514:
3434:from the original on 2023-07-03
3336:from the original on 2021-03-08
3332:(Catalog record) (in Kurdish).
3150:In August 2014, the US began a
2196:, Azuhinum, Ninet (Nineveh),
7421:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
6913:
6784:The Kurdish Institute of Paris
5350:. Gorgias Press. p. 264.
5347:Iraq After the Muslim Conquest
5241:. A&C Black. p. 171.
5197:Crone, Patricia (2012-06-28).
5035:Marciak, MichaĆ (2017-07-17).
4804:Lacheman, Ernest René (1981).
4682:Bonatz, Dominik (2014-04-01).
4197:Liverani, Mario (2013-12-04).
3687:"Weather averages for Amadiya"
3661:"Weather averages for Amadiya"
3505:
3490:
3445:
3407:
3373:
3347:
3315:
3297:"Ù
ÛÚÙÙ "Ùۧ۱Ù
ۧÙۧ" ÙÙâ ÙÙ۱ۯ۳ŰȘۧÙ"
3289:
3262:
2719:and in collaboration with the
2497:were eventually taken over by
2379:in the earliest 16th century.
2342:conquered the Sassanian Empire
912:The exact origins of the name
13:
1:
8688:Eastern and Southeastern Asia
7680:
6015:Stansfield, G. R. V. (2003).
5698:, PBS. Retrieved 20 Aug 2011.
5581:The Kurdish Revolt, 1961â1970
5000:The Boundaries of Modern Iran
4842:Barton, George Aaron (1902).
3585:. My Forecast. Archived from
3256:
3100:Kurdistan Regional Government
2469:granted France mandates over
2404:OttomanâSafavid War (1623â39)
2167:
2148:
2143:. The region was host to the
1536:Average rainfall mm (inches)
908:, capital of Kurdistan Region
351:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings
7917:in ISIL-controlled territory
7805:
7114:
6893:Iraqi insurgency (2011â2013)
6879:
5604:Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002).
4131:Altorientalische Forschungen
4094:. Eisenbrauns. p. 169.
3113:2014 Northern Iraq offensive
2961:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
2512:Kingdom of Kurdistan in 1923
2333:The region was conquered by
949:
896:
845:-populated part of northern
7:
8091:
7983:
7828:Council of Representatives
7566:Weapons of mass destruction
7253:
7049:Missions of Iraqi Kurdistan
5344:Morony, Michael G. (2005).
5122:The History of Ancient Iran
5083:10.1093/0195151429.003.0010
4810:. Eisenbrauns. p. 11.
4420:. Eisenbrauns. p. 98.
2972:Elections held in June 1992
2717:Central Intelligence Agency
2288:Spread of Islam among Kurds
2039:Average precipitation days
1895:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1825:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
1757:What's the Weather Like.org
1396:Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1256:Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
837:
10:
9267:
8761:Central and Eastern Europe
7556:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
7094:Taqtaq-Feshkhabur pipeline
6818: (archived 2012-02-13)
6812:Kurdistan â The Other Iraq
6457:Gutman, Roy (2014-09-05).
5758:10.1177/000271627743300111
5643:10.1177/000271627743300111
5579:O'Ballance, Edgar (1973).
5475:10.1177/000271627743300111
5405:10.2747/1538-7216.43.4.271
5041:. BRILL. pp. 278â81.
4320:Harvard Theological Review
4203:. Routledge. p. 226.
4088:Michael C. Astour (1987).
4050:Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003).
3189:
3185:
3135:Pro-independence rally in
3060:
3010:Kurdish Federation in 1998
2938:After the Persian Gulf War
2852:
2771:
2700:
2615:Kurdistan Democratic Party
2582:
2579:Barzani Revolt (1960â1970)
2571:after the collapse of the
2516:In 1922, Britain restored
2285:
2123:
2119:
2103:
2091:
2082:
1772:
1754:
1741:
1133:
1051:
953:
558:Kurdish Republic of Lachin
543:Kurdish Republic of Ararat
29:
9123:Border changes since 1914
9115:
9089:
9005:
8982:
8919:
8835:
8760:
8687:
8651:
8559:
8533:
8468:
8437:
8349:
8248:
8103:
8099:
8086:
7991:
7978:
7813:
7800:
7688:
7675:
7496:
7413:
7265:
7261:
7248:
7180:
7149:
7122:
7113:
7084:
7075:
6984:
6975:
6921:
6912:
6899:
6878:
6530:Arun, Neil (1970-01-01).
6241:Arab Center Washington DC
6115:10.1080/01436590500127867
5953:10.1080/01436590500127867
5909:10.1017/S0260210500011098
5541:Hassanpour, Amir (1992).
5440:10.1080/13530190020000501
5125:. C.H.Beck. p. 222.
4907:Dandamaev, M. A. (1989).
4332:10.1017/S0017816000004004
4012:Cotsen, Lloyd E. (1998).
3637:. Erbilia. Archived from
3497:Jason Dittmer, Jo Sharp.
3283:10.1080/13602009708716377
2957:Operation Provide Comfort
2901:constituted a systematic
2855:Kurdish rebellion of 1983
2693:strengthen their forces.
2489:) and what was to become
2038:
1964:
1894:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1693:
1649:
1605:
1535:
1465:
1395:
1325:
1255:
1185:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
8798:unification with Moldova
8481:Turks and Caicos Islands
7907:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
7818:Administrative divisions
6790:Iraqi Kurdistan timeline
5583:. Hamden: Archon Books.
4543:. OUP USA. p. 138.
3893:Liverani, Mario (1993).
3811:Liverani, Mario (1993).
3663:. World Weather Online.
3324:
3201:example, they celebrate
2703:Second IraqiâKurdish War
2260:Mithridates I of Parthia
2229:In 16th century BCE the
2158:site in Kurdistan is at
1065:Mediterranean vegetation
8848:unification with Kosovo
7466:Mandate for Mesopotamia
7340:First Babylonian Empire
7061:Independence referendum
6092:Leezenberg, M. (2005).
5930:Leezenberg, M. (2005).
5312:. BRILL. p. 1136.
5306:Houtsma, M. Th (1993).
4660:(Thesis). p. 232.
4654:Valk, Jonathan (2018).
4314:Ross, James F. (1970).
4165:. Terrail. p. 97.
3899:. Sargon. p. 139.
3817:. Sargon. p. 139.
3322:Yassin, Borhan (2008).
3057:Following US withdrawal
2585:First IraqiâKurdish War
9211:Geography of Kurdistan
9057:Greater Germanic Reich
8855:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7625:Insurgency (2011â2013)
7546:IraqiâKurdish conflict
7350:Middle Assyrian Empire
6888:IraqiâKurdish conflict
4496:Bryce, Trevor (2009).
3414:Khalil, Fadel (1992).
3152:campaign of airstrikes
3140:
3090:
3011:
3001:Oil-for-Food Programme
2878:
2864:
2831:IraqiâKurdish conflict
2712:
2639:
2597:
2518:Shaikh Mahmud Barzanji
2513:
2446:
2330:
2321:
1123:is common. There is a
1068:
989:
978:
967:
956:Geography of Kurdistan
909:
44:
9251:Eastern Mediterranean
9045:Annexation of Austria
7912:in post-invasion Iraq
7618:U.S. troop withdrawal
7380:Neo-Babylonian Empire
6650:. 27 September 2017.
6102:Third World Quarterly
5940:Third World Quarterly
5381:Roemer (1989), p. 285
5162:Encyclopaedia Iranica
4984:Anabasis III.IV.10-11
4945:Joseph, John (2000).
4913:. BRILL. p. 43.
4854:ishtar shrine arbela.
3974:Potts, D. T. (2020).
3583:"Irbil, Iraq Climate"
3398:(north, Turkey), and
3380:Bengio, Ofra (2014).
3182:who remain in power.
3134:
3074:
3061:Further information:
3009:
2978:: one imposed by the
2870:
2862:
2710:
2631:
2592:
2511:
2455:Sykes-Picot Agreement
2441:
2327:
2295:
2087:(precipitation days)
1073:Mediterranean climate
1059:
984:
973:
963:
927:term for region. The
904:
42:
9226:Subdivisions of Iraq
8705:annexation of Taiwan
7861:Council of Ministers
7743:Mesopotamian Marshes
6963:Disputed territories
6712:. 14 November 2017.
6511:on November 20, 2014
6376:. Business Insider.
6174:Abdulrahman, Frman.
5829:Francis Kofi Abiew.
4951:. BRILL. p. 8.
3609:"Erbil climate info"
3559:. Climate-Data.org.
2997:Washington Agreement
2689:in the same period.
2551:initiated a Kurdish
2316:), and Souleimanié (
2162:, the centre of the
2126:History of the Kurds
2085:World Weather Online
1186:Record high °C (°F)
891:Constitution of Iraq
873:), and northwestern
658:Kurdish philosophers
538:Kingdom of Kurdistan
364:Karduchian dynasties
9168: /
8123:Mesopotamian Arabic
7929:Freedom of religion
7375:Neo-Assyrian Empire
7345:Old Assyrian Period
7330:Neo-Sumerian Empire
6991:(autonomous region)
6826:Library of Congress
6681:. 17 October 2017.
6501:www.defensenews.com
6202:Middle East Journal
4869:Chahin, M. (2001).
2918:Ali Hassan al-Majid
2893:against the Kurds,
2820:settler colonialist
2786:government of Iraq
2573:Republic of Mahabad
2483:Mandatory Palestine
2252:Alexander The Great
1650:Average snowy days
1606:Average rainy days
1466:Record low °C (°F)
1326:Daily mean °C (°F)
929:literal translation
548:Republic of Mahabad
518:Simko Shikak revolt
9241:Separatism in Iraq
8589:Western Azerbaijan
8523:Dominican Republic
8054:Telecommunications
8029:Foreign Investment
7966:Wars and conflicts
7902:in pre-Saddam Iraq
7866:Presidency Council
7652:2019â2021 protests
7581:Invasion of Kuwait
7405:Sassanid Asorestan
7400:Parthian Babylonia
7395:Seleucid Babylonia
7390:Achaemenid Assyria
7305:Jemdet Nasr period
7012:Presidency Council
6800:2015-08-20 at the
6593:. March 23, 2016.
6235:Kharroub, Tamara.
6042:Middle East Policy
5990:Middle East Policy
5816:Prof. Rimki Basu.
5694:2017-10-10 at the
3179:military operation
3141:
3091:
3012:
2879:
2865:
2713:
2640:
2637:Abd al-Karim Qasim
2598:
2594:The Barzani revolt
2514:
2463:Treaty of Lausanne
2447:
2406:and the resulting
2331:
2322:
2276:Church of the East
2190:Naram-Sin of Akkad
2131:Pre-Islamic period
2114:irrigation systems
1069:
990:
979:
968:
910:
889:recognized by the
863:Northern Kurdistan
822:Southern Kurdistan
508:Kurdistansky Uyezd
154:Southern Kurdistan
134:Northern Kurdistan
45:
9236:Upper Mesopotamia
9206:Geography of Iraq
9172:36.917°N 44.033°E
9151:
9150:
9118:Related concepts:
8397:
8396:
8345:
8344:
8341:
8340:
8331:Mandaean New Year
8082:
8081:
7974:
7973:
7956:Political parties
7851:Foreign relations
7796:
7795:
7703:Lower Mesopotamia
7698:Upper Mesopotamia
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7431:Abbasid Caliphate
7426:Umayyad Caliphate
7335:Isin-Larsa period
7198:
7197:
7145:
7144:
7109:
7108:
7071:
7070:
7039:Foreign relations
6971:
6970:
6807:The Kurds of Iraq
6109:(4â5): 631â647 .
5947:(4â5): 631â647 .
5806:978-2-7132-2295-5
5509:978-0-275-99210-1
5357:978-1-59333-315-7
5319:978-90-04-09790-2
5248:978-0-567-63737-6
5210:978-1-139-51076-9
5172:978-0-7100-9090-4
5132:978-3-406-09397-5
5092:978-0-19-515142-8
5048:978-90-04-35072-4
5010:978-1-315-39936-2
4958:978-90-04-11641-2
4920:978-90-04-09172-6
4882:978-0-7007-1452-0
4817:978-0-931464-08-9
4779:978-1-107-51327-3
4695:978-3-11-026640-5
4629:978-0-19-753276-8
4591:978-1-931707-14-5
4550:978-0-19-518831-8
4509:978-0-415-39485-7
4468:978-1-108-47874-8
4427:978-1-57506-060-6
4286:978-0-470-69534-0
4248:978-1-118-71816-2
4210:978-1-134-75091-7
4172:978-2-87939-152-6
4101:978-1-57506-060-6
4063:978-1-57506-080-4
4025:978-0-89003-501-6
3987:978-0-19-068785-4
3906:978-88-11-20468-8
3824:978-88-11-20468-8
3615:on 4 October 2013
3589:on 4 October 2013
3386:Hence the terms:
3139:in September 2017
2933:Autonomous period
2741:Houari Boumediene
2671:Abdul Rahman Arif
2610:Abdul Karim Qasim
2495:Arabian Peninsula
2467:League of Nations
2100:
2099:
1773:Climate data for
1766:
1765:
1696:relative humidity
1134:Climate data for
1063:is surrounded by
1030:Turkish Kurdistan
975:Greater Zab River
916:are unclear. The
887:autonomous region
879:Eastern Kurdistan
871:Western Kurdistan
851:Greater Kurdistan
838:BaĆĂ»rĂȘ KurdistanĂȘ
835:
815:
814:
679:Kurdish languages
578:Turkish Kurdistan
573:Iranian Kurdistan
553:Al-Anfal campaign
523:Koçgiri Rebellion
164:Western Kurdistan
144:Eastern Kurdistan
16:(Redirected from
9258:
9221:Politics of Iraq
9183:
9182:
9180:
9179:
9178:
9173:
9169:
9166:
9165:
9164:
9161:
9102:Papua New Guinea
8424:
8417:
8410:
8401:
8400:
8387:
8386:
8377:
8376:
8367:
8357:
8356:
8101:
8100:
8088:
8087:
8019:
7980:
7979:
7831:
7802:
7801:
7788:Sinjar Mountains
7778:Zagros Mountains
7718:Hamrin Mountains
7677:
7676:
7640:Mosul liberation
7613:Iraqi insurgency
7535:National Command
7524:
7360:Simurrum culture
7263:
7262:
7250:
7249:
7239:
7238:
7237:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7202:
7201:
7120:
7119:
7082:
7081:
7007:
6989:Kurdistan Region
6982:
6981:
6958:
6950:
6942:
6934:
6919:
6918:
6907:
6906:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6841:
6840:
6772:
6771:
6765:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6700:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6669:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6659:
6638:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6602:
6583:
6577:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6507:. Archived from
6492:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6463:The Toronto Star
6454:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6422:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6411:
6396:
6390:
6389:
6387:
6385:
6369:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6323:
6304:
6295:
6294:
6288:
6280:
6278:
6277:
6268:. Archived from
6262:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6252:
6232:
6226:
6225:
6197:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6161:
6147:
6141:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6131:
6098:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6064:
6058:
6057:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6012:
6006:
6005:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5969:
5936:
5927:
5921:
5920:
5890:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5880:
5865:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5840:
5834:
5827:
5821:
5814:
5808:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5779:
5770:
5769:
5741:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5718:. Archived from
5713:
5705:
5699:
5686:
5680:
5679:
5677:
5676:
5661:
5655:
5654:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5538:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5521:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5423:
5417:
5416:
5388:
5382:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5280:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5260:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5222:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5184:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5060:
5032:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4839:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4801:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4763:
4757:
4756:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4534:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4521:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4398:
4392:
4381:
4372:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4359:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4232:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4144:
4143:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4114:
4113:
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3855:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3733:
3727:. 11 June 2021.
3720:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3689:. Climate-Data.
3683:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3620:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3553:
3547:
3540:
3534:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3494:
3488:
3487:
3481:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3464:
3458:. Archived from
3457:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3266:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3236:Geography portal
3233:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3222:Kurdistan portal
3219:
3218:
3217:
3126:Kirkuk oilfields
3086:
3080:
2951:gave birth to a
2891:chemical weapons
2844:
2839:Ba'athist regime
2818:), in line with
2660:Abdul Salam Arif
2459:Treaty of SĂšvres
2352:, and later the
2272:Sassanian Empire
2172:
2169:
2153:
2150:
1770:
1769:
1744:Climate-Data.org
1131:
1130:
1014:Qandil mountains
1006:Hamrin Mountains
1002:Sinjar Mountains
883:Kurdistan Region
841:) refers to the
840:
834:romanized:
833:
831:
830:ۚۧێÙÙŰ±Û Ú©Ù۱ۯ۳ŰȘۧÙ
807:
800:
793:
681:
633:Historical sites
583:Syrian Kurdistan
567:Kurdistan Region
533:Dersim Rebellion
528:Ararat rebellion
365:
81:
71:
60:
52:
47:
46:
32:Kurdistan Region
21:
9266:
9265:
9261:
9260:
9259:
9257:
9256:
9255:
9196:Iraqi Kurdistan
9186:
9185:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9162:
9159:
9157:
9155:
9154:
9152:
9147:
9111:
9085:
9001:
8983:Northern Europe
8978:
8952:Italian Grisons
8915:
8882:North Macedonia
8836:Southern Europe
8831:
8756:
8683:
8647:
8555:
8529:
8464:
8433:
8428:
8398:
8393:
8337:
8321:Public holidays
8244:
8095:
8078:
8017:
7987:
7970:
7829:
7809:
7792:
7723:Iraqi Kurdistan
7713:Euphrates river
7684:
7663:
7630:War (2014â2017)
7576:Operation Opera
7522:
7492:
7488:Arab Federation
7476:Kingdom of Iraq
7409:
7385:Fall of Babylon
7320:Akkadian Empire
7295:Samarra culture
7280:Hassuna culture
7257:
7244:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7199:
7194:
7176:
7150:Security forces
7141:
7105:
7067:
7001:
6967:
6956:
6948:
6940:
6932:
6908:
6901:
6897:
6874:
6871:Iraqi Kurdistan
6868:
6837:
6816:Wayback Machine
6802:Wayback Machine
6780:
6775:
6759:
6758:
6752:
6750:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6732:
6728:
6719:
6717:
6702:
6701:
6697:
6688:
6686:
6671:
6670:
6666:
6657:
6655:
6640:
6639:
6635:
6626:
6624:
6615:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6598:
6585:
6584:
6580:
6571:
6569:
6554:
6550:
6541:
6539:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6493:
6489:
6480:
6478:
6455:
6451:
6441:
6439:
6431:Washington Post
6424:
6423:
6419:
6409:
6407:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6383:
6381:
6370:
6363:
6354:
6352:
6335:
6334:
6330:
6321:
6319:
6306:
6305:
6298:
6282:
6281:
6275:
6273:
6266:"Archived copy"
6264:
6263:
6259:
6250:
6248:
6233:
6229:
6198:
6194:
6185:
6183:
6172:
6168:
6159:
6157:
6148:
6144:
6135:
6133:
6129:
6096:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6065:
6061:
6048:(1): 122â133 .
6038:
6034:
6027:
6013:
6009:
5986:
5982:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5934:
5928:
5924:
5903:(1): 109â118 .
5891:
5887:
5878:
5876:
5867:
5866:
5862:
5853:
5851:
5846:. Dlawer.info.
5842:
5841:
5837:
5828:
5824:
5815:
5811:
5795:
5791:
5780:
5773:
5752:(1): 112â124 .
5742:
5738:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5711:
5707:
5706:
5702:
5696:Wayback Machine
5687:
5683:
5674:
5672:
5663:
5662:
5658:
5637:(1): 112â124 .
5627:
5623:
5616:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5577:
5573:
5564:
5562:
5555:
5539:
5528:
5519:
5517:
5510:
5494:
5490:
5469:(1): 112â124 .
5459:
5455:
5434:(2): 139â163 .
5424:
5420:
5399:(4): 271â299 .
5389:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5367:
5365:
5358:
5342:
5338:
5329:
5327:
5320:
5304:
5300:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5267:
5258:
5256:
5249:
5233:
5229:
5220:
5218:
5211:
5195:
5191:
5182:
5180:
5173:
5159:
5158:
5154:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5117:
5113:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5093:
5071:
5067:
5058:
5056:
5049:
5033:
5029:
5020:
5018:
5011:
4995:
4991:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4968:
4966:
4959:
4943:
4939:
4930:
4928:
4921:
4905:
4901:
4892:
4890:
4883:
4867:
4860:
4840:
4836:
4827:
4825:
4818:
4802:
4798:
4789:
4787:
4780:
4764:
4760:
4745:
4741:
4732:
4730:
4719:
4718:
4714:
4705:
4703:
4696:
4680:
4676:
4667:
4665:
4652:
4648:
4639:
4637:
4630:
4614:
4610:
4601:
4599:
4592:
4576:
4572:
4560:
4558:
4551:
4535:
4531:
4519:
4517:
4510:
4494:
4490:
4478:
4476:
4469:
4453:
4449:
4437:
4435:
4428:
4412:
4408:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4379:
4373:
4369:
4357:
4355:
4312:
4308:
4296:
4294:
4287:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4256:
4249:
4233:
4229:
4220:
4218:
4211:
4195:
4191:
4182:
4180:
4173:
4157:
4153:
4141:
4139:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4111:
4109:
4102:
4086:
4082:
4073:
4071:
4064:
4048:
4044:
4035:
4033:
4026:
4010:
4006:
3997:
3995:
3988:
3972:
3968:
3945:10.2307/4200552
3929:
3925:
3916:
3914:
3907:
3891:
3887:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3834:
3832:
3825:
3809:
3805:
3796:
3794:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3767:
3765:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3696:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3668:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3616:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3541:
3537:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3495:
3491:
3475:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3453:"Archived copy"
3451:
3450:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3428:
3412:
3408:
3394:(south, Iraq),
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3339:
3337:
3330:Lund University
3326:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3304:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3248:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3198:
3196:Kurdish culture
3190:Main articles:
3188:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3069:
3059:
3017:
2965:national anthem
2940:
2935:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2837:efforts of the
2780:
2772:Main articles:
2770:
2705:
2699:
2648:Iraqi Air Force
2633:Mustafa Barzani
2608:was invited by
2606:Mustafa Barzani
2587:
2581:
2565:Mustafa Barzani
2557:Mustafa Barzani
2534:Kurdish Kingdom
2443:Mahmud Barzanji
2436:
2408:Treaty of Zuhab
2290:
2284:
2171: 6000 BCE
2170:
2164:Hassuna culture
2154:. The earliest
2152: 7000 BCE
2151:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2106:
2101:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1767:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1054:
958:
952:
899:
818:Iraqi Kurdistan
811:
782:
781:
730:
720:
719:
684:
677:
673:
663:
662:
603:Kurdish culture
598:
588:
587:
563:Iraqi Kurdistan
503:
410:Mir Jafar Dasni
400:
368:
363:
359:
346:
336:
335:
111:
101:
100:
91:
72:
69:Kurdish culture
65:Kurdish history
63:
62:
61:
54:
50:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9264:
9254:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9177:36.917; 44.033
9149:
9148:
9116:
9113:
9112:
9110:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9093:
9091:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9067:
9066:
9065:
9064:
9059:
9049:
9048:
9047:
9032:
9031:
9030:
9020:
9015:
9009:
9007:
9006:Western Europe
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8986:
8984:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8923:
8921:
8917:
8916:
8914:
8913:
8908:
8907:
8906:
8896:
8895:
8894:
8884:
8879:
8878:
8877:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8839:
8837:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8818:
8817:
8812:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8775:
8773:Czechoslovakia
8770:
8764:
8762:
8758:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8697:
8691:
8689:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8655:
8653:
8649:
8648:
8646:
8645:
8640:
8639:
8638:
8633:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8592:
8591:
8581:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8563:
8561:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8530:
8528:
8527:
8526:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8484:
8483:
8472:
8470:
8466:
8465:
8463:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8434:
8427:
8426:
8419:
8412:
8404:
8395:
8394:
8392:
8391:
8381:
8371:
8361:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8328:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8252:
8250:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8241:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8210:
8205:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8115:
8109:
8107:
8097:
8096:
8084:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8059:Transportation
8056:
8051:
8049:Stock Exchange
8046:
8044:Reconstruction
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8024:Infrastructure
8021:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7992:
7989:
7988:
7976:
7975:
7972:
7971:
7969:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7920:
7919:
7909:
7904:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7883:Prime Minister
7880:
7879:
7878:
7868:
7863:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7825:
7820:
7814:
7811:
7810:
7798:
7797:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7644:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7627:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7600:
7595:
7594:
7593:
7591:1991 uprisings
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7541:Saddam Hussein
7538:
7527:
7526:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7502:
7500:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7484:
7483:
7473:
7471:Mandatory Iraq
7468:
7463:
7460:Mamluk dynasty
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7417:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7325:Gutian dynasty
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7271:
7269:
7259:
7258:
7246:
7245:
7228:
7227:
7220:
7213:
7205:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7192:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7123:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7085:
7079:
7073:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7032:Prime Minister
7029:
7027:Vice President
7024:
7019:
7014:
6997:
6992:
6985:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6960:
6952:
6944:
6936:
6928:
6922:
6916:
6910:
6909:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6895:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6873: articles
6867:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6844:
6835:
6834:
6829:
6822:Baghdad Invest
6819:
6809:
6804:
6792:
6787:
6779:
6778:External links
6776:
6774:
6773:
6738:
6726:
6695:
6664:
6633:
6608:
6578:
6548:
6522:
6487:
6449:
6417:
6391:
6361:
6347:. 2012-11-19.
6328:
6314:. 2012-11-18.
6296:
6257:
6227:
6192:
6166:
6142:
6084:
6077:
6059:
6032:
6025:
6007:
5980:
5922:
5885:
5860:
5835:
5822:
5809:
5789:
5771:
5736:
5725:on 21 May 2013
5700:
5681:
5656:
5621:
5614:
5596:
5589:
5571:
5553:
5526:
5508:
5488:
5453:
5418:
5383:
5374:
5356:
5336:
5318:
5298:
5265:
5247:
5227:
5209:
5189:
5171:
5152:
5131:
5111:
5097:
5091:
5065:
5047:
5027:
5009:
4989:
4975:
4957:
4937:
4919:
4899:
4881:
4858:
4834:
4816:
4796:
4778:
4758:
4739:
4712:
4694:
4674:
4646:
4628:
4608:
4590:
4570:
4549:
4529:
4508:
4488:
4467:
4447:
4426:
4406:
4367:
4306:
4285:
4265:
4247:
4227:
4209:
4189:
4171:
4151:
4121:
4100:
4080:
4062:
4042:
4024:
4004:
3986:
3966:
3923:
3905:
3885:
3841:
3823:
3803:
3774:
3745:
3704:
3678:
3652:
3641:on 9 July 2013
3626:
3600:
3574:
3548:
3535:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3489:
3444:
3426:
3406:
3402:(west, Syria).
3390:(east, Iran),
3372:
3357:(in Kurdish).
3346:
3314:
3299:(in Kurdish).
3288:
3277:(2): 283â291.
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3239:
3225:
3187:
3184:
3121:Masoud Barzani
3083:
3077:
3076:
3058:
3055:
3051:Masoud Barzani
3047:Jalal Talabani
3016:
3013:
2980:United Nations
2945:Saddam Hussein
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2914:Saddam Hussein
2907:Kurdish people
2899:Anfal campaign
2850:
2847:
2824:Saddam Hussein
2774:PUK insurgency
2769:
2766:
2725:Iraqi invasion
2701:Main article:
2698:
2695:
2583:Main article:
2580:
2577:
2435:
2432:
2283:
2282:Islamic period
2280:
2268:House of Kayus
2188:. In 2200 BCE
2132:
2129:
2121:
2118:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
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1856:
1851:
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1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
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1791:
1788:
1785:
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1778:
1777:
1768:
1764:
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1752:
1751:
1739:
1738:
1735:
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1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
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1708:
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1699:
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1687:
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1666:
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1657:
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1634:
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1628:
1625:
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1619:
1616:
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1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1053:
1050:
951:
948:
898:
895:
885:(KRI), a semi-
813:
812:
810:
809:
802:
795:
787:
784:
783:
780:
779:
777:Zoroastrianism
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
743:
742:
731:
726:
725:
722:
721:
718:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
686:
685:
682:
674:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
599:
594:
593:
590:
589:
586:
585:
580:
575:
570:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
498:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
395:
394:
388:
387:
382:
377:
372:
366:
354:
353:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
328:
326:United Kingdom
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
190:
185:
179:
178:
168:
167:
157:
147:
137:
127:
121:
120:
112:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
92:
87:
86:
83:
82:
74:
73:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9263:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9201:Kurds in Iraq
9199:
9197:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9184:
9181:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9131:Reunification
9128:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9088:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9069:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9052:Pan-Germanism
9050:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9036:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9010:
9008:
9004:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8985:
8981:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8929:
8928:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8918:
8912:
8909:
8905:
8902:
8901:
8900:
8897:
8893:
8890:
8889:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8844:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8834:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8807:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8776:
8774:
8771:
8769:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8759:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8692:
8690:
8686:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:Southern Asia
8650:
8644:
8641:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8590:
8587:
8586:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8534:South America
8532:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8498:United States
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8477:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8469:North America
8467:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8436:
8432:
8425:
8420:
8418:
8413:
8411:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8390:
8382:
8380:
8372:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8360:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8247:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8196:
8195:Iraqi Turkmen
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8151:
8148:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
8108:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8089:
8085:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7993:
7990:
7986:
7981:
7977:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7918:
7915:
7914:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7895:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7881:
7877:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7830:(legislative)
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7799:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7763:Syrian Desert
7761:
7759:
7758:Shatt al-Arab
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7693:Faw peninsula
7691:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7678:
7674:
7660:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7648:
7645:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7635:Fall of Mosul
7633:
7632:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7608:U.S. invasion
7606:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7588:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7571:IranâIraq War
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7536:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7525:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7489:
7486:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7436:Buyid dynasty
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7412:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7285:Halaf culture
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7272:
7270:
7268:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7251:
7247:
7242:
7236:
7226:
7221:
7219:
7214:
7212:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7102:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7074:
7062:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7054:
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6996:
6993:
6990:
6987:
6986:
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6980:
6978:
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6961:
6959:
6955:Sulaymaniyah
6953:
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6943:
6937:
6935:
6929:
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6924:
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6592:
6588:
6582:
6567:
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6559:
6552:
6537:
6534:. Bbc.co.uk.
6533:
6526:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6491:
6476:
6472:
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6460:
6453:
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6427:
6421:
6405:
6401:
6395:
6379:
6375:
6368:
6366:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6340:
6332:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6301:
6292:
6286:
6272:on 2014-05-08
6271:
6267:
6261:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6231:
6223:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6196:
6181:
6177:
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6155:
6154:
6146:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6103:
6095:
6088:
6080:
6078:1-4039-6354-1
6074:
6070:
6063:
6055:
6051:
6047:
6043:
6036:
6028:
6026:0-415-30278-1
6022:
6018:
6011:
6003:
5999:
5996:(4): 66â76 .
5995:
5991:
5984:
5966:
5962:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
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5933:
5926:
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5906:
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5898:
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5870:
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5849:
5845:
5839:
5832:
5826:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5785:
5784:MERIP Reports
5778:
5776:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5740:
5721:
5717:
5710:
5704:
5697:
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5690:
5685:
5670:
5666:
5660:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5625:
5617:
5615:0-8032-3733-2
5611:
5607:
5600:
5592:
5590:0-208-01395-4
5586:
5582:
5575:
5560:
5556:
5554:0-7734-9816-8
5550:
5546:
5545:
5537:
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5533:
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5515:
5511:
5505:
5501:
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5107:
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5080:
5076:
5069:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5031:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:. Routledge.
5002:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4979:
4964:
4960:
4954:
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4809:
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4800:
4785:
4781:
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4771:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4750:
4747:Llop, Jaume.
4743:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4678:
4663:
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3558:
3552:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3508:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3479:
3465:on 2016-11-28
3461:
3454:
3448:
3433:
3429:
3427:3-203-51097-9
3423:
3419:
3418:
3410:
3403:
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3251:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3226:
3223:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3193:
3192:Iraqi culture
3183:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3127:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3073:
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3064:
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3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2993:United States
2990:
2984:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2930:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:IranâIraq War
2877:
2873:
2869:
2861:
2856:
2846:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:new offensive
2726:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2704:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2665:
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2653:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2602:military coup
2595:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2549:Ahmed Barzani
2545:
2542:By 1927, the
2540:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2444:
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2257:
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2237:
2232:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2146:
2142:
2141:Shanidar Cave
2138:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1967:precipitation
1963:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
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1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
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1692:
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1598:
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1513:
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1503:
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1453:
1448:
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1433:
1428:
1423:
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1398:
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1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
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1353:
1348:
1343:
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1328:
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1188:
1184:
1140:
1137:
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1128:
1126:
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1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1061:Shanidar Cave
1058:
1049:
1047:
1044:vegetated by
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
983:
976:
972:
966:
962:
957:
947:
945:
943:
942:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
919:
915:
907:
903:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
827:
823:
819:
808:
803:
801:
796:
794:
789:
788:
786:
785:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
732:
729:
724:
723:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
676:
675:
672:
667:
666:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
597:
592:
591:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
502:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
401:
399:
393:
390:
389:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
367:
362:
361:
360:
358:
352:
349:
348:
345:
340:
339:
332:
331:United States
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
296:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:
176:
175:
170:
169:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
135:
131:
128:
126:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
110:
105:
104:
97:
96:List of Kurds
94:
93:
90:
85:
84:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
58:
49:
48:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Iraqi Kurdish
9153:
9127:Partitionism
9121:
9120:
9117:
8674:Pashtunistan
8560:Western Asia
8493:Saint Martin
8460:South Africa
8223:Christianity
8105:Demographics
8039:Oil reserves
8034:Oil Industry
8001:Central Bank
7897:Human rights
7823:Constitution
7768:Tigris river
7748:Persian Gulf
7722:
7456:Ottoman Iraq
7441:Qara Qoyunlu
7275:Ubaid period
7101:Demographics
7089:Oil reserves
7003:
6995:Human rights
6870:
6836:
6751:. Retrieved
6741:
6729:
6718:. Retrieved
6707:
6698:
6687:. Retrieved
6676:
6667:
6656:. Retrieved
6645:
6636:
6625:. Retrieved
6611:
6599:. Retrieved
6590:
6581:
6570:. Retrieved
6561:
6551:
6540:. Retrieved
6525:
6513:. Retrieved
6509:the original
6500:
6490:
6479:. Retrieved
6462:
6452:
6440:. Retrieved
6429:
6420:
6408:. Retrieved
6394:
6382:. Retrieved
6353:. Retrieved
6344:
6338:
6331:
6320:. Retrieved
6311:
6274:. Retrieved
6270:the original
6260:
6249:. Retrieved
6240:
6230:
6205:
6201:
6195:
6184:. Retrieved
6169:
6158:. Retrieved
6152:
6145:
6134:. Retrieved
6106:
6100:
6087:
6068:
6062:
6045:
6041:
6035:
6016:
6010:
5993:
5989:
5983:
5972:. Retrieved
5944:
5938:
5925:
5900:
5894:
5888:
5877:. Retrieved
5863:
5852:. Retrieved
5838:
5833::p146. 1991.
5830:
5825:
5820::p103. 2012.
5817:
5812:
5797:
5792:
5783:
5749:
5745:
5739:
5727:. Retrieved
5720:the original
5715:
5703:
5684:
5673:. Retrieved
5659:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5606:Arabs at War
5605:
5599:
5580:
5574:
5563:. Retrieved
5543:
5518:. Retrieved
5498:
5491:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5396:
5392:
5386:
5377:
5366:. Retrieved
5346:
5339:
5328:. Retrieved
5308:
5301:
5290:. Retrieved
5274:
5268:
5257:. Retrieved
5237:
5230:
5219:. Retrieved
5199:
5192:
5181:. Retrieved
5161:
5155:
5121:
5114:
5105:
5100:
5074:
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3976:
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3926:
3915:. Retrieved
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3757:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3722:
3695:. Retrieved
3681:
3671:September 6,
3669:. Retrieved
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3639:the original
3629:
3617:. Retrieved
3613:the original
3603:
3591:. Retrieved
3587:the original
3577:
3565:. Retrieved
3551:
3543:
3538:
3530:
3525:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3492:
3467:. Retrieved
3460:the original
3447:
3436:. Retrieved
3417:Kurden heute
3416:
3409:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3349:
3338:. Retrieved
3329:
3317:
3305:. Retrieved
3291:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3206:
3199:
3172:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3109:Iraqi crisis
3105:
3096:
3092:
3044:
3036:Sulaymaniyah
3029:
3018:
2996:
2985:
2969:
2952:
2941:
2922:human rights
2911:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2835:depopulation
2828:
2790:minorities (
2781:
2755:
2750:
2746:Algiers Pact
2744:
2714:
2691:
2683:
2679:Ba'ath Party
2668:
2645:
2641:
2622:
2618:
2599:
2569:Soviet Union
2561:
2544:Barzani clan
2541:
2538:
2515:
2499:Saudi Arabia
2448:
2381:
2332:
2318:Sulaymaniyah
2308:), Kerkouk (
2304:of Mossoul (
2248:
2228:
2216:Shamshi Adad
2210:
2175:
2163:
2160:Tell Hassuna
2134:
2107:
2094:Climate-Data
2093:
2084:
1969:mm (inches)
1760:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1125:seasonal lag
1097:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1070:
1034:
991:
946:
939:
935:
933:
920:
913:
911:
865:), northern
821:
817:
816:
747:Christianity
618:Celebrations
562:
500:
499:
435:Hasanwayhids
397:
396:
356:
355:
311:Turkmenistan
172:
171:
153:
116:
115:
36:
9175: /
9139:Revisionism
9081:Switzerland
9076:Netherlands
8737:Philippines
8636:Pan-Turkism
8431:Irredentism
8379:WikiProject
8180:Marsh Arabs
8165:Circassians
7846:Foreign aid
7738:Mesopotamia
7300:Uruk period
6515:20 November
5871:. Hrw.org.
5667:. Hrw.org.
4326:(1): 1â28.
3365:24 December
3307:24 December
3250:Asia portal
3045:PUK leader
2881:During the
2872:Iraqi Kurds
2758:Arabization
2596:, June 1932
2487:Transjordan
2424:World War I
2137:Neanderthal
1748:My Forecast
1048:scrubland.
1046:sclerophyll
1010:Mount Nisir
994:Cheekha Dar
455:Hazaraspids
271:Netherlands
9190:Categories
9143:Rump state
9135:Revanchism
9062:Lebensraum
8911:Yugoslavia
8679:Tamil Nadu
8659:Bangladesh
8584:Azerbaijan
8445:Mauritania
8296:Television
8276:Literature
8238:Irreligion
8213:Secularism
8150:Minorities
8018:(currency)
8011:Corruption
7856:Government
7647:Insurgency
7446:Aq Qoyunlu
7267:Chronology
7017:Parliament
6753:2008-10-22
6720:2020-08-11
6689:2017-08-11
6658:2020-08-11
6627:2017-04-02
6591:Kudistan24
6572:2018-10-29
6556:By Rudaw.
6542:2014-08-09
6481:2016-03-30
6355:2013-06-23
6322:2017-07-01
6276:2013-06-23
6251:2022-05-25
6208:(4): 588.
6186:2010-12-28
6160:2022-11-13
6136:2019-12-17
5974:2019-12-17
5879:2010-12-28
5854:2010-12-28
5675:2010-12-28
5565:2021-05-04
5520:2015-10-12
5368:2021-05-04
5330:2021-05-04
5292:2021-04-21
5259:2021-05-04
5221:2021-05-04
5183:2021-05-04
5059:2021-05-04
5021:2021-05-04
4969:2021-05-04
4931:2021-05-04
4893:2021-05-04
4828:2021-05-04
4790:2021-05-04
4733:2021-05-04
4706:2021-05-04
4668:2021-04-21
4640:2021-05-04
4602:2021-05-04
4561:2021-05-04
4520:2021-05-04
4479:2021-05-04
4438:2021-05-04
4397:2021-04-21
4358:2021-04-21
4297:2021-05-04
4259:2021-05-04
4221:2021-05-04
4183:2021-05-04
4142:2021-05-04
4112:2021-05-04
4074:2021-05-04
4036:2021-05-04
3998:2021-05-04
3917:2021-05-04
3879:2021-04-21
3835:2021-05-04
3797:2021-08-08
3768:2017-01-21
3754:"Shaqlawa"
3697:21 January
3542:A.D. Lee,
3469:2016-11-15
3438:2020-11-06
3340:2019-12-24
3257:References
2953:safe haven
2927:Qala Dizeh
2853:See also:
2739:President
2652:Iraqi Army
2600:After the
2416:Nader Shah
2373:Ak Koyunlu
2286:See also:
2231:Mitannians
2124:See also:
2092:Source 2:
2083:Source 1:
1755:Source 2:
1742:Source 1:
1038:Lake Dukan
1022:Little Zab
977:near Erbil
965:Lake Dukan
954:See also:
648:Literature
425:Shaddadids
261:Kazakhstan
201:Azerbaijan
109:Population
9216:Kurdistan
9097:Australia
8712:Indonesia
8601:Kurdistan
8541:Argentina
8508:Greenland
8316:Squatting
8281:Education
8228:Mandaeism
8197:/Turkoman
8175:Mandaeans
8160:Assyrians
8155:Armenians
8118:Languages
8006:Companies
7961:Judiciary
7871:President
7841:Elections
7836:Democracy
7682:Geography
7598:Sanctions
7516:2003â2011
7511:1968â2003
7506:1958â1968
7365:Babylonia
7157:Peshmerga
7022:President
7004:Peshmerga
7000:Military
6957:(SlĂȘmanĂź)
6941:(Helebce)
6926:Kurdistan
6914:Geography
6471:0319-0781
6214:0026-3141
6123:154579710
5961:154579710
5917:146771496
5766:145235862
5729:22 August
5651:145235862
5483:145235862
5448:144862193
5413:146638619
5141:cite book
4417:Eblaitica
4386:(2): 39.
4348:161096506
4340:1475-4517
3953:0021-0889
3866:0021-0889
3567:13 August
3164:Catalonia
3025:Peshmerga
2909:in Iraq.
2808:Armenians
2800:Assyrians
2784:Ba'athist
2664:Peshmerga
2656:Ba'athist
2575:in 1946.
2553:rebellion
2479:Palestine
2451:West Asia
2412:Afsharids
2156:neolithic
1081:semi-arid
1018:Great Zab
950:Geography
936:Curdistan
897:Etymology
855:West Asia
767:YazdĂąnism
762:Yarsanism
757:Shabakism
671:Languages
450:Hadhabani
445:Marwanids
415:Aishanids
405:Shahrizor
375:Zabdicene
281:Palestine
125:Kurdistan
9028:Wallonia
8942:Dalmatia
8860:Bulgaria
8822:Slovenia
8742:Thailand
8732:Mongolia
8727:Malaysia
8695:Cambodia
8551:Colombia
8359:Category
8208:Religion
8185:Persians
8069:Railways
8064:Airlines
7946:Military
7807:Politics
7783:Wildlife
7773:Umm Qasr
7603:Iraq War
7586:Gulf War
7498:Republic
7451:Safavids
7414:638â1958
7185:Category
7172:Zeravani
7162:Parastin
6977:Politics
6939:Halabja
6933:(HewlĂȘr)
6798:Archived
6762:cite web
6714:Archived
6683:Archived
6652:Archived
6621:Archived
6601:June 25,
6595:Archived
6566:Archived
6536:Archived
6475:Archived
6436:Archived
6404:Archived
6378:Archived
6349:Archived
6316:Archived
6285:cite web
6245:Archived
6222:90016497
6180:Archived
6127:Archived
5965:Archived
5873:Archived
5848:Archived
5692:Archived
5669:Archived
5559:Archived
5514:Archived
5362:Archived
5324:Archived
5283:Archived
5253:Archived
5215:Archived
5177:Archived
5053:Archived
5015:Archived
4963:Archived
4925:Archived
4887:Archived
4822:Archived
4784:Archived
4727:Archived
4700:Archived
4662:Archived
4634:Archived
4596:Archived
4555:Archived
4514:Archived
4473:Archived
4432:Archived
4388:Archived
4352:Archived
4291:Archived
4253:Archived
4215:Archived
4177:Archived
4136:Archived
4106:Archived
4068:Archived
4030:Archived
3992:Archived
3939:: 7â18.
3911:Archived
3870:Archived
3829:Archived
3791:Archived
3787:unpo.org
3762:Archived
3738:8 August
3729:Archived
3691:Archived
3665:Archived
3561:Archived
3478:cite web
3432:Archived
3388:rojhalat
3359:Archived
3334:Archived
3301:Archived
3207:XakelĂȘwe
3160:Scotland
3145:Ed Royce
3021:Iraq War
2903:genocide
2887:de facto
2876:Gulf War
2816:Mandeans
2751:en masse
2737:Algerian
2687:Khanaqin
2675:Rawandiz
2619:Baradost
2400:Ottomans
2398:and the
2396:Safavids
2377:Safavids
2369:emirates
2346:Rashidun
2298:vilayets
2296:Ottoman
2264:Adiabene
2256:Seleucid
2244:Rawandiz
2224:Eshnunna
2194:Mardaman
2147:culture
1965:Average
1694:Average
1301:(100.2)
1296:(107.4)
1291:(107.6)
1286:(100.6)
1117:snowfall
1104:Shaqlawa
1093:freezing
1020:and the
987:Rawandiz
941:Corduene
772:Yazidism
728:Religion
690:Kurmanji
643:Folklore
638:Language
608:Clothing
460:Ayyubids
440:Annazids
430:Rawadids
398:Medieval
392:Kayusids
380:Cyrtians
370:Corduene
295:Chechnya
286:Pakistan
193:Caucasia
174:Diaspora
117:Homeland
57:a series
55:Part of
9160:36°55âČN
9090:Oceania
9071:Ireland
9040:Austria
9035:Germany
9018:Celtics
9013:Belgium
8995:Karelia
8990:Finland
8937:Corsica
8904:Galicia
8865:Croatia
8843:Albania
8827:Ukraine
8815:Ukraine
8793:Romania
8783:Moldova
8778:Hungary
8768:Belarus
8752:Vietnam
8579:Assyria
8572:Artsakh
8567:Armenia
8455:Somalia
8450:Morocco
8389:Commons
8306:Smoking
8271:Culture
8266:Cuisine
8249:General
8233:Yazidis
8190:Solluba
8143:Persian
8133:Kurdish
8128:Aramaic
8093:Society
8074:Tourism
7985:Economy
7733:Islands
7708:Borders
7533: (
7523:present
7458:(incl.
7370:Assyria
7315:Subartu
7255:History
7115:Culture
7077:Economy
6949:(Dihok)
6880:History
6824:at the
6814:at the
6709:Reuters
6678:Reuters
6647:Rappler
6505:Gannett
6442:11 July
6339:CNN.com
6312:Reuters
3961:4200552
3645:14 July
3619:14 July
3593:14 July
3186:Culture
2976:embargo
2905:of the
2812:Turkmen
2804:Shabaks
2796:Yezidis
2762:Turkmen
2475:Lebanon
2453:in the
2428:British
2420:Ottoman
2414:led by
2388:Badinan
2358:Iranian
2354:Abbasid
2350:Umayyad
2338:Muslims
2329:Yazidis
2302:sanjaks
2213:Amorite
2202:Urbilum
2198:Arrapha
2186:Lullubi
2182:Gutians
2178:Subartu
2120:History
2110:rainfed
2104:Economy
2034:(35.3)
1960:(48.6)
1955:(32.0)
1950:(41.0)
1945:(51.6)
1940:(62.2)
1935:(69.6)
1930:(70.5)
1925:(63.3)
1920:(54.5)
1915:(45.0)
1910:(36.3)
1905:(29.7)
1900:(27.7)
1890:(70.1)
1885:(47.1)
1880:(59.7)
1875:(75.9)
1870:(90.0)
1865:(97.2)
1860:(97.3)
1855:(89.4)
1850:(77.2)
1845:(64.0)
1840:(53.8)
1835:(46.0)
1830:(43.2)
1775:Amadiya
1761:Erbilia
1601:(21.2)
1461:(55.8)
1456:(39.0)
1451:(48.0)
1446:(58.1)
1441:(68.2)
1436:(75.9)
1431:(76.8)
1426:(70.5)
1421:(62.1)
1416:(52.0)
1411:(44.1)
1406:(38.5)
1401:(36.3)
1391:(68.3)
1386:(48.4)
1381:(59.0)
1376:(72.7)
1371:(84.2)
1366:(91.6)
1361:(92.1)
1356:(85.5)
1351:(75.4)
1346:(63.5)
1341:(54.3)
1336:(48.0)
1331:(45.3)
1321:(81.0)
1316:(57.9)
1311:(70.2)
1306:(87.3)
1281:(88.7)
1276:(75.2)
1271:(64.6)
1266:(57.6)
1261:(54.3)
1108:Halabja
1052:Climate
925:Iranian
843:Kurdish
826:Kurdish
752:Judaism
613:Cuisine
596:Culture
490:Mokryan
480:Badinan
475:Ardalan
385:Moxoene
357:Ancient
344:History
321:Ukraine
266:Lebanon
226:Germany
216:Finland
211:Denmark
205:Georgia
197:Armenia
183:Belgium
9246:Levant
9163:44°2âČE
9023:France
8972:Ticino
8947:Istria
8892:Kosovo
8887:Serbia
8875:Enosis
8870:Greece
8810:Crimea
8805:Russia
8788:Poland
8631:Cyprus
8626:Turkey
8616:Israel
8596:Cyprus
8513:Mexico
8503:Canada
8488:Mexico
8476:Canada
8438:Africa
8369:Portal
8311:Sports
8286:Health
8261:Cinema
8113:Iraqis
8016:Dinar
7951:Police
7753:Places
7243:topics
7190:Portal
7167:Asaish
7137:People
7127:Anthem
6947:Dohuk
6931:Erbil
6469:
6410:5 July
6384:1 July
6220:
6212:
6121:
6075:
6023:
5959:
5915:
5804:
5764:
5649:
5612:
5587:
5551:
5506:
5481:
5446:
5411:
5354:
5316:
5245:
5207:
5169:
5129:
5089:
5045:
5007:
4955:
4917:
4879:
4814:
4776:
4692:
4626:
4588:
4547:
4506:
4465:
4424:
4346:
4338:
4283:
4245:
4207:
4169:
4098:
4060:
4022:
3984:
3959:
3951:
3903:
3864:
3860:: 99.
3821:
3424:
3400:rojava
3392:bashur
3203:Newroz
3168:Quebec
3117:Kirkuk
3085:
3079:
2916:&
2897:. The
2733:Tehran
2721:Mossad
2623:Zebari
2530:Kirkuk
2457:. The
2390:, and
2366:Mongol
2364:, and
2362:Turkic
2310:Kirkuk
2240:Urartu
2236:Ishtar
2204:, and
2029:(5.0)
2024:(3.8)
2019:(1.3)
2014:(0.0)
1994:(2.2)
1989:(5.0)
1984:(6.1)
1979:(6.9)
1974:(5.0)
1781:Month
1596:(3.1)
1591:(2.2)
1586:(0.5)
1561:(1.0)
1556:(2.7)
1551:(3.5)
1546:(3.8)
1541:(4.4)
1251:(120)
1236:(102)
1231:(113)
1226:(120)
1221:(118)
1216:(111)
1211:(108)
1142:Month
1075:zone (
1042:plains
1026:Tigris
998:Zagros
923:is an
918:suffix
859:Turkey
740:Spread
715:Gorani
700:Xwarin
695:Sorani
501:Modern
470:Badlis
420:Daisam
316:Turkey
306:Sweden
291:Russia
276:Norway
256:Jordan
246:Israel
231:Greece
221:France
188:Canada
130:Turkey
89:People
51:
9107:Samoa
8967:Savoy
8957:Malta
8932:Corfu
8927:Italy
8920:Italy
8899:Spain
8747:Timor
8722:Korea
8717:Japan
8700:China
8669:Nepal
8664:India
8643:Yemen
8621:Syria
8546:Chile
8301:Music
8291:Media
8218:Islam
8170:Kurds
7996:Banks
7934:Women
7728:Lakes
7521:2011â
7481:Kings
7310:Sumer
6562:Rudaw
6218:JSTOR
6130:(PDF)
6119:S2CID
6097:(PDF)
5968:(PDF)
5957:S2CID
5935:(PDF)
5913:S2CID
5786:: 24.
5762:S2CID
5723:(PDF)
5712:(PDF)
5647:S2CID
5479:S2CID
5444:S2CID
5409:S2CID
5286:(PDF)
5279:(PDF)
5275:BÄbak
4391:(PDF)
4380:(PDF)
4344:S2CID
3957:JSTOR
3873:(PDF)
3854:(PDF)
3732:(PDF)
3719:(PDF)
3463:(PDF)
3456:(PDF)
3396:bakur
3137:Erbil
3040:Duhok
3032:Erbil
2989:Zakho
2792:Kurds
2635:with
2526:Mosul
2522:Turks
2503:Yemen
2471:Syria
2392:Soran
2384:Baban
2314:Erbil
2306:Mosul
2206:Kurda
2145:Jarmo
1820:Year
1737:50.0
1734:75.5
1731:60.5
1728:43.5
1725:30.5
1722:27.5
1716:28.5
1713:41.5
1710:58.5
1701:74.5
1531:(21)
1526:(28)
1521:(28)
1516:(39)
1511:(52)
1506:(63)
1501:(55)
1496:(50)
1491:(43)
1486:(37)
1481:(30)
1476:(21)
1471:(25)
1246:(75)
1241:(88)
1206:(93)
1201:(86)
1196:(81)
1191:(68)
1181:Year
1136:Erbil
1121:frost
1112:Duhok
1100:Soran
921:-stan
906:Erbil
867:Syria
735:Islam
653:Music
623:Dance
495:Baban
485:Soran
465:Zands
301:Syria
251:Japan
160:Syria
8962:Nice
8611:Iraq
8606:Iran
8518:Cuba
8201:Jews
7924:LGBT
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