Iraqi Turkmen - Knowledge

2077:. Promoted by the KDP as the "true voice" of the Iraqi Turkmen, the Turkmen National Association has a pro-Kurdistani stance and has effectively weakened the ITF as the sole representative voice of the Iraqi Turkmen. Beginning in 2003, there were riots between Kurds and Turkmen in Kirkuk, a city that Turkmen view as historically theirs. According to United Nations reports, the KRG and Peshmerga were "illegaily policing Kirkurk, abducting Turkmen and Arabs and subjecting them to torture". Between 2003 and 2006, 1,350 Turkmens in Tal A'far died mainly from sectarian violence and war and thousands of houses were damaged or demolished, resulting in 4,685 displaced families. 696: 1510: 560: 1478: 1991:

ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate ". In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kirkuk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".

339:, on the other...even the term "Turks" is selectively used. It is habitually used in reference to the 'closer' Turkish communities while the others are commonly referred to by their own particular names (i.e., Azeris, Turkestanis, etc.)... More important perhaps than the legal factor has been the historical and cultural identity of the Turks in Cyprus, Greece, Bulgaria and Iraq with the Turks of Turkey. Not only are these communities geographically adjacent to the Turks but they have all shared the Ottoman past, speak more or less the same language, and are predominantly Sunni. 1769: 2009: 3285:, p. 314: "There's a strong conflict of opinions regarding the origins of Iraqi Turkmen, however, it is certain that they settled down during the Ottoman rule in the northwest of Mosul, whence they spread to eastern Baghdad. Once there, they became high ranked officers, experts, traders, and executives in residential agglomerations lined up along the vast, fertile plains, and mingled with Kurds, Assyrians, Arabs, and other confessions. With the creation of the new Iraqi state in 1921, Iraqi Turkmen managed to maintain their socioeconomic status." 1683: 1979: 39: 1155: 1147: 1522: 1372: 704: 1812: 8710: 2097: 8720: 775:. Then, in 1972, the Iraqi government banned the Turkish language and schools and media using Turkish were prohibited. Further bans on the Turkish language were made in the 1980s when the Baath regime prohibited the Iraqi Turkmens from speaking Turkish in public. It was not until 2005 that the Turkmen dialects were recognized under the Iraqi constitution; since then, the Iraqi Turkmens have opened numerous Turkish schools and media exposure from 1400:. However, due to the undemocratic environment, their number has always been underestimated and has long been a point of controversy. For example, in the 1957 census, the Iraqi government first claimed that there was 136,800 Turks in Iraq. However, the revised figure of 567,000 was issued after the 1958 revolution when the Iraqi government admitted that the Iraqi Turkmen population was actually more than 400% from the previous year's total. 364: 7590: 8730: 611: 3302:: "Turkomans are descendents of Ottoman Empire-era soldiers, traders and civil servants... The 1957 census, Iraq’s last reliable count before the overthrow of the monarchy in 1958, put the country’s population at 6,300,000 and the Turkoman population at 567,000, about 9 per cent...Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly problematic, due to suspicions of regime manipulation." 8740: 7312: 513: 643:; the purpose of these elections was to formalise the 1922 treaty with the British government and obtain support for the drafting of a constitution and the passing of the 1923 Electoral law. The Iraqi Turkmens made their participation in the electoral process conditional on the preservation of the Turkish character of Kirkuk's administration and the recognition of 1910:, a Kurd, as the mayor of Kirkuk in July 1959, tensions rose following the 14 July revolution celebrations, with animosity in the city polarizing rapidly between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen. On 14 July 1959, skirmishes broke out between the Iraqi Turkmen and Kurds, leaving some 20 Iraqi Turkmen dead. Furthermore, on 15 July 1959, Kurdish soldiers of the 1196:). Kelsey Shanks has argued that "the move to Turkish can be seen as a means to strengthen the collective "we" identity by continuing to distinguish it from the other ethnic groups. ... The use of Turkish was presented as a natural progression from the Turkmen; any suggestion that the oral languages were different was immediately rejected." 3266:, p. 31: "The largest number of Turkmen immigrants followed the army of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent when he conquered all of Iraq in 1535. Throughout their reign, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along the loosely formed boundary that divided Arab and Kurdish settlements in northern Iraq." 1110:, where a considerable part of the population is of Turkmen race, the official language, side by side with Arabic, shall be either Kurdish or Turkish". According to Article 1, no law, order, or act of government was allowed to contradict the terms of the 1932 constitution, nor could it be changed in the future. 1990:

Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980

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For Mustafa Gökkaya (b. 1910), this signified that his community was Muslim and that "my father is Turk, and the homeland my mother". For Reşit Ali Dakuklu (b. 1918), being part of "the Turks of Iraq" signified maintaining brotherly relations with every nation, being united with Iraq, while speaking

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Despite the modern usage of the term "Turkmen", Professor David Kushner has pointed out that the term "Turks" continues to be used in referring to the "Outside Turks" of the former Ottoman Empire, including the Turks in Iraq, which is in contrast to the terms used for other Turkic peoples who did not

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Chokachi is not from Japan. He has Turkish and Finnish ancestry and grew up in Plymouth, where his dad is a renowned surgeon. David attended Tabor Academy, where he played lacrosse and football, then Bates College in Maine, where he earned a bachelor's in political science. But he still hadn't found

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For Mustafa Gökkaya (b. 1910), this signified that his community was Muslim and that "my father is Turk, and the homeland my mother. For Reşit Ali Dakuklu (b. 1918), being part of "the Turks of Iraq" signified maintaining brotherly relations with every nation, being united with Iraq, while speaking

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Iraqi Turkmens, who are citizens of Iraq with Turkish origins, have been calling for their own independent province in the Tal Afar district west of Mosul, located in the center of the Ninevah province...Turkmens are a mix of Sunnis and Shiites and are the third-largest ethnicity in Iraq after Arabs

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dates from the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War. They have tended to settle in the northern neighborhoods of the city and in the suburbs, and many have taken jobs as factory workers or cabdrivers. Owing to their small size, they attend the mosques of other communities. They maintain a

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is estimated to be around 300,000. They mainly reside in the neighbourhoods of Taci, Mareke and Three Tak in Erbil's city centre, around the citadel. Until 2006, they were living in the Tophane, Tekke and Saray neighborhoods of the Citadel, which contained almost 700 houses. In 2006, the citadel was

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Subsequent censuses, in 1967, 1977, 1987 and 1997, are all considered highly unreliable, due to suspicions of manipulation by the various regimes in Iraq. The 1997 census states that there was 600,000 Iraqi Turkmen out of a total population of 22,017,983, forming 2.72% of the total Iraqi population;

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against minority. Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have been victims of several massacres, such as the Kirkuk Massacre of 1959. Furthermore, under the Ba'th party, discrimination against the Iraqi Turkmen increased, with several leaders being executed in 1979 as well as the

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Furthermore, the terms "Turkmen/Turkman" are also considered to be historically political because in the early 20th century the minority were simply recognized as Turks who spoke the Turkish language, until after the military coup of 14 July 1958, when the ruling military junta introduced the names

5052:, p. 79: "The last reliable census in Iraqi – and the only one in which participants could declare their mother tongue – was in 1957. It found that Turkomans were the third largest ethnicity in Iraq, after Arabs and Kurds. The Turkomans numbered 567,000 out of a total population of 6,300,000." 1999:

was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk. Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies; school names, neighbourhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques

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however, this census only allowed its citizens to indicate belonging to one of two ethnicities, Arab or Kurd, this meant that many Iraqi Turkmen identified themselves as Arabs (the Kurds not being a desirable ethnic group in Saddam Hussein's Iraq), thereby skewing the true number of Iraqi Turkmen.

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was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation. Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the centre and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab

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under Article 5 of the Language Act of 1930. Article 6 of the Act permitted the language of education to be determined by the native language of the majority of students, whilst Article 2 and Article 4 gave Iraqi citizens the right to have court hearings and decisions verbally translated into

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in 1958 – killing 23-year-old King Faisal II, expelling the British and declaring Iraq a republic – that a different set of numbers was published. According to the second census of 1958, the Turkmen registry stood at 567,000 – an increase of more than 400 per cent from the previous year's

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reported that the KDP's security attacked the offices of the ITF in Erbil, killing two guards, following a lengthy period of disputes between the two parties. In 2002, the KDP created an Iraqi Turkmen political organization, the Turkmen National Association, that supported the further

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However, in 1959 the military junta introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja". More recently, Article 4 of the 2005 Iraqi Constitution recognizes "Turkomen" as an official minority language in the "administrative units in which they constitute density of population" (alongside

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According to Iraqi Turkmen scholar Professor Suphi Saatçi, prior to the mid-20th century the Turkmens in Iraq were known simply as "Turks". It was not until after the military coup of July 14, 1958, that the ruling military junta officially introduced the name "Turkman/Turkmen":

2068:(ITF), was formed on 24 April 1995. The relationship between the Iraqi Turkmen Front and the KDP was tense and deteriorated as the decade went on. Iraqi Turkmen associated with the Iraqi Turkmen Front complained about harassment by Kurdish security forces. In March 2000, the 1362:

The Iraqi Turkmens are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. According to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning the Iraqi Turkmens have a population of about 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million (approximately 9% of the country's population).

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and major water projects in and around the city's countryside. Once the new governor was appointed, the town was to be composed of 1,000 foot soldiers and another 1,000 cavalry. However, war broke out after 89 years of peace and the city was besieged and finally conquered by

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Yasemin Mansoor (Jahrgang 1979) ist Miss Germany 1996. Die damals 16-Jährige brach brach den Rekord als jüngste gewinnerin des schönheitswettbewerbs. Später arbeitete die Tochter irakisch-türkischer Immigranten als Fotomodell und produzierte Popmusik mit der Mädchenband "4

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dialect". There are also linguists who have said that Iraqi Turkmen is closer to Azerbaijani, placing the Kirkuk dialect as "more or less" an "Azerbaijani Turkish" dialect. Yet, the Kirkuk dialect also shows comparable features with Urfa, and there are other regions in the

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was signed that gave the Ottomans control over Iraq and ended the military conflict between the two empires. Thus, more Turks arrived with the army of Sultan Murad IV in 1638 following the capture of Baghdad whilst others came even later with other notable Ottoman figures.

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Due to the existence of different Turkish migration waves to Iraq for over 1,200 years, the Iraqi Turkmen varieties are by no means homogeneous; dialects can vary according to regional features. Several prestige languages in the region have been particularly influential:

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Turkic dialects. Yet, the Kirkuk dialect also shows comparable features with Urfa, and 21.4% of Kirkuk province's population had self-declared their mother tongue as "Turkish" in the last census which asked about language. In particular, a cultural orientation towards

2060:(PUK) were institutionalized as the political hegemons of the region and, from the perspective of the Iraqi Turkmen, sought to marginalize them from the positions of authority and to subsume their culture with an all-pervading Kurdistani identity. With the support of 5142:, p. 304: "Behind the Arabs and the Kurds, Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq. The ITF claim Turkmen represent 12 percent of Iraq's population. In response, the Kurds point to the 1997 census which showed that there were only 600,000 Turkmen." 1462:

has stated that the Iraqi Turkmen community is 3 million or 9–13% of the Iraqi population. Iraqi Turkmen claim that their total population is over 3 million. It is estimated to be 2.7% of total Iraqi population at 2015 by Gulf/2000 Project of Columbia University.

5451:[Kirkuk Foundation Secretary General Prof. Dr. According to the figures given by Suphi Saatçi, it is known that approximately 1000 Turkmen live in Canada, 2000 in Denmark, and close to 4000 in the Netherlands and immigrated to these countries via Turkey.] 1330:, the power of religious and tribal factors inherent in Iraq's political culture does not significantly affect the Turkmens. A small minority of the Iraqi Turkmens are Catholics, it is estimated their number at about 30,000. They are not to be confused with the 583:

in 1638, a large influx of Turks settled down in the region. After defeating the Safavids on December 31, 1534, Suleiman entered Baghdad and set about reconstructing the physical infrastructure in the province and ordered the construction of a dam in

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The exact origin of the Iraqi Turkmen is uncertain, but several possible explanations and theories of settlement in the region indicate that they likely originally emerged in Iraq as garrisons established by multiple rulers in various time periods.

2619:, p. 168: "Turkmen, Iraqi citizens of Turkish origin, are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq after Arabs and Kurds and they are said to number about 3 million of Iraq's 34.7 million citizens according to the Iraqi Ministry of Planning." 6789: 1105:

in 1932, the League demanded that Iraq recognize its ethnic and religious minorities. Consequently, the Turkish language, alongside Kurdish, was to be recognized as an official language under the Iraqi constitution of 1932: "in the liwa of

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and for them to become part of an expanded state; this is because, under the Ottoman monarchy, the Iraqi Turkmens enjoyed a relatively trouble-free existence as the administrative and business classes. However, due to the demise of the

2169:, said that the "Kurds are working on a plan to give Iraqi Turkmens autonomy in areas where they are a majority in the new constitution they're drafting for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq." However, it never happened and the policies of 2877:

Turkish is the largest and most vigorous Turkic language, spoken by over 80 million people, a third of the total number of Turkic-speakers... Turkish is a recognized regional minority language in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Romania, and

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era, thousands more of Turkmen warriors were brought into Iraq; however, the number of Turkmen who had settled in Iraq were not significant, as a result, the first wave of Turkmen became assimilated into the local Arab population.

544:) responsible for all other administrative districts in the region. The Ottomans encouraged migration from Anatolia and the settlement of immigrant Turkmen along northern Iraq, religious scholars were also brought in to preach 5448:

Kerkük Vakfı Genel Sekreteri Prof. Dr. Suphi Saatçi'nin verdiği rakamlara göre, yaklaşık olarak Kanada'da 1000, Danimarka'da 2000, Hollanda'da ise 4000'e yakın Türkmen'in yaşadığı ve Türkiye üzerinden bu ülkelere göç ettiği

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with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes. Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighbourhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.

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As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination. Thus,

2033:. Thus, it is claimed that the Kurdistan Region and Iraqi government has constituted a threat to the survival of the Iraqi Turkmen through strategies aimed at eradicating or assimilating them. The formation of the 1675:

emptied, and the Turkmen in the citadel were relocated to other neighbourhoods. Some Turkmen also participate in the political institutions of the KRG, including the Parliament. Erbil's citadel also contains the

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claim that the Turkmens made a majority in the city of Erbil in 1919 The 1957 Iraqi census (which is recognized as the last reliable census, as later censuses were reflections of the Arabization policies of the

435:—settled down in Iraq. It is believed that many of today's Iraqi Turkmen are the descendants of the Ottoman soldiers, traders and civil servants who were brought into Iraq during the rule of the Ottoman Empire. 1803:. Despite being recognized in the 1925 constitution as a constitutive entity, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status; hence, cultural rights were gradually taken away and activists were sent to exile. 4820:, pp. 313–328: "In short, Iraqi Turkmen are a unique ethnic group; they are predominantly Muslim and divided into two main sects: Shiites (40%) Sunnites (60%), and have strong cultural ties with Turkey" 719:

and are often referred to as "Iraqi Turkmen Turkish" "Iraqi Turkish", and "Iraqi Turkic". The dialects possess their own unique characteristics, but have also been influenced by the historical standards of

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Professor Orit Bashkin has observed that within Iraqi Turkmen literature, poets have managed to "remain loyal to Iraq as a state" whilst they have also "concurrently upheld their Turkish distinctiveness":

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Since the demise of the Ottoman Empire, the Iraqi Turkmen have found themselves increasingly mistreated under successive regimes, such as in the massacres of 1923, 1946, and 1959, and from 1980, when the

2045:, a city which they had assumed prominent administrative and economic positions. Thus, they increasingly came into dispute and often conflict with the ruling powers of the city, which after 1996 was the 1798:

by Kurds seeking to push them forcibly out of their homeland. Thus, they have suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror and

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Official reaction to the question of the Turkish minority in Iraq did change somewhat in the course of 1980 when it was learnt that several Iraqi Turks had been tried and executed on charges of reason

552:. Following the conquest, Kirkuk came firmly under Turkish control and was referred to as "Gökyurt", it is this period in history whereby modern Iraqi Turkmen claim association with Anatolia and the 9489: 1573:

The Iraqi Turkmen generally consider several major cities, and small districts associated with these cities, as part of Turkmeneli. The major cities claimed to be a part of their homeland include:

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Türkiye doğumlu Iraklı bir baba ve Finlandiyalı bir anneden dünyaya gelen Chokachi, Marion, Massachusetts'te Tabor Acedemy'de eğitim aldı. Bates College'de siyaset bilimi bölümünden mezun oldu.

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of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to

1866:— clashed with Turkmen in a Kirkuk market square after a dispute between an Assyrian soldier and a Turkmen shopkeeper. In the ensuing fracas, 200 Turkmen were killed by Assyrian soldiers. 3331:

The Turkomans, who speak a Turkish dialect, have preserved their language but are no longer tribally organized. Most are Sunnis who were brought in by the Ottomans to repel tribal raids.

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Stein, Heidi (2010). "Optativ versus Voluntativ-Imperativ in irantürkischen Texten" [Optative versus Voluntative-Imperatives in Iranian-Turkish Texts]. In Boeschoten, Hendrik;

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in Turkish. Universal and local, Iraqi and Turkish at the same time, the Turkoman poets were willing to serve their nation yet unwilling to neglect their culture and their Turkishness.

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in Turkish. Universal and local, Iraqi and Turkish at the same time, the Turkoman poets were willing to serve their nation yet unwilling to neglect their culture and their Turkishness.

1041:. Turkish media outlets (especially satellite TV) has been influential; moreover, there are a number of private schools which teach in Turkish backed by Turkish institutions. Thus, 9579: 303:. Rather, the term "Turkmen" in the Middle East is often used to designate Turkic-speakers, particularly in the Arab areas, or where Sunni Turks live in Shiite dominated areas. 2665: 2073:

institutionalization of the Kurdistan Region. This was viewed by pro-ITF Iraqi Turkmen as a deliberate attempt to "buy off" Iraqi Turkmen opposition and break their bonds with

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Karimi, Ali (2016). "Linguistic and Cultural Rights in the Arab Constitutions: From Arabism to Linguistic and Cultural Diversity". In Grote, Rainer; Röder, Tilmann J. (eds.).

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the region. Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the

847:, which are said to show unity with the Eastern Anatolian dialect of Urfa. Indeed, the dialects spoken in Turkmen-dominated regions in other parts of the country – including 7972: 1566: 871:". According to Christiane Bulut, Iraqi Turkman is neither Azeri nor Anatolian Turkish but "a transitional dialect group, displaying linguistic features similar to both". 451:. They arrived in 674 with the Umayyud conquest of Basra. More Turkic troops settled during the 8th century, from Bukhara to Basra and also Baghdad. During the subsequent 3158: 6682: 2702: 2739: 2029:

over land that Iraqi Turkmen regard as theirs. For the Iraqi Turkmen, their identity is deeply inculcated as the rightful inheritors of the region as a legacy of the

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since its foundation in 1923. Moreover, the fact that the Turkmen mainly live in urban areas, where they deal with trade and commerce, and their tendency to acquire

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often use expressions such as "Azerbaijani (dialects) of Iraq" or "South Azerbaijani" to describe Iraqi Turkmen dialects "with political implications"; however, in

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There are estimated to be some three million Turkmen in Iraq, but despite ... There are also about 30,000 Christian 'Catholic'Turks and some Jews living in Iraq...

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beginning from the 7th century until the end of Ottoman rule (1919). The first wave of migration dates back to the 7th century, followed by migrations during the

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rule (1535–1919). By the first half of the sixteenth century the Ottomans had begun their expansion into Iraq, waging wars against their arch rival, the Persian

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According to Professor Suphi Saatçi, in 2010 approximately 1,000 Iraqi Turkmen were living in Canada, 2,000 in Denmark, and 4,000 in the Netherlands. Since the

3626:Şen, Serkan (2008). "Çağdaş Irak Türkmen Türkçesinde Yaşayan Eski Türkçe Deyimler" [Old Turkish Idioms Living in Contemporary Iraqi Turkmen Turkish]. 5909: 4970: 2635: 1061:

literature, closely related dialects in Turkey and Iraq are generally referred to as "eastern Anatolian" or "Iraq-Turkic/-Turkman" dialects, respectively.

8776: 8001: 5845: 2772: 10901:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former 8271: 1907: 9417: 6830: 3664: 2422: 935:

among Iraqi Turkmen, exerting a profound historical influence on their dialect. As a result, Iraqi Turkmen syntax differs sharply from Irano-Turkic.

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and Kurds, numbering around 3 million out of the total population of about 34.7 million, according to 2013 data from the Iraqi Ministry of Planning.

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In 1997 the Iraqi Turkmen Congress adopted a Declaration of Principles, Article Three states that "the official written language of the Turkmen is

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retook Iraq in 1640 the Turkish varieties of Iraq continued to be influenced by Ottoman Turkish, as well as other languages in the region, such as

6999: 1918:. The Iraqi government referred to the incident as a "massacre" and stated that between 31 and 79 Iraqi Turkmen were killed and some 130 injured. 2539: 2131:, between five and seven Turkmen candidates were elected to the Council of Representatives. This included one candidate from the ITF (its leader 5674:"Al-Haddad offers condolences to Turkmen people on anniversary of Kirkuk, Altun Kupri, Tuzhurmatu and Taza massacres – Iraqi Parliament Council" 4536:

Johanson, Lars (2006), "Historical, cultural and linguistic aspects of Turkic-Iranian contiguity", in Johanson, Lars; Bulut, Christiane (eds.),

863:– are all said to be similar to the Turkish dialect of Urfa. Hence, there are linguists who acknowledge similarities with Azerbaijani spoken in 7344: 5192: 5164: 1459: 1392:

regime) recorded 567,000 Turks out of a total population of 6.3 million, forming 9% of the total Iraqi population. This put them third, behind

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in Iraqi Turkmen differs sharply from neighboring Irano-Turkic varieties. Collectively, the Iraqi Turkmen dialects also show similarities with

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Brendemon, Bernt (2005), "Consonant Assimilations: A possible Parameter for the Classification of Turkish dialects", in Johanson, Lars (ed.),

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suggested that the Iraqi Turkmen population accounted for 2,080,000 of Iraq's 25 million inhabitants (forming 8.32% of the population) whilst

226:'s third largest ethnic group. They make up to 10%–13% of the Iraqi population and are native to northern Iraq. Iraqi Turkmen share ties with 790:

Indeed, Iraqi Turkmens themselves (according to the 1957 census), as well as a range of linguistic sources, tend to view their language as a

548:(Sunni) Islam. With loyal Turkmen inhabiting the area, the Ottomans were able to maintain a safe route through to the southern provinces of 6166: 5969: 1663:

Some Iraqi Turkmen also live outside the Turkmeneli region. For example, there is a significant community living in Iraq's capital city of

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Ankara had strongly opposed Iraqi Kurdish aspirations to take control of Kirkuk, arguing it belongs as much to the Iraqi Turkish minority.

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Karpat, Kemal H. (1984), "A Language in Search of a Nation: Turkish in the Nation-State", in Baeumer, Max L.; Scaglione, Aldo D. (eds.),

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Fahmi Said was from Sulaymaniyya, his father an Arab from the Anbak tribe situated near the Tigris and his mother was of Turkish origin.

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of the Iraqi army mortared Iraqi Turkmen residential areas, destroying 120 houses. Order was restored on 17 July by military units from

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There are many established Iraqi Turkmen diaspora communities, such as the Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association, based in Canada.

480:. For the next 150 years, the Seljuk Turks placed large Turkmen communities along the most valuable routes of northern Iraq, especially 5542: 2121: 1644:". The second-largest Iraqi Turkmen city is Tel Afar where they make up 95% of the inhabitants. The once mainly Turkoman cities of the 927:. Ottoman Turkish had a strong influence in Iraq until 1920, for it was not only the official language of administration but also the 10942: 9444: 7889: 6048: 2673: 2128: 7182: 6016: 5867: 10947: 9649: 8261: 6223: 2105: 1279: 1227:

may have led to the standardisation of Turkmeni towards Turkish, and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the

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Coşkun, Hatice (2010). "Embedding indirective (evidential) utterances in Turkish". In Diewald, Gabriele; Smirnova, Elena (eds.).

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has stated that the Iraqi Turkmen make up about 9% of the total population. Furthermore, international organizations such as the

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Kirchner, Mark (2008), "Turkish", in Versteegh, Kees; Eid, Mushira; Elgibali, Alaa; Woidich, Manfred; Zaborski, Andrzej (eds.),

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Bulut, Christiane (1999). "Klassifikatorische Merkmale des Iraktürkischen" [Classificatory features of Iraqi Turkish].

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quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.

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The state-imposed terms on the Turks of Iraq were not resisted, for the word "Turkmen" had historically been designated to the

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has started Turkish language lessons for the wider society. Furthermore, the Turkmen officer for the Ministry of Education in

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Chokachi is not from Japan. He has Turkish and Finnish ancestry and grew up in Plymouth, where his dad is a renowned surgeon.

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Turkmens in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region... represent the third largest ethnic group in Iraq (13 percent of the population).

1565:. Turkmen sources note that Turcomania – an Anglicized version of "Turkmeneli" – appears on a map of the region published by 1211:

has requested from the "United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq" the instigation of Turkish language classes for parents.

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Anadolu ve Rumeli Ağızları Bibliyografyası: Anadolu, Kıbrıs, Suriye, Irak, Bulgaristan, Yunanistan, ve Romanya Türk Ağızları

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Iraqi Turkmen have also emerged as a key political force in the controversy over the future status of northern Iraq and the

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According to Anderson and Stansfield, in the 1990s, tension between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen inflamed as the KDP and the

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also communicate in standard (Istanbul) Turkish, whilst the younger generations in Iraq (below the age of 18 in 2019) speak

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Tensions between the two groups over Kirkuk, however, have slowly died out and on January 30, 2006, the President of Iraq,

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The Iraqi Turkmen generally also have an active command in standard Turkish due to their cultural orientation towards the

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Damit weist das Iraktürkische hier – wie auch bei einigen anderen Merkmalen – eine großere Nähe zum Türkeitürkischen auf.

1291: 6309: 1541:" which stretches from the northwest to the east at the middle of Iraq. Iraqi Turkmen consider their capital city to be 9499: 8762: 8266: 8182: 7905: 7870: 7337: 4701: 4660: 4613: 4161: 4090: 3962: 3949:

Bammarny, Bawar (2016). "The Legal Status of the Kurds in Iraq and Syria". In Grote, Rainer; Röder, Tilmann J. (eds.).

3903: 3857: 3787: 3693:[As a result, Iraqi-Turkish is closer to Turkey-Turkish here – as is the case with some other characteristics.] 3684: 3610: 3233: 3204: 2643: 2571: 6345: 5333: 3085:, p. 23: "The Turkish-speaking Turkmen are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq after the Arabs and the Kurds." 1267: 1065:"Turkman/Turkmen" to distance the Turks of Iraq from those in Anatolia, and then banned the Turkish language in 1972. 9259: 8310: 7253: 7128: 7092: 7074: 6971: 6953: 6935: 6820: 6765: 6725: 6614: 6569: 6511: 4891: 4573: 2866: 2822: 2037:

in 1991 created high animosity between the Kurds and Iraqi Turkmen, resulting in some Iraqi Turkmen being victims of

1633:. Thus, the Turkmeneli region lies between the Arab areas of settlement to the south and Kurdish areas to the north. 771:

introduced the names "Turkman" and "Turkmanja" in 1959 with the aim of politically distancing the Turks of Iraq from

886:

in Iraq Turkmen dialects and Istanbul Turkish has become a widespread phenomenon. Most Iraqi Turkmen can also speak

9611: 8398: 8383: 7979: 7967: 4605: 3570:

The predominantly Muslim Turkmen are an ethnic group with close cultural and linguistic ties to Anatolia in Turkey.

1855: 1846:

were perceived as posing a threat to the stability of Iraq, particularly as they did not support the ascendancy of

443:

The presence of Turkic peoples in what is today Iraq first began in the 7th century when approximately 2,000–5,000

5906: 4977: 9928: 9449: 8848: 8256: 8242: 7994: 7644: 4742: 2041:, according to Liam Anderson. The largest concentration of Iraqi Turkmen tended to be in the de facto capital of 1384: 5351: 1416:– there were only 136,800 Turkmen in all of Iraq. Bearing in mind that since the British had wrested control of 10922: 7860: 7316: 4370: 4273: 4239: 4185: 4061: 3998: 3736: 2974: 9494: 6605:

Bulut, Christiane (2000), "Optative constructions in Iraqi Turkmen", in Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (eds.),

4560:

Bulut, Christiane (2000), "Optative constructions in Iraqi Turkmen", in Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia (eds.),

2686:

Turkmens are said to be 10-13% of the overall Iraqi population, but that ratio is not reflected in parliament.

10927: 9509: 7330: 6066: 5842: 2776: 2244: 2159: 2504: 10463: 9642: 9504: 9322: 8006: 6139: 2178: 2057: 1314:

Turkmen form the majority (about 60–70%), but there is also a significant number of Turkmen practicing the

6839: 9546: 9198: 9106: 8555: 8320: 8283: 8215: 7984: 7508: 7408: 5887: 3990: 3838: 3034: 1199:

Parental literacy rates in Turkish are low, as most are more familiar with the Arabic script (due to the

695: 6596:

Boeschoten, Hendrik (1998), "Speakers of Turkic Languages", in Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (eds.),

10529: 9558: 9536: 8733: 8408: 8388: 8230: 8220: 8210: 7910: 7900: 7679: 7396: 7391: 6795: 6115: 5811: 5239: 4799:[Interview with Turkmeneli Tv-Radio Editor-in-Chief Yalman Hacaroğlu] (in Turkish). ORSAM. 2012 4337: 4261: 3710: 3313: 2858: 2174: 2046: 6238: 6198: 2742:[Erşat Salihi's resignation, civil war scenarios and the future of Iraqi Turks] (in Turkish). 9531: 8360: 8205: 7775: 7570: 4053: 3597:

Bulut, Christiane (2018b). "The Turkic varieties of Iran". In Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.).

3225: 2595: 2235:, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1930–32, 1938–40, 1941–44, 1946–47, 1949, 1950–52, 1954–57 and 1958) 2109: 1927: 1451: 1401: 912: 264: 4843: 1781:

The position of the Iraqi Turkmen has changed from being administrative and business classes of the

255:

the political goal of the Iraqi government was to distinguish the Iraqi Turkmen from other Turks in

10861: 10820: 9988: 9516: 9158: 8888: 8824: 8447: 8418: 8062: 5917: 4565: 4541: 4362: 3676: 2349: 2208: 904: 721: 572: 420: 367: 5253: 2402: 1835: 500:. Many of these settlers assumed positions of military and administrative responsibilities in the 10932: 10028: 9953: 9717: 9710: 9635: 9594: 9459: 9439: 9429: 9231: 8876: 8871: 8675: 8423: 8087: 7820: 7142: 4693: 4205: 3954: 2544: 1875: 1751: 1636:

According to the 1957 census the Iraqi Turkmen formed the majority of inhabitants in the city of

1509: 1074: 967: 268: 5984:[Farah Zeynep Abdullah is the daughter of an Iraqi Turkmen father and a Turkish mother.] 4425: 3048: 2302: 10851: 9563: 9280: 9153: 8971: 8378: 8237: 8107: 8082: 7952: 7704: 7232: 5819: 4265: 4255: 2181:

after 2003 (with non-Kurds being pressed to move) have prompted serious inter-ethnic problems.

2086: 1850:

to the Iraqi throne. On May 4, these tensions boiled over into violence when soldiers from the

1322:, having internalized the secularist interpretation of state–religion affairs practiced in the 200: 101: 5805: 5576: 4647:

Allison, Christine (2007). "'The Kurds are Alive': Kurdish in Iraq". In Postgate, J.N. (ed.).

2852: 2808: 1569:

in 1785, but there is no clear reference to Turkmeneli until the end of the twentieth century.

1477: 395:

The Iraqi Turkmen are believed to be the descendants of various waves of Turkic settlement in

10507: 9802: 9469: 9389: 9079: 9056: 8743: 8482: 8350: 7962: 7835: 7814: 7734: 7694: 7585: 6744: 2355: 2343: 2250: 2190: 2136: 2113: 1959: 1903: 1786: 1676: 811: 528:

The third, and largest, wave of Turkmen migration to Iraq arose during the four centuries of

448: 5487: 2158:, which opposes Iraqi federalism and in particular the proposed annexation of Kirkuk to the 1906:, which in Kirkuk was largely Kurdish, to target the Iraqi Turkmen. With the appointment of 593:

in 1624. The Persians ruled the city until 1638 when a massive Ottoman force, led by Sultan

468:. Large scale migration of the Turkmen in Iraq occurred in 1055 with the invasion of Sultan 10846: 10183: 9807: 9687: 9606: 9553: 9526: 9188: 8839: 8577: 8459: 8393: 8355: 8251: 8177: 8172: 8097: 7945: 7563: 7539: 7386: 7353: 7286:

Iraqi Arab Nationalism: Authoritarian, Totalitarian and Pro-Fascist Inclinations, 1932–1941

6641:

Fattah, Hala; Caso, Frank (2009), "Turkish Tribal Migrations and the Early Ottoman State",

6431: 6341: 5197:"The Turkmen of Iraq: Underestimated, Marginalized and exposed to assimilation Terminology" 3558: 3073:, p. 13: "the Turkmen are Iraq's third-largest ethnic group after the Arabs and Kurds" 2588: 2561: 2310: 1897: 1825: 1357: 1220: 995: 640: 6372: 5545:[We used to censor the Kirkuk massacres because it would be a disgrace to Iraq.]. 4388:. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Bölümü, Doctoral Thesis. 2487: 1018:. In addition, the Erbil dialect shows similarities with Turkish dialects stretching from 752:. The written language of the Iraqi Turkmen is based on Istanbul Turkish using the modern 8: 10710: 9998: 9733: 9399: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9301: 9275: 8921: 8893: 8519: 8477: 8403: 8278: 8200: 7729: 7699: 7684: 7476: 7374: 7267: 7191: 6038: 5864: 4343: 3319: 3196: 2995:

Kushner, David (1987). "Pan-Turkism Today: Contemporary Turkey and the "Outside Turks"".

2578: 2379: 2155: 2144: 2117: 2065: 1768: 1618: 1208: 749: 465: 404: 85: 81: 4419: 3890:

Johanson, Lars (2009). "Modals in Turkic". In Hansen, Björn; de Haan, Ferdinand (eds.).

2919: 2493: 2463: 2008: 10391: 10193: 10103: 10003: 9584: 9306: 9296: 8988: 8788: 8650: 8645: 8630: 8592: 8567: 8504: 8365: 8300: 7935: 7744: 7659: 7379: 7211: 7036: 6643: 6172: 6109: 6089: 3153: 3144: 3054: 2950: 2566: 2521: 2457: 2427: 2361: 2306: 2140: 2069: 1839: 1682: 1645: 1433: 1429: 1338:

into the Iraqi Turkmen dialect and printed and distributed 2,000 copies of it in 2021.

1331: 1323: 1204: 832: 768: 627: 615: 559: 89: 73: 6858: 5934: 4945: 1184:

would replace the use of traditional Turkmeni in Iraqi schools; Turkmeni had used the

291:, and had continued to be used in the region. Thus, the Iraqi Turkmen (as well as the 10549: 10448: 9909: 9767: 9332: 9226: 9216: 9173: 8929: 8719: 8670: 8635: 8472: 8413: 8315: 8225: 8195: 8190: 8057: 8052: 8036: 7925: 7865: 7785: 7780: 7689: 7471: 7466: 7289: 7271: 7249: 7218: 7168: 7146: 7124: 7106: 7088: 7070: 7052: 6985: 6967: 6949: 6931: 6913: 6895: 6876: 6816: 6761: 6754: 6721: 6701: 6668: 6650: 6628: 6610: 6583: 6565: 6547: 6525: 6507: 6461: 5823: 5437: 4887: 4862: 4697: 4656: 4609: 4569: 4366: 4269: 4235: 4209: 4181: 4157: 4133: 4086: 4082: 4057: 3994: 3958: 3899: 3895: 3853: 3783: 3779: 3732: 3680: 3606: 3602: 3229: 3200: 3109: 3004: 2970: 2862: 2818: 2583: 2512: 2385: 2367: 2220: 1978: 1424:, a deliberate campaign had been undertaken to eradicate or diminish all remnants of 1200: 1102: 1045:

in Iraq Turkmen and standard Turkish (of Turkey) has become a widespread phenomenon.

932: 891: 737: 110: 77: 7040: 5405: 1154: 1146: 10856: 10502: 10349: 10218: 10150: 10079: 10023: 10008: 9993: 9978: 9948: 9938: 9914: 9850: 9757: 9616: 9521: 9394: 9143: 9138: 9126: 9116: 9111: 9101: 9096: 9040: 9018: 8998: 8983: 8934: 8898: 8858: 8820: 8562: 8497: 8487: 8161: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8072: 8047: 7361: 7026: 7018: 6697: 6102:

his calling; he said he was like so many young people unsure of their path in life.

5815: 4129: 3774:

Bulut, Christiane (2018). "Iraq-Turkic". In Haig, Geoffrey; Khan, Geoffrey (eds.).

2775:[5 million Turkmen live in Iraq] (in Turkish). Ticari Hayat. Archived from 2554: 2391: 2333: 2268: 2238: 2214: 2151: 2034: 2013: 1996: 1800: 1641: 1498: 1486: 1327: 1247: 1193: 1181: 1127: 1095: 1078: 924: 908: 827: 791: 780: 753: 733: 716: 644: 219: 211: 167: 114: 1537:

The Iraqi Turkmen primarily inhabit northern Iraq, in a region they refer to as "

1521: 1235: 1158:

Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of an Iraqi Turkmen girls intermediate school.

1134:." By 2005 the Turkish language replaced traditional Turkmeni, which had used the 38: 10866: 10473: 10384: 10223: 10203: 10108: 10098: 10084: 10013: 9973: 9968: 9933: 9834: 9788: 9762: 9589: 9479: 9474: 9384: 9249: 9221: 9183: 9168: 9163: 9131: 9121: 9088: 8978: 8966: 8903: 8883: 8853: 8660: 8625: 8514: 8509: 8428: 8339: 8077: 7930: 7842: 7830: 7754: 7749: 7739: 7674: 7649: 7634: 7621: 7609: 7544: 7401: 6489: 6039:"Letter From Istanbul: Ottomania A his TV show reimagines Turkey's imperial past" 5913: 5894: 5871: 5849: 5303: 4796: 2481: 2262: 2256: 2226: 2202: 2196: 2132: 2050: 1863: 1545:. Liam Anderson and Gareth Stansfield describe the Turkmeneli region as follows: 1455: 1251: 1228: 1150:

Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of an Iraqi Turkmen boys intermediate school.

1115: 1091: 1002: 920: 784: 745: 712: 636: 598: 590: 540:

was sufficiently secure within the Ottoman Empire and became the chief province (

191: 145: 7022: 6580:

The Sunni-Shi'a Divide: Islam's Internal Divisions and Their Global Consequences

2451: 1902:

The Kirkuk massacre of 1959 came about due to the Iraqi government allowing the

659:, in the constitution of 1925, the Iraqi Turkmen were later denied this status. 651:. Although they were recognized as a constitutive entity of Iraq, alongside the 56:

Estimated 4 million to 5 million (or 10%–13% of the Iraqi population in 2020–21)

10902: 10785: 10534: 10289: 10213: 10155: 10074: 10018: 9983: 9958: 9943: 9874: 9701: 9666: 9658: 9353: 9348: 9327: 9254: 9178: 9148: 9061: 9035: 9030: 8993: 8812: 8798: 8785: 8640: 8615: 7895: 7825: 6043: 4399: 4231: 3193:

Linguistic Minorities in Turkey and Turkic-Speaking Minorities of the Periphery

2549: 2516: 2416: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2166: 2154:. The government of Turkey has helped fund such political organizations as the 2030: 1955: 1949: 1831: 1782: 1744: 1425: 1413: 1131: 916: 664: 529: 473: 416: 379: 296: 292: 227: 10671: 10069: 5982:

Farah Zeynep Abdullah, Iraklı Türkmen kökenli baba ve bir Türk annenin kızıdır

5972:[Engin Akyürek's new feature film, "A September Matter".] (in Turkish) 2740:"Erşat Salihi'nin istifası, iç savaş senaryoları ve Irak Türklerinin geleceği" 1371: 10916: 10830: 10635: 10605: 10539: 10478: 10370: 10363: 10310: 10198: 10188: 9783: 9193: 8713: 8665: 8655: 8620: 8572: 8524: 8288: 8117: 8112: 7989: 7790: 7639: 7486: 7369: 5656: 4628:

Hazar, Mehmet (2012), "Irak Erbil Türkmen Ağzında g > c Ünsüz Değişmesi",

4048:

Underhill, Robert (1986). "Turkish". In Slobin, Dan I.; Zimmer, Karl (eds.).

3008: 2848: 2837: 2757:[So, what will the 4 million Turks living in Iraq face in this case?] 2445: 2170: 2038: 1847: 1795: 1765:

distinct cultural identity and close ties with brethren outside of Chicago.

1724: 1653: 1335: 1278:. Türkmeneli TV has signed agreements with several Turkish channels, such as 1185: 1135: 987: 951: 928: 840: 810:. Studies have long noted the similarities between Iraqi Turkmen and certain 725: 648: 631: 619: 564: 501: 493: 400: 8754: 6775: 6085: 2271:, considered the first environmentalist in Turkey and called the "Tarzan of 819: 311:

Generally one may distinguish between the 'closer' communities of Turks in

10878: 10745: 10730: 10544: 10483: 10453: 10417: 10377: 10241: 10113: 10090: 9858: 9794: 9681: 9464: 8866: 8539: 8305: 8102: 7810: 7805: 7795: 7629: 7513: 7481: 6409: 6260: 4910: 2872: 2433: 2373: 2327: 2232: 1986:, the banner reads: 'Kirkuk is an Iraqi city with Turkmen characteristics'. 1881: 1754:(2014–19) the number of Iraqi Turkmen has continued to increase in Europe. 1630: 1287: 1189: 959: 947: 860: 844: 729: 408: 332: 300: 284: 239: 235: 141: 106: 6871:

Johanson, Lars (2009), "Turkmen", in Brown, Keith; Sarah, Ogilvie (eds.),

5366: 5191: 5163: 5123: 5121: 4968: 1162:

Iraq's first two Turkmen schools were opened on November 17, 1993, one in

703: 10882: 10765: 10760: 10704: 10208: 10124: 10051: 9920: 9901: 9724: 9599: 9409: 9023: 8723: 8685: 8534: 8370: 8295: 8092: 7654: 7459: 7444: 6815:, Co-éditions, The Lebanese Center for Policy Studies, pp. 313–328, 6735: 5354:[Iraqi Turkmens marched for Kirkuk] (in Turkish). Hürriyet. 2008. 3191:

Saatçi, Suphi (2018). "The Turkman of Iraq". In Bulut, Christiane (ed.).

2706: 2439: 2410: 2337: 2321: 2315: 2026: 1963: 1937: 1859: 1851: 1811: 1791: 1740: 1732: 1691: 1657: 1578: 1574: 1494: 1421: 1417: 943: 836: 549: 469: 444: 396: 288: 276: 131: 5714: 5394: 4797:"Türkmeneli Tv-Radyo Genel Yayın Yönetmeni Yalman Hacaroğlu ile Söyleşi" 1318:

branch of Islam (about 30% to 40%). Nonetheless, the Turkmen are mainly

1014:(Turkish of Turkey) is very frequent in educated circles, especially in 10565: 9812: 8959: 7800: 7322: 7031: 6964:

A quest in the Middle East: Gertrude Bell and the making of modern Iraq

6543: 5118: 4213: 2743: 2669: 2639: 2534: 2475: 2469: 2296: 1550: 1538: 1514: 1482: 1472: 1054: 497: 412: 135: 67: 10750: 9894: 5019: 4717: 2096: 10780: 10770: 10717: 10684: 10570: 10356: 10318: 10299: 10279: 10254: 10160: 9694: 8610: 8582: 8529: 8067: 7759: 7719: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7164: 7014: 6457: 5543:"Kerkük katliamlarını 'Irak'a ayıp olur' diye eskiden sansür ederdik" 5404:, International Organization for Migration, p. 5, archived from 3105: 2814: 2016:: Kerkük'ü hiçbir güç Kürtleştiremez ("No power can Kurdify Kirkuk"). 1983: 1728: 1687: 1409: 1389: 1058: 1042: 1011: 883: 464:

The second wave of Turkmens to descend on Iraq were the Turks of the

7103:

The Middle East: A Guide to Politics, Economics, Society and Culture

5784: 5782: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5750: 5748: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5704: 5702: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5571:[Gavurbagi Massacre (12 July 1946) – Turkmen Press Agency]. 5524: 5522: 5520: 5339: 1667:, especially in the neighbourhoods of Adhamiyah and Ragheba Khatun. 403:(1037–1194), the fleeing Oghuz during the Mongol destruction of the 10890: 10735: 10679: 10665: 10650: 10625: 10615: 10585: 10274: 10261: 10247: 9828: 8127: 7957: 7940: 7714: 7709: 7413: 6890:

Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Halman, Talât Sait (2009),

5234:

Kibaroğlu, Mustafa; Kibaroğlu, Ayșegül; Halman, Talât Sait (2009).

5196: 5168: 3776:

The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective

3599:

The Languages and Linguistics of Western Asia: An Areal Perspective

3447: 3445: 3443: 2755:

Peki, bu durumda Irak'ta yaşayan 4 milyon Türk ne ile karşılaşacak?

2022: 1933: 1932:

Over 135 Turkmen civilians were killed on 28 March 1991 during the

1830:

In 1924, the Iraqi Turkmens were seen as a disloyal remnant of the

1626: 1594: 1526: 991: 939: 879: 856: 823: 680: 594: 576: 533: 517: 481: 432: 424: 371: 320: 256: 231: 3704: 363: 10825: 10775: 10725: 10699: 10694: 10655: 10645: 10600: 10595: 10580: 10497: 10443: 10406: 10401: 10294: 10284: 10269: 10118: 9887: 9841: 9752: 9627: 9490:

Turkish diplomats assassinated by Armenian militant organisations

8816: 8587: 8544: 7724: 7669: 7518: 7501: 7496: 7454: 5779: 5760: 5745: 5726: 5699: 5608: 5591: 5517: 5505: 5462: 5260: 3430: 3428: 3426: 2997:

Asian and African Studies: Journal of the Israel Oriental Society

1915: 1761: 1712: 1708: 1664: 1610: 1606: 1582: 1319: 1307: 1259: 1031: 1027: 783:

and the preferable language for adolescents associating with the

676: 622:

in the proposals for the new borders of a Turkish nation in 1920.

585: 580: 521: 452: 428: 375: 7067:

Turkey's policy towards northern Iraq: problems and perspectives

6928:

Operation Iraqi Freedom And The New Iraq: Insights And Forecasts

4971:"Iraqi Turkmen: The Human Rights Situation and Crisis in Kerkuk" 4842:

www.fildisiajans.com.tr, Fildişi Ajans, Danışmanlık ve Yazılım.

4690:

Constitutionalism, Human Rights, and Islam After the Arab Spring

3951:

Constitutionalism, Human Rights, and Islam After the Arab Spring

3440: 3399: 3353: 1772:

Iraqi Turkmen man in traditional clothes bearing a Turkmen flag.

867:

but say that Iraqi Turkmen has "greater proximity to Turkish of

610: 382:, the Ottomans encouraged Turkish migration along northern Iraq. 10800: 10790: 10740: 10689: 10640: 10630: 10610: 10590: 10575: 10489: 10425: 10411: 10343: 10328: 10323: 10304: 10132: 10046: 9580:

Turkish communities and minorities in the former Ottoman Empire

8467: 8122: 7491: 7449: 7311: 7246:

Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq

6199:"Bilkent Mourns the Loss of its founder, Prof. Ihsan Dogramaci" 5425:

Türkiye'ye Yönelik Türkmen Göçü ve Türkiye'deki Türkmen Varlığı

4538:

Turkic-Iranian Contact Areas: Historical and Linguistic Aspects

2272: 2074: 2061: 1971: 1885: 1843: 1736: 1720: 1716: 1704: 1637: 1622: 1602: 1554: 1542: 1530: 1376: 1295: 1275: 1271: 1255: 1239: 1224: 1174: 1107: 1082: 1038: 1019: 1015: 1007: 998: 975: 963: 887: 868: 848: 795: 776: 772: 760: 741: 684: 553: 545: 541: 489: 316: 312: 260: 6808: 6522:

Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise

6224:"Kerküklü Türkmen oyuncu Amine Gülşe Arapçayı biraz biliyorum" 4602:

Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise

3423: 759:

The Turkish language was recognized as a minority language in

740:

has exerted a profound influence on their dialects; thus, the

10898: 10795: 10755: 10660: 10620: 10338: 10333: 10165: 9880: 8680: 7664: 7121:

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: Yearbook 1997

4079:

Linguistic Realization of Evidentiality in European Languages

3295: 3293: 3291: 2913: 2911: 2042: 1671: 1649: 1614: 1598: 1590: 1586: 1558: 1397: 1393: 1311: 1163: 1086: 1053:

Professor Christiane Bulut has argued that publications from

983: 979: 955: 852: 764: 656: 652: 537: 485: 477: 336: 280: 127: 5569:"Gâvurbağı Katliamı (12 Temmuz 1946) – Türkmen Basın Ajansı" 4293:

Akar, Ali (2006), "Ağız Araştırmalarında Yöntem Sorunları",

2003: 1553:– a vast swath of territory running from Iraq's border with 1428:

influence. Therefore it should not be surprising that after

1203:

regime). Therefore, the Turkmen Directorate of Education in

295:

and Anatolian Turkmens) do not identify themselves with the

10894: 10886: 7875: 7852: 7595: 7589: 6564:, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, p. 329, 5372:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. p. 3. 5272: 4941:

The Human Rights Situation of the Turkmen Community in Iraq

4718:"Iraqi Turkmen are happy as their national days recognized" 4180:, Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, p. 243, 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 1884:

including women and children on 12 July 1946 in Gavurbağı,

1562: 1315: 1283: 1263: 1243: 1023: 971: 864: 815: 512: 328: 324: 223: 6787: 6773: 5970:"Engin Akyürek'in yeni sinema filmi, "Bir Eylül Meselesi"" 5720: 5430:

Turkmen Migration to Turkey and Turkmen Presence in Turkey

5334:

The Situation of Turkmens and The Turkmen Areas After ISIS

5127: 3299: 3288: 3102:

Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development

2908: 1404:

has described the political nature of the results thusly:

7264:

Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective

6017:"Davutoğlu meets Iraq's Turkmen politicians, urges unity" 5949: 4257:

Linguistic Cultures of the World: A Statistical Reference

3554: 3481: 3469: 3457: 3411: 3127: 3125: 2923: 2666:"Why Iraqi Turkmens are excluded from the new government" 1180:

In 2005 Iraqi Turkmen community leaders decided that the

779:

has led to the standardisation of their dialects towards

707:

Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of a Turkmen village.

699:

Bilingual sign (Arabic and Turkish) of a Turkmen village.

516:

A large influx of Turks continued to settle in Iraq once

7161:

Education and Ethno-Politics: Defending Identity in Iraq

7139:

American Image in Turkey: U.S. Foreign Policy Dimensions

6889: 6718:

Sanctioning Saddam: The Politics of Intervention in Iraq

6373:"Türkmenler, Irak'ta eğitim düzeyleriyle öne çıkıyor..." 5995: 5993: 5991: 5865:

The New Iraq, The Middle East and Turkey: A Turkish View

5233: 5217: 5215: 5213: 3987:

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: Yearbook

3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3731:] (in Turkish). Grafiker Yayınları. pp. 21–22. 3505: 3365: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 536:. In 1534, under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, 5637: 5227: 4531: 4529: 4031: 4029: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3643: 3641: 3222:

The Other Iraq: Pluralism and Culture in Hashemite Iraq

724:(which was the official language of administration and 630:

in 1923, the Iraqi Turkmens wanted Turkey to annex the

7184:

Turkmen in Iraq and International Migration of Turkmen

6982:

Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World

5876:

Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research

5687: 5625: 5376: 5284: 5108: 5106: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4460: 4458: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4228:

The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, Volume 9

4104: 4102: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3592: 3590: 3493: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3176: 3122: 639:, the Iraqi Turkmen participated in elections for the 7085:

Losing Iraq: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco

6185:

Mister Chokachi... is of Turkish and Finnish extract.

5988: 5463:"Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association (CITCAL)" 5210: 5031: 4823: 4555: 4553: 4551: 3935: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3832: 3830: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3769: 3767: 3658: 3656: 3537: 3535: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 2883: 2394:, Turkish diplomat and senior United Nations official 2217:, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1924–25 and 1935–36) 2199:, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1923–24 and 1926–27) 1719:. There are also Iraqi Turkmen communities living in 679:

and have close cultural and linguistic ties with the

496:, which is now identified by the modern community as 54:

3 million (2013 Iraqi Ministry of Planning estimate)

7000:"Endangered community:The Turkoman identity in Iraq" 6866:, Stockholm: Svenska Forskningsinstitutet i Istanbul 6791:

Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?

6520:

Anderson, Liam D.; Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2009),

6279: 6277: 5079: 4772: 4760: 4640: 4526: 4490: 4026: 4007: 3866: 3796: 3638: 1838:'s new Turkish nationalist ideology emerging in the 1254:

languages. As of 2012, Türkmeneli TV has studios in

431:

in 1638, a large influx of Turks—predominantly from

205: 6910:

In Pursuit of Fulfilment: Principle Passion Resolve

5467:

Canadian Iraqi Turkmen Culture Association (CITCAL)

5103: 5091: 4841: 4743:"Türkmen Öğrenciler MATSO'yu Ziyaret Etti Haberler" 4681: 4514: 4502: 4470: 4455: 4431: 4384:Bulut (1999:9) quoting Hussin Shahbz Hassan. 1979. 4288: 4286: 4284: 4226:Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J. M. Y. (1994), "Turkish", 4099: 3971: 3892:

Modals in the Languages of Europe: A Reference Work

3587: 3269: 3173: 1561:and diagonally down the country to the border with 1121: 7210: 6892:Global security watch Turkey: A reference handbook 6777:Iraq and the Kurds: The Brewing Battle Over Kirkuk 6753: 6642: 6519: 6451: 6261:""Yerine Sevemem" ölümsüz aşk hikayeleri projesi!" 5788: 5773: 5754: 5739: 5708: 5619: 5602: 5528: 5511: 5266: 5236:Global security watch Turkey: A reference handbook 5073: 5055: 5043: 5025: 4599: 4548: 3912: 3827: 3808: 3764: 3653: 3532: 3451: 3405: 3359: 3336: 3246: 3143: 2990: 2988: 2986: 1366: 711:The Iraqi Turkmen dialects fall under the Western 327:, on the one hand, and the more 'distant' ones in 9418:Persecution of Muslims during Ottoman contraction 7119:Ryan, J. Atticus; Mullen, Christopher A. (1998), 6274: 6014: 5657:"Altunköprü the ancient name of Türkmen Township" 5395:International Organization for Migration (2007), 5336:(Report). Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Merkezi (ORSAM). 4295:Turkish Studies – Türkoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi 3305: 2012:Iraqi Turkmen woman holding a placard written in 1880:Around 20 Iraqi Turkmen civilians were killed by 10914: 6168:David Chokachi Surfs His Way to The Miracle Mile 5367:"An Assessment of the Iraqi Community in Greece" 4969:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 4305: 4281: 2946:"Iraq's Turkmen mobilise for a post-ISIL future" 2104:Between ten and twelve Turkmen individuals were 2064:, a new political front of Turkmen parties, the 6582:, Potomac books, University of Nebraska Press, 6010: 6008: 4443:Gökdağ, Bilgehan Atsız (2019), "Telafer ağzı", 4126:Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics 3311: 3137: 3095: 3093: 3091: 2983: 2791:[About 5 million Turkmen live in Iraq.] 2789:Irak'ta yaklaşık 5 milyon Türkmen yaşamaktadır. 2636:"Iraq's Turkmens call for independent province" 2540:Turkish minorities in the former Ottoman Empire 1408:According to the 1957 census conducted by King 1334:. The Turkmen Bible Partnership translated the 1010:prevails among Iraqi Turkmen intellectuals and 728:in Iraq between 1534 and 1920) and neighboring 6873:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World 5799: 5797: 5193:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 5165:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 3628:Black Sea Journal of Public and Social Science 2696: 2694: 2659: 2657: 1460:Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization 9643: 8784: 8770: 7571: 7338: 6930:, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 6452:Al-Marashisa, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008), 6337:Schönheit im Wandel der Zeit (Image 45 of 67) 5931:"Talabani: Autonomy for Turkmen in Kurdistan" 5415: 2969:. Turkish Historical Society Printing Press. 2703:"'Turkmens marginalized in Mosul liberation'" 1640:, with 40% declaring their mother tongue as " 1383:According to Mesut Yeğen, documents from the 9454: 6715: 6310:"Jubilant Iraqis Savor Their Soccer Triumph" 6196: 6005: 5331: 5151: 4867:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4225: 3389: 3387: 3088: 2629: 2627: 2625: 1921: 1842:. The Iraqi Turkmen living in the region of 438: 7046: 6811:, in Catusse, Myriam; Karam, Karam (eds.), 6077: 5794: 5434:Center for Middle Eastern Strategic Studies 5278: 4884:Iraq: The ancient sites and Iraqi Kurdistan 4600:Anderson, Liam; Stansfield, Gareth (2011), 3027:Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 3025:Cuthell, David (2007). "Turkey Eyes Iraq". 2841: 2733: 2731: 2691: 2654: 2460:, Minister of Science and Technology (2003) 9650: 9636: 8777: 8763: 7578: 7564: 7345: 7331: 7208: 7118: 6838:, The Jamestown Foundation, archived from 6640: 6595: 6487: 6454:Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History 5955: 4937: 3581: 3526: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3434: 3417: 3378: 2806: 2766: 2764: 2407:, Minister of State in Iraq (2020–present) 2122:Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan 1869: 1169:In 2010 the Turkmen Federation of Scouts ( 1081:was recognized as an official language in 938:In general, the Iraqi Turkmen dialects of 476:, who intended to repair the holy road to 419:(1535–1919). With the conquest of Iraq by 378:and, later, southern Iraq. Throughout the 37: 9450:1956–1989 Assimilation of Bulgarian Turks 9445:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951) 7886:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 7030: 6756:Insurgency and counter-insurgency in Iraq 6391: 6389: 6364: 6307: 6132: 6067:"In memoriam: Rifat Chadirji (1926–2020)" 6060: 6058: 5860: 5858: 5187: 5185: 4844:"ORSAM-Center for Middle Eastern Studies" 4335: 4323: 4151: 4047: 3384: 2622: 2484:, former Prime Minister of Iraq (1936–37) 2004:Turkmen–Kurdish tension and Kurdification 1790:Iraqi Turkmen community being victims of 1298:, to share programmes and documentaries. 415:), and the largest migration, during the 269:Turks living within the borders of Greece 9435:1944 Deportation of the Meskhetian Turks 7710:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 7352: 7230: 7082: 6870: 6860:Discoveries on the Turkic Linguistic Map 6856: 6622: 6501: 6258: 6221: 6197:Bilkent News, Elift (26 February 2010). 6064: 5967: 5820:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748696161.001.0001 5804:Isakhan, Benjamin, ed. (1 August 2015). 5643: 5139: 5006:. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları. p. 124. 4964: 4962: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4675: 4535: 4178:Makaleler (Dil ve Edebiyat İncelemeleri) 4175: 4123: 4108: 3948: 3889: 3877: 3802: 3722: 3499: 3099: 2847: 2728: 2700: 2663: 2612: 2610: 2095: 2007: 1977: 1936:by Iraqi forces, in the Turkmen town of 1810: 1767: 1681: 1520: 1508: 1476: 1370: 1153: 1145: 874:Besides their traditional dialects, the 702: 694: 618:("national oath") sought to include the 609: 558: 511: 362: 7190:, University of Bristol, archived from 7180: 6925: 6828: 6607:Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages 6559: 6086:"Plymouth TV star says 'yes' to studio" 6036: 5803: 5693: 5382: 5037: 4933: 4931: 4848:ORSAM-Center for Middle Eastern Studies 4646: 4562:Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages 4481: 4464: 4417: 4397: 3984: 3729:Discoveries on the Turkish Language Map 3647: 3219: 3213: 3131: 3024: 2994: 2964: 2939: 2937: 2917: 2761: 2324:, 16th century poet, writer and thinker 2120:(ITF), and either two or four from the 2112:in January 2005, including five on the 1891: 1819: 1141: 447:were recruited in the Muslim armies of 10915: 9542:National Socialist Underground murders 9485:Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre 7261: 7243: 7158: 6997: 6979: 6961: 6946:Iraq: The Search for National Identity 6943: 6907: 6806: 6751: 6680: 6662: 6537: 6386: 6295: 6283: 6107: 6083: 6065:Magazine, Wallpaper* (21 April 2020). 6055: 5999: 5855: 5843:Interesting Outcomes in Iraqi Election 5631: 5364: 5352:"Iraklı Türkmenler Kerkük için yürüdü" 5290: 5221: 5182: 5157: 5112: 5097: 5085: 4829: 4817: 4778: 4766: 4687: 4587: 4520: 4508: 4442: 4253: 4199: 4076: 4035: 4020: 3596: 3541: 3347: 3282: 3263: 3190: 3082: 2902: 2633: 2616: 1466: 1351: 9631: 8758: 8445: 8337: 8159: 8034: 7607: 7559: 7326: 7136: 7100: 7049:How to get out of Iraq with integrity 6832:Turkey and Northern Iraq: An Overview 6733: 6604: 6577: 6333: 6236: 6111:Plymouth TV star says 'yes' to studio 5928: 5421: 5061: 5049: 5001: 4959: 4938:Al-Hurmezi, Ahmed (9 December 2010), 4811: 4784: 4653:British School of Archaeology in Iraq 4649:Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern 4627: 4559: 4496: 4484:Anadolu Ağızlarının Sınıflandırılması 4356: 4311: 3929: 3850:British School of Archaeology in Iraq 3846:Languages of Iraq: Ancient and Modern 3836: 3821: 3773: 3751: 3662: 3393: 3070: 2737: 2607: 222:: تورکمانی عێراق, Turkmanî Êraq) are 9423:Exodus of Muslims from Serbia (1862) 8739: 8681:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 7283: 7239:, Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2007 7064: 7051:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 6524:, University of Pennsylvania Press, 6407: 6395: 6370: 5907:Kurds Accused Of Rigging Kirkuk Vote 5878:, 2006-04-01, accessed on 2007-09-06 5540: 4944:, Middle East Online, archived from 4928: 4881: 4292: 3725:Türk Dili Haritası Üzerinde Keşifler 3161:from the original on 14 January 2017 2934: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2770: 2080: 1306:The Iraqi Turkmen are predominantly 597:, recaptured the city. In 1639, the 507: 61:Regions with significant populations 8729: 7233:"Who Owns Kirkuk? The Kurdish Case" 6788:International Crisis Group (2008), 6774:International Crisis Group (2006), 6625:Kurdish Politics in the Middle East 6429: 6037:Batuman, Elift (17 February 2014). 5888:Turkmen Win Only One Seat in Kerkuk 5492:www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org 4202:The Emergence of National Languages 3625: 3553: 3547: 2967:The Iraqi Turks Yesterday and Today 1292:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 1214: 626:Following the establishment of the 605: 459: 195: 13: 9657: 7007:Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs 6737:Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case 5933:. Kurdistan Weekly. Archived from 4911:"Home | Turkmen Bible Partnership" 2773:"Irak'ta 5 milyon Türkmen yaşıyor" 2572:Human rights in post-invasion Iraq 1958:'s government adopted a policy of 1445: 1246:. It broadcasts programmes in the 1068: 16:Third largest ethnic group in Iraq 14: 10964: 7304: 7209:Stansfield, Gareth R. V. (2007), 6308:Greenwell, Megan (30 July 2007). 6051:from the original on 14 May 2020. 3706:Map: "The Turkic Language Family" 2943: 2930:from the original on 14 May 2020. 2920:"Iraq: The minorities of Nineveh" 2795: 2358:, Minister for Youth & Sports 2184: 1513:An Iraqi Turkmen youth holding a 1048: 931:. Indeed, Turkish has remained a 10943:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 10893:, distinct from Levantine (i.e. 9612:Turks in the former Soviet Union 8738: 8728: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8014:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 7588: 7310: 6702:10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00145.x 6445: 6423: 6401: 6327: 6301: 6289: 6252: 6230: 6215: 6190: 6159: 6030: 6015:Today's Zaman (16 August 2010). 5961: 5929:Cevik, Ilnur (30 January 2006). 5922: 5900: 5881: 5836: 5666: 5649: 5561: 5534: 5480: 5455: 5388: 5358: 5344: 5325: 5296: 5246: 5145: 5133: 5067: 5010: 4995: 4903: 4875: 4835: 4606:University of Pennsylvania Press 3149:"Who Are the Turkmens of Syria?" 2442:, Turkish television personality 1122:Adoption of the Turkish alphabet 882:Turkish with ease. In addition, 734:standard (i.e. Istanbul) Turkish 647:as the official language of the 343: 10948:Indigenous peoples of West Asia 8493:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 7916:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 7906:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 7645:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 7213:Iraq: People, History, Politics 7123:, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 6813:Returning to Political Parties? 6560:Bayatlı, Hidayet Kemal (1996), 6480: 5721:International Crisis Group 2006 5128:International Crisis Group 2008 5016:FO 371/4193, 27th November 1919 4735: 4710: 4669: 4621: 4593: 4581: 4411: 4391: 4378: 4350: 4329: 4317: 4247: 4219: 4193: 4169: 4152:Ercilasun, Ahmet Bican (2007), 4145: 4117: 4070: 4041: 3883: 3745: 3716: 3697: 3619: 3575: 3300:International Crisis Group 2008 3076: 3064: 3041: 3018: 2958: 1703:Most Iraqi Turkmens migrate to 1367:Past censuses and controversies 1341: 230:, and do not identify with the 9363:Diaspora in Post-Soviet States 7776:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 7101:Rubin, Barry (17 March 2015), 6984:, Princeton University Press, 6894:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 6665:Iraq's Dysfunctional Democracy 6578:Betts, Robert Brenton (2013), 6491:The Turkmen And Iraqi Homeland 5789:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5774:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5755:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5740:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5709:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5620:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5603:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5529:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5512:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5267:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5074:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5026:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 5004:İngiliz Belgelerinde Kürdistan 4421:AZERBAIJAN viii. Azeri Turkish 4050:Studies in Turkish Linguistics 3452:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 3406:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 3360:Anderson & Stansfield 2009 2918:al-Lami, Mina (21 July 2014). 2831: 1943: 1854:—a levied force raised by the 1776: 1130:, and its alphabet is the new 822:, or have described it as an " 814:dialects around the region of 675:The Iraqi Turkmens are mostly 374:on December 31, 1534, gaining 1: 9510:Assassination of Galip Balkar 9500:Assassination of Orhan Gündüz 8492: 8035: 6807:Jawhar, Raber Tal'at (2010), 6259:Milliyet (22 February 2012). 6239:"İsmet Hürmüzlü'yü kaybettik" 4486:, Türk Dil Kurumu, p. 25 4482:Karahan, Leylâ Atsız (1996), 4113:, Kültür Bakanlığı, p. 7 2807:Bainbridge, Margaret (2013). 2601: 2245:Mohammed Abdullah al-Shahwani 2160:Kurdistan Regional Government 1549:...what Turkmens refer to as 1412:– a monarch supported by the 1346: 974:; meanwhile, the dialects in 875: 748:and Balkan Turkish regarding 571:With the conquest of Iraq by 9505:Assassination of Erkut Akbay 9243:Diaspora in the Persian Gulf 8272:in ISIL-controlled territory 8160: 6783:, International Crisis Group 6760:, Cornell University Press, 6716:Graham-Brown, Sarah (1999), 6627:, Rowman & Littlefield, 6609:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 6222:Hurriyet (17 October 2016). 5575:(in Turkish). Archived from 5332:Bilgay Duman (August 2016). 3559:"Who's who in Iraq: Turkmen" 3100:Peyrouse, Sebastien (2015). 2382:, Iraqi painter and sculptor 2058:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan 1982:Iraqi Turkmen protesting in 1970:recognised that the city of 1862:and consisting primarily of 1806: 1686:An Iraqi Turkmen protest in 575:in 1534, followed by Sultan 423:in 1534, followed by Sultan 307:share this Ottoman history: 283:and migrated westwards from 245: 7: 9495:Assassination of Taha Carım 8446: 8338: 8183:Council of Representatives 7921:Weapons of mass destruction 7608: 7083:Phillips, David L. (2006), 7023:10.1080/1360200042000296681 6681:Gunter, Michael M. (2004), 6488:Al-Hirmizi, Ershad (2003), 5968:Milliyet (16 August 2013). 4176:Timurtaş, Faruk K. (1997), 3991:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 3985:Simmons, Mary Kate (1997). 3844:. In Postgate, J.N. (ed.). 3035:Georgetown University Press 2810:Turkic Peoples Of The World 2528: 2091: 1794:policies by the state, and 1698: 1301: 1171:Türkmen Izcilik Federasyonu 1101:Upon Iraq's entry into the 1098:, or Turkish in all cases. 942:(approx 700,000 speakers), 907:from 1534 onwards and then 897: 690: 206: 10: 10969: 10953:Oghuz Turkic ethnic groups 10938:Muslim communities in Asia 9559:Banya Bashi Mosque clashes 9537:1993 Solingen arson attack 7911:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 7524:Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks) 6796:International Crisis Group 6502:Al-Shawi, Ibrahim (2006), 6432:"Interim Iraqi government" 6116:The State Journal-Register 5812:Edinburgh University Press 5365:Wanche, Sophia I. (2004). 5240:Greenwood Publishing Group 4262:Greenwood Publishing Group 4254:Parker, Philip M. (1997), 3837:Bulut, Christiane (2007). 2859:Cambridge University Press 2330:, leading emir and general 2084: 2047:Kurdistan Democratic Party 1947: 1925: 1895: 1873: 1823: 1760:The Turkoman community in 1670:The Turkmen population in 1525:An Iraqi Turkmen woman in 1470: 1355: 1219:The current prevalence of 670: 472:, the second ruler of the 358: 263:government used the name " 10875: 10839: 10813: 10558: 10516: 10462: 10434: 10232: 10174: 10141: 10060: 10037: 9994:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks 9867: 9821: 9776: 9745: 9674: 9665: 9572: 9532:1991 Altun Kupri massacre 9408: 9362: 9341: 9315: 9290:Diaspora in South America 9289: 9268: 9242: 9210:Diaspora in North America 9209: 9086: 9074: 9049: 9009: 8945: 8912: 8836: 8807: 8795: 8704: 8603: 8458: 8454: 8441: 8346: 8333: 8168: 8155: 8043: 8030: 7851: 7768: 7620: 7616: 7603: 7532: 7437: 7360: 7248:, Esprit de Corps Books, 7181:Sirkeci, Ibrahim (2005), 7047:O'Leary, Brendan (2009), 6998:Oğuzlu, Tarik H. (2004), 6926:Knights, Michael (2004), 6809:"The Iraqi Turkmen Front" 6334:Barth, Alexander (2018), 6237:Sabah (20 January 2013). 6141:Hollywood'da Türk izleri! 4418:Doerfer, Gerhard (2011), 4398:Doerfer, Gerhard (1987), 4359:Turkmen Reference Grammar 4109:Gülensoy, Tuncer (1981), 4054:John Benjamins Publishing 3226:Stanford University Press 2376:, billionaire businessman 2336:, Swedish model; crowned 2110:National Assembly of Iraq 1928:1991 Altun Kupri massacre 1922:1991 Altun Kupri massacre 1420:from the Turks after the 1188:whereas Turkish uses the 1075:British Mandate over Iraq 913:Capture of Baghdad (1624) 439:Migration under Arab rule 386: 125: 120: 100: 95: 65: 60: 53: 48: 36: 29: 10862:Turkish Cypriot diaspora 10530:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars 9517:1983 Orly Airport attack 8825:Turkish Cypriot diaspora 8262:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 8173:Administrative divisions 7231:Talabany, Nouri (2007), 7143:Rowman & Littlefield 7069:, Taylor & Francis, 6980:Nakash, Yitzhak (2011), 6829:Jenkins, Gareth (2008), 6623:Entessar, Nader (2010), 4566:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 4542:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 4363:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 4357:Clark, Larry V. (1998), 3711:Turkic Languages Journal 3677:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 2738:Güger, M. Birol (2021). 2701:Dolamari, Mewan (2016). 2664:Tastekin, Fehim (2018). 2209:Mohammed Mahdi al-Bayati 2135:), two or four from the 1834:, with a natural tie to 1432:launched his successful 1238:channel was launched in 1223:and media exposure from 1173:) was founded, based in 1166:and the other in Kifri. 769:revolutionary government 667:targeted the community. 573:Suleiman the Magnificent 421:Suleiman the Magnificent 368:Suleiman the Magnificent 184:Turkish minority in Iraq 10019:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman 9675:Azerbaijani communities 9595:Turks in the Arab world 9460:Bloody Christmas (1963) 9430:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924 7821:Mandate for Mesopotamia 7695:First Babylonian Empire 7159:Shanks, Kelsey (2016), 6857:Johanson, Lars (2001), 6649:, Infobase Publishing, 6645:A Brief History of Iraq 5852:, Zaman Daily Newspaper 4886:. Bradt Travel Guides. 4694:Oxford University Press 4445:Karadeniz Araştırmaları 4156:, Akçağ, p. 2004, 3955:Oxford University Press 3723:Johanson, Lars (2002). 2965:Demirci, Fazil (1991). 2634:Bassem, Wassim (2016). 2545:Turks in the Arab world 2129:December 2005 elections 2100:An Iraqi Turkmen rally. 1870:1946 Gavurbağı massacre 1815:Iraqi Turkmen cemetery. 1752:European migrant crisis 994:show similarities with 174:), also referred to as 10852:Crimean Tatar diaspora 10029:Western Thracian Turks 9964:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman 9564:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 9547:Murder of Enver Şimşek 9316:Diaspora in South Asia 8849:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7980:Insurgency (2011–2013) 7901:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 7705:Middle Assyrian Empire 7262:Triana, María (2017), 7244:Taylor, Scott (2004), 6962:Lukitz, Liora (2006), 6944:Lukitz, Liora (1995), 6908:Kirdar, Nemir (2012), 6752:Hashim, Ahmed (2005), 6663:Ghanim, David (2011), 6538:Barker, Geoff (2012), 6108:Wilcox, Emily (2008), 6084:Wilcox, Emily (2008). 5422:Duman, Bilgay (2010). 4154:Türk Lehçeleri Grameri 3488:Fattah & Caso 2009 3476:Fattah & Caso 2009 3464:Fattah & Caso 2009 3435:Fattah & Caso 2009 3418:Fattah & Caso 2009 3315:Iraq: Other Minorities 3220:Bashkin, Orit (2008). 2646:on 12 September 2021. 2388:, author and socialite 2101: 2087:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 2017: 1987: 1816: 1773: 1695: 1571: 1534: 1518: 1506: 1502: 1490: 1439: 1385:British Foreign Office 1380: 1290:, as well as with the 1159: 1151: 876:Iraqi Turkmen diaspora 812:Southeastern Anatolian 708: 700: 623: 568: 525: 383: 356: 341: 273: 215: 188:Iraqi-Turkish minority 171: 10923:Ethnic groups in Iraq 10559:Extinct Turkic groups 10517:Turkic minorities in 10464:Turkic minorities in 10435:Turkic minorities in 10233:Turkic minorities in 9711:Georgian Azerbaijanis 9522:1989 Fergana massacre 9470:Afrikaanderwijk riots 9342:Diaspora in East Asia 8267:in post-invasion Iraq 7973:U.S. troop withdrawal 7735:Neo-Babylonian Empire 7514:Kawliya/Zott/Ghorbati 7237:Middle East Quarterly 7137:Sadik, Giray (2009), 6745:Middle East Quarterly 6734:Güçlü, Yücel (2007), 6562:İrak Türkmen Türkçesi 5897:, Iraqi Turkmen Front 5398:Iraq Mapping Exercise 5002:Yeğen, Mesut (2012). 4407:, Türk Dili, TDK Yay. 3312:Library of Congress, 2596:Iraq–Turkey relations 2356:Jasim Mohammed Jaafar 2344:Muhammad Sadiq Hassan 2251:Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi 2191:Farah Zeynep Abdullah 2137:United Iraqi Alliance 2116:list, three from the 2114:United Iraqi Alliance 2099: 2011: 1981: 1904:Iraqi Communist Party 1836:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 1814: 1771: 1685: 1677:Turkmen Culture House 1547: 1524: 1512: 1480: 1406: 1374: 1157: 1149: 800:Irak Türkmen Türkçesi 706: 698: 613: 562: 515: 449:Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad 366: 351: 309: 253: 66:Predominantly in the 10928:Demographics of Iraq 10877:Central Asian (i.e. 10847:Azerbaijani diaspora 10184:Iranian Azerbaijanis 9822:Turkmen communities 9718:Western Azerbaijanis 9688:Iranian Azerbaijanis 9607:Turks in the Balkans 9554:2004 Cologne bombing 9527:1990 Komotini events 9455:1959 Kirkuk massacre 9260:United Arab Emirates 8796:Traditional areas of 8216:Council of Ministers 8098:Mesopotamian Marshes 7354:Demographics of Iraq 7319:at Wikimedia Commons 7284:Wien, Peter (2014), 7268:Taylor & Francis 6598:The Turkic Languages 5432:] (in Turkish). 4915:Turkmen Bible Partne 4882:Hann, Geoff (2015). 4630:Diyalektolog Dergisi 4426:Encyclopædia Iranica 3898:. pp. 502–504. 2713:on 12 September 2021 2676:on 12 September 2021 2589:16th Turkmen Brigade 2562:Demographics of Iraq 2496:, Turkish politician 2370:, Turkish politician 2311:Hacettepe University 2108:to the transitional 1898:1959 Kirkuk massacre 1892:1959 Kirkuk massacre 1826:1924 Kirkuk massacre 1820:1924 Kirkuk massacre 1375:An Iraqi Turkmen in 1358:Demographics of Iraq 1294:'s main broadcaster 1221:satellite television 1142:Education in Turkish 1138:, in Iraqi schools. 966:show unity with the 641:Constituent Assembly 9868:Turkish communities 9734:Javanshir Qizilbash 9269:Diaspora in Oceania 9010:Turkish minorities 8946:Turkish minorities 8913:Turkish minorities 8837:Turkish minorities 8808:Turkish majorities: 8478:Mesopotamian Arabic 8284:Freedom of religion 7730:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7700:Old Assyrian Period 7685:Neo-Sumerian Empire 7065:Park, Bill (2005), 6683:"The Kurds in Iraq" 6314:The Washington Post 5547:www.hurriyet.com.tr 5338:Also available via 5254:"Gulf/2000 Project" 4344:Harrassowitz Verlag 3675:] (in German). 3320:Library of Congress 3197:Harrassowitz Verlag 2771:Sari, Esra (2020). 2579:Iraqi Turkmen Front 2454:, Turkish economist 2448:, poet and diplomat 2380:Fathi Safwat Kirdar 2156:Iraqi Turkmen Front 2145:Kurdistani Alliance 2118:Iraqi Turkmen Front 2066:Iraqi Turkmen Front 1785:to an increasingly 1493:) on a monument in 1467:Areas of settlement 1352:Official statistics 798:), which they call 767:in 1930, until the 466:Great Seljuq Empire 405:Khwarazmian dynasty 26: 10392:Siberian Bukharans 10194:Chaharmahali Turks 10175:Turkic minorities 10142:Turkic minorities 10061:Turkic minorities 9777:Kyrgyz communities 9746:Kazakh communities 9585:Turkish population 9440:Gavurbağı massacre 9075:Diaspora in Africa 8409:Telecommunications 8384:Foreign Investment 8321:Wars and conflicts 8257:in pre-Saddam Iraq 8221:Presidency Council 8007:2019–2021 protests 7936:Invasion of Kuwait 7760:Sassanid Asorestan 7755:Parthian Babylonia 7750:Seleucid Babylonia 7745:Achaemenid Assyria 7660:Jemdet Nasr period 6845:on 12 January 2012 6802:on 12 January 2011 6690:Middle East Policy 6090:The Daily Register 5912:2006-08-21 at the 5893:2008-06-19 at the 5870:2009-03-05 at the 5848:2005-11-03 at the 5807:The Legacy of Iraq 5579:on 20 January 2022 4983:on 18 October 2017 4948:on 18 October 2017 3754:Orientalia Suecana 3673:Turkology in Mainz 3669:Turcology in Mainz 3396:, pp. 528–529 3154:The New York Times 3145:The New York Times 3055:GlobalSecurity.org 2861:, pp. 98–99, 2779:on 26 October 2021 2567:Minorities in Iraq 2458:Rashad Mandan Omar 2364:, Turkish musician 2340:(2014) and actress 2307:Bilkent University 2281:, Iraqi politician 2211:, Iraqi politician 2141:Iraqi Accord Front 2102: 2070:Human Rights Watch 2020:The Kurds claimed 2018: 1988: 1876:Gavurbağı massacre 1856:British government 1840:Republic of Turkey 1817: 1774: 1696: 1652:have been heavily 1535: 1519: 1507: 1430:Abdul Karim Kassem 1381: 1332:Citadel Christians 1324:Republic of Turkey 1160: 1152: 1039:Republic of Turkey 833:Kirkuk Governorate 730:Azerbaijani Turkic 709: 701: 628:Republic of Turkey 624: 569: 526: 384: 43:Flag of Turkmeneli 24: 10910: 10909: 10809: 10808: 10720: 10713: 10674: 10550:Tatars of Romania 10523: 10492: 10449:Mongolian Kazakhs 10420: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10352: 10264: 10257: 10250: 10127: 10093: 10004:Palestinian Turks 9999:Montenegrin Turks 9923: 9904: 9897: 9890: 9883: 9853: 9844: 9837: 9797: 9768:Mongolian Kazakhs 9736: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9704: 9697: 9690: 9625: 9624: 9070: 9069: 8752: 8751: 8700: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8686:Mandaean New Year 8437: 8436: 8329: 8328: 8311:Political parties 8206:Foreign relations 8151: 8150: 8058:Lower Mesopotamia 8053:Upper Mesopotamia 8026: 8025: 8022: 8021: 7786:Abbasid Caliphate 7781:Umayyad Caliphate 7690:Isin-Larsa period 7553: 7552: 7533:Foreign nationals 7402:Roman Catholicism 7397:Oriental Orthodox 7315:Media related to 7295:978-1-134-20479-3 7277:978-1-317-42368-3 7224:978-0-7456-3227-8 7174:978-1-317-52043-6 7152:978-0-7391-3380-4 7112:978-1-317-45578-3 7058:978-0-8122-4201-0 6991:978-1-4008-4146-2 6919:978-0-297-86951-1 6901:978-0-313-34560-9 6882:978-0-08-087774-7 6674:978-0-313-39801-8 6656:978-0-8160-5767-2 6634:978-0-7391-4039-0 6589:978-1-61234-522-2 6553:978-1-61535-637-9 6531:978-0-8122-4176-1 6504:A Glimpse of Iraq 6467:978-1-134-14564-5 6342:Neue Ruhr Zeitung 5829:978-0-7486-9616-1 5541:Bardakçı, Murat. 5443:978-605-5330-64-4 5152:Graham-Brown 1999 4139:978-90-04-14476-7 4083:Walter de Gruyter 3896:Walter de Gruyter 3780:Walter de Gruyter 3603:Walter de Gruyter 3115:978-0-230-11552-1 2584:2009 Taza bombing 2513:Imad al-Din Zengi 2490:, football player 2488:Mehmet Türkmehmet 2466:, Ottoman general 2419:, football player 2287:, Iraqi architect 2221:Khairi Al-Hindawi 2193:, Turkish actress 2143:and one from the 2081:Genocide under IS 1270:neighbourhood in 1103:League of Nations 968:Eastern Anatolian 933:prestige language 828:Eastern Anatolian 738:prestige language 732:. In particular, 508:Ottoman migration 279:who had accepted 207:Turkumān al-ʻIrāq 204: 158:(also spelled as 152: 151: 68:Turkmeneli region 10960: 10857:Turkish diaspora 10716: 10709: 10670: 10521: 10503:Karategin Uzbeks 10488: 10416: 10390: 10383: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10350:Astrakhan Tatars 10348: 10313: 10260: 10253: 10246: 10219:Iranian Turkmens 10151:Crimean Karaites 10123: 10089: 9989:Macedonian Turks 9954:Dodecanese Turks 9919: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9879: 9851:Iranian Turkmens 9849: 9840: 9833: 9793: 9732: 9723: 9716: 9709: 9700: 9693: 9686: 9672: 9671: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9629: 9628: 9617:Turkish diaspora 9012:in North Africa: 8999:Turkmen Mountain 8915:in the Caucasus: 8805: 8804: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8756: 8755: 8742: 8741: 8732: 8731: 8722: 8712: 8711: 8456: 8455: 8443: 8442: 8374: 8335: 8334: 8186: 8157: 8156: 8143:Sinjar Mountains 8133:Zagros Mountains 8073:Hamrin Mountains 8032: 8031: 7995:Mosul liberation 7968:Iraqi insurgency 7890:National Command 7879: 7715:Simurrum culture 7618: 7617: 7605: 7604: 7594: 7593: 7592: 7580: 7573: 7566: 7557: 7556: 7347: 7340: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7314: 7298: 7280: 7258: 7240: 7227: 7216: 7205: 7204: 7202: 7196: 7189: 7177: 7155: 7133: 7115: 7097: 7079: 7061: 7043: 7034: 7004: 6994: 6976: 6958: 6940: 6922: 6904: 6885: 6867: 6865: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6825: 6803: 6798:, archived from 6784: 6782: 6770: 6759: 6748: 6742: 6730: 6712: 6710: 6704:, archived from 6687: 6677: 6659: 6648: 6637: 6619: 6601: 6592: 6574: 6556: 6534: 6516: 6498: 6496: 6475: 6474: 6449: 6443: 6442: 6440: 6438: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6405: 6399: 6393: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6355: 6353: 6344:, archived from 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6203: 6194: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6180: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6149: 6144:, Milliyet, 2011 6136: 6130: 6129: 6124: 6122: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6062: 6053: 6052: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6012: 6003: 5997: 5986: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5926: 5920: 5904: 5898: 5885: 5879: 5862: 5853: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5801: 5792: 5786: 5777: 5771: 5758: 5752: 5743: 5737: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5697: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5670: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5606: 5600: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5573:www.tbajansi.com 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5538: 5532: 5526: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5403: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5362: 5356: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5337: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5189: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5175: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5116: 5110: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4982: 4976:. Archived from 4975: 4966: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4935: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4921: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4866: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4793: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4747:www.matso.org.tr 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4557: 4546: 4545: 4533: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4479: 4468: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4440: 4429: 4428: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4395: 4389: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4339:Turkic Languages 4333: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4290: 4279: 4278: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4234:, p. 4786, 4223: 4217: 4216: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4130:Brill Publishers 4121: 4115: 4114: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4024: 4018: 4005: 4004: 3982: 3969: 3968: 3946: 3933: 3927: 3910: 3909: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3864: 3863: 3843: 3834: 3825: 3819: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3665:Rentzsch, Julian 3660: 3651: 3645: 3636: 3635: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3557:(18 June 2004). 3551: 3545: 3539: 3530: 3524: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3382: 3376: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3286: 3280: 3267: 3261: 3244: 3243: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3188: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3120: 3119: 3097: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2992: 2981: 2980: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2915: 2906: 2900: 2881: 2880: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2804: 2793: 2792: 2786: 2784: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2752: 2750: 2735: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2709:. Archived from 2698: 2689: 2688: 2683: 2681: 2672:. Archived from 2661: 2652: 2651: 2642:. Archived from 2631: 2620: 2614: 2555:Turks in Lebanon 2509:, American actor 2508: 2494:Ali Saip Ursavaş 2464:Hasan Rıza Pasha 2431: 2406: 2293:, American actor 2269:Ahmet bin Carlak 2239:Arshad al-Salihi 2215:Yasin al-Hashimi 2152:Kurdistan Region 2035:Kurdistan Region 1997:ethnic cleansing 1908:Maarouf Barzinji 1801:ethnic cleansing 1328:higher education 1215:Media in Turkish 1194:Turkish alphabet 1182:Turkish language 1128:Istanbul Turkish 1079:Turkish language 808:Irak Türkmencesi 781:Standard Turkish 754:Turkish alphabet 717:Turkic languages 637:Ottoman monarchy 606:Post-Ottoman era 460:Seljuk migration 209: 199: 197: 172:Irak Türkmenleri 115:Standard Turkish 72:Governorates of 49:Total population 41: 31:Irak Türkmenleri 27: 23: 10968: 10967: 10963: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10906: 10871: 10867:Kazakh diaspora 10835: 10805: 10554: 10520: 10518: 10512: 10474:Afghan Turkmens 10465: 10458: 10436: 10430: 10385:Siberian Tatars 10309: 10234: 10228: 10224:Iranian Kazakhs 10204:Khorasani Turks 10176: 10170: 10143: 10137: 10080:Chinese Kazakhs 10062: 10056: 10039: 10038:Turkic peoples 10033: 9934:Bulgarian Turks 9910:Abkhazian Turks 9863: 9835:Afghan Turkmens 9817: 9772: 9763:Iranian Kazakhs 9758:Chinese Kazakhs 9741: 9661: 9656: 9626: 9621: 9590:Turks in Europe 9568: 9480:Tochni massacre 9475:Revival Process 9404: 9358: 9337: 9311: 9285: 9264: 9238: 9205: 9082: 9066: 9045: 9011: 9005: 8947: 8941: 8914: 8908: 8889:North Macedonia 8838: 8832: 8821:Northern Cyprus 8797: 8791: 8783: 8753: 8748: 8692: 8676:Public holidays 8599: 8450: 8433: 8372: 8342: 8325: 8184: 8164: 8147: 8078:Iraqi Kurdistan 8068:Euphrates river 8039: 8018: 7985:War (2014–2017) 7931:Operation Opera 7877: 7847: 7843:Arab Federation 7831:Kingdom of Iraq 7764: 7740:Fall of Babylon 7675:Akkadian Empire 7650:Samarra culture 7635:Hassuna culture 7612: 7599: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7554: 7549: 7528: 7433: 7356: 7351: 7307: 7302: 7296: 7278: 7256: 7225: 7200: 7198: 7197:on 3 March 2016 7194: 7187: 7175: 7153: 7131: 7113: 7095: 7087:, Basic Books, 7077: 7059: 7002: 6992: 6974: 6956: 6938: 6920: 6902: 6883: 6863: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6823: 6780: 6768: 6740: 6728: 6711:on 23 June 2012 6708: 6685: 6675: 6657: 6635: 6617: 6590: 6572: 6554: 6532: 6514: 6494: 6483: 6478: 6468: 6450: 6446: 6436: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6402: 6394: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6369: 6365: 6351: 6349: 6348:on 27 June 2021 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6306: 6302: 6294: 6290: 6282: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6241: 6235: 6231: 6220: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6195: 6191: 6178: 6176: 6165: 6164: 6160: 6147: 6145: 6138: 6137: 6133: 6120: 6118: 6105: 6094: 6092: 6082: 6078: 6063: 6056: 6035: 6031: 6021: 6019: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5989: 5975: 5973: 5966: 5962: 5956:Stansfield 2007 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5937:on 29 June 2017 5927: 5923: 5914:Wayback Machine 5905: 5901: 5895:Wayback Machine 5886: 5882: 5872:Wayback Machine 5863: 5856: 5850:Wayback Machine 5841: 5837: 5830: 5802: 5795: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5761: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5609: 5601: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5456: 5444: 5420: 5416: 5411:on 16 July 2011 5408: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5377: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5265: 5261: 5252: 5251: 5247: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5190: 5183: 5173: 5171: 5169:"Iraqi Turkmen" 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5119: 5111: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5015: 5011: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4951: 4949: 4936: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4880: 4876: 4860: 4859: 4852: 4850: 4840: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4696:. p. 594. 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4655:. p. 142. 4645: 4641: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4568:, p. 161, 4558: 4549: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4480: 4471: 4463: 4456: 4441: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4404: 4401:Iran'da Türkler 4396: 4392: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4355: 4351: 4342:, vol. 9, 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4291: 4282: 4276: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4224: 4220: 4208:, p. 176, 4198: 4194: 4188: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4150: 4146: 4140: 4132:, p. 583, 4128:, vol. 4, 4122: 4118: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4085:. p. 190. 4075: 4071: 4064: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4027: 4019: 4008: 4001: 3983: 3972: 3965: 3957:. p. 482. 3947: 3936: 3928: 3913: 3906: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3867: 3860: 3852:. p. 167. 3841: 3839:"Iraqi Turkman" 3835: 3828: 3820: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3782:. p. 354. 3772: 3765: 3750: 3746: 3739: 3721: 3717: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3687: 3679:. p. 244. 3661: 3654: 3646: 3639: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605:. p. 398. 3595: 3588: 3582:Boeschoten 1998 3580: 3576: 3563: 3561: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3533: 3527:Stansfield 2007 3525: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3441: 3433: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3385: 3379:Stansfield 2007 3377: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3337: 3324: 3322: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3289: 3281: 3270: 3262: 3247: 3236: 3228:. p. 178. 3218: 3214: 3207: 3199:. p. 331. 3189: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3142: 3138: 3130: 3123: 3116: 3098: 3089: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3023: 3019: 2993: 2984: 2977: 2963: 2959: 2942: 2935: 2916: 2909: 2901: 2884: 2869: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2805: 2796: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2762: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2729: 2716: 2714: 2699: 2692: 2679: 2677: 2662: 2655: 2632: 2623: 2615: 2608: 2604: 2531: 2515:, ruler of the 2502: 2482:Hikmat Sulayman 2425: 2423:Yasemin Mansoor 2400: 2352:, Turkish actor 2303:İhsan Doğramacı 2265:, Turkish actor 2263:Selim Bayraktar 2257:Saadeddin Arkej 2247:, Iraqi general 2227:Maruf al Rusafi 2203:Abbas al-Bayati 2197:Jafar al-Askari 2187: 2139:, one from the 2133:Saadeddin Arkej 2094: 2089: 2083: 2051:Massoud Barzani 2006: 1952: 1946: 1930: 1924: 1900: 1894: 1882:Iraqi policemen 1878: 1872: 1860:First World War 1828: 1822: 1809: 1779: 1701: 1646:Diyala Province 1567:William Guthrie 1475: 1469: 1456:Patrick Clawson 1448: 1446:Other estimates 1422:First World War 1369: 1360: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1304: 1229:Turkish culture 1217: 1144: 1124: 1071: 1069:Official status 1051: 905:Ottoman Turkish 900: 785:Turkish culture 746:Cypriot Turkish 722:Ottoman Turkish 693: 673: 608: 599:Treaty of Zuhab 591:Abbas the Great 510: 462: 441: 389: 361: 346: 293:Syrian Turkmens 265:Muslim minority 248: 139: 104: 102:Turkmen dialect 71: 55: 44: 32: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10966: 10956: 10955: 10950: 10945: 10940: 10935: 10933:Iraqi Turkmens 10930: 10925: 10908: 10907: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10836: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10817: 10815: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10803: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10786:Yenisei Kyrgyz 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10722: 10721: 10714: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10535:Finnish Tatars 10532: 10526: 10524: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10481: 10476: 10470: 10468: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10440: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10422: 10421: 10409: 10404: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10353: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10315: 10314: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10238: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10180: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10156:Crimean Tatars 10153: 10147: 10145: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10129: 10128: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10099:Chinese Uzbeks 10096: 10095: 10094: 10085:Chinese Kyrgyz 10082: 10077: 10075:Chinese Tatars 10072: 10066: 10064: 10058: 10057: 10055: 10054: 10049: 10043: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10024:Tunisian Turks 10021: 10016: 10011: 10009:Romanian Turks 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9979:Lebanese Turks 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9959:Egyptian Turks 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9939:Croatian Turks 9936: 9931: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9915:Algerian Turks 9912: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9871: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9861: 9856: 9855: 9854: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9799: 9798: 9789:Chinese Kyrgyz 9786: 9780: 9778: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9737: 9730: 9729: 9728: 9714: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9698: 9678: 9676: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9659:Turkic peoples 9655: 9654: 9647: 9640: 9632: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9513: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9487: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9425: 9414: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9359: 9357: 9356: 9351: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9283: 9278: 9272: 9270: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9234: 9232:South Carolina 9224: 9219: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9201: 9194:United Kingdom 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9107:Czech Republic 9104: 9099: 9093: 9091: 9084: 9083: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9027: 9026: 9015: 9013: 9007: 9006: 9004: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8951: 8949: 8948:in the Levant: 8943: 8942: 8940: 8939: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8924: 8918: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8880: 8879: 8877:Western Thrace 8874: 8869: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8843: 8840:in the Balkans 8834: 8833: 8829:Mainland Turks 8811: 8809: 8802: 8793: 8792: 8786:Turkish people 8782: 8781: 8774: 8767: 8759: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8736: 8726: 8716: 8705: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8607: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8565: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8553: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8502: 8501: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8439: 8438: 8435: 8434: 8432: 8431: 8426: 8421: 8416: 8414:Transportation 8411: 8406: 8404:Stock Exchange 8401: 8399:Reconstruction 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8379:Infrastructure 8376: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8331: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8264: 8259: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8238:Prime Minister 8235: 8234: 8233: 8223: 8218: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8180: 8175: 8169: 8166: 8165: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8040: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8016: 8011: 8010: 8009: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7955: 7950: 7949: 7948: 7946:1991 uprisings 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7896:Saddam Hussein 7893: 7882: 7881: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7845: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7828: 7826:Mandatory Iraq 7823: 7818: 7815:Mamluk dynasty 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7772: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7680:Gutian dynasty 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7626: 7624: 7614: 7613: 7601: 7600: 7583: 7582: 7575: 7568: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7447: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7377: 7366: 7364: 7358: 7357: 7350: 7349: 7342: 7335: 7327: 7321: 7320: 7306: 7305:External links 7303: 7301: 7300: 7294: 7281: 7276: 7259: 7254: 7241: 7228: 7223: 7206: 7178: 7173: 7156: 7151: 7134: 7129: 7116: 7111: 7098: 7093: 7080: 7075: 7062: 7057: 7044: 6995: 6990: 6977: 6972: 6966:, I.B.Tauris, 6959: 6954: 6941: 6936: 6923: 6918: 6905: 6900: 6887: 6881: 6868: 6854: 6826: 6821: 6804: 6785: 6771: 6766: 6749: 6731: 6726: 6720:, I.B.Tauris, 6713: 6696:(1): 106–131, 6678: 6673: 6660: 6655: 6638: 6633: 6620: 6615: 6602: 6593: 6588: 6575: 6570: 6557: 6552: 6535: 6530: 6517: 6512: 6499: 6497:, Kerkuk Vakfi 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6466: 6460:, p. 52, 6444: 6422: 6410:"Salih Neftçi" 6400: 6385: 6363: 6326: 6300: 6288: 6273: 6251: 6229: 6214: 6189: 6158: 6131: 6076: 6054: 6044:The New Yorker 6029: 6004: 5987: 5960: 5948: 5921: 5899: 5880: 5854: 5835: 5828: 5793: 5778: 5759: 5744: 5725: 5713: 5698: 5686: 5665: 5648: 5636: 5634:, p. 380. 5624: 5607: 5590: 5560: 5533: 5516: 5504: 5479: 5454: 5449:bilinmektedir. 5442: 5436:. p. 11. 5414: 5387: 5375: 5357: 5343: 5324: 5313:. 30 July 2004 5295: 5293:, p. 370. 5283: 5281:, p. 152. 5271: 5259: 5245: 5242:. p. 165. 5226: 5209: 5181: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5117: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5009: 4994: 4958: 4927: 4902: 4892: 4874: 4834: 4832:, p. 314. 4822: 4810: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4734: 4709: 4703:978-0190627645 4702: 4680: 4668: 4662:978-0903472210 4661: 4639: 4620: 4615:978-0812206043 4614: 4608:, p. 43, 4592: 4580: 4574: 4547: 4525: 4513: 4501: 4499:, p. 179. 4489: 4469: 4454: 4430: 4410: 4390: 4377: 4371: 4365:, p. 11, 4349: 4328: 4326:, p. 1989 4324:Ercilasun 2007 4316: 4304: 4280: 4274: 4246: 4240: 4232:Pergamon Press 4218: 4192: 4186: 4168: 4163:978-9753388856 4162: 4144: 4138: 4116: 4098: 4092:978-3110223965 4091: 4069: 4062: 4040: 4025: 4006: 3999: 3993:. p. 88. 3970: 3964:978-0190627645 3963: 3934: 3911: 3905:978-3110219203 3904: 3882: 3865: 3859:978-0903472210 3858: 3826: 3807: 3795: 3789:978-3110421682 3788: 3763: 3744: 3737: 3715: 3696: 3686:978-3447061131 3685: 3652: 3637: 3630:(in Turkish). 3618: 3612:978-3110421682 3611: 3586: 3574: 3546: 3531: 3504: 3492: 3490:, p. 120. 3480: 3478:, p. 118. 3468: 3466:, p. 117. 3456: 3439: 3422: 3420:, p. 115. 3410: 3398: 3383: 3364: 3352: 3335: 3304: 3287: 3268: 3245: 3235:978-0804774154 3234: 3212: 3206:978-3447107235 3205: 3172: 3136: 3134:, p. 209. 3121: 3114: 3108:. p. 62. 3087: 3075: 3063: 3040: 3017: 2982: 2975: 2957: 2933: 2907: 2905:, p. 313. 2882: 2867: 2849:Johanson, Lars 2840: 2830: 2823: 2794: 2760: 2727: 2690: 2653: 2621: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2569: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2550:Syrian Turkmen 2547: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2519: 2517:Zengid dynasty 2510: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2472:, army officer 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2420: 2417:Younis Mahmoud 2414: 2408: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2365: 2359: 2353: 2350:İsmet Hürmüzlü 2347: 2341: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2300: 2294: 2291:David Chokachi 2288: 2285:Rifat Chadirji 2282: 2279:Kamil Chadirji 2276: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2186: 2185:Notable people 2183: 2167:Jalal Talabani 2093: 2090: 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 2031:Ottoman Empire 2005: 2002: 1956:Saddam Hussein 1950:Erbil massacre 1945: 1942: 1926:Main article: 1923: 1920: 1912:Fourth Brigade 1896:Main article: 1893: 1890: 1874:Main article: 1871: 1868: 1832:Ottoman Empire 1824:Main article: 1821: 1818: 1808: 1805: 1783:Ottoman Empire 1778: 1775: 1745:United Kingdom 1707:, followed by 1700: 1697: 1471:Main article: 1468: 1465: 1447: 1444: 1368: 1365: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1303: 1300: 1216: 1213: 1143: 1140: 1132:Latin alphabet 1123: 1120: 1070: 1067: 1050: 1049:Politicization 1047: 917:Ottoman empire 899: 896: 692: 689: 672: 669: 607: 604: 579:'s capture of 509: 506: 474:Seljuk dynasty 461: 458: 440: 437: 427:'s capture of 417:Ottoman Empire 388: 385: 360: 357: 345: 342: 297:Turkmen people 259:, just as the 247: 244: 228:Turkish people 180:Turkish-Iraqis 150: 149: 146:Roman Catholic 126:Predominantly 123: 122: 118: 117: 98: 97: 93: 92: 63: 62: 58: 57: 51: 50: 46: 45: 42: 34: 33: 30: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10965: 10954: 10951: 10949: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10939: 10936: 10934: 10931: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10905:territories). 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10880: 10874: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10838: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10818: 10816: 10812: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10757: 10754: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10708: 10707: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10673: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10606:Black Klobuks 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10557: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10522:(exc. Russia) 10515: 10509: 10508:Afghan Kyrgyz 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10491: 10487: 10486: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10461: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10441: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10424: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10365: 10364:Mishar Tatars 10361: 10358: 10354: 10351: 10347: 10346: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10312: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10244: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10173: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10131: 10126: 10122: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10040:in Uzbekistan 10036: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10014:Serbian Turks 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9974:Kosovan Turks 9972: 9970: 9969:Israeli Turks 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9949:Cypriot Turks 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9929:Bosnian Turks 9927: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9892: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9877: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9857: 9852: 9848: 9843: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9820: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9803:Afghan Kyrgyz 9801: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9735: 9731: 9726: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9715: 9712: 9708: 9703: 9699: 9696: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9684: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9648: 9646: 9641: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9548: 9545: 9544: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9415: 9413: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9247: 9245: 9241: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9227:United States 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9214: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9154:Liechtenstein 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9050:Other regions 9048: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9014: 9008: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8968: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8944: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8835: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8800: 8794: 8790: 8787: 8780: 8775: 8773: 8768: 8766: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8745: 8737: 8735: 8727: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8715: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8678: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8608: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8551: 8550:Iraqi Turkmen 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8336: 8332: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8250: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8185:(legislative) 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8118:Syrian Desert 8116: 8114: 8113:Shatt al-Arab 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8048:Faw peninsula 8046: 8045: 8042: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8003: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7990:Fall of Mosul 7988: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7963:U.S. invasion 7961: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7944: 7943: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:Iran–Iraq War 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7880: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7791:Buyid dynasty 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7640:Halaf culture 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7597: 7591: 7581: 7576: 7574: 7569: 7567: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7452: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7438:Ethnic groups 7436: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7388: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7348: 7343: 7341: 7336: 7334: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7318: 7317:Iraqi Turkmen 7313: 7309: 7308: 7297: 7291: 7288:, Routledge, 7287: 7282: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7257: 7255:1-895896-26-6 7251: 7247: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7229: 7226: 7220: 7215: 7214: 7207: 7193: 7186: 7185: 7179: 7176: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7157: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7132: 7130:90-411-1022-4 7126: 7122: 7117: 7114: 7108: 7105:, Routledge, 7104: 7099: 7096: 7094:0-465-05681-4 7090: 7086: 7081: 7078: 7076:0-415-38297-1 7072: 7068: 7063: 7060: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6993: 6987: 6983: 6978: 6975: 6973:1-85043-415-8 6969: 6965: 6960: 6957: 6955:0-7146-4550-8 6951: 6948:, Routledge, 6947: 6942: 6939: 6937:0-944029-93-0 6933: 6929: 6924: 6921: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6861: 6855: 6841: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6824: 6822:9782351592618 6818: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6792: 6786: 6779: 6778: 6772: 6769: 6767:0-8014-4452-7 6763: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6747:, Winter 2007 6746: 6739: 6738: 6732: 6729: 6727:1-86064-473-2 6723: 6719: 6714: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6676: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6658: 6652: 6647: 6646: 6639: 6636: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6618: 6616:3-447-04293-1 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6591: 6585: 6581: 6576: 6573: 6571:9789751608338 6567: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6533: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6515: 6513:1-4116-9518-6 6509: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6433: 6426: 6411: 6404: 6397: 6392: 6390: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6330: 6315: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6292: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6262: 6255: 6240: 6233: 6225: 6218: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6143: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6103: 6091: 6087: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6061: 6059: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6033: 6018: 6011: 6009: 6002:, p. 87. 6001: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5971: 5964: 5958:, p. 71. 5957: 5952: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5873: 5869: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5851: 5847: 5844: 5839: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5800: 5798: 5791:, p. 69. 5790: 5785: 5783: 5776:, p. 68. 5775: 5770: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5757:, p. 67. 5756: 5751: 5749: 5742:, p. 66. 5741: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5722: 5717: 5711:, p. 65. 5710: 5705: 5703: 5696:, p. 15. 5695: 5690: 5675: 5669: 5658: 5652: 5646:, p. 79. 5645: 5644:Entessar 2010 5640: 5633: 5628: 5622:, p. 34. 5621: 5616: 5614: 5612: 5605:, p. 64. 5604: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5531:, p. 63. 5530: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5514:, p. 62. 5513: 5508: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5426: 5418: 5407: 5400: 5399: 5391: 5385:, p. 20. 5384: 5379: 5368: 5361: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5328: 5312: 5305: 5299: 5292: 5287: 5280: 5275: 5269:, p. 56. 5268: 5263: 5255: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5224:, p. 32. 5223: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5198: 5194: 5188: 5186: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5154:, p. 161 5153: 5148: 5141: 5140:Phillips 2006 5136: 5129: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5094: 5088:, p. 131 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5013: 5005: 4998: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4963: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4934: 4932: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4899: 4895: 4893:9781841624884 4889: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4864: 4849: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4798: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4781:, p. 59. 4780: 4775: 4769:, p. 60. 4768: 4763: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4723: 4719: 4713: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4684: 4678:, p. 483 4677: 4676:Bammarny 2016 4672: 4664: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4590:, p. 104 4589: 4584: 4577: 4575:3-447-04293-1 4571: 4567: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4530: 4523:, p. 105 4522: 4517: 4511:, p. 106 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4485: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4414: 4403: 4402: 4394: 4387: 4381: 4374: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4346:, p. 178 4345: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4277: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4250: 4243: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4105: 4103: 4094: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4065: 4059: 4056:. p. 8. 4055: 4051: 4044: 4038:, p. 58. 4037: 4032: 4030: 4023:, p. 57. 4022: 4017: 4015: 4013: 4011: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3981: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3966: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3932:, p. 357 3931: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3907: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3878:Johanson 2001 3874: 3872: 3870: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3833: 3831: 3824:, p. 166 3823: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3804: 3803:Johanson 2001 3799: 3791: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3768: 3759: 3756:(in German). 3755: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3712: 3708: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3650:, p. 329 3649: 3644: 3642: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3591: 3583: 3578: 3571: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3529:, p. 72. 3528: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3502:, p. 75. 3501: 3500:Talabany 2007 3496: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3454:, p. 17. 3453: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3437:, p. 116 3436: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3419: 3414: 3408:, p. 16. 3407: 3402: 3395: 3390: 3388: 3381:, p. 70. 3380: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3362:, p. 15. 3361: 3356: 3349: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3321: 3317: 3316: 3308: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3265: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3242: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3208: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3140: 3133: 3128: 3126: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2944:Shams, Alex. 2940: 2938: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2868:9781009038218 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2824:9781136153624 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2790: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2765: 2756: 2745: 2741: 2734: 2732: 2724: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2697: 2695: 2687: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2658: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2613: 2611: 2606: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2542: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2523: 2522:Gökhan Kırdar 2520: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2456: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446:Talib Mushtaq 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2398:Hiyam Köprülü 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2362:Gökhan Kırdar 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2318:, Sufi sheikh 2317: 2314: 2312: 2308: 2305:, founder of 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2246: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2171:Kurdification 2168: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2098: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2039:Kurdification 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2015: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1985: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:King Faisal I 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1813: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1796:Kurdification 1793: 1788: 1787:discriminated 1784: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1725:United States 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1443: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1378: 1373: 1364: 1359: 1339: 1337: 1336:New Testament 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1266:, and in the 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:Türkmeneli TV 1232: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1186:Arabic script 1183: 1178: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1156: 1148: 1139: 1137: 1136:Arabic script 1133: 1129: 1119: 1117: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 952:Taza Khurmatu 949: 945: 941: 936: 934: 930: 929:lingua franca 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 841:Taza Khurmatu 838: 834: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 804:Irak Türkçesi 801: 797: 793: 788: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 726:lingua franca 723: 718: 714: 705: 697: 688: 686: 682: 678: 668: 666: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 632:Mosul vilayet 629: 621: 620:Mosul vilayet 617: 616:Misak-ı Millî 612: 603: 600: 596: 592: 587: 582: 578: 574: 566: 565:Mosul vilayet 561: 557: 555: 554:Turkish state 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 523: 519: 514: 505: 503: 502:Seljuk Empire 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 457: 454: 450: 446: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 401:Seljuk Empire 398: 393: 381: 380:Ottoman reign 377: 373: 370:defeated the 369: 365: 355: 350: 344:In literature 340: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 308: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 252: 243: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 216:Irak Türkleri 213: 208: 202: 196:تركمان العراق 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 156:Iraqi Turkmen 147: 143: 137: 133: 132:60%-70% Sunni 129: 124: 119: 116: 112: 108: 103: 99: 94: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 69: 64: 59: 52: 47: 40: 35: 28: 25:Iraqi Turkmen 19: 10545:Lipka Tatars 10418:Tozhu Tuvans 10378:Volga Tatars 10091:Akto Turkmen 9984:Libyan Turks 9963: 9944:Cretan Turks 9859:Akto Turkmen 9808:Tajik Kyrgyz 9795:Akto Turkmen 9682:Azerbaijanis 9465:Akritas plan 9390:Turkmenistan 9087:Diaspora in 9080:South Africa 9057:Saudi Arabia 8954: 8578:Christianity 8549: 8460:Demographics 8394:Oil reserves 8389:Oil Industry 8356:Central Bank 8252:Human rights 8178:Constitution 8123:Tigris river 8103:Persian Gulf 7811:Ottoman Iraq 7796:Qara Qoyunlu 7630:Ubaid period 7540:Palestinians 7523: 7387:Christianity 7285: 7263: 7245: 7236: 7212: 7199:, retrieved 7192:the original 7183: 7160: 7138: 7120: 7102: 7084: 7066: 7048: 7010: 7006: 6981: 6963: 6945: 6927: 6912:, Hachette, 6909: 6891: 6875:, Elsevier, 6872: 6859: 6847:, retrieved 6840:the original 6831: 6812: 6800:the original 6790: 6776: 6755: 6736: 6717: 6706:the original 6693: 6689: 6667:, ABC-CLIO, 6664: 6644: 6624: 6606: 6597: 6579: 6561: 6539: 6521: 6503: 6490: 6481:Bibliography 6471: 6453: 6447: 6435:. 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Retrieved 2777:the original 2754: 2749:12 September 2747:. Retrieved 2722: 2717:12 September 2715:. Retrieved 2711:the original 2685: 2680:12 September 2678:. Retrieved 2674:the original 2647: 2644:the original 2452:Salih Neftçi 2434:Miss Germany 2432:, winner of 2374:Nemir Kirdar 2368:Lütfi Kırdar 2346:, Iraqi poet 2259:, politician 2253:, Iraqi poet 2241:, politician 2233:Nuri al-Said 2205:, politician 2164: 2149: 2126: 2103: 2055: 2021: 2019: 1993: 1989: 1968:Ba'th regime 1960:assimilation 1953: 1931: 1901: 1879: 1829: 1780: 1759: 1756: 1749: 1702: 1669: 1662: 1635: 1631:Tuz Khurmatu 1572: 1548: 1536: 1452:Scott Taylor 1449: 1440: 1407: 1402:Scott Taylor 1382: 1361: 1342:Demographics 1305: 1234:In 2004 the 1233: 1218: 1198: 1190:Latin script 1179: 1170: 1168: 1161: 1125: 1112: 1100: 1072: 1063: 1059:Turcological 1052: 1036: 948:Tuz Khurmatu 937: 901: 873: 861:Tuz Khurmatu 807: 803: 799: 794:dialect (of 789: 758: 710: 674: 661: 625: 570: 527: 463: 442: 409:Kara Koyunlu 394: 390: 352: 347: 333:Soviet Union 310: 305: 301:Turkmenistan 285:Central Asia 274: 267:" for those 254: 249: 240:Central Asia 236:Turkmenistan 187: 183: 179: 175: 163: 159: 155: 153: 142:Christianity 136:30%-40% Shia 107:Iraqi Arabic 21:Ethnic group 18: 10766:Toquz Oghuz 10705:Oghuz Turks 10672:Sir-Kıvchak 10466:Afghanistan 10209:Qarai Turks 10125:Tor Uyghurs 10104:Fuyu Kyrgyz 10052:Karakalpaks 9921:Kouloughlis 9725:Karapapakhs 9600:Kouloughlis 9410:Turkophobia 9323:Afghanistan 9281:New Zealand 9189:Switzerland 9159:Netherlands 9024:Kouloughlis 8734:WikiProject 8535:Marsh Arabs 8520:Circassians 8201:Foreign aid 8093:Mesopotamia 7655:Uruk period 7477:Circassians 7460:Marsh Arabs 7445:Afro-Iraqis 7392:Evangelical 7032:11693/49129 6849:10 December 6600:, Routledge 6298:, p. 3 6296:Kirdar 2012 6286:, p. 4 6284:Kirdar 2012 6148:20 November 6000:Nakash 2011 5632:Ghanim 2011 5583:29 November 5553:29 November 5291:Hashim 2005 5222:Taylor 2004 5113:Taylor 2004 5098:Taylor 2004 5086:Gunter 2004 4830:Oğuzlu 2004 4818:Jawhar 2010 4803:14 November 4779:Shanks 2016 4767:Shanks 2016 4588:Gökdağ 2019 4521:Gökdağ 2019 4509:Gökdağ 2019 4314:, p. 9 4036:Shanks 2016 4021:Shanks 2016 3564:23 November 3542:Lukitz 1995 3348:Taylor 2004 3325:24 November 3283:Jawhar 2010 3264:Taylor 2004 3083:Barker 2012 2903:Oğuzlu 2004 2707:Kurdistan24 2617:Triana 2017 2503: [ 2440:Reha Muhtar 2426: [ 2411:Hidir Lutfi 2401: [ 2392:Üner Kırdar 2386:Rena Kirdar 2338:Miss Turkey 2334:Amine Gülşe 2316:Esad Erbili 2027:sovereignty 1944:Arabization 1938:Altun Kupri 1852:Iraq Levies 1792:Arabization 1777:Persecution 1741:Netherlands 1733:New Zealand 1692:Netherlands 1619:Salahaldeen 1575:Altun Kupri 1495:Altun Kupri 1418:Mesopotamia 996:Azerbaijani 970:dialect of 944:Altun Kupri 915:. Once the 837:Altun Kupri 665:Ba'th Party 550:Mesopotamia 520:recaptured 445:Oghuz Turks 397:Mesopotamia 289:Middle East 277:Oghuz Turks 176:Iraqi Turks 10917:Categories 9813:Van Kyrgyz 9695:Shahsevans 9400:Uzbekistan 9380:Kyrgyzstan 9375:Kazakhstan 9370:Azerbaijan 8960:Turkmeneli 8922:Azerbaijan 8894:Montenegro 8872:Dodecanese 8801:settlement 8789:by country 8651:Television 8631:Literature 8593:Irreligion 8568:Secularism 8505:Minorities 8373:(currency) 8366:Corruption 8211:Government 8002:Insurgency 7801:Aq Qoyunlu 7622:Chronology 7217:, Polity, 6544:Britannica 6408:Milliyet. 6376:Retrieved 6371:Milliyet. 6179:9 December 6121:9 December 6095:9 December 6071:Wallpaper* 5918:Al Jazeera 5472:26 October 5311:turkmen.nl 5202:4 December 5174:5 December 5062:Betts 2013 5050:Güçlü 2007 4987:31 October 4952:31 October 4497:Bulut 2007 4386:Kerkük Ağz 4372:344704019X 4312:Bulut 1999 4275:031329769X 4264:, p. 4241:0080359434 4214:B000OV77HE 4187:9751609151 4063:9027228760 4000:904110223X 3930:Bulut 2018 3822:Bulut 2007 3738:9759334488 3394:Rubin 2015 3071:Sadik 2009 3003:(2): 202. 2976:9759544326 2951:Al Jazeera 2744:Cumhuriyet 2670:Al-Monitor 2640:Al-Monitor 2602:References 2535:Turkmeneli 2524:, musician 2476:Amel Senan 2470:Fahmi Said 2297:Hijri Dede 1948:See also: 1858:after the 1743:, and the 1607:Kizilribat 1551:Turkmeneli 1539:Turkmeneli 1515:Turkmeneli 1503:Altınköprü 1491:Türkmeneli 1483:Turkmeneli 1473:Turkmeneli 1434:revolution 1356:See also: 1347:Population 1073:Under the 1055:Azerbaijan 911:after the 835:, such as 820:Diyarbakır 715:branch of 683:region of 498:Turkmeneli 470:Tuğrul Bey 413:Ag Qoyunlu 186:, and the 10840:Diasporas 10781:Xueyantuo 10771:Uriankhai 10718:Pechenegs 10711:Turkomans 10685:Kutrigurs 10357:Kryashens 10319:Kumandins 10300:Karachays 10280:Besermyan 10255:Telengits 10161:Krymchaks 10144:in Crimea 10109:Ili Turks 9702:Küresünni 9307:Venezuela 9297:Argentina 9276:Australia 8989:Palestine 8935:Meskhetia 8671:Squatting 8636:Education 8583:Mandaeism 8552:/Turkoman 8530:Mandaeans 8515:Assyrians 8510:Armenians 8473:Languages 8361:Companies 8316:Judiciary 8226:President 8196:Elections 8191:Democracy 8037:Geography 7953:Sanctions 7871:2003–2011 7866:1968–2003 7861:1958–1968 7720:Babylonia 7472:Assyrians 7467:Armenians 7429:Shabakism 7424:Mandaeism 7419:Yarsanism 7362:Religions 7165:Routledge 7015:Routledge 6458:Routledge 6396:Wien 2014 6359:Unique... 6106:also in: 4722:Kirkuknow 4451:(61): 103 3106:Routledge 3009:0066-8281 2815:Routledge 2500:Eser West 2478:, actress 1984:Amsterdam 1954:In 1980, 1864:Assyrians 1807:Massacres 1729:Australia 1688:Amsterdam 1654:Kurdified 1481:A map of 1410:Faisal II 1201:Ba'athist 1043:diglossia 1012:diglossia 884:diglossia 826:" or an " 824:Anatolian 681:Anatolian 246:Ethnonyms 201:romanized 140:Minority 96:Languages 10891:Turkmens 10879:Turkmeni 10736:Saragurs 10680:Kurykans 10666:Kipchaks 10651:Keraites 10636:Göktürks 10626:Dughlats 10616:Dingling 10586:Berendei 10437:Mongolia 10407:Tofalars 10371:Nağaybäk 10275:Bashkirs 10262:Tubalars 10248:Chelkans 10242:Altaians 10063:in China 9895:Tahtacıs 9888:Muhacirs 9829:Turkmens 9573:See also 9333:Pakistan 9174:Portugal 8930:Abkhazia 8926:Georgia 8854:Bulgaria 8817:Muhacirs 8714:Category 8563:Religion 8540:Persians 8424:Railways 8419:Airlines 8301:Military 8162:Politics 8138:Wildlife 8128:Umm Qasr 7958:Iraq War 7941:Gulf War 7853:Republic 7806:Safavids 7769:638–1958 7545:Sudanese 7482:Persians 7455:Bedouins 7414:Yazidism 7041:56385519 6506:, Lulu, 6352:27 March 6049:Archived 5910:Archived 5891:Archived 5868:Archived 5846:Archived 5488:"Iraqis" 5304:"Report" 4863:cite web 4636:: 48, 50 3667:(eds.). 3159:Archived 3147:(2015). 2928:Archived 2851:(2021), 2529:See also 2092:Politics 2023:de facto 1934:Gulf War 1699:Diaspora 1658:Arabized 1648:such as 1627:Tal Afar 1595:Khanaqin 1527:Istanbul 1450:In 2004 1302:Religion 992:Khanaqin 940:Tal Afar 898:Dialects 880:Istanbul 857:Tal Afar 750:modality 691:Language 595:Murad IV 577:Murad IV 534:Safavids 524:in 1638. 518:Murad IV 482:Tal Afar 433:Anatolia 425:Murad IV 372:Safavids 321:Bulgaria 257:Anatolia 164:Turcoman 160:Turkoman 121:Religion 10903:Ottoman 10887:Iranian 10883:Afghani 10831:Mughals 10826:Hazaras 10776:Utigurs 10751:Türgesh 10726:Onogurs 10700:Nushibi 10695:Naimans 10656:Khazars 10646:Karluks 10601:Chigils 10596:Bulgars 10581:Barsils 10519:Europe 10498:Ansarlu 10444:Khotons 10402:Teleuts 10295:Dolgans 10290:Chuvash 10285:Chulyms 10270:Balkars 10214:Qashqai 10199:Khalajs 10177:in Iran 10119:Uyghurs 9842:Ansarlu 9753:Kazakhs 9667:Peoples 9395:Ukraine 9144:Ireland 9139:Hungary 9127:Germany 9117:Finland 9112:Denmark 9102:Belgium 9097:Austria 9041:Tunisia 9019:Algeria 8984:Lebanon 8899:Romania 8863:Greece 8859:Croatia 8799:Turkish 8744:Commons 8661:Smoking 8626:Culture 8621:Cuisine 8604:General 8588:Yazidis 8545:Solluba 8498:Persian 8488:Kurdish 8483:Aramaic 8448:Society 8429:Tourism 8340:Economy 8088:Islands 8063:Borders 7888: ( 7878:present 7813:(incl. 7725:Assyria 7670:Subartu 7610:History 7519:Solluba 7502:Yazidis 7497:Shabaks 7201:9 March 7017:: 313, 6437:16 June 6415:16 June 6378:16 June 6319:16 June 6266:16 June 6244:16 June 6207:16 June 6173:Variety 6022:16 June 5976:16 June 5497:15 June 4752:12 June 3760:: 5–27. 3634:(1): 1. 3165:3 March 2328:Gökböri 2127:In the 2106:elected 2014:Turkish 1964:Arabize 1916:Baghdad 1762:Chicago 1713:Denmark 1709:Germany 1665:Baghdad 1642:Turkish 1611:Mendeli 1499:Turkish 1487:Turkish 1426:Ottoman 1414:British 1320:secular 1308:Muslims 1268:Çankaya 1260:Baghdad 1248:Turkish 1209:Nineveh 1096:Kurdish 1032:Malatya 1028:Erzurum 999:Tabrizi 988:Mandali 925:Kurdish 909:Persian 892:Kurdish 890:and/or 792:Turkish 677:Muslims 671:Culture 645:Turkish 586:Karbala 581:Baghdad 530:Ottoman 522:Baghdad 494:Mandali 453:Abbasid 429:Baghdad 376:Baghdad 359:History 287:to the 232:Turkmen 220:Kurdish 212:Turkish 203:: 168:Turkish 111:Kurdish 86:Saladin 82:Nineveh 10899:Syrian 10821:Abdals 10814:Others 10801:Yabaku 10791:Yueban 10741:Shatuo 10731:Sabirs 10690:Merkit 10641:Kangly 10631:Esegel 10611:Cumans 10591:Bulaqs 10576:Basmyl 10540:Gagauz 10490:Timuri 10484:Aimaqs 10479:Afshar 10426:Yakuts 10412:Tuvans 10344:Tatars 10339:Soyots 10329:Nogais 10324:Kumyks 10311:Koibal 10305:Khakas 10235:Russia 10189:Afshar 10133:Yugurs 10047:Uzbeks 9902:Yörüks 9784:Kyrgyz 9385:Russia 9302:Brazil 9250:Kuwait 9222:Mexico 9217:Canada 9199:London 9184:Sweden 9169:Poland 9164:Norway 9132:Berlin 9122:France 9089:Europe 8979:Jordan 8967:Israel 8904:Serbia 8884:Kosovo 8813:Turkey 8724:Portal 8666:Sports 8641:Health 8616:Cinema 8468:Iraqis 8371:Dinar 8306:Police 8108:Places 7598:topics 7492:Feylis 7292: 7274: 7252: 7221: 7171: 7149: 7127: 7109: 7091: 7073: 7055: 7039: 6988: 6970: 6952: 6934: 6916: 6898: 6879: 6819: 6764: 6724: 6671: 6653: 6631: 6613: 6586: 6568: 6550: 6528: 6510: 6464: 6175:, 2007 5941:20 May 5826: 5679:19 May 5440: 5317:19 May 4890: 4727:3 June 4700: 4659: 4612: 4572: 4369: 4272: 4238: 4212: 4184: 4160: 4136: 4089: 4060: 3997: 3961: 3902: 3856: 3786: 3735: 3683: 3609: 3232: 3203: 3112: 3050:Kirkuk 3007: 2973: 2865: 2854:Turkic 2821: 2436:(1996) 2413:, poet 2322:Fuzûlî 2299:, poet 2273:Manisa 2229:, poet 2223:, poet 2075:Ankara 2062:Ankara 1972:Kirkuk 1886:Kirkuk 1844:Kirkuk 1739:, the 1737:Greece 1723:, the 1721:Canada 1717:Sweden 1715:, and 1705:Turkey 1690:, the 1638:Kirkuk 1629:, and 1623:Sancar 1603:Kirkuk 1583:Bakuba 1555:Turkey 1543:Kirkuk 1531:Turkey 1517:scarf. 1437:total. 1390:Ba'ath 1377:Kirkuk 1310:. The 1276:Turkey 1272:Ankara 1256:Kirkuk 1252:Arabic 1240:Kirkuk 1225:Turkey 1205:Kirkuk 1175:Kirkuk 1116:Syriac 1108:Kirkuk 1092:Arabic 1083:Kirkuk 1077:, the 1020:Kosovo 1016:Kirkuk 1008:Turkey 1003:Afshar 976:Kirkuk 964:Amirli 960:Bashir 921:Arabic 888:Arabic 869:Turkey 849:Amirli 845:Bashir 843:, and 796:Turkey 777:Turkey 773:Turkey 761:Kirkuk 742:syntax 685:Turkey 546:Hanafi 542:eyalet 492:, and 490:Kirkuk 387:Origin 331:, the 323:, and 317:Greece 313:Cyprus 192:Arabic 182:, the 90:Diyala 74:Kirkuk 10895:Iraqi 10796:Yagma 10761:Torks 10756:Tuhsi 10746:Tiele 10661:Kimek 10621:Duolu 10454:Dukha 10334:Shors 10166:Urums 10114:Salar 9881:Gajal 9875:Turks 9354:Japan 9349:China 9328:India 9255:Qatar 9179:Spain 9149:Italy 9062:Yemen 9036:Libya 9031:Egypt 8994:Syria 8867:Crete 8656:Music 8646:Media 8573:Islam 8525:Kurds 8351:Banks 8289:Women 8083:Lakes 7876:2011– 7836:Kings 7665:Sumer 7487:Kurds 7450:Arabs 7375:Sunni 7370:Islam 7195:(PDF) 7188:(PDF) 7037:S2CID 7013:(2), 7003:(PDF) 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