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Islamic world, especially among Iraqi Shias. The Shias' repeated calls for the overthrow of the Ba'ath party and the support they allegedly received from Iran's new government led Saddam to increasingly perceive Iran as a threat that, if ignored, might one day overthrow him; he thus used the attacks as pretext for attacking Iran that
September, though skirmishes along the Iran–Iraq border had already become a daily event by May that year. Despite Iran's bellicose rhetoric, Iraqi
41:
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2008:. The Iranians flooded the marsh areas around the city, forcing the Iraqis to traverse through narrow strips of land. Iraqi tanks launched attacks with no infantry support, and many tanks were lost to Iranian anti-tank teams. However, by 30 September, the Iraqis had managed to clear the Iranians from the outskirts of the city. The next day, the Iraqis launched infantry and armoured attacks into the city. After heavy
1519:
1777:, 3rd Corps). Iran responded by shelling several Iraqi border towns and posts, though this did little to alter the situation on the ground. By 10 September, Saddam declared that the Iraqi Army had "liberated" all disputed territories within Iran. It should be carefully noted that Malovany, an Israeli ex-intelligence analyst writing years later, said the enclaves were not completely seized until 21 September.
2725:
villages, and on 10 September announced that its forces had done so in a short, sharp military engagement. ... On 14 September 1980, Iran announced it would no longer abide by the 1975 Algiers
Agreement. Given the scene that was set, it was no surprise that on 17 September, five days before the invasion, Iraq declared the accords null and void. ... On 22 September, Iraqi units crossed the frontier.
422:
2517:
2509:
1863:
Of Iraq's six divisions that were invading by ground, four were sent to
Khuzestan, which was located near the border's southern end, to cut off the Shatt al-Arab from the rest of Iran and to establish a territorial security zone. The other two divisions invaded across the northern and central part of
1701:
Iraq soon after expropriated the properties of 70,000 civilians believed to be of
Iranian origin and expelled them from its territory. Many, if not most, of those expelled were in fact Arabic-speaking Iraqi Shias who had little to no family ties with Iran. This caused tensions between the two nations
1563:
A successful invasion of Iran would enlarge Iraq's petroleum reserves and make Iraq the region's dominant power. With Iran engulfed in chaos, an opportunity for Iraq to annex the oil-rich
Khuzestan Province materialized. In addition, Khuzestan's large ethnic Arab population would allow Saddam to pose
1478:
and thereby to Iraqi society as a whole. The Iraqi government sought to take control of the entire Shatt al-Arab in a rapid and decisive military campaign, believing that Iraq's victory in the broader conflict would humiliate Iran and lead to
Khomeini's downfall, or, at the very least, thwart the new
2764:
There remains the issue of sovereignty over Shatt al-Arab. ... Granted that this might have been a genuine motive for abrogating the 1975 treaty, and reclaiming title to the whole Shatt, what was the point of the invasion on
September 22? Iraq had taken back by unilateral action on September 10
2724:
On 7 September 1980, Iraq accused Iran of shelling Iraqi villages in the territories of Zain al-Qaws and Saif Saad on 4 September 1980. Iraq demanded that the
Iranian forces in those territories evacuate and return the villages to Iraq. Tehran gave no reply. Iraqi forces then moved to 'liberate' the
1697:
reported in July 1980 that "it is clear that, at present, Iran has no power to launch wide offensive operations against Iraq, or to defend on a large scale." Days before the Iraqi invasion and in the midst of rapidly escalating cross-border skirmishes, Iraqi military intelligence again reiterated on
1692:
were executed as part of a crackdown to restore Saddam's control. The execution of Iraq's most senior
Ayatollah, and "reports that Saddam's secret police had raped al-Sadr's sister in al-Sadr's presence, had set his beard alight, and then dispatched him with a nail gun" caused outrage throughout the
1784:
The frequent and blatant
Iranian violations of Iraqi sovereignty...have rendered the 1975 Algiers Agreement null and void... This river ...must have its Iraqi-Arab identity restored as it was throughout history in name and in reality with all the disposal rights emanating from full sovereignty over
1545:
over the Persian Gulf. He saw Iran's increased weakness due to revolution, sanctions, and international isolation. Saddam had invested heavily in Iraq's military, buying large amounts of weaponry from the Soviet Union and France. Between 1973 and 1980 alone, Iraq purchased an estimated 1,600 tanks
1434:
spanning several kilometres. On 22 September, Iraqi aircraft pre-emptively bombarded ten Iranian airfields in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to gain aerial superiority on the battlefield. On the next day, Iraqi troops crossed the international border in strength and advanced into Iran in three
1657:
In 1979–1980, anti-Ba'ath riots arose in the Iraq's Shia areas by groups who were working toward an Islamic revolution in their country. Saddam and his deputies believed that the riots had been inspired by the Iranian Revolution and instigated by Iran's government. On 10 March 1980, when Iraq
1736:
in Iran that would cause Khomeini's government to collapse and thus ensure Iraqi victory. However, rather than turning against the revolutionary government as experts had predicted, Iran's people (including Iranian Arabs) rallied in support of the country and put up a stiff resistance.
2082:; they destroyed numerous armoured vehicles and impeded the Iraqi advance, though not completely halting it. Iran had discovered that a group of two or three low-flying F-4 Phantoms could hit targets almost anywhere in Iraq. Meanwhile, Iraqi air attacks on Iran were repulsed by Iran's
1487:. Saddam had also aspired to annex Khuzestan and saw the Islamic Revolution as an opportunity to do so, seeking to increase his country's prestige and power in the Arab world. To this end, his administration hoped that Iraq, as an Arab-majority country, could successfully exploit
2214:
2185:
Iraq's strategic reserves had been depleted, and by now it lacked the power to go on any major offensives until nearly the end of the war. On 7 December, Hussein announced that Iraq was going on the defensive. By the end of 1980, Iraq had destroyed about 500
2765:
the only strips of territory it still claimed under the treaty. There was no longer any 'territory' as such on the other side to conquer. The Ba'th had already followed the Shah's example of 1971 when he unilaterally took over the three islands in the Gulf.
1801:, opening the route for future armoured thrusts into Iran. Weakened by internal chaos, Iran was unable to repel the attacks; which in turn led to Iraq becoming more confident in its military edge over Iran and prompting them to believe in a quick victory.
2012:, the Iraqis were repelled. On 14 October, the Iraqis launched a second offensive. The Iranians launched a controlled withdrawal from the city, street by street. By 24 October, most of the city was captured, and the Iranians evacuated across the
2148:
The people of Iran, rather than turning against their still-weak Islamic Republic, rallied around their country. An estimated 200,000 fresh troops had arrived at the front by November, many of them ideologically committed volunteers.
1836:. The attack failed to damage Iranian Air Force significantly: it damaged some of Iran's airbase infrastructure, but failed to destroy a significant number of aircraft: the Iraqi Air Force was only able to strike in depth with a few
2098:
The Iranian regular military, police forces, volunteer Basij, and Revolutionary Guards all conducted their operations separately; thus, the Iraqi invading forces did not face coordinated resistance. However, on 24 September, the
3772:
1600:
In 1979–1980, Iraq was the beneficiary of an oil boom that saw it take in US$ 33 billion, which allowed the government to invest heavily in both civilian and military projects. On several occasions, Saddam alluded to the
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also helped convince Saddam that if he invaded, the fledgling Islamic republic would quickly collapse. In particular, Saddam was assured of Saudi support for an invasion of Iran during his August 1980 visit to Saudi Arabia.
4360:
1955:
failed to materialise, as most of the ethnic Arabs remained loyal to Iran. The Iraqi troops advancing into Iran in 1980 were described by Patrick Brogan as "badly led and lacking in offensive spirit". The first known
1550:
and over 200 Soviet-made aircraft. By 1980, Iraq possessed 242,000 soldiers (second only to Egypt in the Arab world), 2,350 tanks and 340 combat aircraft. Watching the powerful Iranian army that frustrated him in
1977:
On 22 September, a prolonged battle began in the city of Khorramshahr, eventually leaving 7,000 dead on each side. Reflecting the bloody nature of the struggle, Iranians came to call Khorramshahr "City of Blood"
1426:, but were never actually transferred. Both Iran and Iraq later declared the treaty as null and void, doing so on 14 September and 17 September, respectively. As a result, the only outstanding dispute along the
1995:
The battle began with Iraqi air raids against key points and mechanised divisions advancing on the city in a crescent-like formation. They were slowed by Iranian air attacks and Revolutionary Guard troops with
1641:
cowards and dwarfs who try to avenge al-Qadisiyah that the spirit of al-Qadisiyah as well as the blood and honor of the people of al-Qadisiyah who carried the message on their spearheads are greater than their
3347:
2152:
Though Khorramshahr was finally captured, the battle had delayed the Iraqis enough to allow the large-scale deployment of the Iranian military. In November, Saddam ordered his forces to advance towards
3334:
One of the ironies lay in the fact that the Iranian exile community in 1980 was as badly out of touch with the home country as the Iraqi exile community was to prove out of touch with Iraq in 2003.
2111:, which reduced Iraq's ability to export oil. The Iranian ground forces (primarily consisting of the Revolutionary Guard) retreated to the cities, where they set up defences against the invaders.
2256:
4172:
1407:. In just over two months, the invasion was brought to a halt, but not before Iraq had managed to occupy more than 25,900 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of Iranian territory.
1430:
at the time of the Iraqi invasion on 22 September was the question of whether Iranian ships would fly Iraqi flags and pay navigation fees to Iraq while sailing through a stretch of the
3825:
3776:
2071:, and the Kirkuk oil refinery. Iraq was taken by surprise at the strength of the retaliation, as Iran took few losses while the Iraqis took heavy defeats and economic disruption.
1677:
was almost assassinated on 1 April; Aziz survived, but 11 students were killed in the attack. Three days later, the funeral procession being held to bury the students was bombed.
2161:
and fuel supplies, and was strangling the country through an aerial siege. On the other hand, Iran's supplies had not been exhausted, despite sanctions, and the military often
4906:
4899:
150:
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Despite Saddam's claim that Iraq did not want war with Iran, the next day his forces proceeded to attack Iranian border posts in preparation for the planned invasion. Iraq's
5125:
2157:
and Ahvaz, and lay siege to both cities. However, the Iraqi offensive had been badly damaged by Iranian militias and air power. Iran's air force had destroyed Iraq's army
4343:
1435:
simultaneous thrusts along a front of approximately 644 kilometres (400 mi). Of Iraq's six divisions that were invading by land, four were sent to Iran's oil-rich
4303:
4871:
4253:
4313:
1260:
648:
1572:(despite being hostile to Iraq) encouraged Iraq to attack, as they feared that an Islamic revolution would take place within their own borders. Certain Iranian
3082:
3020:
Certainly Saddam believed that the oil-rich areas of Arabistan (Khuzestan) were within his reach, a goal his intelligence services seemed delighted to further.
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207:
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one year earlier. However, Iraqi troops became increasingly bogged down in the face of fierce Iranian resistance, which greatly stalled their advance into
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5060:
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Though the Iraqi air invasion surprised the Iranians, the Iranian air force retaliated with an attack against Iraqi military bases and infrastructure in
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4555:
4548:
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Iraq also helped to instigate riots among Iranian Arabs in Khuzestan province, supporting them in their labor disputes, and turning uprisings into
1475:
4164:
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2818:
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1652:
1455:
1415:
181:
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14 September that "the enemy deployment organization does not indicate hostile intentions and appears to be taking on a more defensive mode."
1419:
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1694:
226:
4233:
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between Iran's Revolutionary Guards and militants, killing over 100 on both sides. At times, Iraq also supported armed rebellion by the
5075:
3718:
1537:, in addition to finally achieving his desire of annexing Khuzestan and becoming the regional superpower. Saddam's goal was to replace
415:
3914:
4512:
2240:
1815:
710:
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fighter jets attacked targets throughout Iraq, such as oil facilities, dams, petrochemical plants, and oil refineries, and included
2276:
915:
4094:
2125:
By 1 October, Baghdad had been subjected to eight air attacks. In response, Iraq launched aerial strikes against Iranian targets.
1780:
With the conclusion of the "liberating operations", on 17 September, in a statement addressed to Iraq's parliament, Saddam stated:
3749:
1732:, the Iraqis believed that in addition to the Arab revolts, the Revolutionary Guards would be drawn out of Tehran, leading to a
5140:
4323:
1860:
The next day, Iraq launched a ground invasion along a front measuring 644 km (400 mi) in three simultaneous attacks.
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425:
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and dug its troops in around the city, it was unable to blockade the port, which allowed Iran to resupply Abadan by sea.
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1411:
1316:
1311:
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2414:
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while promoting his country's position against Iran in the context of a looming war. On 2 April 1980, during a visit to
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4034:
3461:
3272:
While the evidence now available suggests the skirmishes were more a convenient excuse for war, questions still remain.
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437:
260:
3078:
4298:
4293:
4059:"The Evolution of Iranian Warfighting During the Iran–Iraq War: When Dismounted Light Infantry Made the Difference"
2330:
1725:. A 2014 academic source confirms that the embassy attackers were "recruited and trained" by the Iraqi government.
1710:
1358:
1353:
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a capital offense at the end of March, Shia militants assassinated 20 Ba'ath officials, and Deputy Prime Minister
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4283:
4273:
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and one armoured, operated near the southern end and began a siege of the strategically important port cities of
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1306:
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took the Iranian Embassy's staff as hostages, resulting in an armed siege that was finally ended by Britain's
433:
4524:
4471:
4402:
1972:
1929:
1766:
829:
729:
405:
385:
375:
46:
1662:, and demanded his withdrawal from Iraq by 15 March, Iran replied by downgrading its diplomatic ties to the
4610:
4378:
1794:
1488:
1098:
1079:
1067:
802:
2409:
381:
4894:
4165:"Egyptian Field Marshal Abdul-Halim Abu Ghazalah on the Combat Tactics and Strategy of the Iran–Iraq War"
1399:
would not be able to respond effectively due to internal socio-political turmoil caused by the country's
1363:
1301:
411:
1896:, and were able to block the traditional Tehran–Baghdad invasion route by securing territory forward of
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5130:
5106:
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3943:
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3005:
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helicopter gunships began attacks on the advancing Iraqi divisions, along with F-4 Phantoms armed with
1606:
1547:
1533:
Saddam's primary interest in war may have stemmed from his desire to right the supposed "wrong" of the
1491:
to undermine Iran from within. In practice, these objectives failed to materialize and the majority of
1326:
823:
3798:
2165:
from other equipment and began searching for parts on the black market. On 28 November, Iran launched
4731:
4681:
4667:
2810:
2588:
Cite error: The named reference "Hiro 97" was defined multiple times with different content (see the
1602:
864:
850:
689:
3533:
1555:
disintegrate, he saw an opportunity to attack, using the threat of Islamic Revolution as a pretext.
1446:
presented the invasion as a strategically defensive measure to blunt the edge of Iranian politician
5023:
2001:
1439:
in order to cut off Iranian access to the Shatt al-Arab and establish a territorial security zone.
1289:
1198:
3509:
5016:
5009:
4956:
4936:
4917:
4624:
4617:
4432:
3971:
2352:
2347:
2162:
2009:
1706:
1614:
1191:
1184:
1131:
1118:
816:
809:
504:
391:
2389:
103:
Iraq seizes more than 25,900 km (10,000 sq mi) of Iranian territory by 5 December
5002:
4995:
4779:
4536:
4493:
4459:
4353:
3638:
2224:
2119:
2115:
2033:
1685:
1534:
1451:
1423:
1177:
1162:
1155:
961:
734:
674:
4146:
4069:
4026:
4020:
3453:
3447:
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1872:
On the northern front, the Iraqis attempted to establish a strong defensive position opposite
4949:
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4766:
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3520:
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2199:
1889:
1714:
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871:
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Covert Relationship: American Foreign Policy, Intelligence, and the Iran–Iraq War, 1980–1988
1824:
launched surprise air strikes on ten Iranian airfields with the objective of destroying the
401:
371:
4857:
3921:
2318:
2304:
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1663:
1527:
1427:
1321:
1294:
1047:
239:
8:
5030:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4529:
2090:, which downed a dozen of Iraq's Soviet-built fighters in the first two days of battle.
2037:
2017:
1932:. The other two divisions, both armoured, secured the territory bounded by the cities of
1921:
1790:
1762:
1754:
1729:
1722:
1681:
1227:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1003:
989:
982:
748:
514:
310:
295:
170:
3860:
2169:(Pearl), a combined air and sea attack that destroyed 80% of Iraq's navy and all of its
5090:
4986:
4674:
4562:
4517:
4488:
4466:
4442:
4102:
3664:
3639:"Saddam Hussein, the United States, and the invasion of Iran: was there a green light?"
2166:
2138:
2048:
2029:
1952:
1913:
1750:
1733:
1670:
1618:
1436:
1400:
1218:
1169:
857:
760:
722:
679:
478:
1908:
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4659:
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4348:
4242:
4030:
3947:
3893:
3864:
3741:
3691:
3668:
3614:
3585:
3556:
3482:
3457:
3413:
3388:
3357:
3323:
3294:
3261:
3232:
3203:
3174:
3163:
3138:
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3009:
2980:
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2902:
2782:
2753:
2742:
2713:
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2546:
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1829:
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also barely survived assassination by Shia militants. In April 1980, Grand Ayatollah
1659:
1447:
1392:
1388:
1279:
1105:
1086:
907:
842:
715:
658:
282:
220:
198:
177:
138:
89:
32:
4206:"Irano–Irakskii konflikt. Istoricheskii ocherk." Niyazmatov. J.A. – M.: Nauka, 1989.
4968:
4864:
4792:
4785:
4773:
4743:
4736:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4569:
3884:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
3656:
3605:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
3547:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
3000:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
2704:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "A context of 'bitterness and anger'".
2430:
2079:
2005:
1997:
1960:
1893:
1467:
1138:
1093:
996:
974:
967:
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927:
920:
899:
892:
885:
878:
741:
510:
325:
444:
4654:
4543:
4437:
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3660:
2678:
2570:
2483:
2449:
2174:
2134:
2087:
1957:
1925:
1821:
1749:
between Iran and Iraq were increasing in number. Iraq began to grow bolder, both
1622:
787:
755:
494:
194:
2572:
Cold War in the Islamic World: Saudi Arabia, Iran and the Struggle for Supremacy
1757:. Malovany describes the Iraqi Army's seizure of the Zayn al-Qaws enclave, near
500:
4821:
4587:
3938:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1980: The Iraqi invasion begins".
3682:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1980: The Iraqi invasion begins".
3576:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1980: The Iraqi invasion begins".
3314:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1980: The Iraqi invasion begins".
3252:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "1980: The Iraqi invasion begins".
2064:
1443:
1333:
1074:
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775:
275:
2643:
5119:
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2377:
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1689:
1523:
1492:
1471:
1463:
1431:
782:
254:
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4266:
3158:
2737:
2640:"The state of the air combat readiness of Iran ... • corporal_historian_23"
2357:
2335:
2309:
2247:
2220:
2158:
2100:
2052:
1933:
1873:
1798:
1770:
1669:
In April 1980, in response to the Ba'ath Party declaring membership in the
1591:
1565:
1484:
1404:
340:
72:
40:
4171:. Ghazalah's Phased Analysis of Combat Operations. Small Wars Foundation.
1963:
by Iraq on Iran probably took place during the fighting around Susangerd.
1410:
On 10 September 1980, Iraq, hoping to take advantage of a weakened Iran's
4163:
Aboul-Enein, Youssef; Bertrand, Andrew; Corley, Dorothy (12 April 2012).
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2228:
2083:
2056:
2013:
1833:
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1718:
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as a liberator for Arabs from Persian rule. Fellow Gulf states such as
1480:
1459:
1147:
489:
484:
1820:
Iraq launched a full-scale invasion of Iran on 22 September 1980. The
1797:
attacked the Iranian border posts leading to the cities of Fakkeh and
4368:
3652:
2924:
Wars of Modern Babylon: A History of the Iraqi Army from 1921 to 2003
2394:
2060:
1941:
453:
1238:
4022:
The Lessons of Modern War: Volume Two – The Iran–Iraq Conflict
3353:
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2399:
2313:
1837:
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1666:
level, and demanded that Iraq withdraw their ambassador from Iran.
1638:
1542:
1338:
1284:
2093:
3291:
World Conflicts: A Comprehensive Guide to World Strife Since 1945
2974:
2068:
1610:
4211:
3436:
in Arabic, 2 April 1980. FBIS-MEA-80-066. 3 April 1980, E2-3. E3
1518:
626:
4140:"The Evolution of Iranian Warfighting during the Iran–Iraq War"
3449:
Islam and Revolution: Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
3380:
Islam and Revolution: Writing and Declarations of Imam Khomeini
2267:
2154:
2108:
1945:
1630:
1573:
1569:
3165:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
2744:
Republic of Fear: The Politics of Modern Iraq, Updated Edition
151:
Democratic Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Arabistan
4066:
The Evolution of Iranian Warfighting During the Iran–Iraq War
3223:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "The opponents".
3194:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "The opponents".
3129:
Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014). "The opponents".
2173:
sites in the southern portion of the country. When Iraq laid
2170:
2104:
1937:
1920:
Two of the four Iraqi divisions which invaded Khuzestan, one
1845:
1841:
1634:
1538:
458:
4068:. U.S. Army: Foreign Military Studies Office. Archived from
3817:
3508:. Central Intelligence Agency. 10 March 1980. Archived from
421:
1848:
aircraft. Three MiG-23s managed to attack Tehran, striking
1396:
473:
359:
335:
320:
305:
290:
269:
249:
234:
215:
189:
164:
125:
4095:"Persian Gulf War: Iraqi Invasion of Iran, September 1980"
3855:
Who dares wins the SAS and the Iranian embassy siege, 1980
4162:
3791:
3715:"Viewpoints of the Iranian political and military elites"
3613:. pp. 59–61, 63 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3071:
1785:
the river...We in no way wish to launch war against Iran.
1422:; these had been promised to Iraq under the terms of the
3946:. pp. 107–109 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3915:"Saddam's Generals: A Perspective of the Iran–Iraq War"
3690:. pp. 103–106 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3584:. pp. 145–147 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3322:. pp. 109–110 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3260:. pp. 104–106 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
1713:
in Kurdistan. The most notable of such events was the
796:
Iranian offensives to free Iranian territory (1981–82)
3892:. pp. 58–59 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3826:"Lets Deport the Iran Embassy Siege survivor to Iraq"
3555:. pp. 56–58 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3231:. pp. 79–80 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3202:. pp. 77–79 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3137:. pp. 71–73 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
3008:. pp. 61–62 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
2712:. pp. 62–63 (e-book, page numbers approximate).
1986:
3479:
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
3410:
The Iranians: Persia, Islam and the Soul of a Nation
2020:
remained, and fighting continued until 10 November.
1558:
4156:
4093:Cooper, Thomas; Bishop, Farzad (9 September 2003).
3940:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3886:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3684:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3607:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3578:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3549:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3316:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3254:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3225:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3196:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3131:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
3002:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
2977:
The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History
2706:
The Iran–Iraq War, A Military and Strategic History
2542:
The Iran–Iraq War: A Military and Strategic History
2107:, destroying two oil terminals near the Iraqi port
3852:
3445:
3376:
3162:
2970:
2968:
2741:
2510:"روایت تنها بازمانده "دژ" خرمشهر از سقوط تا آزادی"
2901:. Osprey Publishing. pp. 1–8, 12–16, 19–82.
2042:
1864:the border to prevent an Iranian counter-attack.
1646:
1541:as the "leader of the Arab world" and to achieve
5126:Military operations of the Iran–Iraq War in 1980
5117:
3079:"Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Saddam Hussein"
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4019:Cordesman, Anthony H.; Wagner, Abraham (1990).
4018:
3764:
3103:
2965:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2094:Destruction of Iraqi oil and nuclear facilities
1369:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
4964:1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners
4117:
4101:. Air Combat Information Group. Archived from
3850:
3048:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2683:. Harvard University Press. p. 147, 149.
2190:-built Iranian tanks and captured 100 others.
1717:in London, in which six armed Khuzestani Arab
1653:The policy of exporting the Islamic Revolution
1474:as an immediate and existential threat to his
4227:
4193:Tucker, A.R. "Armored warfare in the Gulf".
3709:
3707:
3106:The Iran–Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
2896:
2776:
2481:
1979:
1629:In your name, brothers, and on behalf of the
1585:
1254:
642:
300:(General and Iraqi Intelligence Service head)
4092:
4079:
3476:
3407:
3401:
3108:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
3097:
2975:Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014).
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2539:Murray, Williamson; Woods, Kevin M. (2014).
543:485 fighter-bombers (205 fully operational),
63:(2 months, 1 week and 6 days)
16:Event that sparked the Iran–Iraq War in 1980
4131:
4099:Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf Database
4056:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4046:
4012:
3937:
3883:
3773:"The Arab Spring, Its Effects on the Kurds"
3681:
3604:
3575:
3546:
3313:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3251:
3222:
3193:
3128:
2999:
2833:
2703:
2538:
2180:
2114:On 30 September, Iran's air force launched
4234:
4220:
3906:
3733:
3704:
3470:
3025:
2979:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98.
2482:Sloan, Stephen; Anderson, Sean K. (2009).
2143:
1888:On the central front, the Iraqis occupied
1769:) and the Maysan enclave between Shib and
1740:
1261:
1247:
649:
635:
3477:Mackey, Sandra; Harrop, W. Scott (1996).
3408:Mackey, Sandra; Harrop, W. Scott (1996).
2811:"Iran and Iraq: Perspectives in Conflict"
2795:
2672:
2670:
2564:
2562:
1966:
1951:Iraqi hopes of an uprising by the ethnic
1816:22 September 1980 Iraqi airstrike on Iran
1809:
1387:began on 22 September 1980, sparking the
199:
4604:Liberation of Iranian territories (1982)
4043:
3739:
3432:Speech made by Saddam Hussein. Baghdad,
3426:
3277:
2921:
2231:with another Iranian soldier during the
1907:
1892:, advanced towards the foothills of the
1517:
1479:Iranian government's attempts to spread
61:22 September 1980 – 5 December 1980
3965:
3963:
3052:
2575:. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
1613:, he drew parallels to the 7th-century
1507:
1412:consolidation of the Islamic Revolution
5118:
3969:
3844:
3740:Westcott, Kathryn (27 February 2003).
3633:
3345:
3288:
3157:
2946:
2736:
2676:
2667:
2559:
1765:, 2nd Corps); the Saif Sa'ad enclave (
1302:Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003)
84:lraqi short-term operational success
4215:
3978:from the original on 28 February 2011
3859:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p.
3495:
3452:. Algar, Hamid. Mizan Press. p.
3383:. Algar, Hamid. Mizan Press. p.
2808:
2488:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 145–146.
2223:(right), who would become the second
2023:
1852:, but destroyed only a few aircraft.
1753:and launching border incursions into
1268:
1242:
630:
3960:
3823:
2568:
1621:secured a decisive victory over the
1450:, who had risen to power as Iran's "
1414:, forcibly reclaimed territories in
1391:, and lasted until 5 December 1980.
1295:Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991)
1214:1981 Iraqi embassy bombing in Beirut
941:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1985–87)
837:Iranian offensives in Iraq (1982–84)
315:(General and Deputy Party Secretary)
4175:from the original on 1 January 2016
3805:from the original on 1 January 2016
3752:from the original on 1 January 2016
2821:from the original on 1 January 2016
2587:
2457:
2453:
2438:
2434:
1980:
1804:
1395:attacked under the impression that
13:
4137:
2485:Historical Dictionary of Terrorism
2118:, striking and badly damaging the
1855:
1728:According to former Iraqi general
14:
5167:
4241:
3912:
3799:"Kurdistan, Iraq Global Security"
3721:from the original on 3 March 2016
2809:Cruze, Gregory S. (Spring 1988).
2781:. Osprey Publishing. p. 22.
1903:
1867:
1559:Oil and Iran's Islamic Revolution
656:
537:1,700–2,100 tanks, (500 operable)
45:Iranian soldiers fighting in the
5102:
5101:
4057:Wilson, Ben (July–August 2007).
3851:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2009).
2926:. University Press of Kentucky.
2520:from the original on 26 May 2016
2275:
2255:
2239:
2213:
2086:interceptor fighter jets, using
1883:
1711:Kurdish Democratic Party of Iran
509:
499:
472:
443:
432:
420:
410:
400:
390:
380:
370:
358:
334:
319:
304:
289:
268:
248:
233:
214:
188:
163:
143:
131:
118:
39:
4200:
4187:
4003:
3990:
3931:
3877:
3770:
3675:
3627:
3598:
3569:
3540:
3439:
3370:
3339:
3307:
3245:
3216:
3187:
3151:
3122:
3085:from the original on 3 May 2015
2993:
2940:
2915:
2770:
2730:
2697:
2658:
2419:
2382:
2340:
2323:
2297:
1499:espoused by Iraq's Ba'athists.
1307:Iraq air strikes (January 1993)
244:(Joint chief of military staff)
3742:"Iraq's rich mosaic of people"
3171:University of California Press
2750:University of California Press
2632:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2596:
2545:. Cambridge University Press.
2532:
2502:
2475:
2264:Mehrabad International Airport
2043:Retaliatory airstrikes in Iraq
1647:Revolts by Iraq's Shia Muslims
685:1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran
541:300 operable artillery pieces,
464:Irregular Warfare Headquarters
1:
5141:September 1980 events in Asia
4455:1974–75 Shatt al-Arab clashes
4125:Modern Warfare: Iran–Iraq War
3503:"National Intelligence Daily"
3104:Rajaee, Farhang, ed. (1993).
3057:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
2469:
1973:Battle of Khorramshahr (1980)
1502:
1456:export the Islamic Revolution
1334:Iraqi conflict (2003–present)
227:Joint chief of military staff
5156:December 1980 events in Asia
5151:November 1980 events in Asia
4760:Iranian offensives (1985–87)
4648:Iranian offensives (1982–84)
3661:10.1080/14682745.2011.564612
2951:. Harvard University Press.
2899:The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988
2779:The Iran–Iraq War: 1980–1988
2128:
1489:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
1359:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
1354:Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011)
1344:Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)
345:(Republican Guard Commander)
47:First Battle of Khorramshahr
7:
5146:October 1980 events in Asia
3972:"Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)"
3446:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981).
3377:Khomeini, Ruhollah (1981).
2461: 'River of the Arabs'
2193:
1987:
1658:declared Iran's ambassador
1349:Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
1317:Iraq missile strikes (1996)
1312:Iraq missile strikes (1993)
520:National Defense Battalions
10:
5172:
4025:. Westview Press. p.
3944:Cambridge University Press
3890:Cambridge University Press
3688:Cambridge University Press
3611:Cambridge University Press
3582:Cambridge University Press
3553:Cambridge University Press
3320:Cambridge University Press
3258:Cambridge University Press
3229:Cambridge University Press
3200:Cambridge University Press
3135:Cambridge University Press
3006:Cambridge University Press
2710:Cambridge University Press
2629:Farrokh, Kaveh, 304 (2011)
2611:Farrokh, Kaveh, 305 (2011)
2205:
2132:
2027:
1970:
1813:
1679:Iraqi Information Minister
1650:
1637:everywhere, we tell those
1607:al-Mustansiriya University
1589:
1586:Ideological sabre-rattling
1580:
1511:
1327:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
5099:
5043:
4979:
4882:
4759:
4647:
4603:
4580:
4502:
4425:
4418:
4249:
3346:Gibson, Bryan R. (2010).
2922:Malovany, Pesach (2017).
2002:rocket-propelled grenades
1603:Muslim conquest of Persia
1290:Invasion of Kuwait (1990)
1280:Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
1276:
690:1979 Khuzestan insurgency
666:
566:
535:110,000–150,000 soldiers,
525:
350:
156:
111:
53:
49:(September–November 1980)
38:
30:
25:
5066:Iranian aerial victories
3289:Brogan, Patrick (1989).
2291:
2270:after an Iraqi airstrike
2181:Iranian counteroffensive
2163:cannibalised spare parts
1526:, a key river along the
1495:were indifferent to the
1454:" and was attempting to
916:Kurdish rebellion (1983)
549:At the onset of the war:
539:1,000 armoured vehicles,
532:At the onset of the war:
4365:non-state participants
3481:. Dutton. p. 317.
3412:. Dutton. p. 317.
3053:Farrokh, Kaveh (2011).
2947:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
2677:Razoux, Pierre (2015).
2144:Iraqi strategic failure
2010:house-to-house fighting
1775:1st Mechanised Division
1741:Cross-border skirmishes
1615:Battle of al-Qadisiyyah
1364:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
1207:International incidents
558:1,400 artillery pieces,
5071:Iraqi aerial victories
5056:Iraqi chemical weapons
3998:Wars of Modern Babylon
3528:Cite journal requires
3293:. London: Bloomsbury.
3055:Iran at War: 1500–1988
2897:Karsh, Efraim (2002).
2777:Karsh, Efraim (2002).
2225:Supreme Leader of Iran
2120:Osirak nuclear reactor
2116:Operation Scorch Sword
2034:Operation Scorch Sword
1967:Battle of Khorramshahr
1917:
1810:Pre-emptive airstrikes
1795:4th Infantry Divisions
1787:
1767:10th Armoured Division
1686:Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr
1682:Latif Nusseif al-Jasim
1644:
1530:
1424:1975 Algiers Agreement
1385:Iraqi invasion of Iran
702:Iraqi invasion of Iran
675:1975 Algiers Agreement
157:Commanders and leaders
26:Iraqi invasion of Iran
2444:) and in Iraq as the
2425:Known in Iran as the
2284:Douglas C-47 Skytrain
2227:in August 1989, in a
2200:Shatt al-Arab dispute
2074:The Iranian force of
1911:
1876:to protect the Iraqi
1782:
1763:6th Armoured Division
1715:Iranian Embassy siege
1702:to increase further.
1695:military intelligence
1651:Further information:
1627:
1590:Further information:
1521:
1514:Shatt al-Arab dispute
1035:Karbala 8 (7th Basra)
695:Iranian Embassy siege
567:Casualties and losses
330:(Minister of Defence)
4197:, May, 1988, p. 226.
4009:Malovany, 2017, 106.
3779:on 17 September 2012
2569:Hiro, Dilip (2019).
2442: 'Swift River'
2282:A destroyed Iranian
1916:(orange) within Iran
1755:disputed territories
1508:Territorial disputes
1339:Iraq War (2003–2011)
1285:Gulf War (1990–1991)
1157:June 5 1984 Skirmish
614:350 armored vehicles
588:150 armored vehicles
560:380 fighter-bombers,
438:Revolutionary Guards
365:Iranian Armed Forces
261:Revolutionary Guards
240:Qasem-Ali Zahirnejad
5031:Iran Air Flight 655
4932:Tawakalna ala Allah
4883:Final stages (1988)
4433:Iran–Iraq relations
4361:UN Security Council
4152:on 29 October 2013.
4127:(film documentary).
4105:on 21 February 2014
4075:on 29 October 2013.
3515:on 5 November 2010.
3434:Voice of the Masses
2038:Operation Sultan 10
1898:Qasr-e Shirin, Iran
1723:Special Air Service
1470:, perceived Iran's
1322:Iraq bombing (1998)
1228:Iran Air Flight 655
1114:Tawakalna ala Allah
1061:Final stages (1988)
311:Taha Yassin Ramadan
296:Ali Hassan al-Majid
208:Minister of Defence
171:Abolhassan Banisadr
5091:Invasion of Kuwait
5061:Iranian commanders
4908:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 7
4901:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
4489:Iranian Revolution
4443:Treaty of Saadabad
4169:Small Wars Journal
3970:Pike, John (ed.).
3173:. pp. 33–34.
2167:Operation Morvarid
2139:Operation Morvarid
2049:Operation Kaman 99
2030:Operation Kaman 99
2024:Iranian operations
1953:Arabs of Khuzestan
1918:
1914:Khuzestan Province
1878:Kirkuk oil complex
1734:counter-revolution
1671:Islamic Dawa Party
1619:Rashidun Caliphate
1531:
1401:Islamic Revolution
1100:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 4
1081:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 3
1069:Beit-ol-Moqaddas 2
859:Muharram ol-Harram
680:Iranian Revolution
616:80 fighter-bombers
592:30 fighter-bombers
479:Iraqi Armed Forces
182:Commander-in-Chief
5136:Invasions of Iran
5131:Invasions by Iraq
5113:
5112:
5039:
5038:
4914:Al-Anfal Campaign
4890:War of the Cities
4732:Kurdish rebellion
4349:Operation Staunch
4000:, 2017, 104–107.
3419:978-0-525-94005-0
3394:978-0-933782-03-7
3064:978-1-78096-221-4
2949:The Iran–Iraq War
2680:The Iran–Iraq War
2646:on 2 October 2018
2582:978-0-19-005022-1
2495:978-0-8108-6311-8
2080:Maverick missiles
2006:Molotov cocktails
1998:recoilless rifles
1830:Israeli Air Force
1826:Iranian Air Force
1664:charge d'affaires
1660:persona non-grata
1535:Algiers Agreement
1448:Ruhollah Khomeini
1378:
1377:
1270:Persian Gulf Wars
1236:
1235:
669:Pre-war incidents
625:
624:
552:200,000 soldiers,
283:President of Iraq
221:Valiollah Fallahi
178:President of Iran
107:
106:
88:Beginning of the
5163:
5105:
5104:
4638:2nd Khorramshahr
4633:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
4581:Stalemate (1981)
4525:1st Khorramshahr
4423:
4422:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4198:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4145:. Archived from
4144:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4090:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4063:
4054:
4041:
4040:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3927:on 3 April 2013.
3926:
3920:. Archived from
3919:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3858:
3848:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3828:. Archived from
3821:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3775:. Archived from
3768:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3644:Cold War History
3631:
3625:
3624:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3531:
3526:
3524:
3516:
3514:
3507:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3374:
3368:
3367:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3286:
3275:
3274:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3168:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3023:
3022:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2972:
2963:
2962:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2894:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2815:Military Reports
2806:
2793:
2792:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2747:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2674:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2642:. Archived from
2636:
2630:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2479:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2443:
2440:
2436:
2423:
2417:
2386:
2380:
2344:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2301:
2279:
2259:
2243:
2217:
2088:Phoenix missiles
1990:
1983:
1982:
1958:chemical weapons
1894:Zagros Mountains
1828:, mimicking the
1805:Iraqi operations
1730:Ra'ad al-Hamdani
1528:Iran–Iraq border
1468:Arab nationalist
1442:Iraqi president
1428:Iran–Iraq border
1271:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1094:Halabja massacre
830:2nd Khorramshahr
825:Beit-ol-Moqaddas
769:Stalemate (1981)
730:1st Khorramshahr
661:
651:
644:
637:
628:
627:
513:
505:Republican Guard
503:
477:
476:
447:
436:
424:
414:
404:
394:
384:
374:
363:
362:
346:
339:
338:
331:
326:Adnan Khairallah
324:
323:
316:
309:
308:
301:
294:
293:
286:
273:
272:
264:
253:
252:
245:
238:
237:
230:
219:
218:
211:
201:
193:
192:
185:
168:
167:
148:
147:
146:
136:
135:
134:
124:
122:
121:
55:
54:
43:
23:
22:
5171:
5170:
5166:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5109:
5095:
5051:Order of battle
5035:
4980:US intervention
4975:
4878:
4755:
4683:Before the Dawn
4669:Muslim ibn Aqil
4643:
4612:Samen-ol-A'emeh
4599:
4576:
4544:Siege of Abadan
4513:Iraqi airstrike
4498:
4494:Anti-Iranianism
4438:Treaty of Zuhab
4414:
4251:
4245:
4240:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4161:
4157:
4149:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4091:
4080:
4072:
4061:
4055:
4044:
4037:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3979:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3833:
3832:on 3 March 2016
3824:Coughlin, Con.
3822:
3818:
3808:
3806:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3769:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3722:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3698:
3680:
3676:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3603:
3599:
3592:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3545:
3541:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3489:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3344:
3340:
3330:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3287:
3278:
3268:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3221:
3217:
3210:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3156:
3152:
3145:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3051:
3026:
3016:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2895:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2807:
2796:
2789:
2775:
2771:
2760:
2752:. p. 270.
2735:
2731:
2720:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2675:
2668:
2664:Pollack, p. 186
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:Pollack, p. 187
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:Pollack, p. 186
2601:
2597:
2583:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2516:. 23 May 2016.
2508:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2460:
2441:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2307:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2271:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2235:
2218:
2208:
2196:
2183:
2175:siege to Abadan
2146:
2141:
2135:Siege of Abadan
2133:Main articles:
2131:
2096:
2055:99). Groups of
2045:
2040:
2026:
1975:
1969:
1906:
1886:
1870:
1858:
1856:Ground invasion
1822:Iraqi Air Force
1818:
1812:
1807:
1743:
1688:and his sister
1655:
1649:
1623:Sasanian Empire
1617:, in which the
1609:in the city of
1598:
1588:
1583:
1561:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1483:throughout the
1462:. Saddam, as a
1381:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1237:
1232:
1209:
1151:
1063:
943:
866:Before the Dawn
852:Moslem Ibn Aqil
804:Samen-ol-A'emeh
798:
771:
711:Iraqi airstrike
706:
671:
662:
657:
655:
621:
618:40 helicopters
617:
615:
613:
609:
608:
601:
599:
595:
591:
589:
587:
583:
582:
575:
573:
562:350 helicopters
561:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
545:750 helicopters
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
534:
471:
357:
344:
343:
333:
332:
329:
328:
318:
317:
314:
313:
303:
302:
299:
298:
288:
287:
280:
279:
267:
258:
257:
247:
246:
243:
242:
232:
231:
224:
223:
213:
212:
205:
204:
195:Mostafa Chamran
187:
186:
175:
174:
162:
144:
142:
141:
132:
130:
119:
117:
99:
75:
62:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5169:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5111:
5110:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5025:Praying Mantis
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4966:
4961:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4928:
4921:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4783:
4771:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4729:
4722:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4522:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4504:Iraqi invasion
4500:
4499:
4497:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4460:Algiers Accord
4452:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4429:
4427:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4363:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4340:United States
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4216:
4209:
4208:
4199:
4186:
4155:
4130:
4116:
4078:
4042:
4036:978-0813309552
4035:
4011:
4002:
3989:
3959:
3952:
3930:
3913:Woods, Kevin.
3905:
3898:
3876:
3869:
3843:
3816:
3790:
3763:
3732:
3703:
3696:
3674:
3626:
3619:
3597:
3590:
3568:
3561:
3539:
3530:|journal=
3494:
3487:
3469:
3463:978-0933782037
3462:
3438:
3425:
3418:
3400:
3393:
3369:
3362:
3356:. p. 33.
3338:
3328:
3306:
3299:
3276:
3266:
3244:
3237:
3215:
3208:
3186:
3179:
3150:
3143:
3121:
3115:978-0813011776
3114:
3096:
3070:
3063:
3024:
3014:
2992:
2985:
2964:
2957:
2939:
2932:
2914:
2908:978-1841763712
2907:
2832:
2794:
2788:978-1841763712
2787:
2769:
2758:
2729:
2718:
2696:
2690:978-0674915718
2689:
2666:
2657:
2631:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2595:
2581:
2558:
2551:
2531:
2501:
2494:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2418:
2381:
2339:
2322:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2274:
2272:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2236:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2195:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2145:
2142:
2130:
2127:
2122:near Baghdad.
2095:
2092:
2076:AH-1J SeaCobra
2044:
2041:
2025:
2022:
1971:Main article:
1968:
1965:
1905:
1904:Southern front
1902:
1885:
1882:
1869:
1868:Northern front
1866:
1857:
1854:
1814:Main article:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1791:7th Mechanised
1745:By September,
1742:
1739:
1648:
1645:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1560:
1557:
1512:Main article:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1452:Supreme Leader
1444:Saddam Hussein
1376:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1204:
1203:
1200:Praying Mantis
1196:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1075:Anfal campaign
1072:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1001:
994:
987:
980:
972:
965:
953:
938:
937:
932:
925:
918:
913:
905:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
834:
833:
821:
814:
807:
793:
792:
785:
780:
766:
765:
758:
753:
746:
739:
732:
727:
720:
713:
698:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
667:
664:
663:
654:
653:
646:
639:
631:
623:
622:
620:
619:
604:
603:
602:
600:10,000 wounded
596:
594:
593:
590:60 helicopters
578:
577:
576:
574:12,000 wounded
569:
568:
564:
563:
546:
528:
527:
523:
522:
518:
517:
507:
497:
492:
487:
468:
467:
466:
461:
456:
451:
441:
430:
429:
428:
418:
408:
398:
388:
353:
352:
351:Units involved
348:
347:
276:Saddam Hussein
265:
159:
158:
154:
153:
128:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
95:
94:
93:
92:
81:
77:
76:
71:
69:
65:
64:
59:
51:
50:
36:
35:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5168:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5108:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5086:Order of Fath
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5018:Nimble Archer
5015:
5013:
5012:
5011:Eager Glacier
5008:
5006:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4958:Eternal Light
4955:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4873:Mountain Mast
4870:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4701:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:Fath-ol-Mobin
4623:
4621:
4620:
4619:Tariq-ol-Qods
4616:
4614:
4613:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4417:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Sipay Rizgari
4384:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4244:
4243:Iran–Iraq War
4237:
4232:
4230:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4148:
4141:
4138:Wilson, Ben.
4134:
4126:
4120:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4038:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4023:
4015:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3955:
3953:9781107062290
3949:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3899:9781107062290
3895:
3891:
3887:
3880:
3872:
3870:9781780964683
3866:
3862:
3857:
3856:
3847:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3720:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3697:9781107062290
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3620:9781107062290
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3591:9781107062290
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3564:
3562:9781107062290
3558:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3535:
3522:
3511:
3504:
3498:
3490:
3488:9780525940050
3484:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3435:
3429:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3363:9780313386107
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3342:
3335:
3331:
3329:9781107062290
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3302:
3300:0-7475-0260-9
3296:
3292:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3269:
3267:9781107062290
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3238:9781107062290
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3209:9781107062290
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3180:9780520921245
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3159:Makiya, Kanan
3154:
3146:
3144:9781107062290
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3117:
3111:
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2738:Makiya, Kanan
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2019:
2015:
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1520:
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1493:Iranian Arabs
1490:
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1472:Shia Islamism
1469:
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1432:Shatt al-Arab
1429:
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1389:Iran–Iraq War
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1186:Eager Glacier
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1133:Eternal Light
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1111:
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818:Fath-ol-Mobin
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811:Tariq-ol-Qods
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659:Iran–Iraq War
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426:Army Aviation
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271:
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262:
256:
255:Mohsen Rezaee
251:
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183:
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90:Iran–Iraq War
87:
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66:
60:
57:
56:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
33:Iran–Iraq War
29:
24:
19:
5024:
5017:
5010:
5004:Prime Chance
5003:
4997:Earnest Will
4996:
4988:
4969:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4931:
4924:
4907:
4900:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4793:
4786:
4774:
4767:
4744:
4737:
4725:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4660:
4632:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4588:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4538:Scorch Sword
4537:
4530:
4518:
4503:
4484:Ba'ath Party
4448:Baghdad Pact
4324:Soviet Union
4267:Arms-to-Iraq
4250:Participants
4202:
4195:Armed Forces
4194:
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4168:
4158:
4147:the original
4133:
4124:
4119:
4107:. Retrieved
4103:the original
4098:
4070:the original
4065:
4021:
4014:
4005:
3997:
3992:
3980:. Retrieved
3939:
3933:
3922:the original
3908:
3885:
3879:
3854:
3846:
3834:. Retrieved
3830:the original
3819:
3807:. Retrieved
3793:
3781:. Retrieved
3777:the original
3771:Noi, Aylin.
3766:
3754:. Retrieved
3745:
3735:
3723:. Retrieved
3683:
3677:
3648:
3642:
3629:
3606:
3600:
3577:
3571:
3548:
3542:
3521:cite journal
3510:the original
3497:
3478:
3472:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3409:
3403:
3379:
3372:
3348:
3341:
3333:
3315:
3309:
3290:
3271:
3253:
3247:
3224:
3218:
3195:
3189:
3164:
3153:
3130:
3124:
3105:
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3073:
3054:
3019:
3001:
2995:
2976:
2948:
2942:
2923:
2917:
2898:
2823:. Retrieved
2814:
2778:
2772:
2763:
2743:
2732:
2723:
2705:
2699:
2679:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:the original
2634:
2625:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2571:
2541:
2534:
2522:. Retrieved
2513:
2504:
2484:
2477:
2445:
2426:
2421:
2415:Super Frelon
2384:
2342:
2331:F-4 Phantoms
2325:
2299:
2248:Northrop F-5
2221:Ali Khamenei
2184:
2151:
2147:
2124:
2113:
2101:Iranian Navy
2097:
2073:
2046:
1994:
1988:Khunin shahr
1985:
1976:
1950:
1934:Khorramshahr
1930:Khorramshahr
1919:
1912:Location of
1887:
1874:Sulaymaniyah
1871:
1862:
1859:
1819:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1744:
1727:
1704:
1700:
1668:
1656:
1628:
1599:
1566:Saudi Arabia
1562:
1532:
1485:Muslim world
1476:Ba'ath Party
1441:
1416:Zain al-Qaws
1409:
1405:western Iran
1384:
1382:
1220:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1179:Prime Chance
1178:
1170:
1164:Earnest Will
1163:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1087:
1080:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
975:
968:
956:
948:
940:
939:
928:
921:
908:
900:
893:
886:
879:
872:
865:
858:
851:
843:
836:
835:
824:
817:
810:
803:
795:
794:
788:
776:
768:
767:
761:
749:
742:
736:Scorch Sword
735:
723:
716:
701:
700:
699:
668:
605:
598:4,000 killed
579:
572:4,500 killed
554:2,800 tanks,
548:
531:
515:Popular Army
470:
386:Ground Force
356:
341:Saddam Kamel
274:
169:
112:Belligerents
83:
73:Western Iran
31:Part of the
18:
4951:Forty Stars
4944:Shining Sun
4825:(3rd Basra)
4720:(2nd Basra)
4663:(1st Basra)
4354:Iran–Contra
4304:North Korea
4179:30 December
4109:30 December
3982:30 December
3836:31 December
3809:31 December
3783:31 December
3756:31 December
3725:31 December
3635:Brands, Hal
3089:30 December
2825:30 December
2650:18 November
2246:An Iranian
2229:spider hole
2105:Basra, Iraq
2084:F-14 Tomcat
2057:F-4 Phantom
2014:Karun River
1850:its airport
1834:Six-Day War
1497:pan-Arabism
1126:Forty Stars
1015:(6th Basra)
1007:(5th Basra)
951:(4th Basra)
911:(3rd Basra)
903:(2nd Basra)
846:(1st Basra)
556:4,000 APCs,
449:Gendarmerie
416:Air Defence
98:Territorial
5120:Categories
4937:2nd al-Faw
4895:Tanker War
4859:Karbala 10
4780:1st al-Faw
4254:supporters
2514:Farda News
2470:References
2427:Arvand Rud
2336:F-5 Tigers
2028:See also:
1922:mechanised
1747:skirmishes
1719:insurgents
1675:Tariq Aziz
1596:Khomeinism
1503:Background
1481:Khomeinism
1464:secularist
1460:Arab world
1148:Tanker War
1119:2nd al-Faw
1049:Karbala 10
962:1st al-Faw
606:Equipment:
580:Equipment:
440:(Pasdaran)
263:Commander)
4852:karbala 9
4845:Karbala 8
4838:Karbala 7
4831:Karbala 6
4823:Karbala 5
4816:Karbala 4
4809:Karbala 3
4802:Karbala 2
4794:Karbala 1
4531:Sultan 10
4467:Khuzestan
4369:Peshmerga
4314:Singapore
3996:Malvany,
3669:154354622
3653:Routledge
2590:help page
2129:Aftermath
2103:attacked
2061:F-5 Tiger
2018:partisans
1981:خونین شهر
1942:Susangerd
1642:attempts.
1592:Ba'athism
1553:1974–1975
1437:Khuzestan
1420:Saïf Saad
1171:Bridgeton
1042:Karbala 9
1028:Karbala 7
1021:Karbala 6
1013:Karbala 5
1005:Karbala 4
991:Karbala 3
984:Karbala 2
976:Karbala 1
750:Sultan 10
612:450 tanks
586:250 tanks
495:Air Force
454:Shahrbani
396:Air Force
5107:Category
5076:In media
4991:incident
4796:(Mehran)
4676:Muharram
4564:Morvarid
4519:Kaman 99
4477:Politics
4419:Timeline
4344:for Iraq
4334:for Iraq
4329:for Iran
4309:Pakistan
4173:Archived
3976:Archived
3803:Archived
3750:Archived
3746:BBC News
3719:Archived
3637:(2012).
3354:ABC-Clio
3161:(1998).
3083:Archived
2819:Archived
2740:(1998).
2518:Archived
2454:شط العرب
2435:اروندرود
2390:Gazelles
2250:squadron
2194:See also
1838:MiG-23BN
1759:Khanaqin
1751:shelling
1543:hegemony
1223:incident
1173:incident
978:(Mehran)
762:Morvarid
724:Kaman 99
526:Strength
68:Location
5081:UNIIMOG
5044:Related
4925:Zafar 7
4918:Halabja
4751:Marshes
4726:Kheibar
4661:Ramadan
4472:History
4426:Prelude
4262:Britain
3655:: 334.
2458:transl.
2439:transl.
2431:Persian
2373:Hunters
2353:MiG-23s
2206:Gallery
2188:Western
2069:Baghdad
2016:. Some
1832:in the
1639:Persian
1611:Baghdad
1581:Prelude
1466:and an
1458:to the
1107:Zafar 7
1088:Dawn 10
935:Marshes
909:Kheibar
844:Ramadan
717:Revenge
197: (
100:changes
4970:Mersad
4866:Nasr 4
4787:Dawn 9
4775:Dawn 8
4745:Dawn 7
4738:Dawn 6
4718:Dawn 5
4711:Dawn 4
4704:Dawn 3
4697:Dawn 2
4690:Dawn 1
4655:Dujail
4571:Dezful
4557:Ashkan
4506:(1980)
4299:Kuwait
4294:Jordan
4284:Israel
4279:France
4252:&
4033:
3950:
3896:
3867:
3694:
3667:
3617:
3588:
3559:
3485:
3460:
3416:
3391:
3360:
3326:
3297:
3264:
3235:
3206:
3177:
3141:
3112:
3061:
3012:
2983:
2955:
2930:
2905:
2785:
2756:
2716:
2687:
2579:
2549:
2524:23 May
2492:
2450:Arabic
2395:Mi-24s
2368:Tu-22s
2358:Su-22s
2348:MiG-21
2310:AB-205
2305:Cobras
2268:Tehran
2155:Dezful
2036:, and
2004:, and
1961:attack
1946:Musian
1944:, and
1926:Abadan
1890:Mehran
1844:, and
1799:Bostan
1771:Fakkeh
1631:Iraqis
1574:exiles
1570:Kuwait
1140:Mersad
1055:Nasr 4
998:Fath 1
969:Dawn 9
957:Dawn 8
929:Dawn 7
922:Dawn 6
901:Dawn 5
894:Dawn 4
887:Dawn 3
880:Dawn 2
873:Dawn 1
756:Abadan
743:Dezful
704:(1980)
149:
137:
123:
80:Result
4989:Stark
4550:Kafka
4319:Syria
4289:Italy
4274:Egypt
4150:(PDF)
4143:(PDF)
4073:(PDF)
4062:(PDF)
3925:(PDF)
3918:(PDF)
3665:S2CID
3651:(2).
3513:(PDF)
3506:(PDF)
2405:Mi-4s
2400:Mi-8s
2378:Tu-16
2363:Su-7s
2319:CH-47
2292:Notes
2171:radar
1938:Ahvaz
1846:Su-20
1842:Tu-22
1635:Arabs
1539:Egypt
1221:Stark
789:Opera
459:Basij
176:(1st
4987:USS
4768:Badr
4589:Nasr
4408:KDPI
4396:Badr
4391:ISCI
4181:2015
4111:2015
4031:ISBN
3984:2015
3948:ISBN
3894:ISBN
3865:ISBN
3838:2015
3811:2015
3785:2015
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