424:
257:
1415:
222:
178:
368:
357:
119:
211:
346:
332:
318:
304:
290:
276:
105:
412:
401:
160:
244:
147:
1461:
390:
379:
201:
133:
980:
232:
1442:, this was "Located at the furthest extreme of the southern no-fly zone, far away from the areas that needed to be patrolled to prevent attacks on the Shi'a; it was destroyed not because it was a threat to the patrols, but to allow allied special forces operating from Jordan to enter Iraq undetected."
1363:
Operation
Provide Comfort officially ended on 31 December 1996. Following Operation Provide Comfort, the United States continued to watch over the northern skies with the launching of Operation Northern Watch on 1 January 1997. Operation Northern Watch continued to provide air security to the Kurdish
953:
that killed 50,000 to 182,000 Kurdish civilians. The establishing of no-fly zones effectively cut off Saddam
Hussein from much of the north and secured the Kurdish population, who gained effective autonomy directly following the intervention. This autonomy has continued to thrive and even avoided the
1431:
released figures showing that the number of provocations had actually dropped dramatically prior to and just after the increase in allied attacks. Their records indicate that in the first seven months of 2001, there had been 370 provocations on the part of Iraq. In the seven months from
October 2001
1367:
American and
British aircraft continuously enforced the NFZ, receiving anti-aircraft fire from Iraqi forces almost daily. The operation ran until its conclusion on 1 May 2003. In the south, Operation Southern Watch was underway to watch over the persecuted Shi'ite populations. This operation was
1234:
once again began mobilizing around 64,000 Iraqi troops near the
Kuwaiti border because of their expressed frustrations of economic sanctions imposed on Iraq by the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). In response, the U.S. begins to deploy troops in the Persian Gulf to deter Iraqi aggression
1426:
in June 2002. They began to carry out offensive sorties, not only against targets that had fired on them, but upon installations that had demonstrated no hostile intent. The U.S. claimed that these increased attacks were the result of increasing Iraqi provocations, but later, in July 2005, the
1213:, publicly announced as retaliation for the assassination attempt by the IIS on former President George H. W. Bush while he was visiting Kuwait in April of that year to commemorate a coalition victory over Iraq in the Gulf War. Fourteen cruise missiles were launched from
948:
The United States and coalition countries denied these allegations and cited popular
Kurdish and Shia demands for no-fly zones, in order to protect against Saddam Hussein, who unhindered had committed numerous atrocities a few years earlier, such as the infamous 1988
1432:
into May 2002, only 32 such provocations were recorded. General Tommy Franks later acknowledged that the dramatic increase in offensive sorties was an attempt to destroy the Iraqi defenses in much the same way as the air strikes at the beginning of the Gulf War had.
1435:
In purported retaliation for the Iraqis' now-daily air defense attacks on
Coalition aircraft, the September attacks included a 5 September 100-aircraft attack on the main air defense site in western Iraq. According to an editorial by Michael Smith for the
1392:, which was a major four-day bombing campaign on Iraqi targets from 16 December to 19 December 1998. The contemporaneous justification for the strikes was Iraq's failure to comply with United Nations Security Council resolutions and its interference with
903:
From March to
December 2002 the number of bombs dropped increased by 300%. This was recognised as "a clear indication that the no-fly zone is being used to destroy the country's air defence systems in anticipation of an all-out attack".
1376:
fighter which had locked onto it in the
Southern no-fly zone. The next month Coalition planes attacked Iraqi SAM sites in the South. Baghdad eventually halted firing on patrolling Coalition aircraft after August 1993.
1407:. Air strikes by British and American aircraft against Iraqi claimed anti-aircraft and military targets continued weekly over the next few years. In the early 2000s (decade), the U.S. developed a contingency plan,
944:
reported that in 1999 alone 144 civilians were killed during
Coalition bombing raids. By 1999 over 1,800 bombs had been dropped on Iraq, while Iraq stated that 1,400 civilians died due to bombing during the NFZ.
1243:, Georgia-based 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) deployed and drew pre-positioned equipment in Kuwait. The 23rd Wing's (Flying Tigers) 75th Fighter Squadron (Tigersharks) and its full complement of
1104:
841:
in the south. Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. The policy was enforced by the United States and the United Kingdom until 2003, when it was rendered obsolete by the
1116:
1368:
launched on 27 August 1992 with the mission of preventing further human rights abuses against civilian populations. Iraq challenged the no-fly zone beginning in December 1992 when a USAF
1206:
began. This operation essentially created a Northern NFZ to Iraqi military aircraft. The operation provided the Kurdish population with humanitarian aid and reassurance of safe skies.
39:
544:
1774:
estimates that between 50,000 and 100,000 people were killed during al-Anfal; Kurdish officials have put the number as high as 182,000. When presented with this figure, 'Chemical'
1660:
1399:
In the aftermath of Operation Desert Fox in December 1998, Iraq announced it would no longer respect the no-fly zones and resumed its efforts in shooting down Coalition aircraft.
1449:
in March 2003, since air superiority over the country was quickly attained by the coalition. The NFZs were officially deactivated right after Saddam Hussein's overthrow.
1332:, launched 27 cruise missiles against Iraqi air defense targets in southern Iraq. A second wave of 17 was launched later that day. The missiles hit targets in and around
1028:
1853:
U.S., Iraq Move More Troops Toward Kuwait : Military: Baghdad mobilizes force of 64,000. Tension up as American ships, planes, 4,000 soldiers converge on Gulf
1146:
677:
537:
932:'s air wing said that the NFZ "makes any potential action infinitely easier ... to fly over the same territory you're going to attack is a real luxury".
786:
1227:. Sixteen hit the target, while three struck a residential area, killing nine civilians and wounding 12 others. Four missiles were unaccounted for.
530:
1970:
1484:
892:
1566:
1418:
Still photograph from a videotape of an Iraqi surface-to-air missile, believed to be an SA-3, launched at a Coalition aircraft in July 2001.
1139:
1098:
761:
670:
2068:
1210:
2063:
1644:
1267:, Kuwait and points north. Iraq would later withdraw troops near the Kuwaiti border in response to a massive U.S. military build-up.
1263:, Kuwait. This allowed better face-to-face coordination with tactical air control parties (TACP) assets further forward deployed at
2048:
1926:
1132:
880:
860:
1664:– John Pilger – "Labour claims its actions are lawful while it bombs Iraq, starves its people and sells arms to corrupt states"
663:
636:
1092:
852:
bombing during the NFZ. The Kurdish-dominated north gained effective autonomy and was protected from a feared repeat of the
2053:
2043:
2026:
1428:
1163:, there were two NFZs in Iraq. The NFZ in the north of Iraq was established shortly after the Gulf War, extending from the
1050:
734:
729:
600:
589:
2078:
1954:
1789:
1535:
1282:
914:
that the no-fly zones were being used to weaken Iraq's air defence systems instead of the stated aim of defending the
856:
in 1988 that killed tens of thousands of civilians. Over 280,000 sorties were flown in the first 9 years of the NFZs.
1576:
1393:
1875:
1803:
884:
776:
771:
1403:
offered a $ 14,000 reward to anyone who could accomplish this task, but no manned aircraft were ever shot down by
2073:
1758:
766:
724:
629:
582:
1211:
cruise missile attack on the Iraqi Intelligence Service's (IIS) principal command and control complex in Baghdad
2009:
926:
1852:
781:
1705:
1680:
1592:
1753:
1236:
1016:
998:
744:
608:
1364:
population in the north. By 1999, the Department of Defense had flown over 200,000 sorties over Iraq.
2058:
1203:
1176:
849:
568:
193:
1423:
1188:
1184:
1038:
707:
641:
615:
575:
416:
170:
1408:
1385:
1373:
1296:
1275:
1260:
1256:
1068:
966:
596:
469:
30:
1900:
1863:
1820:
1199:
1195:
383:
1922:
1214:
1160:
1110:
864:
842:
473:
1514:
1414:
1381:
1086:
1080:
1056:
888:
739:
712:
622:
405:
1641:
8:
1775:
1352:, the dictator of Iraq, attempting to launch an Iraqi military offensive campaign in the
1325:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1074:
1911:
1964:
1771:
1314:
1286:
1010:
1004:
992:
450:
350:
322:
1950:
1620:
1572:
1221:
1022:
697:
481:
423:
280:
261:
256:
187:
66:
1931:
1289:
1565:
Sponeck, Graf Hans-Christof; Sponeck, H. C. von; Amorim, Celso N. (October 2006).
954:
chaos and bloodshed that characterized the rest of Iraq during the 2003 Iraq war.
1807:
1731:
1648:
1503:
1389:
1300:
463:
446:
1525:
Carrington, Anca. "Iraq: Issues, Historical Background, Bibliography." Page 18.
1479:
1400:
1353:
1349:
1252:
950:
941:
853:
815:
751:
498:
428:
394:
308:
124:
522:
2037:
1474:
1438:
1271:
826:. The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic
811:
492:
478:
110:
1912:
U.S. Counters Iraq's Increased Aggression, Department of Defense News Brief
1337:
1240:
910:
845:. French aircraft patrols also participated until France withdrew in 1996.
807:
336:
294:
165:
16:
No-fly zones in Iraq proclaimed by the USA, UK and France between 1991–2003
1947:
The unseen war : allied air power and the takedown of Saddam Hussein
1466:
915:
868:
216:
1879:
1800:
1536:"BBC News | FORCES AND FIREPOWER | Containment: The Iraqi no-fly zones"
1307:
1278:
919:
372:
361:
1841:
1790:
BBC News | FORCES AND FIREPOWER | Containment: The Iraqi no-fly zones
1341:
1264:
905:
895:, though the resolution made no explicit reference to no-fly zones.
183:
1778:
took exception. 'It could not have been more than 100,000,' he said.
655:
38:
1446:
1292:
helicopters, killing 26 Coalition military and civilian personnel.
1248:
1044:
971:
859:
This military action was not authorised by the United Nations. The
823:
756:
702:
249:
83:
1983:
Michael Smith, "RAF Bombing Raids Tried to Goad Saddam into War,"
1231:
838:
204:
979:
1445:
The NFZs effectively ceased to exist with the beginning of the
1345:
1198:
ended in 1991, the safety of Kurds who were fleeing during the
835:
819:
152:
138:
867:, called the no-fly zones "illegal" in a later interview with
1357:
827:
504:
237:
225:
1259:, Saudi Arabia, followed by the first forward deployment to
848:
The Iraqi government claimed 1,400 civilians were killed by
1404:
1369:
1321:
1244:
1180:
831:
1515:
Defense.gov News Article: Patrolling Iraq's Northern Skies
1411:
for dealing with pilots shot down over Iraqi no-fly zones.
898:
472:
personnel deployed as part of the operation killed in the
1333:
1568:
A Different Kind of War: The UN Sanctions Regime in Iraq
1821:"Air Strike 13 January 1993 – Operation Southern Watch"
1754:"The Crimes of Saddam Hussein: 1988 The Anfal Campaign"
1167:
northwards. In August 1992 the NFZ in the south to the
1901:
U.S. launches missile strikes against Iraq – CNN.com
1564:
1456:
1171:
was established, but in 1996 it was expanded to the
1732:"The health and environmental costs of war on Iraq"
1675:
1673:
1671:
1422:The operation continued until it transitioned to
466:helicopters shot down (friendly fire, 26 killed)
2035:
1668:
489:Unknown number of air defense systems destroyed
115:
1927:"Unfairenheit 9/11: The lies of Michael Moore."
787:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
552:
442:50 aircraft and 1,400 personnel at any one time
101:
1504:http://www.stripes.com/01/jun01/ed060401a.html
893:United Nations Security Council Resolution 688
156:
1864:Operation Desert Strike at globalsecurity.org
1159:From 1992 to the United States-led coalition
1140:
671:
538:
57:(12 years, 2 weeks and 5 days)
1202:from Iraqi persecution became an issue, and
194:Operation Provide Comfort/Provide Comfort II
1842:Saddam Hussein & the invasion of Kuwait
810:(NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the
55:1 March 1991 – 20 March 2003
1969:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1485:Post–World War II air-to-air combat losses
1175:. The northern NFZ was initially part of
1147:
1133:
678:
664:
545:
531:
1183:minority in Iraq, and was followed on by
1681:"Britain and US Step Up Bombing in Iraq"
1413:
129:
1944:
1729:
899:Role in preparation for ground invasion
891:justified the no-fly zones by invoking
863:at the time the resolution was passed,
2036:
1857:
1295:In September 1996, the U.S. conducted
1209:On 26 June 1993, the U.S. conducted a
720:Iraq no-fly zones conflict (1991–2003)
1818:
1751:
1187:. The southern NFZ was maintained by
685:
659:
526:
1876:"2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq"
1706:"US Pilots Enforce Iraq No-Fly Zone"
1615:
1613:
1560:
1558:
1556:
806:was a low-level conflict in the two
713:Iraqi Kurdish/Shi'a uprisings (1991)
1274:incident on 14 April 1994 when two
298:(20 January 1993 – 20 January 2001)
13:
1801:2nd Cruise Missile Strikes in Iraq
1621:"No-fly zones: The legal position"
1179:relief operations to a persecuted
935:
487:Unknown number of soldiers killed
14:
2090:
2020:
1654:
1635:
1610:
1553:
1394:United Nations Special Commission
1372:fighter plane shot down an Iraqi
1593:"Iraq Under Siege: Ten Years On"
1459:
978:
908:officials privately admitted to
422:
410:
399:
388:
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145:
131:
117:
103:
82:Ended with the beginning of the
37:
2002:
1990:
1977:
1938:
1916:
1905:
1894:
1868:
1846:
1835:
1812:
1794:
1783:
1752:Johns, Dave (24 January 2006).
1745:
1723:
1698:
1348:. This was done in response to
1220:and nine of them launched from
725:Iraq air strikes (January 1993)
2049:2003 disestablishments in Iraq
2012:. News Statesman. 30 May 2005.
1585:
1528:
1519:
1508:
1497:
1270:However, this was marred by a
1117:Colin Powell's UN presentation
1:
2069:Iraq–United Kingdom relations
1945:Lambeth, Benjamin S. (2013).
1490:
1032:
752:Iraqi conflict (2003–present)
637:Kurdistan Islamist insurgency
512:1,400 Iraqi civilians killed
2064:Iraq–United States relations
1093:U.S. invasion of Afghanistan
777:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
772:Iraqi insurgency (2008–2011)
762:Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)
7:
2054:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
2044:1991 establishments in Iraq
2027:Full-text of Resolution 688
1452:
1429:British Ministry of Defense
1235:against Kuwait. Code-named
1063:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
874:
861:Secretary-General of the UN
804:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
767:Iraqi civil war (2006–2008)
735:Iraq missile strikes (1996)
730:Iraq missile strikes (1993)
556:Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
10:
2095:
1237:Operation Vigilant Warrior
957:
745:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
1204:Operation Provide Comfort
1177:Operation Provide Comfort
1099:Alleged Prague connection
708:Invasion of Kuwait (1990)
698:Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
693:
564:
511:
456:
434:
267:
95:
47:
36:
28:
23:
2010:"The war before the war"
1647:14 November 2007 at the
1424:Operation Southern Focus
1306:Battle Group, including
1247:initially deployed from
1189:Operation Southern Watch
1185:Operation Northern Watch
1161:invasion of Iraq in 2003
1039:Iraqi invasion of Kuwait
515:(Iraqi government claim)
171:Operation Southern Watch
1806:9 February 2005 at the
1409:Operation Desert Badger
1297:Operation Desert Strike
1276:United States Air Force
1261:Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base
1069:Iraq disarmament crisis
782:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
284:(until 20 January 1993)
31:lead-up to the Iraq War
2074:No-fly zone operations
1730:Salvage, Jane (2002).
1651:ZNet, 23 February 2003
1419:
1320:, in conjunction with
1196:Operation Desert Storm
1051:Sanctions against Iraq
999:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
312:(from 20 January 2001)
268:Commanders and leaders
2079:France–Iraq relations
1923:Hitchens, Christopher
1417:
1384:was conducted by the
1299:, and ships from the
1239:, 1st Brigade of the
1111:Wood Green ricin plot
925:The commander of the
865:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
843:2003 invasion of Iraq
830:minority in northern
474:Khobar Towers Bombing
457:Casualties and losses
451:Iraqi Police officers
1823:. Globalsecurity.org
1710:www.globalpolicy.org
1685:www.globalpolicy.org
1597:www.globalpolicy.org
1382:Operation Desert Fox
1360:in Iraqi Kurdistan.
1324:bombers escorted by
1283:mistakenly shot down
1087:U.S. anthrax attacks
1081:September 11 attacks
922:population of Iraq.
757:Iraq War (2003–2011)
703:Gulf War (1990–1991)
1776:Ali Hassan al-Majid
1075:Arms-to-Iraq affair
740:Iraq bombing (1998)
384:François Mitterrand
1882:on 9 February 2005
1772:Human Rights Watch
1623:. 19 February 2001
1571:. Berghahn Books.
1420:
1380:In December 1998,
1287:United States Army
1017:Ba'ath Party Purge
1011:Iranian Revolution
1005:17 July Revolution
993:14 July Revolution
889:French governments
591:Strikes (June '93)
445:Unknown number of
440:6,000 infantrymen
351:T. Michael Moseley
323:John Shalikashvili
43:No-fly zone detail
24:Iraqi no-fly zones
1949:. Annapolis, Md.
1642:A People Betrayed
1230:In October 1994,
1157:
1156:
797:
796:
687:Persian Gulf Wars
652:
651:
631:Strikes (Feb '01)
597:Kurdish Civil War
584:Strikes (Jan '93)
521:
520:
517:
507:Fitters shot down
482:unmanned aircraft
341:
327:
313:
299:
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281:George H. W. Bush
188:Operation Habitat
91:
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2059:Aviation in Iraq
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2013:
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1997:American Soldier
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1988:
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1936:
1925:(21 June 2004).
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1878:. Archived from
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1290:UH-60 Black Hawk
1257:Dhahran Air Base
1224:Chancellorsville
1149:
1142:
1135:
1034:
982:
962:
961:
824:Gulf War of 1991
688:
680:
673:
666:
657:
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610:Vigilant Warrior
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78:US-led victory
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1390:Royal Air Force
1281:fighter planes
1153:
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1105:Iraq Resolution
1057:Iraqi uprisings
969:
960:
938:
936:Civilian deaths
929:Abraham Lincoln
901:
877:
800:
799:
798:
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648:
570:Provide Comfort
560:
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447:Iraqi Air Force
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417:Prince Abdullah
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226:Italy
1971:link
1951:ISBN
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1405:Iraq
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