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598:, or peacock begonia, appear iridescent azure to human observers due to each leaf's thinly layered photosynthetic structures called iridoplasts that absorb and bend light much like a film of oil over water. Iridescences based on multiple layers of cells are also found in the
312:. Microstructures, often multi-layered, are used to produce bright but sometimes non-iridescent colours: quite elaborate arrangements are needed to avoid reflecting different colours in different directions. Structural colouration has been understood in general terms since
243:, and can be seen in oil films on water and soap bubbles. Iridescence is also found in plants, animals and many other items. The range of colours of natural iridescent objects can be narrow, for example shifting between two or three colours as the viewing angle changes,
349:
Pearlescence is an effect related to iridescence and has a similar cause. Structures within a surface cause light to be reflected back, but in the case of pearlescence some or most of the light is white, giving the object a
114:
is a related effect where some or most of the reflected light is white. The term pearlescent is used to describe certain paint finishes, usually in the automotive industry, which actually produce iridescent effects.
1294:
Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Siddique, Radwanul Hasan; Stavenga, Doekele G.; Otto, Jürgen C.; Allen, Michael C.; Liu, Ying; Lu, Yong-Feng; Deheyn, Dimitri D.; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Blackledge, Todd A. (22 December 2017).
698:
326:'s feather was lost when it was plunged into water, but reappeared when it was returned to the air, pigments could not be responsible. It was later found that iridescence in the peacock is due to a complex
289:. Some types of flower petals can also generate a diffraction grating, but the iridescence is not visible to humans and flower-visiting insects as the diffraction signal is masked by the colouration due to
189:
Fuel on top of water creates a thin film, which interferes with the light, producing different colours. The different bands represent different thicknesses in the film. This phenomenon is known as
909:
are formed by heating steel, forming a thin oxide-film on the surface. The colour indicates the temperature it was heated to, making it one of the earliest practical uses of iridescence.
235:, by amplifying or attenuating some frequencies more than others. The thickness of the layers of the material determines the interference pattern. Iridescence can for example be due to
270:. In the case of diffraction, the entire rainbow of colours will typically be observed as the viewing angle changes. In biology, this type of iridescence results from the formation of
592:
Many groups of plants have developed iridescence as an adaptation to use more light in dark environments such as the lower levels of tropical forests. The leaves of
Southeast Asia's
1791:
Cuthill, I. C.; Bennett, A. T. D.; Partridge, J. C.; Maier, E. J. (February 1999). "Plumage
Reflectance and the Objective Assessment of Avian Sexual Dichromatism".
219:
changes with the angle of observation and the angle of illumination. It is often caused by multiple reflections from two or more semi-transparent surfaces in which
254:
on the surface of a fish tank diffracts the reflected light, displaying the entire spectrum of colours. Red is seen from longer angles of incidence than blue.
1557:
1119:
Meadows, Melissa G; Butler, Michael W; Morehouse, Nathan I; Taylor, Lisa A; Toomey, Matthew B; McGraw, Kevin J; Rutowski, Ronald L (23 February 2009).
762:
2042:
Graham, Rita M.; Lee, David W.; Norstog, Knut (1993). "Physical and
Ultrastructural Basis of Blue Leaf Iridescence in Two Neotropical Ferns".
718:
1462:
Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Siddique, Radwanul Hasan; Jiang, Lijia; Liu, Ying; Lu, Yongfeng; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Blackledge, Todd A. (January 2017).
635:
2141:
354:-like luster. Artificial pigments and paints showing an iridescent effect are often described as pearlescent, for example when used for
403:
802:
2077:
Picard, G.; Simon, D.; Kadiri, Y.; LeBreux, J. D.; Ghozayel, F. (3 October 2012). "Cellulose
Nanocrystal Iridescence: A New Model".
1377:
van der Kooi, Casper J.; Wilts, Bodo D.; Leertouwer, Hein L.; Staal, Marten; Elzenga, J. Theo M.; Stavenga, Doekele G. (July 2014).
514:
of many vertebrates, is also iridescent. Iridescence is known to be present among prehistoric non-avian and avian dinosaurs such as
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Zi, Jian; Yu, Xindi; Li, Yizhou; Hu, Xinhua; Xu, Chun; Wang, Xingjun; Liu, Xiaohan; Fu, Rongtang (28 October 2003).
240:
224:
1173:"Mechanism of variable structural colour in the neon tetra: quantitative evaluation of the Venetian blind model"
1041:
Srinivasarao, Mohan (July 1999). "Nano-Optics in the
Biological World: Beetles, Butterflies, Birds, and Moths".
906:
1378:
669:
884:
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17:
1744:"Dramatic colour changes in a bird of paradise caused by uniquely structured breast feather barbules"
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1742:
Stavenga, Doekele G.; Leertouwer, Hein L.; Marshall, N. Justin; Osorio, Daniel (15 December 2010).
817:
502:
1222:"Pterin pigments amplify iridescent ultraviolet signal in males of the orange sulphur butterfly"
1171:
Yoshioka, S.; Matsuhana, B.; Tanaka, S.; Inouye, Y.; Oshima, N.; Kinoshita, S. (16 June 2010).
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1995:"Structural colour and iridescence in plants: the poorly studied relations of pigment colour"
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Kinoshita, S; Yoshioka, S; Miyazaki, J (1 July 2008). "Physics of structural colors".
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1975:
1934:
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1703:"Kingfisher feathers – colouration by pigments, spongy nanostructures and thin films"
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as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes. Iridescence is caused by
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2014:
2006:
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Stavenga, D. G.; Tinbergen, J.; Leertouwer, H. L.; Wilts, B. D. (9 November 2011).
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1423:"Is floral iridescence a biologically relevant cue in plant-pollinator signaling?"
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Rutowski, R.L; Macedonia, J.M; Morehouse, N; Taylor-Taft, L (2 September 2005).
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1580:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1421:
van der Kooi, Casper J.; Dyer, Adrian G.; Stavenga, Doekele G. (January 2015).
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580:
523:
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263:
239:, the functional analogue of selective wavelength attenuation as seen with the
128:
81:
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1636:
Color
Science in the Examination of Museum Objects: Nondestructive Procedures
1379:"Iridescent flowers? Contribution of surface structures to optical signaling"
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153:, meaning "having a tendency toward". Iris in turn derives from the goddess
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Martinez-Hurtado, Juan; Akram, Muhammad; Yetisen, Ali (2013-11-11).
1804:
1297:"Rainbow peacock spiders inspire miniature super-iridescent optics"
772:
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481:
382:
136:
69:
1464:"Tarantula-Inspired Noniridescent Photonics with Long-Range Order"
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1897:"Cassowary gloss and a novel form of structural color in birds"
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322:, where Hooke correctly noted that since the iridescence of a
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1951:
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Of
Peacoks, Ducks, and Other Feathers of Changeable Colours
996:
489:
105:
30:"Iridescent" redirects here. For the Linkin Park song, see
1293:
500:
is also iridescent. A single iridescent species of gecko,
1500:
Hooke, Robert. Micrographia. Chapter 36 ('Observ. XXXVI.
1494:
1075:
538:
Both the body and the train of the peacock are iridescent
511:
305:
216:
2076:
1420:
1993:
Glover, Beverley J.; Whitney, Heather M. (April 2010).
1748:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1665:. ASTM International. pp. 229–. GGKEY:7W7C2G88G2J.
1514:
Ball, Philip (17 April 2012). "Nature's Color Tricks".
1226:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
262:. This is found in items like CDs, DVDs, some types of
1461:
1632:
381:
has a bluish iridescence running along its body and
68:) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear
1273:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 173–175.
712:, with a whitish-silver bismuth cube for comparison
1895:Eliason, Chad M.; Clarke, Julia A. (13 May 2020).
274:on the surface, such as the long rows of cells in
1556:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2161:
2041:
1954:"Iridescence in Meat Caused by Surface Gratings"
2070:
1036:
1034:
917:is sometimes iridescent, as are thin films of
526:. Muscle tissues can display irisdescence.
1992:
1894:
1626:
1354:Nature's Palette: The Science of Plant Color
1268:
1040:
397:Cornell drawer displaying iridescent insects
1576:"Coloration strategies in peacock feathers"
1269:Ackerman, Steven A.; Knox, John A. (2013).
1031:
1569:
1567:
1166:
1164:
2144:of a morpho butterfly showing iridescence
2111:
2018:
1969:
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1609:
1599:
1438:
1397:
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1271:Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere
1245:
1196:
1144:
300:) uses, colours produced other than with
278:, or the specialized abdominal scales of
1573:
708:crystal with a thin iridescent layer of
496:are iridescent. The lateral line on the
337:
245:
184:
149:, and is combined with the Latin suffix
49:
1564:
1161:
506:, was identified in India in 2009. The
409:The iridescent exoskeleton of a golden
14:
2162:
1177:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1125:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1112:
165:and acted as a messenger of the gods.
1675:
1653:
1639:. Getty Publications. pp. 169–.
1121:"Iridescence: views from many angles"
1513:
1507:
161:, who is the personification of the
1843:"New lizard species found in India"
1351:
258:Iridescence can also be created by
34:. For the Silent Planet album, see
24:
2148:"Article on butterfly iridescence"
2118:. Visible Ink Press. p. 215.
88:. Examples of iridescence include
25:
2191:
2135:
1536:10.1038/scientificamerican0512-74
754:
685:
110:
1662:Paint and Coating Testing Manual
1027:from the original on 2014-04-07.
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169:is derived from the Greek words
41:For the Brockhampton album, see
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2035:
1986:
1945:
1888:
1872:Review of Veterinary Physiology
1863:
1835:
1784:
1735:
1707:Journal of Experimental Biology
1694:
1669:
1455:
1414:
1370:
1356:. University of Chicago Press.
333:
1874:. Teton NewMedia. p. 90.
1676:Mazza, Giuseppe (2008-08-07).
1345:
1287:
1262:
1213:
1078:Reports on Progress in Physics
1069:
1009:
455:
13:
1:
2115:The Handy Physics Answer Book
1633:Ruth Johnston-Feller (2001).
1098:10.1088/0034-4885/71/7/076401
1017:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
1003:
794:
180:
1137:10.1098/rsif.2009.0013.focus
127:is derived in part from the
118:
7:
932:
690:
361:
342:The pearlescent shell of a
10:
2196:
2112:Zitzewitz, Paul W (2011).
2044:American Journal of Botany
1682:Monaco Nature Encyclopedia
1468:Advanced Optical Materials
1321:10.1038/s41467-017-02451-x
878:with iridescent back panel
769:Polar stratospheric clouds
241:Fabry–Pérot interferometer
196:
40:
29:
1870:Engelking, Larry (2002).
811:job on a Toyota Supra car
729:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
587:
929:when floating on water.
1793:The American Naturalist
1601:10.1073/pnas.2133313100
1538:(inactive 2024-09-17).
947:, irrespective of angle
607:and several species of
503:Cnemaspis kolhapurensis
366:
173:, meaning "angle", and
104:, and minerals such as
2142:A 2.2 MB GIF animation
1921:10.1126/sciadv.aba0187
1760:10.1098/rspb.2010.2293
1480:10.1002/adom.201600599
1238:10.1098/rspb.2005.3216
1189:10.1098/rsif.2010.0253
643:Selaginella wildenowii
444:The inside surface of
346:
344:black-lip pearl oyster
310:structural colouration
255:
237:thin-film interference
203:thin-film interference
194:
191:thin-film interference
58:
1301:Nature Communications
823:Playing surface of a
733:Polk County, Arkansas
425:Structurally coloured
341:
249:
215:of surfaces in which
199:Structural coloration
197:Further information:
188:
53:
1971:10.3390/foods2040499
1131:(suppl_2): S107-13.
842:on the reverse of a
272:diffraction gratings
177:, meaning "colour".
2085:(41): 14799–14807.
1913:2020SciA....6..187E
1754:(1715): 2098–2104.
1592:2003PNAS..10012576Z
1586:(22): 12576–12578.
1528:2012SciAm.306e..74B
1516:Scientific American
1352:Lee, David (2007).
1313:2017NatCo...8.2278H
1232:(1578): 2329–2335.
1090:2008RPPh...71g6401K
296:In biological (and
227:of the reflections
100:wings and seashell
43:Iridescence (album)
2153:2015-11-07 at the
2011:10.1093/aob/mcq007
1720:10.1242/jeb.062620
1678:"Eledone moschata"
347:
256:
213:optical phenomenon
211:Iridescence is an
195:
59:
36:Iridescent (album)
2175:Optical phenomena
2125:978-1-57859-357-6
2091:10.1021/la302982s
1881:978-1-893441-69-9
1713:(23): 3960–3967.
1646:978-0-89236-586-9
1440:10.1111/nph.13066
1399:10.1111/nph.12808
1363:978-0-226-47052-8
1280:978-1-284-03080-8
1055:10.1021/cr970080y
982:Structural colour
907:Tempering colours
809:Pearlescent paint
788:Cloud iridescence
660:Pollia condensata
510:, present in the
470:birds-of-paradise
464:of birds such as
283:Maratus robinsoni
268:cloud iridescence
78:wave interference
32:Iridescent (song)
16:(Redirected from
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1999:Annals of Botany
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1907:(20): eaba0187.
1901:Science Advances
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1049:(7): 1935–1962.
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27:Optical property
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686:Non-biological
684:
683:
682:
674:
667:
665:
657:
650:
648:
640:
633:
631:
622:
615:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:Nicobar pigeon
579:
572:
570:
564:
557:
555:
549:
542:
540:
537:
530:
520:enantiornithes
516:dromaeosaurids
457:
454:
453:
452:
443:
436:
434:
423:
416:
414:
408:
401:
399:
396:
389:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
335:
332:
291:plant pigments
287:M. chrysomelas
280:peacock spider
250:An iridescent
182:
179:
120:
117:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2192:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
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1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1873:
1866:
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1814:
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1697:
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1629:
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1537:
1533:
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1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
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1497:
1489:
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1469:
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1428:
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1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:(54): 56–66.
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1084:(7): 076401.
1083:
1079:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1008:
998:
995:
993:
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988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
915:Nanocellulose
908:
902:
897:
893:
886:
881:
877:
871:
866:
863:
860:
853:
848:
845:
844:Morgan dollar
841:
834:
829:
826:
819:
814:
810:
804:
799:
798:
789:
783:
778:
774:
771:displaying a
770:
764:
759:
758:
749:
742:
737:
734:
730:
726:
720:
715:
711:
710:bismuth oxide
707:
700:
695:
694:
679:
678:
671:
666:
662:
661:
654:
649:
645:
644:
637:
632:
628:
627:
619:
614:
613:
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596:
582:
576:
571:
568:
561:
556:
553:
546:
541:
534:
529:
528:
527:
525:
524:lithornithids
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
449:
448:
447:Haliotis iris
440:
435:
432:
431:
430:Morpho didius
426:
420:
415:
412:
405:
400:
393:
388:
387:
386:
384:
380:
379:
372:Invertebrates
359:
357:
353:
345:
340:
331:
329:
325:
321:
320:
316:'s 1665 book
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
253:
248:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
208:
204:
200:
192:
187:
178:
176:
172:
168:
167:Goniochromism
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
116:
113:
112:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
66:goniochromism
63:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2114:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1871:
1865:
1853:. Retrieved
1846:
1837:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1751:
1747:
1737:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1671:
1661:
1655:
1635:
1628:
1583:
1579:
1552:cite journal
1522:(5): 74–79.
1519:
1515:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1433:(1): 18–20.
1430:
1426:
1416:
1389:
1385:
1372:
1353:
1347:
1304:
1300:
1289:
1270:
1264:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1180:
1176:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1046:
1042:
1020:
1011:
923:hydrocarbons
913:
825:compact disc
675:
658:
641:
624:
602:
593:
591:
501:
474:hummingbirds
459:
445:
428:
376:
375:
348:
334:Pearlescence
319:Micrographia
317:
314:Robert Hooke
295:
286:
282:
257:
225:interference
210:
174:
170:
166:
150:
144:
140:
132:
124:
122:
111:Pearlescence
109:
90:soap bubbles
80:of light in
65:
61:
60:
56:soap bubbles
47:
1855:20 February
1307:(1): 2278.
977:Opalescence
862:nail polish
857:Iridescent
838:Iridescent
775:iridescence
748:labradorite
623:Iridescent
604:Selaginella
567:rainbow boa
466:kingfishers
456:Vertebrates
411:stag beetle
308:are called
260:diffraction
221:phase shift
207:diffraction
143:), meaning
125:iridescence
62:Iridescence
2164:Categories
1848:BBC Online
1687:2023-02-07
1004:References
940:Anisotropy
892:engine oil
876:Smartphone
795:Human-made
552:neon tetra
498:neon tetra
356:car paints
298:biomimetic
181:Mechanisms
131:word ἶρις
86:thin films
72:to change
18:Iridescent
1488:100181186
961:Iridocyte
956:Dichroism
746:Polished
600:lycophyte
482:starlings
427:wings of
383:tentacles
229:modulates
123:The word
119:Etymology
98:butterfly
70:gradually
2151:Archived
2099:22988816
2079:Langmuir
2029:20142263
1980:28239133
1939:32426504
1821:29578758
1778:21159676
1729:22071186
1620:14557541
1544:22550931
1449:25243861
1408:24713039
1339:29273708
1256:16191648
1207:20554565
1155:19336343
1106:53068819
1063:11849015
1025:Archived
933:See also
927:alcohols
773:Nacreous
725:Goethite
691:Minerals
494:peacocks
486:grackles
462:feathers
362:Examples
302:pigments
94:feathers
2064:2445040
2020:2850791
1930:7220335
1909:Bibcode
1829:4386607
1769:3107630
1588:Bibcode
1524:Bibcode
1330:5741626
1309:Bibcode
1247:1560183
1198:3024824
1146:2706472
1086:Bibcode
859:glitter
731:, from
706:bismuth
680:flowers
626:Begonia
478:parrots
324:peacock
252:biofilm
163:rainbow
151:-escent
146:rainbow
139:ἴριδος
2170:Optics
2122:
2097:
2062:
2027:
2017:
1978:
1937:
1927:
1878:
1827:
1819:
1813:303160
1811:
1776:
1766:
1727:
1643:
1618:
1611:240659
1608:
1542:
1486:
1447:
1406:
1360:
1337:
1327:
1277:
1254:
1244:
1205:
1195:
1153:
1143:
1104:
1061:
919:petrol
840:toning
663:fruits
646:leaves
588:Plants
522:, and
492:, and
264:prisms
205:, and
175:chroma
141:íridos
74:colour
2180:Color
2060:JSTOR
1958:Foods
1825:S2CID
1809:JSTOR
1484:S2CID
1382:(PDF)
1102:S2CID
992:Nacre
894:spill
727:, an
609:ferns
490:ducks
352:pearl
266:, or
233:light
171:gonia
129:Greek
102:nacre
2120:ISBN
2095:PMID
2025:PMID
1976:PMID
1935:PMID
1876:ISBN
1857:2014
1817:PMID
1774:PMID
1725:PMID
1641:ISBN
1616:PMID
1558:link
1540:PMID
1445:PMID
1404:PMID
1358:ISBN
1335:PMID
1275:ISBN
1252:PMID
1203:PMID
1151:PMID
1059:PMID
997:Opal
925:and
629:leaf
565:The
512:eyes
460:The
367:Life
306:dyes
285:and
223:and
155:Iris
137:gen.
133:îris
106:opal
2087:doi
2052:doi
2015:PMC
2007:doi
2003:105
1966:doi
1925:PMC
1917:doi
1801:doi
1797:153
1764:PMC
1756:doi
1752:278
1715:doi
1711:214
1606:PMC
1596:doi
1584:100
1532:doi
1520:306
1504:.')
1476:doi
1435:doi
1431:205
1394:doi
1390:203
1325:PMC
1317:doi
1242:PMC
1234:doi
1230:272
1193:PMC
1185:doi
1141:PMC
1133:doi
1094:doi
1051:doi
890:An
304:or
217:hue
157:of
84:or
2166::
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2083:28
2081:.
2058:.
2048:80
2046:.
2023:.
2013:.
2001:.
1997:.
1974:.
1960:.
1956:.
1933:.
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550:A
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