495:
1042:
966:
1087:
2355:
1552:
34:
713:, who would "take precedence over all other persons in the State", but was not explicitly described as head of state. The president was henceforth responsible for the ceremonial functions of dissolving the legislature, appointing the government, and promulgating the law. Unlike most heads of state in parliamentary systems, the president was not even the nominal chief executive. Instead, the role of exercising executive authority was explicitly granted to the government—in practice, to the
543:
1547:
916:, which allowed India to remain within the Commonwealth while becoming a republic. The formula used in the Declaration—that India would "accept ... The King as the symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth"—has been noted for its similarity to de Valera's 1921 proposal for an Irish Republic's "external association" with the Commonwealth, and to the wording of the 1936 External Relations Act.
539:, called the Statute of Westminster "the solemn declaration by the British people through their representatives in Parliament that the powers inherent in the Treaty position are what we have proclaimed them to be for the last ten years," and went on to present the legislation as largely the fruit of the Free State's efforts to secure for the other Dominions the same benefits it already enjoyed under the treaty.
596:. No treaties requiring the assent of the king as head of state were signed from 1931 to 1937. Two methods were used to circumvent this: bilateral treaties were concluded at government rather than head-of-state level; for multilateral treaties, the Free State chose not to enrol at inauguration via the king's signature, but instead to accede a few months later via the signature of the
1240:, from Whom is all authority and to Whom, as our final end, all actions both of men and States must be referred", and there was no mention in it of the king or monarch; the External Relations Act, the only Irish law referring to the monarch still in force after 1936, called him "the king recognised by those nations as the symbol of their co-operation."
1471:
442:, which was given by the governor-general on behalf of the monarch. The governor-general theoretically had the right to veto a bill or reserve it "for the signification of the King's pleasure", in effect postponing a decision on whether or not to enact the bill, for a maximum of one year. However neither of these two actions was ever taken.
782:
people—a representative democracy with the various organs of State functioning under a written
Constitution, with the executive authority controlled by Parliament, with an independent judiciary functioning under the Constitution and the law, and with a Head of State directly elected by the people for a definite term of office.
923:. This Act formally asserted that the Irish state had, when the Republic of Ireland Act came into force, ceased "to be part of His Majesty's dominions" and accordingly was no longer within the Commonwealth. Nonetheless, the United Kingdom statute provided that Irish citizens would not be treated as aliens under
1235:
Irish law did not provide any alternate royal style or title during this period. The original text of the
Constitution of the Irish Free State simply referred to the monarch as the "King" without further elaboration. The opening words of Ireland's superseding constitution of 1937 were "In the Name of
673:
Thus, for the remaining year of the Irish Free State's existence, the king's role was restricted to diplomatic and foreign affairs — a standard head of state role — but he performed no formal duties in regards to domestic legislation or governance. The Act also recognized Edward's abdication and the
485:
The words "allegiance to the
Constitution of the Irish Free State" were taken from De Valera's preferred version, which read: "I (name) do solemnly swear true faith and allegiance to the constitution of the Irish Free State, to the Treaty of Association, and to recognise the King of Great Britain as
379:
was formally advised by the
British government to veto any law that attempted to abolish the Oath of Allegiance. However, no such law was passed during Healy's term of office, and in practice the governor-general never received conflicting advice from Irish and British officials during the existence
2193:
In the second stage of the Dáil debates on the
Constitution, the President, Éamon de Valera, said that the Preamble was "a clear, unequivocal statement that authority comes from God", which was "fundamental Catholic doctrine": Dáil Debates 13 May 1937 col 416-417, quoted in "In the name of the Most
781:
The State ... is ... demonstrably a republic. Let us look up any standard text on political theory ... and judge whether our State does not possess every characteristic mark by which a republic can be distinguished or recognised. We are a democracy with the ultimate sovereign power resting with the
651:
it shall be lawful for the
Executive Council, to the extent and subject to any conditions which may be determined by law to avail, for the purposes of the appointment of diplomatic and consular agents and the conclusion of international agreements of any organ used as a constitutional organ for the
635:, swiftly passed by the Oireachtas in response to the abdication, abolished the post of Governor-General and transferred most of the monarch's functions to other organs of government. Thus, for example, the executive power was transferred directly to the Executive Council, the right to appoint the
1247:
adopted a unique title for the monarch. No mention of
Ireland was made in any except in the title within the United Kingdom and its dependent territories: it was changed from "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas Queen" to "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
530:
in 1931, which removed almost all of
Westminster's remaining authority to legislate for the Dominions, effectively granting the Free State internationally recognised independence. It also granted the Free State the freedom to amend its constitution outside the terms set by the Anglo-Irish Treaty.
374:
At the Free State's inception, however, the governor-general served an additional role as the
British government's agent, as was true in other Dominions as well. This meant that all official correspondence between the British and Irish governments went through the governor-general and that he had
360:
of elected officials. For the most part, this advice came from Irish officials, and on a day-to-day basis the governor-general played a ceremonial role in the Irish Free State similar to the one the King played in the United
Kingdom. (Notably, the head of government, who in practice held the most
668:
so long as is associated with the following nations, that is to say, Australia, Canada, Great Britain, New Zealand, and South Africa, and so long as the king recognised by those nations as the symbol of their co-operation continues to act on behalf of each of those nations (on the advice of the
506:
The creation of the Irish Free State came at a time when all the Dominions of the British Empire were increasingly asserting their place as partners with the United Kingdom rather than its colonies, a process that Irish participation in Imperial affairs helped accelerate. For instance, while the
730:
For the purpose of the exercise of any executive function of the State in or in connection with its external relations, the Government may to such extent and subject to such conditions, if any, as may be determined by law, avail of or adopt any organ, instrument, or method of procedure used or
258:
The disestablishment of the Irish Republic declared in 1919, the imposition of even a constitutional monarchy, and the continued ties to Great Britain were particularly contentious for many Irish nationalists. Even the Treaty's supporters viewed it as a compromise imposed on the Irish by their
769:
From 1936 until 1949, the role of the king in the Irish state, having been reduced to a few formal duties in foreign affairs, was invisible to most Irish people. The monarch never visited the state during that period and, due to the abolition of the office of Governor-General, had no official
480:
do solemnly swear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the Irish Free State as by law established, and that I will be faithful to His Majesty King George V, his heirs and successors by law in virtue of the common citizenship of Ireland with Great Britain and her adherence to and
454:
The monarch accredited ambassadors and received the letters of credence of foreign diplomats; ministers signed international treaties in his name. The role of the monarch in the Free State's foreign affairs was the only function retained by him after the constitutional changes of
669:
several Governments thereof) for the purposes of the appointment of diplomatic and consular representatives and the conclusion of international agreements, the king so recognised may … act on behalf of for the like purposes as and when advised by the Executive Council so to do.
526:, formally recognized the equality of the Dominions with the United Kingdom and with one another, and established that the various governors-general would henceforth only take advice from their Dominion governments. This equality was codified in legislative terms by the
399:
of the state was formally vested in the monarch but exercised by the governor-general. Under Article 51, executive authority was to be exercised in accordance with Canadian practice. Thus, with few exceptions, the governor-general was bound to act on the
833:
has suggested that it was a spur of the moment reaction to offence caused by Alexander at the dinner, although the cabinet members at the time claimed that the decision had already been made and was announced early because it had been leaked to the
1223:
The changes during this period were effected by acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which authorized the monarchs to make alterations to their style via royal proclamation. However, the wording of the 1927 change, brought about by the
1492:
866:
in December 1948 on the law, Costello argued that the bill would make the President of Ireland the Irish head of state. De Valera's party, the main opposition in the Dáil at the time, did not oppose the bill, and it passed quickly.
647:(chairperson of the Dáil). However, the constitutional amendment also provided, without mentioning the monarch specifically, for the state to be represented by him in external affairs with other countries and their representatives:
584:, was appointed governor-general in late 1932; on his government's advice, he withdrew from all public and ceremonial roles, performing in a perfunctory manner the minimum duties required by the Constitution. The governor-general's
1513:
829:, before an affronted Costello at the dinner. Shortly afterwards, while still in Ottawa, Costello announced that his government would introduce a bill that would unambiguously make Ireland a republic. Costello biographer
725:
Article 29 of the new constitution mirrored the amendment to its predecessor passed the previous year, by permitting the state to allow its external relations to be exercised by the king. Article 29.4.2° provided that:
735:
This provision meant that the External Relations Act continued to have the force of law until the legislature decided otherwise, and so the monarch continued to represent the state abroad when empowered to do so.
721:
that preceded it, contained many provisions typical of those found in republican constitutions, stating, for example, that sovereignty resided in the people and prohibiting the granting of titles of nobility.
817:, an agreement that there would be separate toasts for the King and for the President of Ireland was broken. Only a toast to the King was proposed, to the fury of the Irish delegation. Alexander, who was of
278:, under which Ireland would be "associated" with the rest of the British Commonwealth and would "recognise His Britannic Majesty as head of the Association" — but not as Ireland's King or head of state.
731:
adopted for the like purpose by the members of any group or league of nations with which the State is or becomes associated for the purpose of international co-operation in matters of common concern.
191:
ended the statutory position of the British monarch for external purposes and assigned those duties to the President, taking effect in April 1949, from which point Ireland was inarguably a republic.
1272:
175:, removed the role of the monarch for all internal purposes, leaving him only a few formal duties in foreign relations as a "symbol of cooperation" with other Commonwealth nations. The
263:, the republican leader who had led the Irish negotiating team, argued that it gave "not the ultimate freedom that all nations aspire and develop, but the freedom to achieve freedom."
2329:
2197:
2541:
1650:
908:
One practical implication of explicitly declaring the state to be a republic in 1949 was that it automatically led to the state's termination of membership of the then
183:, with the office first filled in June 1938, but the monarch retained his role in foreign affairs, leaving open the question of which of the two figures was the formal
2324:
2091:
came into force, abolishing all of the King's powers with regard to the Irish Free State except that of diplomatic representation, as well as abolishing the office of
636:
411:
363:
744:
After the passage of the External Relations Act, some commentators consider that it was unclear whether the Irish state had become a republic or remained a form of
1206:
By the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
375:
access to British government papers. It also meant that he could receive secret instructions from the British government and so, for example, on assuming office
2139:
766:
by the head of government. Nevertheless, the exact constitutional status of the state during this period has been a matter of scholarly and political dispute.
3018:
1466:
2990:
2536:
2406:
2531:
1783:
912:, in accordance with the rules in operation at the time. However, on 26 April, just days after the Act came into effect, the Commonwealth issued the
661:
418:(the lower house of parliament). The remaining ministers were appointed on the nomination of the president, subject to a vote of consent in the Dáil.
168:
1243:
Despite the passage of the Republic of Ireland Act, "Great Britain, Ireland" was not officially omitted from the royal title until 1953. Then, each
3033:
1232:, in which representatives of the Irish Free State participated, and was formulated specifically to reflect the changed Irish political situation.
628:
were required to ratify this change in monarch, and de Valera's government decided to use this opportunity to drastically change the constitution.
2218:
1364:
576:
platform. Over the next several years, the Irish government began reducing the visibility and formal role of the monarch and governor-general.
3038:
2579:
1850:
814:
770:
representative there. The Irish government had also ceased to actively participate in the institutions of the British Commonwealth after the
2732:
1640:
794:
Despite de Valera's views, many political scholars consider representing a nation abroad to be the key defining role of a head of state.
212:
870:
The Act contained three major provisions: it repealed the External Relations Act; it provided that the description of the state was the
317:, the dissolution of the legislature, and the promulgation of laws. However, all of these were delegated to a representative called the
313:. Under its constitution, the King had functions that included the exercise of executive authority of the state, the appointment of the
167:
of the British Commonwealth, and permitted the Irish state to amend its constitution and legislate outside the terms of the Treaty. The
2258:
1582:
1445:
2195:
1212:
By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India
3023:
2334:
532:
314:
2526:
2319:
2283:
2215:"Bunreacht na hEireann (Dréacht)—Dara Céim (Resumed). – Dáil Éireann (8th Dáil) – Thursday, 13 May 1937 – Houses of the Oireachtas"
2092:
2088:
1756:
632:
589:
585:
318:
149:
897:
signed the act into law, he commemorated his new status as the clear and unambiguous Irish head of state with state visits to the
321:. The representative's title was not actually specified in the Treaty, and Collins considered a number of alternatives, including
3028:
2546:
1225:
593:
536:
597:
2475:
2422:
1624:
1395:
1332:
709:
The new constitution filled the gap left by the abolition of the Governor-General by creating the post of a directly elected
698:
or, in the English language, Ireland. It did not describe or declare the state to be a republic, or use descriptions such as
1916:
2374:
2288:
1612:
718:
640:
469:
415:
125:
2379:
1508:
790:
We are an independent republic, associated as a matter of our external policy with the States of the British Commonwealth.
511:
the text of the Oath of Allegiance in the Anglo-Irish Treaty was the first use of the phrase in statute law; it replaced
435:
2898:
1262:
656:
The nations referred to in Article 1 were the other members of the British Commonwealth (Australia, Canada, New Zealand,
494:
124:, which existed from December 1922 to December 1937. At its foundation, the Irish Free State was, in accordance with its
3013:
2427:
2298:
1684:
1267:
882:
771:
38:
717:, a role similar to the Free State constitution's President of the Executive Council. The constitution also, like the
2712:
2572:
2008:
Mcintyre, W. David (2002). "'A formula may have to be found': Ireland, India, and the headship of the Commonwealth".
2135:
1617:
Peace by ordeal: an account, from first-hand sources of the negotiation and signature of the Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921
1218:
By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas King, Defender of the Faith
2728:
2470:
188:
1487:
2610:
777:
Asked to explain the country's status in 1945, de Valera insisted that it was a republic. He told the Dáil that:
2212:
Parliamentary Debates, Dáil Éireann - Volume 67 - 13 May 1937, Office of the Houses of the Oireachtas, Dublin_
282:
2762:
2344:
2251:
2072:
1823:
1197:
1196:, and no distinct royal title or style was revived for use in Ireland between 1922 and 1949. Instead, a single
271:
260:
141:
905:
was also provisionally planned, but timetabling problems with the president's schedule prevented the meeting.
2369:
1791:
1764:
558:
425:
244:
388:
Under the original constitution of the Irish Free State in 1922, the monarch had a number of formal duties:
2960:
2926:
2702:
2681:
2565:
2401:
1787:
874:; and it provided that the external relations of the state would henceforth be exercised by the President.
855:
836:
248:
2214:
1313:"New Ireland, Old Empire and the Outside World, 1922–49: The Strange Evolution of a 'Dictionary Republic'"
2742:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2465:
2460:
2293:
565:
527:
519:
401:
357:
286:
160:
153:
2946:
2804:
2437:
1583:"History – Though the modern Commonwealth is just 60 years old, the idea took root in the 19th century"
810:
274:, opposed the proposed dominion status for Ireland; instead, he advocated for a relationship he called
1290:
Coakley, John (2012). "An ambiguous office? The position of head of state in the Irish Constitution".
2879:
2244:
1189:
664:, adopted shortly after the constitutional amendment, gave life to this provision by providing that:
617:
293:, and the Free State's new constitution incorporated the monarchial elements mandated by the Treaty.
204:
172:
1356:
2940:
2889:
2432:
1229:
849:
523:
333:
because it was the same title used by the corresponding officials in other Dominions. The office's
266:
The Treaty was fiercely debated in the Second Dáil, the Irish Republic's revolutionary parliament.
117:
2859:
1842:
2722:
2691:
2686:
2630:
2122:
2105:
1760:
924:
909:
745:
683:
176:
145:
133:
108:
2173:
1815:
1809:
643:(the lower house of parliament), and the power to promulgate legislation was transferred to the
2966:
2824:
2386:
1590:
1041:
1002:
797:
The issue seems to have come to a head in 1948 on an official visit to Canada by new Taoiseach
439:
396:
376:
16:
Changing status of the Irish head of state for internal and external purposes from 1922 to 1949
2936:
2930:
2894:
2849:
2708:
2620:
1891:
1887:
1070:
1012:
657:
577:
1437:
1411:
1154:
965:
927:. This, in effect, granted them a status similar to the citizens of Commonwealth countries.
894:
448:: All judges were appointed by the governor-general, on the advice of the Executive Council.
2908:
2904:
2783:
2676:
2506:
2109:
1086:
822:
753:
710:
310:
275:
180:
8:
2993:
in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.
2956:
2950:
2808:
2670:
2660:
2606:
1680:
1257:
871:
699:
573:
502:, with "British Empire" crossed out and "British Commonwealth of Nations" added by hand.
2883:
2789:
2752:
2650:
2640:
2588:
2278:
2181:
2033:
1990:
1895:
1795:
1768:
1739:
1731:
1299:
1244:
1193:
913:
499:
438:, one of three tiers of the Oireachtas. No bill could become law until it received the
200:
129:
1167:
1125:
1078:
1030:
774:. The president, on the other hand, played a key role in important public ceremonies.
687:
267:
2920:
2834:
2814:
2068:
2037:
2025:
1955:
1819:
1743:
1723:
1620:
1391:
1328:
902:
2557:
863:
805:
party carried the tradition of the pro-Treaty political forces in Ireland. During a
2839:
2798:
2794:
2698:
2267:
2051:
2017:
1982:
1947:
1715:
1320:
1172:
982:
920:
818:
798:
625:
465:
350:
301:
The new Irish Free State thus established was a form of constitutional monarchy, a
228:
220:
216:
121:
1973:
Mansergh, Nicholas (July 1952). "Ireland: The Republic Outside the Commonwealth".
1489:
Ireland and the Crown, 1922-1936: the Governor-Generalship of the Irish Free State
652:
like purposes by any of the nations referred to in Article 1 of this Constitution.
356:
As was the case in all Dominions, by convention the governor-general acted on the
2970:
2863:
2828:
2738:
2391:
2339:
2201:
1908:
1556:
1517:
1496:
1475:
1438:"Official Correspondence relating to the Peace Negotiations June–September, 1921"
830:
644:
290:
285:
the treaty, and de Valera resigned in protest. Pro-Treaty forces won the ensuing
581:
2873:
2869:
2853:
2818:
2758:
2354:
1706:
Stewart, Robert B. (1938). "Treaty-Making Procedure in the British Dominions".
1025:
886:
826:
703:
546:
481:
membership of the group of nations forming the British Commonwealth of Nations.
334:
306:
208:
137:
33:
2021:
1951:
569:
148:. The monarch as head of state was represented in the Irish Free State by his
3007:
2396:
2125:
came into force, finally eliminating the role of the King in the Irish state.
2029:
1959:
1727:
1673:"Press statement by Patrick McGilligan on the Statute of Westminster, Dublin"
1641:"NEW CLAUSE.—(Saving with respect to Irish Free State and Northern Ireland.)"
1007:
890:
878:
749:
424:: The governor-general, on behalf of the monarch, convened and dissolved the
232:
184:
2177:
1672:
1530:
919:
The United Kingdom responded to the Republic of Ireland Act by enacting the
1149:
898:
806:
554:
414:(prime minister) was appointed by governor-general after being selected by
1324:
2718:
2626:
1981:(3). Royal Institute of International Affairs; Wiley-Blackwell: 277–291.
1048:
613:
603:
1303:
542:
1994:
1357:"Documents on Irish Foreign Policy Series: Anglo-Irish Treaty: Text of"
859:
1735:
2616:
1093:
802:
757:
714:
621:
346:
240:
164:
82:
2178:
Dáil sitting as a Constituent Assembly in the Provisional Parliament
1986:
1719:
1478:, Joseph Maroney Curran, University of Alabama Press, 1980, page 207
1312:
2915:
2779:
2592:
2236:
1938:
McIntyre, W. David (1999). "The strange death of dominion status".
972:
609:
550:
302:
252:
224:
72:
2172:
Constitution of the Irish Free State (Saorstát Eireann) Act 1922 (
821:
descent, placed loyalist symbols, notably a replica of the famous
179:, which took effect in December 1937, established the position of
2666:
2656:
1645:
1248:
Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen".
1237:
62:
1811:
Republicans and Imperialists: Anglo-Irish Relations in the 1930s
693:
2748:
2646:
2636:
259:
inability to achieve full independence through military means:
236:
1192:, that title was subsumed into a single royal title with the
1886:
The Republic of Ireland Act 1948 (Commencement) Order 1949 (
507:
Empire had since the 1880s been occasionally referred to as
840:. The evidence of what really happened remains ambiguous.
786:
Referring to the External Relations Act he insisted that:
152:, who performed most of the monarch's duties based on the
616:. The new King's reign lasted only eleven months, and he
464:
The Oath of Allegiance was included in Article 17 of the
329:
However, the Free State government ultimately settled on
1849:. 17 July 1945. pp. Vol. 97 No. 23 p.22 cc2569–70.
1572:, p. 267. (Boulder: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1996).
1194:
formal unification of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801
2067:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 224.
604:
1936: Abdication crisis and the External Relations Act
434:
The monarch was formally, along with the Dáil and the
163:, passed in 1931, granted expanded sovereignty to the
2587:
1499:, Brendan Sexton, Irish Academic Press, 1989, page 56
1190:
adopted "King of Ireland" as a distinct title in 1544
612:
died and was succeeded by his eldest son, who became
2537:
Executive Powers (Consequential Provisions) Act 1937
1412:"Appendix 18: The President's alternative proposals"
1317:
Ireland : the politics of Independence, 1922–49
557:
in 1911; within a decade, it became the seat of the
207:
fought between Irish revolutionaries who favored an
1390:(6th ed.). London: Fontana. pp. 233–235.
843:
1843:"Committee on Finance. – Vote 65—External Affairs"
1273:"His Majesty's Government in the Irish Free State"
690:, establishing the contemporary Irish state named
2161:Imperial Conference, 1926: Summary of Proceedings
1837:
1835:
1784:Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936
169:Executive Authority (External Relations) Act 1936
3005:
1940:The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History
677:
624:. The parliaments of independent members of the
1531:"Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): seanascal"
1510:Díosbóireachtaí Pairliminte: Tuairisg Oifigiúil
489:
361:powerful position in the State, held the title
243:. The treaty also mandated that members of the
1832:
1786:, s. 3: Exercise of foregoing power (
1200:was used throughout the British Commonwealth:
739:
620:in December of that year and was succeeded by
144:and other members of what was then called the
2573:
2252:
422:Convention and dissolution of the legislature
3019:Political history of the Republic of Ireland
2001:
1931:
1468:The birth of the Irish Free State, 1921-1923
893:on Easter Monday 1916. Soon after President
760:. Executive power continued to be exercised
2991:Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence
1790:). Enacted on 12 December 1936. Act of the
1763:). Enacted on 11 December 1936. Act of the
1699:
761:
691:
339:
213:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2580:
2566:
2407:Governor-General's Address to Dáil Éireann
2259:
2245:
2176:). Enacted on 6 December 1922. Act of the
1589:. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from
1349:
1315:. In Cronin, Mike; Regan, John M. (eds.).
877:The Act came into force on 18 April 1949,
452:Representing the state in foreign affairs:
1871:
1779:
1777:
1708:The American Journal of International Law
1683:. 11 December 1931. No. 617 NAI DFA 5/3.
1570:Michael Collins: The Man Who Made Ireland
1183:
901:and France. A visit to meet George VI at
2527:Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
2154:
2108:came into force, creating the office of
2089:Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
2007:
1972:
1937:
1757:Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
1665:
1611:
633:Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
541:
537:Free State Minister for External Affairs
493:
323:Commissioner of the British Commonwealth
319:Governor-General of the Irish Free State
3034:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
2547:Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland
2330:Vice-President of the Executive Council
1807:
1705:
1385:
1289:
1226:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
674:accession of his brother as George VI.
428:on the advice of the Executive Council.
383:
3006:
2542:Chairman of the Provisional Government
2062:
1774:
1687:from the original on 23 September 2015
580:, a republican and former Fianna Fáil
227:of the British Commonwealth, with the
223:, as an autonomous and self-governing
2561:
2240:
2163:Cmd 2768, p. 15 (London: HMSO, 1926).
1310:
459:
203:was agreed upon to end the 1919–1921
2289:Constitution of the Irish Free State
2266:
2142:from the original on 17 January 2014
2112:and abolishing the Irish Free State.
1653:from the original on 20 October 2012
1520:, Volume 4, Stationery Office, 1923
1263:Politics of the Republic of Ireland
1122:President of the Executive Council:
1075:President of the Executive Council:
1019:President of the Executive Council:
930:
296:
13:
2325:President of the Executive Council
2136:"England: Royal Styles: 1521-1553"
1448:from the original on 30 March 2017
1268:History of the Republic of Ireland
883:Proclamation of the Irish Republic
637:President of the Executive Council
549:, decorated for the visit of King
412:President of the Executive Council
364:President of the Executive Council
39:Great Seal of the Irish Free State
14:
3050:
2221:from the original on 5 March 2012
2065:Citizenship in Britain: a history
1814:. Yale University Press. p.
1677:Documents on Irish Foreign Policy
3039:Ireland–United Kingdom relations
3024:Monarchy in the Irish Free State
2729:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2353:
2194:Holy Trinity" by Brian O'Reilly
1919:from the original on 4 July 2021
1890:). Statutory Instrument of the
1853:from the original on 16 May 2018
1188:While Henry VIII of England had
1085:
1040:
964:
844:The Republic of Ireland Act 1948
515:in the course of negotiations.
189:The Republic of Ireland Act 1948
32:
2206:
2187:
2166:
2128:
2115:
2098:
2081:
2056:
2044:
1966:
1901:
1880:
1865:
1801:
1750:
1646:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1633:
1605:
1575:
1562:
1367:from the original on 3 May 2021
686:was adopted on the proposal of
660:, and the United Kingdom). The
3029:Former Commonwealth monarchies
2104:The date on which the present
1541:
1523:
1502:
1481:
1460:
1430:
1404:
1379:
215:. The treaty provided for the
142:monarchy of the United Kingdom
120:is the successor state to the
1:
2345:Ministers and Secretaries Act
1418:. Oireachtas. 10 January 1922
1278:
858:was soon introduced into the
678:1937: Constitution of Ireland
598:Minister for External Affairs
594:as was the Oath of Allegiance
586:role in budget appropriations
559:Oireachtas (Irish Free State)
345:, meaning "high steward" or "
305:with the same monarch as the
194:
171:, enacted in response to the
1342:
748:and (from 1937) whether its
509:the Commonwealth of Nations,
490:Diminishing role of monarchy
486:Head of Associated States".
309:and other states within the
156:of elected Irish officials.
7:
2532:External Relations Act 1936
1251:
815:the Earl Alexander of Tunis
740:Ambiguity from 1936 to 1949
590:ability to veto legislation
566:1932 Irish general election
408:Appointment of the cabinet:
349:", which was later used in
235:, in the same manner as in
10:
3055:
2438:Courts of Justice Act 1924
1283:
847:
811:Governor General of Canada
251:that promised fidelity to
3014:Heads of state of Ireland
2985:Annexed by Canada in 1949
2980:
2772:
2599:
2519:
2499:
2453:
2446:
2415:
2362:
2351:
2307:
2274:
2022:10.1080/00358530220138578
1952:10.1080/03086539908583064
1872:McCullagh, David (2010).
1808:McMahon, Deirdre (1984).
1798: on 4 September 2021.
1771: on 4 September 2021.
1555:25 September 2021 at the
1516:25 September 2021 at the
1495:25 September 2021 at the
1474:25 September 2021 at the
1228:, was agreed upon at the
1141:
1112:
1091:
1084:
1065:
1046:
1039:
994:
981:
970:
963:
950:
947:
940:
937:
885:, which had been read by
639:was explicitly vested in
572:, led by de Valera, on a
404:of the Executive Council.
205:Irish War of Independence
173:abdication of Edward VIII
116:The state known today as
104:
96:
88:
78:
68:
58:
53:
49:
45:
31:
23:
2200:19 November 2015 at the
1619:. Sidgwick and Jackson.
1386:Younger, Calton (1988).
1230:1926 Imperial Conference
889:at the beginning of the
856:Republic of Ireland Bill
850:Names of the Irish state
772:1932 Imperial Conference
524:1926 Imperial Conference
371:as in other Dominions.)
272:the Republic's President
2123:Republic of Ireland Act
2106:Constitution of Ireland
1874:The Reluctant Taoiseach
1714:(3): 467–487: 480–485.
1361:www.nationalarchives.ie
925:British nationality law
862:. In the debate in the
746:constitutional monarchy
432:Signing bills into law:
281:Nevertheless, the Dáil
177:Constitution of Ireland
134:constitutional monarchy
2294:Statute of Westminster
2284:Provisional Government
2121:The date on which the
2087:The date on which the
2063:Heater, Derek (2006).
1319:. St. Martin's Press.
1184:Title of the sovereign
792:
784:
762:
733:
692:
671:
662:External Relations Act
654:
561:
528:Statute of Westminster
503:
483:
340:
247:would have to take an
161:Statute of Westminster
2709:Saint Kitts and Nevis
2180:. Retrieved from
1975:International Affairs
1894:. Retrieved from
1892:Government of Ireland
1876:. Gill and Macmillan.
1794:. Retrieved from
1767:. Retrieved from
1559:, Volume 89, page 363
1325:10.1057/9780230535695
1311:Lowry, Donal (2000).
1071:Domhnall Ua Buachalla
1013:Domhnall Ua Buachalla
881:, to commemorate the
788:
779:
728:
666:
649:
578:Domhnall Ua Buachalla
545:
497:
474:
446:Appointment of judges
327:President of Ireland.
128:and the terms of the
2677:Realm of New Zealand
2110:President of Ireland
2050:Section 1(1) of the
1909:"London Declaration"
1847:Dáil Éireann debates
1788:No. 58 of 1936, s. 3
1649:. 24 November 1931.
910:British Commonwealth
754:President of Ireland
711:president of Ireland
626:British Commonwealth
393:Executive authority:
384:Duties and functions
311:British Commonwealth
276:external association
245:new Irish parliament
181:president of Ireland
146:British Commonwealth
26:the Irish Free State
2957:Trinidad and Tobago
2607:Antigua and Barbuda
2589:Commonwealth realms
1888:S.I. No. 27 of 1949
1681:Royal Irish Academy
1587:thecommonwealth.org
1388:Ireland's Civil War
1258:Monarchy in Ireland
872:Republic of Ireland
825:cannon used in the
700:Republic of Ireland
520:Balfour Declaration
397:executive authority
380:of the Free State.
2402:Oath of Allegiance
2279:Anglo-Irish Treaty
2182:Irish Statute Book
1896:Irish Statute Book
1796:Irish Statute Book
1769:Irish Statute Book
1568:Coogan, Tim Pat.
1245:Commonwealth realm
914:London Declaration
837:Sunday Independent
562:
533:Patrick McGilligan
513:the British Empire
504:
500:Anglo-Irish Treaty
498:Draft of the 1921
460:Oath of Allegiance
249:oath of allegiance
201:Anglo-Irish Treaty
130:Anglo-Irish Treaty
69:First monarch
3001:
3000:
2555:
2554:
2515:
2514:
2335:Executive Council
1626:978-0-283-97908-8
1397:978-0-00-686098-3
1334:978-0-230-53569-5
1181:
1180:
1114:Governor-general:
1103:11 December 1936
1067:Governor-general:
1061:11 December 1936
996:Governor-general:
903:Buckingham Palace
854:At any rate, the
719:1922 constitution
608:In January 1936,
470:1922 Constitution
283:narrowly approved
219:, which excluded
114:
113:
79:Last monarch
3046:
2994:
2986:
2699:Papua New Guinea
2582:
2575:
2568:
2559:
2558:
2451:
2450:
2357:
2320:Governor-General
2268:Irish Free State
2261:
2254:
2247:
2238:
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2126:
2119:
2113:
2102:
2096:
2093:Governor-General
2085:
2079:
2078:
2060:
2054:
2052:Ireland Act 1949
2048:
2042:
2041:
2016:(365): 391–413.
2005:
1999:
1998:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1913:The Commonwealth
1905:
1899:
1884:
1878:
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1538:
1535:www.teanglann.ie
1527:
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1408:
1402:
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1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1353:
1338:
1307:
1173:John A. Costello
1162:
1144:
1133:29 December 1937
1123:
1118:Office abolished
1115:
1107:29 December 1937
1100:
1089:
1076:
1068:
1058:20 January 1936
1055:
1044:
1020:
997:
990:20 January 1936
987:6 December 1922
979:
968:
945:
935:
934:
931:List of monarchs
921:Ireland Act 1949
799:John A. Costello
765:
697:
592:were abolished,
522:, issued at the
466:Irish Free State
343:
331:governor-general
297:Irish Free State
255:and his heirs.
221:Northern Ireland
217:Irish Free State
150:Governor-General
132:, governed as a
122:Irish Free State
100:29 December 1937
36:
27:
21:
20:
3054:
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3049:
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2989:
2984:
2976:
2768:
2739:Solomon Islands
2595:
2586:
2556:
2551:
2511:
2495:
2442:
2411:
2392:Ceann Comhairle
2358:
2349:
2340:Extern minister
2303:
2270:
2265:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2222:
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2207:
2202:Wayback Machine
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2049:
2045:
2010:The Round Table
2006:
2002:
1987:10.2307/2607413
1971:
1967:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1885:
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1775:
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1751:
1720:10.2307/2191164
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
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1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1613:Pakenham, Frank
1610:
1606:
1596:
1594:
1593:on 19 June 2010
1581:
1580:
1576:
1567:
1563:
1557:Wayback Machine
1546:
1542:
1529:
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1524:
1518:Wayback Machine
1507:
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1497:Wayback Machine
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1476:Wayback Machine
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1368:
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1335:
1286:
1281:
1254:
1186:
1177:
1168:Éamon de Valera
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:Seán T. O'Kelly
1145:
1142:
1126:Éamon de Valera
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1098:
1097:
1079:Éamon de Valera
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1053:
1052:
1035:
1031:Éamon de Valera
1021:
1018:
1017:
998:
995:
977:
976:
943:
942:
933:
895:Seán T. O'Kelly
852:
846:
831:David McCullagh
742:
688:Éamon de Valera
680:
645:Ceann Comhairle
606:
492:
462:
386:
299:
268:Éamon de Valera
261:Michael Collins
229:British monarch
197:
109:Viceregal Lodge
92:6 December 1922
41:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3052:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
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3016:
2999:
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2759:United Kingdom
2756:
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2380:Seanad Éireann
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2000:
1965:
1946:(2): 193–212.
1930:
1900:
1879:
1864:
1831:
1824:
1800:
1773:
1761:No. 57 of 1936
1749:
1698:
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1632:
1625:
1604:
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1501:
1480:
1459:
1429:
1416:Treaty debates
1403:
1396:
1378:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1308:
1294:. New Series.
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
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1275:
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1253:
1250:
1236:the Most Holy
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1137:18 April 1949
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1026:W. T. Cosgrave
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961:
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929:
887:Patrick Pearse
864:Seanad Éireann
848:Main article:
845:
842:
827:Siege of Derry
819:Northern Irish
758:King George VI
741:
738:
704:Irish Republic
682:In 1937 a new
679:
676:
605:
602:
547:Leinster House
491:
488:
461:
458:
457:
456:
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443:
429:
419:
405:
385:
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369:Prime Minister
335:Irish language
307:United Kingdom
298:
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209:Irish Republic
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138:personal union
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2433:Chief Justice
2431:
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2426:
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2423:Supreme Court
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2397:Cathaoirleach
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2179:
2175:
2174:No. 1 of 1922
2169:
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2141:
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1591:the original
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2363:Legislative
1923:5 September
1657:3 September
1452:3 September
1371:3 September
1216:1948–1949:
1210:1927–1948:
1204:1922–1927:
1099:(1895–1952)
1054:(1894–1972)
1049:Edward VIII
978:(1865–1936)
941:Regnal name
823:Roaring Meg
614:Edward VIII
570:Fianna Fáil
568:was won by
472:. It read:
63:His Majesty
3008:Categories
2947:Tanganyika
2805:The Gambia
2476:1927 (Sep)
2471:1927 (Jun)
2428:High Court
2370:Oireachtas
2299:Great Seal
2146:21 October
2074:074862225X
1825:0300030711
1792:Oireachtas
1765:Oireachtas
1279:References
1161:Taoiseach:
1143:President:
860:Oireachtas
574:republican
555:Queen Mary
426:Oireachtas
337:title was
195:Background
2880:Mauritius
2617:Australia
2593:dominions
2447:Elections
2416:Judiciary
2308:Executive
2038:154390097
2030:0035-8533
1960:0308-6534
1744:147568713
1728:0002-9300
1691:5 January
1422:18 August
1343:Citations
1298:: 43–70.
1094:George VI
938:Portrait
809:with the
803:Fine Gael
715:Taoiseach
622:George VI
618:abdicated
377:Tim Healy
347:seneschal
341:Seanascal
291:civil war
241:Australia
165:Dominions
140:with the
105:Residence
97:Abolition
89:Formation
83:George VI
2971:monarchy
2961:monarchy
2951:monarchy
2941:monarchy
2931:monarchy
2921:monarchy
2916:Rhodesia
2909:monarchy
2905:Pakistan
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2611:monarchy
2520:See also
2225:3 August
2219:Archived
2198:Archived
2140:Archived
1917:Archived
1851:Archived
1685:Archived
1651:Archived
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1553:Archived
1514:Archived
1493:Archived
1472:Archived
1446:Archived
1365:Archived
1304:44027497
1252:See also
973:George V
899:Holy See
801:, whose
763:de facto
752:was the
610:George V
551:George V
303:Dominion
287:election
253:George V
225:dominion
211:and the
73:George V
2895:Nigeria
2840:Ireland
2667:Jamaica
2657:Grenada
2627:Bahamas
2600:Current
2454:General
1995:2607413
1857:25 June
1597:29 July
1549:Studies
1284:Sources
1238:Trinity
983:Windsor
702:or the
351:English
315:cabinet
118:Ireland
54:Details
2967:Uganda
2860:Malawi
2825:Guyana
2790:Ceylon
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2749:Tuvalu
2647:Canada
2637:Belize
2500:Seanad
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535:, the
478:(name)
436:Senate
402:advice
358:advice
237:Canada
154:advice
2870:Malta
2850:Kenya
2835:India
2815:Ghana
2034:S2CID
1991:JSTOR
1740:S2CID
1732:JSTOR
1300:JSTOR
1198:style
455:1936.
136:, in
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2692:Niue
2591:and
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2491:1937
2486:1933
2481:1932
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2227:2013
2148:2014
2069:ISBN
2026:ISSN
1956:ISSN
1925:2021
1859:2013
1820:ISBN
1724:ISSN
1693:2015
1659:2021
1621:ISBN
1599:2011
1454:2021
1424:2012
1392:ISBN
1373:2021
1329:ISBN
959:End
694:Éire
631:The
588:and
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553:and
518:The
410:The
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