625:(NYP&O). In the spring of 1886, the NYP&O extended the old C&M route in Cleveland by crossing the base of the Scranton Peninsula, curving around Irishtown Bend, and crossing "the Angle" to reach and then bridge the Old Ship Channel. Trains began running July 4. Docks were built on either side of Columbus Road on Irishtown Bend. The rail yards extended for nearly 2 miles (3.2 km) along the southwest bank of the Old Ship Channel, around Irishtown Bend, in Tremont, and east of Broadway Avenue in Cleveland's North Broadway and South Broadway neighborhoods. Docks were built just north of where the tracks curved westward to pass under Detroit Avenue.
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414:(ranging in size from a few inches to several feet) exist at the top of the slope (where the slope meets the West Side Plateau) and along Franklin Avenue. Since about 2004, subsidence and the emergence of medium fault scarps have occurred along Riverbed Street to the water, indicating the failure of the toe of the slope (likely due to failure of 1950s-era bulkheads) and increased water in the soil. There is evidence that a failure plane exists about 100 feet (30 m) behind the surface of the hillside.
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abandoned railroad tracks. In
January 2009, these groups issued a report, the "Flats Connections Plan", which advocated turning the abandoned trackbed between Kingsbury Run and Whiskey Island into a biking-hiking trail. The plan also included the construction of a new pedestrian bridge over the Old Ship Channel of the Cuyahoga River to reconnect the tracks with the old rail yard on Whiskey Island. Another of the plan proposed converting the Irishtown Bend hillside into a park, playgrounds, and wetlands.
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564:. Although Irish Americans continued to own most of the land at Irishtown Bend, fully half the residents of the area were of Eastern European descent by 1900. By this time, Irish Americans still living in Irishtown Bend were skilled or semi-skilled workers, and the new immigrant residents of the neighborhood appear to have chosen the Bend as their new home because they, too, were skilled or semi-skilled. At its height, Irishtown Bend had 119 buildings, including 78 residences housing 138 families.
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concluded that saturated soil was the culprit, and blamed either an unspecified nearby broken water line or an unknown natural spring. A landslide occurred in 1966, which was later attributed to water saturation caused by either a broken water main or sewer line. The following year, drains and a gutter were constructed from W. 25th Street down to the river's edge to help guide runoff away from the slope. By 1989, extensive water seepage had begun to flow out of the hill and over
Riverbed Street.
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Ohio City Farms, which would be integrated into the park. North of the farms was a neighborhood park and playground. The hillside above
Franklin Avenue and between Franklin Avenue and Riverbed Street would be a history zone, with boardwalks over excavated archeological sites. From Riverbed Street to the shoreline would be a riverfront zone, with pedestrian promenade and man-made wetland. Paths would zigzag across the park, connecting the zones. A 22-foot (6.7 m) high
641:. As Great Lakes freighters became increasingly larger near the end of the 1800s, these meanders became a hindrance to river traffic. The city of Cleveland the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers worked together over the next six decades to implement a plan to widen the river in a number of places, especially where the meanders were tight. Irishtown Bend was one of the key trouble spots. The first extensive cuts on the west bank of the river occurred in August 1940.
672:(CMHA) purchased 22 acres (89,000 m) of land along the Irishtown Bend with the intent of building public housing on the site. The area encompassed by the purchase was bounded by Bridge Avenue, W. 25th Street, Detroit Avenue, and the railroad tracks. CMHA's 15-story Riverview Towers opened in January 1964. Another 15 three-story "garden apartments" were built around Riverview Towers between W. 25th Street, Bridge Avenue, and Franklin Avenue. Extensive
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archeological evidence which may have existed north of Russia Street or west or south of
Franklin Avenue. Remnants of coal docks on the Cuyahoga River shoreline on either side of Columbus Road and slightly downstream of Columbus Road, the coal tipple near the Detroit-Superior Bridge, and the foundations of the Lederer Terminal Warehouse still exist.
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506:, was a peninsula which in 1827 was cut off by the creation of a new mouth of the Cuyahoga River. In the 1830s, the rapidly-expanding Cleveland economy had drawn more Irish to the area, doubling the size of the enclave and establishing "the Angle" as an adjunct to the Irish community on Whiskey Island.
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Cuyahoga County leased two acres (parcels 003-21-001 and 003-20-004) adjacent to the
Superior Viaduct to the park planning organizations in April 2018. The terms of the lease are $ 1 per year, with an initial term of 25 years. It is renewable for an additional 50 years, up to a total of 99 years. The
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Irishtown Bend were put on hold while funding was sought for the stabilization effort. Funds raised for the $ 28 million ($ 34,800,000 in 2023 dollars) bulkhead restoration project totaled $ 10.5 million ($ 13,100,000 in 2023 dollars) by
November 2017, with several funding sources still being sought.
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In 2009, the Corps of
Engineers estimated that stabilizing the hillside would cost $ 219 million ($ 311,000,000 in 2023 dollars). A 17-month study of the site by the Port Authority led to a new estimate of just $ 49 million ($ 63,000,000 in 2023 dollars) in February 2015. Ohio City Inc. (a nonprofit
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to
Columbus Road) in the fall of 2014, and it opened on August 13, 2015. Work began on the northern section of the trail (from the Detroit-Superior Bridge to the Old Ship Channel) in August 2016, and it opened on June 9, 2017. Work on the middle section of the trail was delayed pending stabilization
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Although records are scanty, a brick sewer was built along what is now
Riverbed Street some time about 1900. In 1947, Cleveland sewer district engineers built a 60-inch (150 cm) brick and concrete sewer tunnel known as the Westerly Low-Level Interceptor about 30 feet (9.1 m) below Riverbed
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The railroad built a new, steam-operated dock in 1912 near what is now the
Detroit-Superior Bridge. It was designed by a local firm, Wellman Engineering. Traffic along the Cuyahoga River in this area was so extensive, the C&MV had a rail yard eight tracks wide along Irishtown Bend to accommodate
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Only five homes still stood in the area in 1952, and all of these had long been vacant. A garage made of concrete block was built at Irishtown Bend between 1952 and 1954, but this appears to be the only new construction in several decades. What was left of Irishtown Bend was razed in the mid to late
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with walls of dressed sandstone and a brick floor. A poor widow's home (built prior to 1872) had a brick foundation and wood frame construction, and was two stories high. It also had two wood frame outbuildings, each with a foundation. A semi-skilled dockworker's home (built prior to 1852) exhibited
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The Irishtown Bend neighborhood was part of a larger Irish enclave in Cleveland known as "the Angle". The other section of the Angle was bounded by W. 28th Street, Division Avenue, and the river. People of Irish descent first settled in Cleveland in large numbers about 1825. Most of the men had been
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With the instability of the Irishtown Bend making it increasingly clear that the area should not be used for important infrastructure, the city of Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, several nonprofits, and landowners at Irishtown Bend began parallel discussions in 2006 about the future of the area and the
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About 2004 or 2005, the Irishtown Bend hill began to subside at a significantly higher rate. In November 2005, major cracks appeared in Riverbed Street. The city repaved the street in January 2006, major cracks reappeared only two weeks later. The city ordered the street closed as a safety measure.
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on May 25, 1990. It is bounded by Riverbed Street, Russia Street, Franklin Avenue, and Columbus Road. These streets (some of which no longer exist) defined the residential area during the 19th century. Construction of the Lederer Warehouse Terminal and CMHA public housing essentially destroyed any
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A revised park design was unveiled in late August 2017. A primary entry plaza was planned for the intersection of Franklin Avenue and W. 25th Street, with a secondary entry plaza and cultural center near the Detroit-Superior Bridge. The proposed park had four zones. At the summit on the south was
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Problems with water saturating the northern end of Irishtown Bend and worsening the hill's stability problems were first identified in 1960, when the Erie-Lackawanna Railroad tracks north of the Lederer Terminal Warehouse subsided significantly and had to be repaired. An investigation by the CMHA
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Beginning about 1898, Irishtown Bend began to be abandoned as residents moved into better homes elsewhere and strict national immigration limits meant there were few immigrants to replace them. A third of all residences had been demolished by 1912. Many more were vacant, and a number of temporary
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Much of the archeologically important evidence lies beneath 2 to 7.5 feet (0.61 to 2.29 m) of soil. This soil comes from grading of land after the demolition of adjacent properties, soil pushed over the cliff onto the hillside during construction of the CMHA housing, illegal refuse and soil
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and a false facade of commercially manufactured brick. A middle-class professional worker's house had a sandstone foundation and wood frame construction, and was two and a half stories high. The limited photographic evidence available also indicates a community of well-constructed homes on level
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in the neighborhood park and history zones would allow pedestrians to access residential areas on north of the park via an arch in the Detroit-Superior Bridge (rather than descending all the way to the riverbank or up onto W. 25th Street). The proposed park design was submitted to the Cleveland
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After seven years and several studies, local authorities settled in February 2015 on a $ 49 million ($ 63,000,000 in 2023 dollars) plan to stabilize the hillside. Road and sewer repair, the construction of a "lake link" trail through the area, and the establishment of a large new public park at
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immigrants and Irish Americans emerged about 1830. Portions of the area became industrial in the late 1800s. By 1900, most Irish residents had left the area, and it became an Eastern European immigrant enclave. The neighborhood went into significant decline for several reasons, and what little
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Extensive fill dirt was placed on the slope from the late 1950s to the early 1960s. This increased pressure on the soil below, turning what had been a dormant or slow slide into an accelerated one. Regrading of the hillside occurred afterward, after which significant slope instability began.
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bedrock of the area is overlain by 40 to 60 feet (12 to 18 m) of compact glacial till, followed by 20 to 30 feet (6.1 to 9.1 m) of stiff clay, 30 feet (9.1 m) of weak clay, 20 feet (6.1 m) of silt, 10 feet (3.0 m) of sand, and 10 to 20 feet (3.0 to 6.1 m) of
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Additional infrastructure changes on the hillside included relocated the intersection of Franklin Avenue and W. 25th Street farther north in 1965, and widening one-lane Riverbed Street to two lanes in 1985. The new eastern lane covered the main line of the now-removed railroad track.
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caused a massive wave of Irish immigration to the United States. By 1870, 10 percent of Cleveland's 100,000 residents were Irish. Nearly all the residents of Irishtown Bend after 1850 were predominantly unskilled laborers. Eighty residential parcels were laid out by the city.
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made a $ 5 million ($ 6,400,000 in 2023 dollars) gift in August 2014. In honor of The Cleveland Foundation gift, Cleveland Metroparks (designer, builder, and eventual maintainer of the trail) said the path would be renamed the Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail.
378:. This left the ancient Dover River valley buried beneath as much as 500 feet (150 m) of various types of soil. About 10,000 years ago, several streams joined together north of the Defiance moraine and eroded their way through the buried Dover River valley to
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is 1,000 pounds per square foot (48 kPa), while at the top of the hill the shear strength is 2,000 pounds per square foot (96 kPa). Geological data indicate that the hill is sliding into the river at a rate of about 2 inches (51 mm) per year.
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Between 1860 and 1880, the nature of Irishtown Bend had changed. Instead of Irish immigrants, most residents of the area were first-generation Irish Americans. Beginning in 1880, Irish residents were displaced by immigrants from Eastern Europe, primarily
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eventually breached both the Defiance and Akron moraines and tapped into the southward flowing Tuscarawas River. As water levels receded, the northward-flowing Cuyahoga separated from the Tuscarawas (which still flows southward to this day).
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in a planning effort to begin the work of designing the park and the trail that would run through it. The now-17-acre (69,000 m2) park included the summit of hillside, an area occupied by Ohio City Farms, four buildings, and a parking lot.
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Initial design work for trail began in 2009. The Cuyahoga County Planning Commission took over planning for the pedestrian bridge linking the trail to Whiskey Island, and was considering four design finalists by October 2014. A design by
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at the north end of Irishtown Bend. The railroad tracks ran beneath one of the arches of the bridge. The railroad dock was moved 200 feet (61 m) upstream in 1917 to accommodate construction of the western abutments of the bridge.
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leased the C&M in July 1863, and agreed to complete the line within the Cleveland city limits. Work on a new passenger depot at the Scranton Flats began in August 1863, and the tracks to the new depot were completed on November 4.
434:, a distance of about 2,500 feet (760 m). It extends from the shore of the Cuyahoga River up the hill to Franklin Avenue and W. 25th Street. The summit of the west side plateau is roughly 100 feet (30 m) above the river.
498:, and as work on the canal ended they settled in Cleveland and moved their families to the small but growing town. Anti-Irish discrimination was strong, and the Irish were forced to settle on high ground along the shores of
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were driven vertically into the riverbed at the shoreline to help hold back the land above. The widening was only partially completed when World War II broke out and delayed completion of the project.
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291:. Beginning in 2006, efforts began to stabilize the soil of Irishtown Bend, preserve the archeological history of the site, and convert the area into a park, with construction beginning in 2023.
526:". Nelson J. Callahan and William F. Hickey, historians of Cleveland's Irish community, state that nearly all the homes in Irishtown Bend were "shanties" (shacks), their riverside ends built on
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The Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail was constructed in three phases. Work began on the south leg of the Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail (from the head of the
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investigation in the 1980s indicates a starkly different picture of solidly built wood frame homes, built on level ground and many with concrete or stone foundations. The neighborhood was
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Cuyahoga River Bulkhead Technical Assistance, Cleveland, OH. Conceptual Designs and Cost Estimates for Bulkhead Repair and Slope Stability Improvements in the Vicinity of Riverbed Street
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was placed on the slope from the late 1950s to the early 1960s, and the hillside regraded. The fill dirt reactivated and accelerated existing slides, and initiated several new ones.
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at the site of three former homes in the Irishtown Bend residential district. The histories of the three families were documented using archival and genealogical sources, and the
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The state of Ohio approved $ 2.5 million ($ 3,000,000 in 2023 dollars) to support stabilization of Irishtown Bend in March 2018, half what had been sought by backers of the park.
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A 15-year postwar battle to win funding for completion of the river widening project finally concluded in the 1950s, and the west bank once more widened and bulkheaded in 1958.
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released a report in April 1992 that recommended an 18-mile (29 km) series of parks, protected areas, trails, and other new infrastructure to connect Lake Erie with the
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The archaeological dig generated interest in preserving the site and making it accessible to the public. After two years of work by six governmental planning agencies, the
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grew up on the largely vacant Irishtown Bend in the 1930s. Most oral histories and written descriptions depicting housing here as a "shanty town" date to this period.
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Cleveland Metroparks said it would seek bids to build the Whiskey Island pedestrian bridge before the end of 2017, and hoped to complete work at the end of 2019.
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No commercial or residential buildings existed at the site by the 1980s, when archeological digs began. In 1990, a portion of the site, known as the
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The Irishtown Bend landform is located on the west bank of the Cuyahoga River in Cleveland, Ohio. It runs from Columbus Road downstream to the
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Oral and written histories are unclear whether the area west and south of Franklin Avenue was included in the Irish neighborhood.
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planning organizations have an option to buy, but the county will retain an easement to allow inspection of the former bridge.
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A cross-section diagram of the Cuyahoga River and Irishtown Bend. The dashed green line shows where a stable slope would exist.
362:. These moraines acted like dams, trapping water between them. The ephemeral lakes that formed laid down extensive deposits of
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Throughout 2007, the subsidence worsened, with the eastern half of Riverbed Street dropping by more than 4 feet (1.2 m).
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blocked the Dover River's northward flow. Water backed up, until it began to flow southward along the course of the ancestral
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A report by the engineering firm of Barr and Prevost in 2015 claimed most of this fill dirt was placed above Franklin Avenue.
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Irishtown Bend Archaeological District. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 8-86)
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A concrete cribwall was erected over much of the shoreline as well, although the dates of its installation are not known.
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358:. The ice sheet retreated further, then made a minor advance. This advance left behind another recessional moraine near
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Annual Report of the Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs, to the Governor of the State of Ohio, for the Year 1867
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Annual Report of the Secretary of State to the Governor and General Assembly of the State of Ohio for the Year 1880
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were erected. The 80,000-square-foot (7,400 m) Lederer Terminal Warehouse opened at 1530 Riverbed about 1920.
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McCarty, James F. (August 14, 2015). "Interior secretary joins ceremony dedicating Centennial Trail's first leg".
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ground. Descriptions of the area as a "shantytown" appear to be rooted in anti-Irish sentiment, rather than fact.
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817:) led the city of Cleveland, the Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority, and the nonprofit park advocacy group
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399:. These layers cause the hillside to be unstable. About 15 feet (4.6 m) above the mean water line, the
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2660:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. July 10, 1989
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The Irishtown Bend Archeological District is not open to the public, but can be seen from Riverbed Road.
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The archaeological dig generated interest in preserving the site and making it accessible to the public.
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covered Ohio in ice during the last two million years. The glaciers that swept over the land left behind
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1037:"After more than a decade of planning, work begins on $ 60 million Irishtown Bend stabilization project"
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Between 1987 and 1989, the Department of Archaeology at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History began
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took the lead in identifying a solution for stabilizing the soil at Irishtown Bend in October 2012.
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Street. The tunnel was poorly designed, and constructed in an area known to be prone to subsidence.
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trails at Irishtown Bend and "the Angle" to link the area with Whiskey Island to the north and the
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Irishtown Bend reflects the complex geology created over the last 252 million years. The Devonian
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In March 1880, the Atlantic & Great Western emerged from bankruptcy as a new company, the
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Irishtown Bend emerged as a residential community for Irish immigrants in the 1850s after the
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Northern terminus of the southern leg of the Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail.
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1441:"Public to see plans Tuesday for new park on land known as Irishtown Bend on Cuyahoga River"
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Dean, Jewell R. (September 24, 1944). "Postwar Days to See River Improvement Work Pushed".
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Litt, Steven (June 18, 2017). "Consultants to unveil two ideas for the city green space".
8:
2415:"$ 2.62 billion Ohio capital budget includes $ 58.4 million for Cuyahoga County projects"
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2537:"Ohio and Erie Canal National Heritage Corridor - Irishtown Bend Archeological District"
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Mangels, John (April 29, 2013). "Irish Bend hillside still in slow slide toward river".
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1614:"Exhibit of the Conditions and Prospects of the Cleveland and Mahoning Railway Company"
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The navigable Cuyahoga River in and near Cleveland has a number of exceptionally tight
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Dean, Jewell R. (June 2, 1946). "Busy Six Months Indicated for Great Lakes Carriers".
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Thomas, Pauline (April 21, 1992). "Study Recommends Valley Rail Extension, Trails".
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gave $ 2 million ($ 2,700,000 in 2023 dollars) to the project in November 2011, and
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Condon, George E. (March 16, 1969). "Memory Lingers of How It Was With the Irish".
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Litt, Steven (November 8, 2011). "Foundation's $ 2M gift to help end trail work".
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Irishtown Bend is frequently referred to in the press and popular histories as a "
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2243:"Smart planning led to $ 8 million Metroparks TIGER grant for waterfront trails"
2151:"Metroparks' Whiskey Island bridge design job sought by four engineering teams"
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Muhs, Angie (July 31, 1989). "RiverFest Rolls Right Along Despite Gray Skies".
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Litt, Steven (October 28, 2017). "West Side greenway trail gets final funds".
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Hendrickson, Homer (April 15, 1958). "Ore Line Names 37 Captains, Engineers".
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Frymer, Murry (December 8, 1958). "Old Angle Still Retains a Touch of Irish".
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Johnston, Laura (June 15, 2011). "Wendy Park could get a pedestrian bridge".
1423:"New Irishtown Bend plan blends active and quiet areas to serve city, region"
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2441:"Greater Cleveland Partnership Wants Irishtown Bend In State Capital Budget"
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Ewinger, James (August 20, 2014). "Gift will help close trail's final gap".
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These were placed about halfway between Church Avenue and Detroit Avenue.
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Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
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Final Report: Franklin Hill/Irishtown Bend Stabilization and Restoration
1666:"Completion of the Atlantic & Great Western Railroad to Cleveland".
1404:"'The Great Hunger' Memorial and the Irish Population in Northeast Ohio"
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609:, and then into Pennsylvania. The railroad intended to connect with the
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Litt, Steven (August 26, 2017). "Irishtown Bend plan works out kinks".
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Litt, Steven (April 26, 2017). "Envisioning a park at Irishtown Bend".
605:) was founded in 1848 and authorized to build a line from Cleveland to
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near the mouth of the Cuyahoga. This area, which later became known as
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Irishtown Bend at the site of the demolished Lederer Terminal Warehouse
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Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
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1975:"NOACA poised to approve vital grant to plan future of Irishtown Bend"
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72:
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Litt, Steven (June 13, 2015). "Lakefront project plans a good sign".
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Scott, Michael (September 27, 2007). "Riverbed Street falling fast".
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Public meetings about the park design began to be held in June 2017.
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in Cleveland, but a crossing of the Cuyahoga was never effected. The
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2792:. Cleveland: American Society of Civil Engineers, Cleveland Section.
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1897:"Riverview Towers Open House Points Up Facilities for Young, Old".
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2467:"Cuyahoga County to provide land for proposed Irishtown Bend park"
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in the Cuyahoga River, and the steep hillside above this meander.
2109:"Land purchase moves trail plan a step closer to Lake Erie shore"
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2764:(Report). Columbus, Ohio: J.G. Brand & Co., State Printers.
2299:"New Lake Link Trail segment unveils a wonderland in the Flats"
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National Register of Historic Places in Cuyahoga County, Ohio
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Harris, Ann G.; Tuttle, Esther; Tuttle, Sherwood D. (2004).
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The Angle's boundaries are vague and were never agreed upon.
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from the sites revealed the economic status of each family.
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to the south of Cleveland. The report advocated a series of
1872:"Cleveland seeks $ 219M to fix crumbling slope above river"
878:
The Irishtown Bend Archeological District was added to the
367:
363:
335:
265:
1686:
319:
carved most of the ancient Cuyahoga River valley into the
2272:"Newest section of Lake Link Trail is set to open Friday"
1383:
1371:
596:
591:
2755:. Columbus, Ohio: L.D. Myers & Bro., State Printers.
1335:
1299:
1173:
Lesie, Michele (March 17, 1989). "Burying a Bad Image".
844:
601:
The Cleveland and Mahoning Railroad (C&M; later the
2759:
2695:"Mahoning Division Carries Steel Industry's Life-Blood"
1680:
554:
268:
in the United States. The landform consists of a tight
2749:
Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs (1868).
1548:"$ 10 Million Housing Project Dooms Irishtown Slums".
1347:
775:
was chosen as the preferred alternative in June 2015.
651:
700:
472:
Irishtown Bend north of the Riverview Towers highrise
1359:
3384:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
2789:
Bridges of Metropolitan Cleveland: Past and Present
1632:
1601:
Ohio Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1868a
887:dumping, erosion, and possibly disturbances during
758:
The Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail
2720:Between the Ocean and the Lakes: The Story of Erie
2632:
2584:Irish Americans and Their Communities of Cleveland
2082:"Plan designed to link gray Flats to green future"
1249:"Cutting Irishtown Bend Means Erasing This Hill".
1064:
861:is a historic site located on the Irishtown Bend.
458:Irishtown Bend below the Riverview Towers highrise
280:remained of it was razed at the end of the 1950s.
3411:
2582:Callahan, Nelson J.; Hickey, William F. (1978).
2553:
2331:
2127:
2001:"Sewer district commits $ 7M for Irishtown Bend"
1955:
1940:
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437:
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707:Cleveland Foundation Centennial Lake Link Trail
426:Emergence and disappearance of the neighborhood
350:. As the ice sheet retreated, it left behind a
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1317:
1293:
683:
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2639:. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.
1746:
1737:
1651:"The Atlantic & Great Western Railroad".
567:
2769:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (August 2009).
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611:Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad
342:. Between 25,000 and 14,000 years ago, the
2819:
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2786:Watson, Sara Ruth; Wolfs, John R. (1981).
2346:
2018:Rice, Karin Connelly (November 13, 2017).
1543:
1541:
834:Planning Commission on September 1, 2017.
71:
27:Archaeological site in Ohio, United States
2412:
2391:
2260:
2231:
1961:
1910:
1908:
1218:
1216:
1214:
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946:The garden apartments were razed in 2000.
750:and other parks and trails in the south.
51:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2734:. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing.
2618:. Charleston, S.C.: Arcadia Publishing.
2586:. Cleveland: Cleveland State University.
2133:
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1160:
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807:Cleveland-Cuyahoga County Port Authority
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670:Cleveland Metropolitan Housing Authority
623:New York, Pennsylvania and Ohio Railroad
416:
77:Historic view of Irishtown Bend, c. 1922
2728:Myers, John; Cetina, Judith G. (2015).
2611:
2594:The Irish in Baseball: An Early History
2438:
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2222:
2207:
2042:
2040:
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1402:Kucinich, Dennis (September 18, 2000).
1353:
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517:
248:neighborhood and a landform located on
14:
3412:
2590:
2522:Irishtown Bend Archaeological District
2507:Irishtown Bend Archaeological District
2492:Irishtown Bend Archaeological District
2464:
2368:"Irishtown Bend has great potential".
2297:Rice, Karen Connelly (June 20, 2017).
2064:
1914:
1905:
1531:Irishtown Bend Archaeological District
1513:Irishtown Bend Archaeological District
1493:Irishtown Bend Archaeological District
1466:Irishtown Bend Archaeological District
1438:
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1278:
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1202:Irishtown Bend Archaeological District
1034:
986:"National Register Information System"
603:Cleveland and Mahoning Valley Railroad
597:Railroad and associated infrastructure
592:Other infrastructure at Irishtown Bend
146:
121:
96:
2800:
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1849:
1341:
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859:Irishtown Bend Archeological District
853:Irishtown Bend Archeological District
845:Irishtown Bend Archeological District
327:bedrock of Ohio. At least four major
285:Irishtown Bend Archeological District
43:Irishtown Bend Archeological District
18:Irishtown Bend Archeological District
2828:National Register of Historic Places
2716:
2413:Borchardt, Jackie (March 30, 2018).
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2017:
1998:
1972:
1800:
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1009:Prendergast, Ken (August 25, 2023).
991:National Register of Historic Places
880:National Register of Historic Places
555:Shift to an Eastern European enclave
289:National Register of Historic Places
3445:Irish-American culture in Cleveland
2439:Castele, Nick (December 18, 2017).
1011:"Shoving ye spades into the leitir"
978:
732:Cuyahoga County Planning Commission
717:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
660:In 1914, construction began on the
652:Sewers, bridges, and public housing
615:Atlantic and Great Western Railroad
535:Cleveland Museum of Natural History
244:is the name given to both a former
24:
2577:. Chicago: Warner, Beers & Co.
2571:Brown, R.C.; Norris, J.E. (1885).
2107:Litt, Steven (December 29, 2009).
1870:Mangels, John (December 3, 2009).
891:occupation of the site during the
701:Lake Link Trail and potential park
25:
3466:
2149:Litt, Steven (October 29, 2014).
2080:Litt, Steven (January 10, 2009).
1999:Litt, Steven (November 8, 2017).
1831:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2009
1567:. December 12, 1920. p. B10.
1228:Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
1146:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2009
1134:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2009
1096:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 2009
815:community development corporation
800:
791:Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail
748:Ohio and Erie Canal Towpath Trail
3298:
3291:
2760:Ohio Secretary of State (1881).
2554:Barr and Prevost (May 1, 2015).
2465:Farkas, Karen (April 18, 2018).
2372:. February 10, 2017. p. A7.
2241:Litt, Steven (August 12, 2016).
1421:Litt, Steven (August 26, 2017).
1065:Harris, Tuttle & Tuttle 2004
1035:Kosich, John (August 25, 2023).
794:of the Irishtown Bend hillside.
479:
465:
451:
145:
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2704:. December 1958. pp. 12–17
2574:History of Portage County, Ohio
2547:
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2406:
2316:
2290:
2216:
2168:
2142:
1992:
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1790:. October 20, 1940. p. 46.
1779:
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1620:. October 29, 1853. p. 692
1556:
1552:. December 2, 1959. p. 60.
1395:
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958:
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931:
922:
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711:In 1987, Dr. Alfred M. Lee, an
3455:Irish-American culture in Ohio
2597:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.
1915:Naymik, Mark (June 15, 2000).
1901:. October 8, 1964. p. 37.
1670:. November 5, 1863. p. 3.
1439:Kosich, John (June 19, 2017).
1028:
1002:
533:Archeological evidence from a
220:
13:
1:
3361:Cuyahoga Valley National Park
2676:The American Irish: A History
2612:Grabski, Matthew Lee (2005).
2270:Litt, Steven (June 7, 2017).
1973:Litt, Steven (June 9, 2016).
1775:. August 16, 1940. p. 7.
1655:. August 12, 1863. p. 3.
1253:. April 19, 1925. p. C4.
901:
736:Cuyahoga Valley National Park
445:Three views of Irishtown Bend
438:Formation of the neighborhood
303:Era and until the end of the
154:Show map of the United States
3450:Irish-American neighborhoods
2717:Mott, Edward Harold (1901).
1727:. March 19, 1856. p. 3.
1681:Ohio Secretary of State 1881
32:United States historic place
7:
3366:National Historic Landmarks
769:Schlaich Bergermann Partner
684:Damage due to soil slippage
10:
3471:
1480:Callahan & Hickey 1978
1330:Callahan & Hickey 1978
1318:Callahan & Hickey 1978
1294:Callahan & Hickey 1978
779:The George Gund Foundation
704:
568:Abandonment and demolition
294:
3374:
3348:
3307:
3289:
2838:
2723:. New York: J.S. Collins.
2636:Geology of National Parks
2591:Fleitz, David L. (2009).
1618:American Railroad Journal
231:
219:NRHP reference
218:
210:
173:
163:
82:
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2539:. National Park Service.
783:The Cleveland Foundation
252:of the west bank of the
195:41.489500°N 81.7049028°W
2679:. New York: Routledge.
1711:Watson & Wolfs 1981
1696:Brown & Norris 1885
1563:"Financial Brevities".
1390:Myers & Cetina 2015
1378:Myers & Cetina 2015
1306:Myers & Cetina 2015
662:Detroit-Superior Bridge
530:over the steep ground.
511:Great Famine of Ireland
432:Detroit-Superior Bridge
214:6.9 acres (2.8 ha)
3440:Geography of Cleveland
3379:Keeper of the Register
2773:(Report). Buffalo, N.Y
854:
727:
668:In December 1959, the
422:
200:41.489500; -81.7049028
60:U.S. Historic district
3399:Contributing property
2673:Kenny, Kevin (2016).
1956:Barr and Prevost 2015
1941:Barr and Prevost 2015
1723:"Municipal Affairs".
1683:, pp. 162, 1029.
1589:Barr and Prevost 2015
1117:Barr and Prevost 2015
1077:Barr and Prevost 2015
1041:News 5 Cleveland WEWS
996:National Park Service
852:
725:
643:Steel sheet bulkheads
420:
104:Show map of Cleveland
3425:History of Cleveland
2303:Freshwater Cleveland
1408:Congressional Record
633:Bulkheading the Bend
518:The shanty town myth
344:Wisconsin glaciation
311:Era, the preglacial
275:The neighborhood of
2558:(Report). Cleveland
1943:, pp. 2, 9–10.
1344:, pp. 104–105.
352:recessional moraine
287:, was added to the
191: /
2212:. pp. A1, A3.
1148:, pp. 11, 19.
855:
773:Osborn Engineering
728:
423:
3407:
3406:
3394:Historic district
2615:Cleveland's Flats
2020:"Breaking Ground"
1713:, pp. 58–59.
1482:, pp. 86–87.
1470:, pp. 14–15.
1332:, pp. 67–72.
1320:, pp. 54–58.
998:. March 13, 2009.
543:look-out basement
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3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2824:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2783:
2766:
2757:
2746:
2740:
2725:
2714:
2691:
2685:
2670:
2651:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2609:
2603:
2588:
2579:
2568:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2528:
2513:
2498:
2483:
2457:
2431:
2405:
2390:
2375:
2360:
2345:
2330:
2315:
2289:
2259:
2230:
2227:. p. A12.
2215:
2197:
2182:
2167:
2141:
2126:
2099:
2072:
2054:
2036:
1991:
1960:
1945:
1933:
1904:
1889:
1857:
1835:
1823:
1808:
1793:
1778:
1763:
1760:. p. C13.
1745:
1730:
1715:
1700:
1698:, p. 292.
1685:
1673:
1658:
1643:
1641:, p. 365.
1631:
1605:
1593:
1570:
1555:
1537:
1519:
1499:
1484:
1472:
1457:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1356:, p. 117.
1346:
1334:
1322:
1310:
1298:
1286:
1283:. p. AA4.
1271:
1256:
1241:
1208:
1180:
1177:. p. B16.
1150:
1138:
1121:
1100:
1081:
1069:
1067:, p. 181.
1057:
1027:
1001:
976:
975:
974:
973:
967:
966:
957:
948:
939:
930:
921:
911:
910:
909:
908:
903:
900:
846:
843:
831:canopy walkway
802:
801:Potential park
799:
765:Miguel Rosales
759:
756:
705:Main article:
702:
699:
685:
682:
653:
650:
634:
631:
598:
595:
593:
590:
569:
566:
556:
553:
519:
516:
504:Whiskey Island
485:
478:
477:
476:
471:
464:
463:
462:
457:
450:
449:
448:
444:
443:
442:
441:
439:
436:
427:
424:
401:shear strength
360:Defiance, Ohio
307:period of the
296:
293:
254:Cuyahoga River
246:Irish American
242:Irishtown Bend
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
223:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
144:
143:
137:
136:
135:
134:
119:
118:
112:
111:
110:
109:
94:
93:
87:
86:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
64:
63:
58:
55:
54:
49:
46:
45:
42:
39:
38:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3467:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
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3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
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3415:
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3397:
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3377:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3364:
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3359:
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3354:
3353:
3351:
3347:
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3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3308:Lists by city
3306:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2815:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2741:9781467113496
2737:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2703:
2702:Erie Magazine
2696:
2692:
2688:
2686:9781138143890
2682:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2646:9780787299712
2642:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2627:
2625:9780738540108
2621:
2617:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2604:9780786434190
2600:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2517:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2493:
2487:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2402:. p. A1.
2401:
2394:
2387:. p. A1.
2386:
2379:
2371:
2364:
2357:. p. A1.
2356:
2349:
2342:. p. B1.
2341:
2334:
2327:. p. A1.
2326:
2319:
2304:
2300:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2264:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2194:. p. A3.
2193:
2186:
2179:. p. A1.
2178:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2138:. p. B3.
2137:
2130:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2069:. p. B2.
2068:
2061:
2059:
2051:. p. B2.
2050:
2043:
2041:
2025:
2021:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1937:
1922:
1918:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1854:. p. B1.
1853:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1820:. p. 27.
1819:
1812:
1805:. p. A9.
1804:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1767:
1759:
1752:
1750:
1743:, p. 13.
1742:
1740:
1739:Erie Magazine
1734:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1662:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1603:, p. 41.
1602:
1597:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1535:, p. 15.
1534:
1532:
1526:
1524:
1517:, p. 13.
1516:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1497:, p. 14.
1496:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1461:
1446:
1442:
1428:
1424:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1392:, p. 18.
1391:
1386:
1380:, p. 17.
1379:
1374:
1368:, p. 68.
1367:
1362:
1355:
1350:
1343:
1338:
1331:
1326:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1296:, p. 54.
1295:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1098:, p. 16.
1097:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1078:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1016:
1012:
1005:
997:
993:
992:
987:
981:
977:
971:
970:
961:
952:
943:
934:
925:
916:
912:
906:
905:
899:
896:
894:
890:
884:
881:
876:
873:
871:
867:
862:
860:
851:
842:
838:
835:
832:
826:
823:
820:
816:
810:
808:
798:
795:
792:
787:
784:
780:
776:
774:
770:
766:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
724:
720:
718:
714:
713:archaeologist
708:
698:
694:
690:
681:
677:
675:
671:
666:
663:
658:
649:
646:
644:
640:
630:
626:
624:
619:
616:
612:
608:
604:
589:
585:
583:
578:
576:
565:
563:
552:
549:
544:
540:
539:working class
536:
531:
529:
525:
515:
512:
507:
505:
501:
497:
482:
468:
454:
435:
433:
419:
415:
413:
409:
405:
402:
398:
393:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:alluvial fans
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
292:
290:
286:
281:
278:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
234:
232:Added to NRHP
230:
227:
224:
217:
213:
209:
204:
186:81°42′17.65″W
176:
172:
169:
166:
162:
141:
116:
91:
81:
74:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
47:
40:
36:
30:
19:
2788:
2777:November 28,
2775:. Retrieved
2751:
2730:
2719:
2706:. Retrieved
2701:
2675:
2664:November 25,
2662:. Retrieved
2635:
2614:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2562:November 28,
2560:. Retrieved
2548:Bibliography
2531:
2526:, p. 4.
2521:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2496:, p. 1.
2491:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2470:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2444:
2434:
2422:. Retrieved
2418:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2384:
2378:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2324:
2318:
2308:November 24,
2306:. Retrieved
2302:
2292:
2282:November 24,
2280:. Retrieved
2278:. p. A1
2275:
2252:November 24,
2250:. Retrieved
2246:
2224:
2218:
2209:
2191:
2185:
2176:
2170:
2160:November 26,
2158:. Retrieved
2154:
2144:
2135:
2129:
2119:November 22,
2117:. Retrieved
2115:. p. A1
2112:
2102:
2092:November 22,
2090:. Retrieved
2088:. p. A1
2085:
2075:
2066:
2048:
2029:November 26,
2027:. Retrieved
2023:
2011:November 28,
2009:. Retrieved
2007:. p. A6
2004:
1994:
1984:November 26,
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1958:, p. 9.
1936:
1926:November 25,
1924:. Retrieved
1920:
1898:
1892:
1882:November 22,
1880:. Retrieved
1878:. p. A1
1875:
1851:
1833:, p. 8.
1826:
1817:
1811:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1738:
1733:
1724:
1718:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1634:
1624:November 11,
1622:. Retrieved
1617:
1608:
1596:
1591:, p. 4.
1564:
1558:
1549:
1530:
1512:
1492:
1487:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1450:November 25,
1448:. Retrieved
1444:
1432:November 26,
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1414:November 25,
1412:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1354:Grabski 2005
1349:
1337:
1325:
1313:
1308:, p. 9.
1301:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1250:
1244:
1234:November 24,
1232:. Retrieved
1227:
1206:, p. 2.
1201:
1174:
1141:
1136:, p. 3.
1119:, p. 2.
1079:, p. 6.
1072:
1060:
1048:. Retrieved
1040:
1030:
1018:. Retrieved
1014:
1004:
989:
980:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
915:
897:
885:
877:
874:
863:
858:
856:
839:
836:
827:
824:
811:
804:
796:
788:
777:
761:
752:
729:
710:
695:
691:
687:
678:
667:
659:
655:
647:
636:
627:
620:
607:Warren, Ohio
600:
586:
579:
571:
558:
532:
521:
508:
492:
429:
412:Fault scarps
410:
406:
389:
298:
284:
282:
274:
241:
240:
235:May 25, 1990
183:41°29′22.2″N
164:Nearest city
29:
3349:Other lists
2708:November 8,
1366:Fleitz 2009
866:excavations
819:LAND Studio
582:Hooverville
524:shanty town
356:Akron, Ohio
338:and sorted
317:Dover River
313:Teays River
299:During the
198: /
174:Coordinates
3414:Categories
3320:Cincinnati
3263:Washington
3238:Tuscarawas
3128:Montgomery
2918:Columbiana
1342:Kenny 2016
1050:August 25,
1020:August 25,
902:References
562:Hungarians
496:Erie Canal
262:U.S. state
3325:Cleveland
3143:Muskingum
3048:Jefferson
2958:Fairfield
2923:Coshocton
2898:Champaign
2863:Ashtabula
2841:by county
2476:April 19,
2450:April 19,
2424:March 31,
1639:Mott 1901
972:Citations
870:artifacts
674:fill dirt
500:Lake Erie
397:fill dirt
380:Lake Erie
258:Cleveland
250:the Flats
3340:Sandusky
3330:Columbus
3273:Williams
3248:Van Wert
3233:Trumbull
3203:Sandusky
3193:Richland
3168:Pickaway
3158:Paulding
3093:Mahoning
3063:Lawrence
3023:Highland
3013:Harrison
2998:Hamilton
2993:Guernsey
2968:Franklin
2948:Delaware
2943:Defiance
2933:Cuyahoga
2928:Crawford
2908:Clermont
2873:Auglaize
1015:NEOtrans
889:squatter
639:meanders
333:unsorted
321:Devonian
309:Cenozoic
305:Tertiary
301:Mesozoic
226:90000757
3356:Bridges
3283:Wyandot
3178:Portage
3088:Madison
3068:Licking
3043:Jackson
3028:Hocking
3003:Hancock
2963:Fayette
2913:Clinton
2893:Carroll
2878:Belmont
2858:Ashland
1045:WEWS-TV
715:at the
588:1950s.
340:outwash
325:Permian
295:Geology
270:meander
260:in the
3335:Dayton
3258:Warren
3253:Vinton
3228:Summit
3218:Shelby
3213:Seneca
3208:Scioto
3188:Putnam
3183:Preble
3153:Ottawa
3138:Morrow
3133:Morgan
3123:Monroe
3113:Mercer
3103:Medina
3098:Marion
3078:Lorain
3033:Holmes
3008:Hardin
2988:Greene
2983:Geauga
2978:Gallia
2973:Fulton
2888:Butler
2868:Athens
2738:
2683:
2643:
2622:
2601:
1230:. 2017
744:hiking
740:biking
575:shacks
528:stilts
376:deltas
3315:Akron
3268:Wayne
3243:Union
3223:Stark
3163:Perry
3148:Noble
3118:Miami
3108:Meigs
3083:Lucas
3073:Logan
3038:Huron
3018:Henry
2938:Darke
2903:Clark
2883:Brown
2853:Allen
2848:Adams
2839:Lists
2698:(PDF)
2658:(PDF)
907:Notes
392:shale
354:near
277:Irish
3278:Wood
3198:Ross
3173:Pike
3058:Lake
3053:Knox
2953:Erie
2832:Ohio
2779:2017
2736:ISBN
2710:2017
2681:ISBN
2666:2017
2641:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2599:ISBN
2564:2017
2524:1989
2509:1989
2494:1989
2478:2018
2452:2018
2445:WCPN
2426:2018
2310:2017
2284:2017
2254:2017
2162:2017
2121:2017
2094:2017
2031:2017
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1533:1989
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