460:, Fe(II) and Mn. Large, heavily encrusted mats with a gelatinous texture are created by iron-oxidizing bacteria as a by-product (iron-oxyhydroxide precipitation), and can be present around the vent orifices. The vents present at Kamaʻehuakanaloa seamount can be categorized into two types based on concentration and temperature of flow. Those with a focused and high-temperature flow (above 50 °C) can be expected to show higher flow rates as well. These vents are characterized by flocculent mats aggregated around the vent orifices. Mat depth at focused, high-temperature vents averages in the tens of centimeters, but can vary. In contrast, vents with cooler (10-30 °C) and diffuse flow can create mats up to one meter thick. These mats may cover hundreds of square meters of sea floor. Either type of mat can be colonized by other bacterial communities, which can change the chemical composition and the flow of the local waters.
698:
ferric state and then filtered from the water. Any previously precipitated iron is removed by simple mechanical filtration. Several different filter media may be used in these iron filters, including manganese greensand, Birm, MTM, multi-media, sand, and other synthetic materials. In most cases, the higher oxides of manganese produce the desired oxidizing action. Iron filters do have limitations; since the oxidizing action is relatively mild, it will not work well when organic matter, either combined with the iron or completely separate, is present in the water. As a result, the iron bacteria will not be killed. Extremely high iron concentrations may require inconvenient frequent backwashing and/or regeneration. Finally, iron filter media requires high flow rates for proper backwashing, and such water flows are not always available.
20:
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waters because that would increase the availability of ferrous iron Fe(II) for microbial iron oxidation. Still, at the same time, this scenario could also disrupt the cascade effect to the sediment in deep water and cause the death of benthonic animals. Moreover it is very important to consider that iron and phosphate cycles are strictly interconnected and balanced, so that a small change in the first could have substantial consequences on the second.
653:
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493:), the suggestion arose that anoxic Fe metabolism may pre-date aerobic Fe oxidation and that the age of the BIF pre-dates oxygenic photosynthesis. This suggests that microbial anoxic phototrophic and anaerobic chemolithotrophic metabolism may have been present on the ancient earth, and together with Fe(III) reducers, they may have been responsible for the BIF in the
682:
Treatment techniques that may successfully remove or reduce iron bacteria include physical removal, pasteurization, and chemical treatment. Treatment of heavily infected wells may be difficult, expensive, and only partially successful. Recent application of ultrasonic devices that destroy and prevent
678:
The dramatic effects of iron bacteria are seen in surface waters as brown slimy masses on stream bottoms and lakeshores or as an oily sheen upon the water. More serious problems occur when bacteria build up in well systems. Iron bacteria in wells do not cause health problems, but they can reduce well
303:
The microbial oxidation of ferrous iron coupled to denitrification (with nitrite or dinitrogen gas being the final product) can be autotrophic using inorganic carbon or organic co-substrates (acetate, butyrate, pyruvate, ethanol) performing heterotrophic growth in the absence of inorganic carbon. It
251:
The dependence of photoferrotrophics on light as a crucial resource can take the bacteria to a cumbersome situation, where due to their requirement for anoxic lighted regions (near the surface) they could be faced with competition by abiotic reactions due to the presence of molecular oxygen. To avoid
255:
Light penetration can limit the Fe(II) oxidation in the water column. However, nitrate dependent microbial Fe(II) oxidation is a light independent metabolism that has been shown to support microbial growth in various freshwater and marine sediments (paddy soil, stream, brackish lagoon, hydrothermal,
505:
In open ocean systems full of dissolved iron, iron-oxidizing bacterial metabolism is ubiquitous and influences the iron cycle. Nowadays, this biochemical cycle is undergoing modifications due to pollution and climate change; nonetheless, the normal distribution of ferrous iron in the ocean could be
533:
All these changes in the marine parameters (temperature, acidity, and oxygenation) impact the iron biogeochemical cycle and could have several and critical implications on ferrous iron oxidizing microbes; hypoxic and acid conditions could improve primary productivity in the superficial and coastal
697:
Iron filters have been used to treat iron bacteria. Iron filters are similar in appearance and size to conventional water softeners but contain beds of media that have mild oxidizing power. As the iron-bearing water is passed through the bed, any soluble ferrous iron is converted to the insoluble
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regions where the low oxygen concentration allows the cell to oxidize Fe(II) and produce energy to grow. However, under acidic conditions, where ferrous iron is more soluble and stable even in the presence of oxygen, only biological processes are responsible for the oxidation of iron, thus making
233:
Nevertheless, some bacteria do not use the photoautotrophic Fe(II) oxidation metabolism for growth purposes. Instead, it has been suggested that these groups are sensitive to Fe(II) and therefore oxidize Fe(II) into more insoluble Fe(III) oxide to reduce its toxicity, enabling them to grow in the
701:
Wildfires may release iron-containing compounds from the soil into small wildland streams and cause a rapid but usually temporary proliferation of iron-oxidizing bacteria complete with orange coloration, gelatinous mats, and sulfurous odors. Higher quality personal filters may be used to remove
1453:
Scholz, Florian; Löscher, Carolin R.; Fiskal, Annika; Sommer, Stefan; Hensen, Christian; Lomnitz, Ulrike; Wuttig, Kathrin; Göttlicher, Jörg; Kossel, Elke; Steininger, Ralph; Canfield, Donald E. (2016). "Nitrate-dependent iron oxidation limits iron transport in anoxic ocean regions".
304:
has been suggested that the heterotrophic nitrate-dependent ferrous iron oxidation using organic carbon might be the most favorable process. This metabolism might be very important for carrying out an important step in the biogeochemical cycle within the OMZ.
120:
but is less common because of the relative abundance of iron (5.4%) in comparison to manganese (0.1%) in average soils. The sulfurous smell of rot or decay sometimes associated with iron-oxidizing bacteria results from the enzymatic conversion of soil
1977:
Hoegh-Guldberg, O.; Mumby, P. J.; Hooten, A. J.; Steneck, R. S.; Greenfield, P.; Gomez, E.; Harvell, C. D.; Sale, P. F.; Edwards, A. J.; Caldeira, K.; Knowlton, N. (2007-12-14). "Coral Reefs Under Rapid
Climate Change and Ocean Acidification".
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of microbial iron oxidation. These structures can be easily detected in a sample of water, indicating the presence iron-oxidizing bacteria. This biosignature has been a tool to understand the importance of iron metabolism in the Earth's past.
415:
pHs (hydrothermal vents, deep ocean basalts, groundwater iron seeps) the oxidation of iron by microorganisms is highly competitive with the rapid abiotic reaction occurring in <1 min. Therefore, the microbial community has to inhabit
522:) and thus the ocean acidity increases. Furthermore, the temperature of the ocean has increased by almost one degree (0.74 °C) causing the melting of big quantities of glaciers contributing to the sea-level rise. This lowers the O
242:(acetate, succinate) whose use depends on Fe(II) oxidation Nonetheless, many iron-oxidizing bacteria can use other compounds as electron donors in addition to Fe(II), or even perform dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction as the
468:
Unlike most lithotrophic metabolisms, the oxidation of Fe to Fe yields very little energy to the cell (∆G° = 29 kJ/mol and ∆G° = -90 kJ/mol in acidic and neutral environments, respectively) compared to other
513:
emissions into the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources. Currently the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is around 420 ppm (120 ppm more than 20 million years ago), and about a quarter of the total
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However, with the discovery of Fe(II) oxidation carried out under anoxic conditions in the late 1990s using light as an energy source or chemolithotrophically, using a different terminal electron acceptor (mostly
1293:
Scholz, Florian; Löscher, Carolin R.; Fiskal, Annika; Sommer, Stefan; Hensen, Christian; Lomnitz, Ulrike; Wuttig, Kathrin; Göttlicher, Jörg; Kossel, Elke; Steininger, Ralph; Canfield, Donald E. (November 2016).
199:) in a neutrophilic environment (pH 5.5-7.2), producing Fe oxides as a waste product that precipitates as a mineral, according to the following stoichiometry (4 mM of Fe(II) can yield 1 mM of CH
741:
Andrews, Simon; Norton, Ian; Salunkhe, Arvindkumar S.; Goodluck, Helen; Aly, Wafaa S.M.; Mourad-Agha, Hanna; Cornelis, Pierre (2013). "Control of Iron
Metabolism in Bacteria". In Banci (ed.).
477:(through the excretion of twisted stalks). The aerobic iron-oxidizing bacterial metabolism is thought to have made a remarkable contribution to the formation of the largest iron deposit (
2336:
260:. Microbes that perform this metabolism are successful in neutrophilic or alcaline environments, due to the high difference in between the redox potential of the couples Fe/Fe and NO
252:
this problem, they tolerate microaerophilic surface conditions or perform the photoferrotrophic Fe(II) oxidation deeper in the sediment/water column, with low light availability.
690:
Physical removal is typically done as a first step. Small diameter pipes are sometimes cleaned with a wire brush, while larger lines can be scrubbed and flushed clean with a
164:. Iron has a widespread distribution globally and is considered one of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, soil, and sediments. Iron is a trace element in
2169:
Hazan, Zadik; Zumeris, Jona; Jacob, Harold; Raskin, Hanan; Kratysh, Gera; Vishnia, Moshe; Dror, Naama; Barliya, Tilda; Mandel, Mathilda; Lavie, Gad (2006-12-01).
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feeding on that dissolved organic material. In aerobic conditions, pH variation plays an important role in driving the oxidation reaction of Fe/Fe. At
506:
affected by global warming under the following conditions: acidification, shifting of ocean currents, and ocean water and groundwater hypoxia trend.
238:
SB1003 (photoheterotrophic), it has been demonstrated that the oxidation of Fe(II) might be the mechanisms whereby the bacteria is enabled to access
64:
reddish-brown gelatinous slime that discolors stream beds and can stain plumbing fixtures, clothing, or utensils washed with the water carrying it.
180:
The anoxygenic phototrophic iron oxidation was the first anaerobic metabolism to be described within the iron anaerobic oxidation metabolism. The
1704:"Structural Iron(II) of Basaltic Glass as an Energy Source for Zetaproteobacteria in an Abyssal Plain Environment, Off the Mid Atlantic Ridge"
53:. They are known to grow and proliferate in waters containing iron concentrations as low as 0.1 mg/L. However, at least 0.3 ppm of dissolved
1500:
Emerson, David; Fleming, Emily J.; McBeth, Joyce M. (13 October 2010). "Iron-Oxidizing
Bacteria: An Environmental and Genomic Perspective".
675:, which appears as brown gelatinous slime that will stain plumbing fixtures, and clothing or utensils washed with the water carrying it.
2279:"Strategies to prevent, curb and eliminate biofilm formation based on the characteristics of various periods in one biofilm life cycle"
2171:"Strategies to prevent, curb and eliminate biofilm formation based on the characteristics of various periods in one biofilm life cycle"
1863:"Microbial Iron Mats at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Evidence that Zetaproteobacteria May Be Restricted to Iron-Oxidizing Marine Systems"
1806:"Neutrophilic Fe-Oxidizing Bacteria Are Abundant at the Loihi Seamount Hydrothermal Vents and Play a Major Role in Fe Oxide Deposition"
937:
456:. Vents can be found ranging from slightly above ambient (10 °C) to high temperature (167 °C). The vent waters are rich in CO
440:
and in coastal and terrestrial habitats, and have been reported in the surface of shallow sediments, beach aquifer, and surface water.
428:, which are major players in marine ecosystems. Being generally microaerophilic they are adapted to live in transition zones where the
620:
592:
569:
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Weber, Karrie A.; Pollock, Jarrod; Cole, Kimberly A.; O'Connor, Susan M.; Achenbach, Laurie A.; Coates, John D. (1 January 2006).
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metabolisms. Therefore, the cell must oxidize large amounts of Fe to fulfill its metabolic requirements while contributing to the
1922:"Lithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria produce organic stalks to control mineral growth: implications for biosignature formation"
1537:"Lithotrophic iron-oxidizing bacteria produce organic stalks to control mineral growth: implications for biosignature formation"
1162:
Walter, Xavier A.; Picazo, Antonio; Miracle, Maria R.; Vicente, Eduardo; Camacho, Antonio; Aragno, Michel; Zopfi, Jakob (2014).
268:(+200 mV and +770 mV, respectively) releasing a lot of free energy when compared to other iron oxidation metabolisms.
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711:
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environment flows into an aerobic environment. Groundwater containing dissolved organic material may be de-oxygenated by
1753:
Makita, Hiroko (4 July 2018). "Iron-oxidizing bacteria in marine environments: recent progresses and future directions".
1406:"Ecophysiology and the energetic benefit of mixotrophic Fe(II) oxidation by various strains of nitrate-reducing bacteria"
606:
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McAllister, Sean M.; Moore, Ryan M.; Gartman, Amy; Luther, George W; Emerson, David; Chan, Clara S (30 January 2019).
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mix. The zetaproteobacteria are present in different Fe(II)-rich habitats, found in deep ocean sites associated with
588:
577:
2220:"Recent Nanotechnology Approaches for Prevention and Treatment of Biofilm-Associated Infections on Medical Devices"
1338:"Anaerobic Nitrate-Dependent Iron(II) Bio-Oxidation by a Novel Lithoautotrophic Betaproteobacterium, Strain 2002"
1276:
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Henri, Pauline A; Rommevaux-Jestin, Céline; Lesongeur, Françoise; Mumford, Adam; Emerson, David; Godfroy, Anne;
573:
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Scott, Jarrod J.; Breier, John A.; Luther, George W.; Emerson, David; Duperron, Sebastien (11 March 2015).
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in wells has been proven to prevent iron bacteria infection and the associated clogging very successfully.
987:"Physiology of phototrophic iron(II)-oxidizing bacteria: implications for modern and ancient environments"
449:
312:
Despite being phylogenetically diverse, the microbial ferrous iron oxidation metabolic strategy (found in
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is one of the most common and well-studied species of zetaproteobacteria. It was first isolated from the
375:
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452:(formerly Loihi) vent field, near Hawaii at a depth between 1100 and 1325 meters, on the summit of this
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deep-sea sediments) and later on demonstrated as a pronounced metabolism within the water column at the
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are able to produce a particular extracellular stalk-ribbon structure rich in iron, known as a typical
386:
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369:
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1096:"Phototrophic Fe(II) Oxidation Promotes Organic Carbon Acquisition by Rhodobacter capsulatus SB1003"
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2451:
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Ma, Ruixiang; Hu, Xianli; Zhang, Xianzuo; Wang, Wenzhi; Sun, Jiaxuan; Su, Zheng; Zhu, Chen (2022).
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Chan, Clara S; Fakra, Sirine C; Emerson, David; Fleming, Emily J; Edwards, Katrina J (2010-11-25).
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emission enters the oceans (2.2 pg C year). Reacting with seawater it produces bicarbonate ion (HCO
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ore have formed where groundwater has historically emerged and been exposed to atmospheric oxygen.
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When de-oxygenated water reaches a source of oxygen, iron bacteria convert dissolved iron into an
2436:
562:
239:
153:
793:
785:
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Sawyer, Clair N., and McCarty, Perry L. "Chemistry for
Sanitary Engineers" McGraw-Hill (1967)
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Sawyer, Clair N., and McCarty, Perry L. "Chemistry for
Sanitary Engineers" McGraw-Hill (1967)
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dissolved in water is often the underlying cause of an iron-oxidizing bacteria population.
1651:"The Fe(II)-Oxidizing Zetaproteobacteria: historical, ecological and genomic perspectives"
8:
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Barry, Dana M.; Kanematsu, Hideyuki (2015), Kanematsu, Hideyuki; Barry, Dana M. (eds.),
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ferrous iron oxidation the major metabolic strategy in iron-rich acidic environments.
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Iron-oxidizing bacteria colonize the transition zone where de-oxygenated water from an
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Hegler, Florian; Posth, Nicole R.; Jiang, Jie; Kappler, Andreas (1 November 2008).
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481:) due to the advent of oxygen in the atmosphere 2.7 billion years ago (produced by
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In the marine environment, the most well-known class of iron oxidizing-bacteria is
169:
133:
126:
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1164:"Phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidation in the chemocline of a ferruginous meromictic lake"
50:
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Madigan, Michael T.; Martinko, John M.; Stahl, David A.; Clark, David P. (2012).
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1296:"Nitrate-dependent iron oxidation limits iron transport in anoxic ocean regions"
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1230:"Microorganisms pumping iron: anaerobic microbial iron oxidation and reduction"
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solubility by inhibiting the oxygen exchange between surface waters, where O
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2112:"The Irony of Iron – Biogenic Iron Oxides as an Iron Source to the Ocean"
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Chan, CS; Fakra, SC; Emerson, D; Fleming, EJ; Edwards, KJ (April 2011).
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Weber, Karrie A.; Achenbach, Laurie A.; Coates, John D. (October 2006).
745:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 12. Springer. pp. 203–39.
1597:"The Irony of Iron–Biogenic Iron Oxides as an Iron Source to the Ocean"
863:
Krauskopf, Konrad B. "Introduction to
Geochemistry" McGraw-Hill (1979)
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Krauskopf, Konrad B. "Introduction to
Geochemistry" McGraw-Hill (1979)
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2008:
694:. The pumping equipment in the well must also be removed and cleaned.
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There are very well-studied iron-oxidizing bacterial species such as
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presence of Fe(II). On the other hand, based on experiments with
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Iron-oxidizing bacteria can pose an issue for the management of
1404:
Muehe, EM; Gerhardt, S; Schink, B; Kappler, A (December 2009).
54:
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are other possible sources of organic materials allowing soil
2369:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 163–167,
2051:(2011-06-09). "Climate-Forced Variability of Ocean Hypoxia".
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Caiazza, N. C.; Lies, D. P.; Newman, D. K. (10 August 2007).
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75:
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Deutsch, Curtis; Brix, Holger; Ito, Taka; Frenzel, Hartmut;
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Hedrich, S.; Schlomann, M.; Johnson, D. B. (21 April 2011).
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These are all consequences of the substantial increase of CO
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as electron donor and the energy from light to assimilate CO
429:
2337:"Information for you about Iron Bacteria & Well Water"
1403:
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915:(13th ed.). Boston: Benjamim Cummings. p. 1155.
809:. Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania: Tab Books. p. 20.
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may be naturally de-oxygenated by decaying vegetation in
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as an alternative source of oxygen in anaerobic water.
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Video footage and details of Iron-oxidising bacteria
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2412:Iron Bacteria in a stream, Montgreenan, Ayrshire
2283:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
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2218:Ramasamy, Mohankandhasamy; Lee, Jintae (2016).
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1755:World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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340:classes, and among the Archaea domain in the "
152:reactions. Examples of these proteins include
112:A similar reaction may form black deposits of
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1804:Emerson, David; L. Moyer, Craig (June 2002).
1482:
1286:
938:"Chemolithotrophy & Nitrogen Metabolism"
324:(formerly Proteobacteria), particularly the
16:Bacteria deriving energy from dissolved iron
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576:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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702:bacteria, odor and restore water clarity.
530:is very abundant, and anoxic deep waters.
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640:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:. Its role as the electron donor of some
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660:in Scotland with iron-oxidizing bacteria
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320:, being highly pronounced in the phylum
23:Iron-oxidizing bacteria in surface water
18:
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1810:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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1342:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
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1100:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
891:
679:yields by clogging screens and pipes.
57:is needed to carry out the oxidation.
2175:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1644:
1642:
1590:
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1214:
712:Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria
574:adding citations to reliable sources
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1514:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134208
1456:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1300:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1055:"The iron-oxidizing proteobacteria"
805:Alth, Max; Alth, Charlotte (1984).
144:reactions such as the formation of
13:
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14:
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538:Influence on water infrastructure
1431:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00755.x
1012:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00592.x
671:, as they can produce insoluble
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1830:10.1128/AEM.68.6.3085-3093.2002
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913:Brock biology of microorganisms
936:Bruslind, Linda (2019-08-01).
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316:and Bacteria) is present in 7
109:to de-oxygenate groundwater.
1:
2367:Biofilm and Materials Science
2363:"Physical Removal of Biofilm"
2224:BioMed Research International
2110:Emerson, David (2016-01-06).
1502:Annual Review of Microbiology
1362:10.1128/AEM.72.1.686-694.2006
727:
464:Impact on early life on Earth
175:
78:. Useful mineral deposits of
2375:10.1007/978-3-319-14565-5_20
1888:10.1371/journal.pone.0119284
7:
1237:Nature Reviews Microbiology
751:10.1007/978-94-007-5561-1_7
705:
479:banded iron formation (BIF)
376:Leptospirillum ferrooxidans
10:
2468:
2296:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1003033
1476:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.025
1320:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.025
445:Mariprofundus ferrooxydans
398:
387:Mariprofundis ferrooxydans
182:photoferrotrophic bacteria
172:is probably very ancient.
2116:Frontiers in Microbiology
1767:10.1007/s11274-018-2491-y
1708:Frontiers in Microbiology
1655:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1601:Frontiers in Microbiology
1410:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
1168:Frontiers in Microbiology
991:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
589:"Iron-oxidizing bacteria"
450:Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount
370:Thiobacillus ferrooxidans
300:(∆G°=-103.5 kJ/mol)
245:Geobacter metallireducens
191:into biomass through the
132:Iron is a very important
2129:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01502
1721:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01518
1614:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01502
1181:10.3389/fmicb.2014.00713
743:Metallomics and the Cell
501:Impact of climate change
307:
2073:10.1126/science.1202422
2000:10.1126/science.1152509
1595:Emerson, David (2016).
1468:2016E&PSL.454..272S
1312:2016E&PSL.454..272S
28:Iron-oxidizing bacteria
1946:10.1038/ismej.2010.173
1553:10.1038/ismej.2010.173
1072:10.1099/mic.0.045344-0
953:Cite journal requires
661:
475:mineralization process
382:Gallionella ferruginea
240:organic carbon sources
162:coordination complexes
140:to carry out numerous
97:, or leakage of light
24:
1667:10.1093/femsec/fiz015
722:Siderophilic bacteria
655:
438:hydrothermal activity
348:phyla, as well as in
84:Anthropogenic hazards
22:
2237:10.1155/2016/1851242
2187:10.1128/AAC.00418-06
1120:10.1128/AEM.02830-06
570:improve this section
193:Calvin Benson-Bassam
154:iron–sulfur proteins
2344:Information for You
2065:2011Sci...333..336D
1992:2007Sci...318.1737H
1986:(5857): 1737–1742.
1938:2011ISMEJ...5..717C
1879:2015PLoSO..1019284S
1822:2002ApEnM..68.3085E
1702:(21 January 2016).
1422:2009FEMME..70..335M
1354:2006ApEnM..72..686W
1249:10.1038/nrmicro1490
1112:2007ApEnM..73.6150C
1003:2008FEMME..66..250H
258:oxygen minimum zone
166:marine environments
136:required by living
95:septic drain fields
662:
426:zetaproteobacteria
338:Zetaproteobacteria
25:
2384:978-3-319-14565-5
2181:(12): 4144–4152.
2059:(6040): 336–339.
1106:(19): 6150–6158.
922:978-0-321-64963-8
779:978-94-007-5561-1
760:978-94-007-5560-4
683:the formation of
650:
649:
642:
624:
471:chemolithotrophic
186:
114:manganese dioxide
2459:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2316:
2298:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2257:
2239:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2198:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2131:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2049:Thompson, LuAnne
2044:
2038:
2037:
2011:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1926:The ISME Journal
1917:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1890:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1816:(6): 3085–3093.
1801:
1795:
1794:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1700:Ménez, Bénédicte
1695:
1689:
1688:
1678:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1626:
1616:
1592:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1541:The ISME Journal
1532:
1526:
1525:
1497:
1480:
1479:
1450:
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1443:
1433:
1401:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1275:. Archived from
1234:
1225:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1183:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1131:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1065:(6): 1551–1564.
1050:
1033:
1032:
1014:
982:
963:
962:
956:
951:
949:
941:
933:
927:
926:
908:
889:
878:
872:
861:
855:
844:
838:
827:
821:
820:
802:
796:
773:electronic-book
772:
738:
645:
638:
634:
631:
625:
623:
582:
550:
542:
299:
297:
296:
293:
280:
279:
276:
229:
215:
214:
211:
185:
170:chemolithotrophs
134:chemical element
127:hydrogen sulfide
68:Organic material
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2452:Water pollution
2447:Water chemistry
2427:Aquatic ecology
2417:
2416:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2359:
2355:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2275:
2271:
2216:
2212:
2167:
2163:
2108:
2104:
2045:
2041:
1975:
1971:
1918:
1914:
1873:(3): e0119284.
1859:
1855:
1802:
1798:
1751:
1747:
1696:
1692:
1647:
1640:
1593:
1586:
1533:
1529:
1498:
1483:
1451:
1447:
1402:
1395:
1334:
1327:
1291:
1287:
1279:
1243:(10): 752–764.
1232:
1226:
1215:
1160:
1153:
1092:
1088:
1051:
1036:
983:
966:
954:
952:
943:
942:
934:
930:
923:
909:
892:
879:
875:
862:
858:
845:
841:
828:
824:
817:
803:
799:
761:
739:
735:
730:
708:
646:
635:
629:
626:
583:
581:
567:
551:
540:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
503:
492:
466:
459:
418:microaerophilic
401:
310:
294:
291:
290:
288:
284:
277:
274:
273:
271:
267:
263:
227:
223:
219:
216:+ 4Fe(II) + 10H
212:
209:
208:
206:
202:
190:
178:
116:from dissolved
17:
12:
11:
5:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2437:Pseudomonadota
2434:
2429:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2402:
2401:External links
2399:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2353:
2328:
2269:
2210:
2161:
2102:
2039:
1969:
1912:
1853:
1796:
1745:
1690:
1638:
1584:
1547:(4): 717–727.
1527:
1508:(1): 561–583.
1481:
1445:
1393:
1348:(1): 686–694.
1325:
1285:
1282:on 2019-12-03.
1213:
1151:
1086:
1034:
997:(2): 250–260.
964:
955:|journal=
928:
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465:
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457:
454:shield volcano
409:microorganisms
400:
397:
380:and some like
350:Actinomycetota
346:Thermoproteota
322:Pseudomonadota
309:
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2350:(1): 3. 2017.
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1932:(4): 717–27.
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1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:(3): 335–43.
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
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1195:
1191:
1187:
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1139:
1135:
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1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
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1101:
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1090:
1082:
1078:
1073:
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1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1047:
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1043:
1041:
1039:
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988:
981:
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924:
918:
914:
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905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
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887:
886:0-07-054970-2
883:
877:
870:
869:0-07-035447-2
866:
860:
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852:0-07-054970-2
849:
843:
836:
835:0-07-035447-2
832:
826:
818:
816:0-8306-0654-8
812:
808:
801:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
776:
770:
766:
762:
756:
752:
748:
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733:
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641:
633:
622:
619:
615:
612:
608:
605:
601:
598:
594:
591: –
590:
586:
585:Find sources:
579:
575:
571:
565:
564:
560:
555:This section
553:
549:
544:
543:
535:
531:
507:
498:
496:
486:
484:
483:cyanobacteria
480:
476:
472:
461:
455:
451:
447:
446:
441:
439:
435:
434:anoxic waters
431:
427:
422:
419:
414:
410:
406:
396:
393:
389:
388:
383:
379:
377:
372:
371:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
342:Euryarchaeota
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
305:
301:
269:
259:
253:
249:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:R. capsulatus
231:
230:(∆G° > 0)
224:O] + 4Fe(OH)
204:
198:
194:
183:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
124:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
37:
33:
32:iron bacteria
29:
21:
2388:, retrieved
2366:
2356:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2056:
2052:
2042:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1711:
1707:
1693:
1658:
1654:
1604:
1600:
1544:
1540:
1530:
1505:
1501:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1413:
1409:
1345:
1341:
1303:
1299:
1288:
1277:the original
1240:
1236:
1171:
1167:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1062:
1059:Microbiology
1058:
994:
990:
946:cite journal
931:
912:
876:
859:
842:
825:
806:
800:
742:
736:
700:
696:
692:sewer jetter
689:
681:
677:
673:ferric oxide
666:water-supply
663:
636:
627:
617:
610:
603:
596:
584:
568:Please help
556:
532:
508:
504:
487:
467:
443:
442:
423:
413:neutrophilic
402:
392:biosignature
385:
381:
374:
368:
366:
362:Nitrospirota
311:
302:
270:
254:
250:
243:
235:
232:
205:
181:
179:
148:involved in
131:
125:to volatile
111:
66:
59:
41:that derive
36:chemotrophic
31:
27:
26:
2432:Lithotrophs
2289:: 1003033.
2230:: 1851242.
1462:: 272–281.
1306:: 272–281.
788:electronic-
630:August 2021
495:Precambrian
358:Chlorobiota
285:O → 2Fe(OH)
220:O → [CH
150:biochemical
101:fuels like
72:Groundwater
2421:Categories
2390:2022-12-22
2009:1885/28834
1761:(8): 110.
854:pp.446-447
728:References
717:Iron cycle
600:newspapers
197:rTCA cycle
195:cycle (or
176:Metabolism
158:hemoglobin
49:dissolved
2305:2235-2988
2246:2314-6141
2138:1664-302X
2081:0036-8075
2018:0036-8075
1775:1573-0972
1661:(4): 18.
1561:1751-7362
1370:0099-2240
1257:1740-1534
1190:1664-302X
1021:0168-6496
794:1868-0402
786:1559-0836
557:does not
405:anaerobic
354:Bacillota
142:metabolic
138:organisms
118:manganese
99:petroleum
62:insoluble
47:oxidizing
2323:36211965
2264:27872845
2205:16940055
2156:26779157
2122:: 1502.
2097:11752699
2089:21659566
2034:12607336
2026:18079392
1964:21107443
1907:25760332
1867:PLOS ONE
1848:12039770
1791:49685224
1783:29974320
1740:26834704
1685:30715272
1633:26779157
1579:21107443
1522:20565252
1440:19732145
1388:16391108
1273:91320892
1265:16980937
1208:25538702
1138:17693559
1081:21511765
1029:18811650
769:23595674
706:See also
272:2Fe + NO
146:proteins
123:sulfates
107:microbes
103:gasoline
91:leachate
88:landfill
80:bog iron
39:bacteria
2314:9534288
2255:5107826
2196:1693972
2147:4701967
2061:Bibcode
2053:Science
1988:Bibcode
1980:Science
1955:3105749
1934:Bibcode
1898:4356598
1875:Bibcode
1818:Bibcode
1731:4720738
1676:6443915
1624:4701967
1570:3105749
1464:Bibcode
1418:Bibcode
1379:1352251
1350:Bibcode
1308:Bibcode
1199:4258642
1146:6110532
1129:2074999
1108:Bibcode
999:Bibcode
685:biofilm
614:scholar
578:removed
563:sources
399:Habitat
364:phyla.
314:Archaea
2381:
2321:
2311:
2303:
2262:
2252:
2244:
2203:
2193:
2154:
2144:
2136:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2032:
2024:
2016:
1962:
1952:
1905:
1895:
1846:
1839:123976
1836:
1789:
1781:
1773:
1738:
1728:
1714:: 18.
1683:
1673:
1631:
1621:
1577:
1567:
1559:
1520:
1438:
1386:
1376:
1368:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1206:
1196:
1188:
1144:
1136:
1126:
1079:
1027:
1019:
919:
884:
867:
850:
833:
813:
792:
784:
777:
767:
757:
616:
609:
602:
595:
587:
373:, and
360:, and
344:" and
336:, and
184:use Fe
160:, and
76:swamps
55:oxygen
43:energy
34:) are
2442:Water
2340:(PDF)
2093:S2CID
2030:S2CID
1787:S2CID
1607:: 6.
1280:(PDF)
1269:S2CID
1233:(PDF)
1174:: 9.
1142:S2CID
888:p.459
871:p.544
837:p.213
669:wells
621:JSTOR
607:books
497:eon.
334:Gamma
326:Alpha
318:phyla
308:Types
86:like
2379:ISBN
2319:PMID
2301:ISSN
2260:PMID
2242:ISSN
2228:2016
2201:PMID
2152:PMID
2134:ISSN
2085:PMID
2077:ISSN
2022:PMID
2014:ISSN
1960:PMID
1903:PMID
1844:PMID
1779:PMID
1771:ISSN
1736:PMID
1681:PMID
1629:PMID
1575:PMID
1557:ISSN
1518:PMID
1436:PMID
1384:PMID
1366:ISSN
1261:PMID
1253:ISSN
1204:PMID
1186:ISSN
1134:PMID
1077:PMID
1025:PMID
1017:ISSN
959:help
917:ISBN
882:ISBN
865:ISBN
848:ISBN
831:ISBN
811:ISBN
790:ISSN
782:ISSN
775:ISBN
765:PMID
755:ISBN
658:burn
593:news
561:any
559:cite
432:and
430:oxic
384:and
330:Beta
298:+ 4H
289:+ NO
281:+ 5H
228:+ 7H
203:O):
51:iron
30:(or
2371:doi
2309:PMC
2291:doi
2250:PMC
2232:doi
2191:PMC
2183:doi
2142:PMC
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